Stimulus

1) Increased amino acid levels (blood)

2) Hypolipidemia
3) Hypoglycemia

Gland
Anterior Pituitary
(Somatotrope
cells)

*Controlled by GHRH/GHIH
(Somatostatin)
1) High levels of estrogen (blood)
2) Breast feeding
3) Birth control pills
4) Opiates
*Controlled by PRH/PIH

Anterior Pituitary
(Lactotrope
cells)

Hormone

Target Organ

Growth Hormone (GH) 1) Muscle

2) Adipose Tissue
3) Cells in General
4)
Cartilage/Bone

Prolactin (PRL)

Breasts
(Lactiferous glands)

Response
1) Muscle build-up (anabolic)
2) Lipolysis (catabolic)
3) Hyperglycemia
4) Cartilage build-up
(anabolic)
5) Growth
of long bone
Milk synthesis

Tropic Hormones (Release controlled by negative feedback - also called feedback inhibition)
1) Low body temperature
2) Pregnancy
*Controlled by Thyrotropin Releasing
Hormone (TRH)/TIH

Anterior Pituitary
(Thyrotrope cells)

Thyroid Stimulating
Hormone (TSH)

Thyroid

Stimulation of the Thyroid Gland

to release:
1) Thyroxin (T4)
2) Triiodothyronine (T3)

1) Long-term stress
Anterior Pituitary
2) Fever
(Corticotrope cells)
3) Hypoglycemia
*Controlled by Corticotropin Releasing
Hormone (CRH)/CIH

Adrenocorticotropic
Hormone (ACTH)

Adrenal Gland
1) Zona glomerulosa
2) Zona
fasiculata (MAIN)
3) Zona reticularis

Stimulation of the Adrenal Gland

(cortex) to release:
1) aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)
2) cortisol (glucocorticoid MAIN)
3) testosterone
(gonadocorticoid; androgen)

Negative Feedback Controls

(Circulating levels of sex hormones)
*Controlled by Gonadotropin
Releasing Hormone (GnRH)/GnIH

Anterior Pituitary
Follicle Stimulating Gonads:
(Gonadotrope cells) Hormone (FSH)
Ovaries (female)
Luteinizing
Testes
Hormone (LH)*
(male)
*Interstitial cellstimulating hormone
(ICSH)

Stimulus

Gland

Stimulation of the Supraoptic Nucleus:

1)
Dehydration
2) Low plasma volume/BP

Posterior Pituitary

Stimulation of the Paraventricular

Nucleus:
1) Breast feeding
2) Labor

Posterior Pituitary

Absence of light (input from the visual

pathways)

Pineal gland
(pinealocytes)

Activation of the renin-angiotensin

Adrenal gland cortex
pathway by lowered blood
(zona
pressure/blood volume, elevated K ion
glomerulasa)
and lowered Na ion blood levels, and
ACTH release (minor influence)

Hormone

Target Organ

Antidiuretic Hormone Kidneys (Collecting

(ADH)
tubules)

Stimulation of the Gonads to

release:
1) estrogen/progesterone
(female)
2) testosterone (male)
FSH: Sperm and egg
production
LH: maturation of egg and
ovulation (female); testosterone
production (male)
Response
1) Water reabsorption
2) Concentrated urine
3) Decreased urine output

Oxytocin

1) Breasts (Myoepithelial
cells)
2) Myometrium of uterus

1) "Milk letdown"
2) Contraction of uterus

Melatonin

Suprachiasmatic nucleus
of the hypothalamus

Influences the setting of day/night

cycles influencing physiological
process such as sleep, appetite,
body temperature and
hypothalamic activity in general

Aldosterone "Mineralocorticoid"

Kidneys (Distal convoluted 1) Increased blood levels of Na

tubules)
ions and increased excretion of K
ions
2) Water reabsorption
accompanies Na reabsorption
causing increased blood volume
and blood pressure

Stimulated by ACTH

Adrenal gland cortex

(zona fasiculata)

Cortisol
(Hydrocortisone) "Glucocorticoid"

1) Body cells and tissues

2) Adipose
tissue
3)
Muscles

1) promotes gluconeogenesis and

hyperglycemia
2) moblizes fat for energy
metabolism
3) stimulates protein
catabolism
4) depresses the inflammatory
and immune response

Stimulated by ACTH

Adrenal gland cortex

(zona reticularis)

Androgens
(Testosterone) "Gonadocorticoid"
Hormone

Sex organs

May be responsible for female

libido and source of estrogen after
menopause
Response

Stimulus

Gland

Target Organ

1) Short term stress ("Fight or flight

response')
2) Extreme emotion

Adrenal gland
medulla
(chromaffin cells)

Epinephrine (Adrenalin) Organs/tissues around the Activation of sympathetic nervous

body
system target organs

Stimulated by TSH (anterior pituitary)

Thyroid glands
(follicle cells)

Thyroxine (Thyroid
Hormone or T4)

Body cells (Exceptions:

1) Major effects throughout the
brain, spleen, testes,
body - affects practically all body
uterus, thyroid gland itself) systems (see text)
2) Increases cellular metabolic
rate

Same as thyroxine stimuli

Thyroid glands
(follicle cells)

Triiodothyronine (T3)

Body cells (Exceptions:

1) Major effects throughout the
brain, spleen, testes,
body - affects practically all body
uterus, thyroid gland itself) systems (see text)
2) Increases cellular metabolic
rate

Hypercalcemia

Thyroid glands
(parafollicular or C
cells)

Calcitonin
(Thyrocalcitonin)

1) Skeletal system/bones
2) Kidneys
3) Small
intestine

1) Building up of bone
2) Antagonistic effect to
parathyroid hormone
3) Hypocalcemia

Hypocalcemia

Parathyroid glands

Hypoglycemia

Pancreas (a cells) Islets of Langerhans

Stimulus

Gland

Parathyroid Hormone 1) Skeletal system/bones

(PTH)
2) Kidneys
3) Small
intestine

Glucagon

Hormone

Hyperglycemia

Pancreas (a cells) Islets of Langerhans

Insulin

Secreted in response to food

Secreted in response to food,
especially fats
Secreted in response to food

Stomach
Duodenum

Gastrin
Intestinal gastrin

Duodenum

Secretin

Liver

1) Bone resorption
2) Decreased urinary excretion of
calcium
3) Increased
gastrointestinal absorption of
calcium (vitamin D)
4)
Hypercalcemia
1) Hyperglycemia
2) Glycogenolysis (breakdown of
glycogen)
3) Gluconeogenesis (formation of
glucose from lactic acid, glycerol,
and amino acids)

Target Organ

Response

1) Liver
2) Body tissues

1) Hypoglycemia (stimulates
glucose uptake from the blood)
2)
Stimulates glucose uptake from
the blood

Stomach
Stomach

Stimulates glands to release HCl

Stimulates HCl secretion and
gastrointestinal tract motility
Stomach: inhibits secretory
activity
Pancreas and liver: stimulates
release of bicarbonate-rich juice

Stomach and Pancreas

Secreted in response to food

Duodenum

Cholecystokinin (CCK) Pancreas, Gallbladder

and Hepatopancreatic
sphincter

Pancreas: stimulates release of

enzyme-rich juice
Gallbladder: stimulates
expulsion of stored bile
Hepatopancreatic
sphinter: causes sphincter to
relax, allowing bile and pancreatic
juice to enter duodenum

Secreted in response to glucose in

intestinal lumen

Ducodenum and
other gut regions

Incretins
Pancreas
[glucose-dependent
insulinotropic peptide
(GIP) and glucose-like
peptide (GLP-1)]

Enhances insulin release and

inhibits glucagon release caused
by increased blood glucose

Comments
Hyposecretion:
Pituitary dwarfism
Hypersecretion:
Gigantism
Acromegaly

Hyposecretion:
Poor milk production
Hypersecretion:
Galactorrhea
Cessation of menses
Impotence in men
Hyposecretion:
Cretinism
Myxedema
Hypersecretion:
Hyperthyroidism
(similar to Graves'
disease)
Exopthalmos
Hyposecretion: N/A
Hypersecretion:
Cushings symptoms

Hyposecretion:
Failure to mature sexually
Hypersecretion:
N/A

Comments
Hyposecretion:
Diabetes insipidus
Hypersecretion:
Retention of fluid (SIADH)
Hyposecretion:
N/A
Hypersecretion:
N/A

Hyposecretion:
Addison's disease
Potassium retention (blood)
Hypersecretion:
Hypertension
Sodium retention
(blood)
Potassium excretion (urine)

Hyposecretion:
Addison's disease
Hypersecretion:
Cushings disease

Comments

Hyposecretion:
numerous effects (text)
Hypersecretion:
numerous effects (text)
Hyposecretion:
numerous effects (text)
Hypersecretion:
numerous effects (text)
Therapy for Paget's disease

Hyposecretion:
tetany
Hyperparathyroidsim
Weakness of
bones
Weakness of muscles
Kidney stones

Comments
Hyposecretion:
diabetes mellitus
Hypersecretion:
hyperinsulinism
(severe hypoglycemia)