22

I / HOMOGENEOUS
SYSTEMS
AND THEIRPROPERTIES

RULE.3- The third digit from the right is numerically one lessthan the number
of carbon (c) atoms in the compound. \{hen this digit is zero, it is
omitted from the number.
nule 4. The number of chlorine (cl) atoms in the compound is found by subtracting the sum of the fluorine and hydrogen atoms from the total
number of atoms that can be connectedto carbon. when only one
carbon atom is involved, the total number of attachedatoms is four.
when two carbon atoms are present, the totar number of attached
atomsis six.
An application of the first four rules in determining the formula for fluorocarbon 12 is as follows:
Deivation of the Formula for Ftuorocarbon 12
1. The first digit on the right in fluorocarbon 12is2. Therefore,the compound containstwo fluorine atoms(Rule l).
2. The second digit fronr the right is 1. Therefore, there are no hydrogen
atomsin the compound(Rule 2).
3. The third digit from the right is zero and has been omitted from the number. The compoundthereforecontainsone carbonatom (Rule 3).
4. since fluorocarbon 12 contains one carbon atom, there are four other
atoms attached to the carbon atom. The number of chlorine atoms is
found by subtracting the sum of the fluorine atoms and the hydrogen
'
atoms from four. There are two fluorine atoms and no hydrogen atoms.
Therefore, there are two chlorine atoms in the compound (Rule 4).
'
summarizing the aboveinformation, fluorocarbon12 containsone carbon
atom, two fluorine atoms, and two chlorine atoms. Therefore. its chemical
formula is CC12F2.
Additional rules are necessaryto desigrate symmetry, cyclic character,
and unsaturation.
nurp 5. In the case where isomers exist, each has the samenumber, but the
most symmetrical is indicated by the number alone. As the isomers
become more and more unsymmetrical,the letters a, b, c, etc., are
appended.For ethanes,symmetry is determinedby dividing the molecule in two and adding t}'e atomic weightsof the groups attachedto
each carbon atom. The closerthe total weightsare to each other, the
more symmetricalthe product. For propanesand higher carbonseries,
symmetry rules become quite complex. since the latter compounds
are not normally used in the aerosol industry, symmetry rules for
them will not be discussedin this chapter.An illustration of symmerry
determinationfor isomersof fluorocarbon 114 is as follows: