TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

VIN C KH NG LC
*

THC TP TT NGHIP
NGHIN CU V M PHNG
QU TRNH CHY TRONG BUNG T

Sinh vin thc hin

Lp
Gio vin hng dn

: HONG TIN T
: KSCLC C KH HNG KHNG K55
: PGS.TS. NGUYN PH KHNH
TS. HONG TH KIM DUNG

H NI 04-2015

PHIU GIAO NHIM V THC TP TT NGHIP

1. Thng tin v sinh vin
H v tn sinh vin: Hong Tin t
in thoi lin lc: 090 212 2130
Email: tiendat92.hoang@gmail.com
Lp: KSCLC - C kh Hng khng K55
H o to: Chnh quy
Thc tp tt nghip (TTTN) c thc hin ti: Vin Nghin cu Quc t v Khoa hc v
K thut Tnh ton, Trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni.
Thi gian lm TTTN:
Ngy giao nhim v:
20 / 01 / 2015
Ngy hon thnh nhim v:
31 / 03 / 2015
2. Mc ch ni dung ca TTTN
- M phng qu trnh chy ca than trong l quay xi mng.
3. Cc nhim v c th ca TTTN
- Tm hiu tng quan v l quay xi mng.
- Tm hiu l thuyt v than, qu trnh chy ca than.
- M phng chy than trong l quay, a ra cc kt qu v phn b nhit chy,
tnh ton hiu sut chy.
4. Li cam oan ca sinh vin:
Ti Hong Tin t cam kt TTTN l cng trnh nghin cu ca bn thn ti
di s hng dn ca PGS.TS. Nguyn Ph Khnh v TS. Hong Th Kim Dung. Cc kt
qu nu trong TTTN l trung thc, khng phi l sao chp ton vn ca bt k cng
trnh no khc.
H Ni, ngy 31 thng 03 nm 2015
Tc gi TTTN

Hong Tin t
5. Xc nhn ca gio vin hng dn v mc hon thnh ca TTTN v cho php bo
v:

H Ni, ngy.thng.nm 2015

Gio vin hng dn

PGS.TS. Nguyn Ph Khnh

TM TT NI DUNG THC TP
n mn hc Nghin cu v m phng qu trnh chy trong bung t
thu c nhng kt qu v qu trnh chy ca than trong l hi nh my nhit in.
Tip tc nhng kt qu thu c t n mn hc v chun b cho n tt
nghip sp ti, em chn nghin cu v Qu trnh chy than trong l quay xi mng
trong k Thc tp tt nghip ca mnh, vi mong mun tch thu thm kin thc v
kinh nghim nghin cu bi ton chy than. K thc tp ca em c thc hin di
s hng dn ca PGS.TS. Nguyn Ph Khnh, TS. Hong Th Kim Dung ti Vin
Nghin cu Quc t v Khoa hc v K thut Tnh ton (ICSE). Ni dung ca k
thc tp l m phng qu trnh chy than trong l quay xi mng s dng phn mm
ANSYS CFX 15.0, vi bn quyn phn mm c h tr bi vin ICSE. L quay xi
mng l b phn chnh trong h thng nh my xi mng, c chc nng chnh l bin
i t bt phi liu nguyn liu thnh cc ht clinker l thnh phn chnh ca xi
mng. Qu trnh bin i ny din ra di iu kin nhit cao trong l nh nhit
lng t s chy ca nhin liu than. Qu trnh chy l i tng chnh ca nghin
cu ny. Cc kt qu cn t c l cc phn b nhit bn trong l v thnh
phn ca hn hp kh sau chy.

MC LC
CHNG 1: GII THIU H THNG L QUAY XI MNG .............................. 1
1.1. L quay ............................................................................................................ 1
1.2. H thng vi t ............................................................................................. 2
CHNG 2: QU TRNH CHY THAN TRONG L QUAY XI MNG ...... 3
2.1. Giai on I: Bc hi cht bc ........................................................................ 3
2.2. Giai on II: Chy cht bc .......................................................................... 4
2.3. Giai on III: Chy ht cc ........................................................................... 5
CHNG 3: M PHNG S QU TRNH CHY THAN TRONG L
QUAY XI MNG .................................................................................................... 10
3.1. M hnh hnh hc ca bi ton ................................................................... 10
3.2. Chia li m hnh......................................................................................... 10
3.3. iu kin u vo ca bi ton ................................................................... 11
3.3.1.

Thnh phn v tnh cht than ........................................................ 11

3.3.2.

Cc phng trnh phn ng ca qu trnh chy .......................... 12

3.3.3.

iu kin ti mt vo v mt ra. iu kin tng tc ................. 13

3.4. Kt qu m phng ........................................................................................ 14

3.4.1.

Phn b nhit trong l................................................................ 14

3.4.2.

Phn b cc sn phm chy ............................................................ 17

3.4.3.

Qu o chuyn ng ca cc ht than v hiu sut chy .......... 18

CHNG 4: KT LUN V NH HNG.................................................... 19

TI LIU THAM KHO ...................................................................................... 20

DANH MC HNH, BNG V TH

Hnh 1.1: S h thng l quay xi mng.................................................................. 1
Hnh 1.2: Qu trnh bin i ha l trong l quay. .................................................... 2
Hnh 1.3: Cu to vi phun than nhin liu trong l quay xi mng. .......................... 2
Hnh 2.1: M hnh Kobayashi. .................................................................................... 4
Hnh 2.2: C ch ca m hnh lp bin n nh, trong oxi v cacbon monoxit
khuch tn ti ht m khng c phn ng ha hc. ........................................... 6
Hnh 2.3: C ch m hnh mng kp ca qu trnh chy ht cacbon......................... 7
Hnh 2.4: Cc ch chy ng vi nhit v kch thc ht than khc nhau. ....... 7
Hnh 3.1: M hnh l quay c dng tr trn di 78 m. ............................................. 10
Hnh 3.2: V tr u vo l v m hnh ha u vi t v lp vt liu nung. ......... 10
Hnh 3.3: Li m hnh chia theo phng php Sweep Mesh.................................. 11
Hnh 3.4: Thit lp cc thng s cho phn ng bc hi cht bc ............................ 12
Hnh 3.5: Thit lp cc thng s cho phn ng chy cht bc................................. 12
Hnh 3.6: Cc gi tr thit lp cho tc chy b mt v tc khuch tn kh oxi. ... 13
Hnh 3.7: Phn b nhit ti mt ct gia l. ............................................................ 14
Hnh 3.8: Phn b nhit ti vng u vo ca l. ............................................... 14
Hnh 3.9: Phn b nhit trn b mt lp vt liu................................................. 14
Hnh 3.10: Phn b nhit ti cc mt ct ngang Z dc theo chiu di l. .......... 15
Hnh 3.11: Phn b thnh phn CO2 v H2O theo t l khi lng.......................... 17
Hnh 3.12: Qu o chuyn ng ca ht than bn trong l quay. .......................... 18
Bng 2.1: Nhit lng chy ca mt s hirocacbon................................................. 5
Bng 3.1: Bng thnh phn cu to ca than cm dng trong m phng. .............. 11
Bng 3.2: iu kin phun than v kh. ...................................................................... 13
th 3.1: Phn b nhit dc theo chiu di l. ................................................. 16
th 3.2: Phn b nhit trong vng ngn la. .................................................. 16
th 3.3: Phn b thnh phn cc cht trong hn hp chy dc theo chiu di l. .. 17

CH
HNG 1:: GII TH
HIU H THNG
T
L QUAY
L
Y XI MN
NG
H thng
g l quay xi
x mng l mt kiu h
h thng ddng trong sn xut xi
x mng t

t nguyn liu. L quuay l ph

ng php sn xut xxi mng hin i v c

dngg
b
ph
h bin nht hin nayy. Hnh 1 m
m t mt h
h thng l quay inn hnh.

Hnh 1.1: S
S h thng l quayy xi mng.

Cu to chuung ca h thng gm
m cc xycloon (1) dngg thp cao cha
c
bt nguyn
n
liuu
vo mt
m u caa l quay (u cao h
n); l quayy (2) c dng tr trnn vi chiuu
di ln th
ng t 70 100m, tt nghing t
t 3 5o soo vi phn
ng ngang, quay xungg
trc i xn
ng vi tc t 1 3 vng/pht, l b phn
p
chnh ni xy raa qu trnhh
biin i t bt
b nguynn liu thnhh xi mng; h thng vi
v t (3) ha trn v
v t chyy
nh
hin liu cung cpp nhit lnng cho ton b qu trrnh bin i
trong l. y taa
ch
h quan tm
m ti hai b phn chnh lin quuan ti qu trnh chyy l l quayy (2) v h
th
hng vi t (3).
1..1. L quaay
L quay l
l ng thp hnh tr, trrong lt gcch chu laa. T l chiu di/nng knh caa
l t 30 400. Bn tronng l l ni xy ra qu trnh chyy ca nhinn liu v cc qu trnhh
biin i ca xi mng nguyn liu.. Nguyn liiu vo l t
t pha uu cao, theo
nghingg
v lc quay ca l m chuyn ng dn ti pha u tthp ca l, tc chhuyn ngg
khhong 35 45 cm/pht. Trong qu
q trnh dii chuyn, bbt nguyn liu lun thay
t
i b
m nhn nh
mt
hit t qu trnh chyy v bin i
l ha thnh xi mng.
m
Nhin liu tt

c phun t
t pha uu thp ca l, chy v truyn nhhit cho bt nguyn liiu, sau
cc sn phm
m chy (khh thi) thoot ra pha u cao ca l, nhiit ca kh
k thi tii
o
u ra khonng 500 7000 C. Hnh
h 2 m t cc
c qu trnnh bin i ha l t bt
b nguynn
liu thnh xi mng. Sy kh (dry
ying) l qu trnh lm
m mt ncc ca bt nguyn
n
liuu
nhh dng khh nng troong l. Kh
hi mi voo l lng nc trong nguyn liu chim
m
khhong 30 40% khi lng v gim xung cn 8 10% sauu khi sy. Nung kh
(ccalcining) lm
l
nhit
ca nguuyn liu bt tng lnn cao v bt u xy ra cc qu
trnh nhit ph
hn, trong c phn
n ng phn hy ca vi l quaan trng nhht:
o

t
C
CaCO

CaO C
CO2
3

(0.1))
1

Hnh 1.2: Qu trnh bin i ha l trong l quay.

Qu trnh nung kt (sintering) lm cc ht bt gn kt li vi nhau nhit cao,

hnh thnh nn cc vin clinker, l thnh phn chnh ca xi mng.
1.2. H thng vi t
H thng vi t c nhim v chnh l t chy nhin liu, to ra nhit lng ln
cung cp cho cc qu trnh bin i ca xi mng. Loi nhin liu thng c s
dng l than bt. C nhiu kiu h thng vi phun nhng chng u c im chung
l hng ti tng kh nng ha trn ca nhin liu nhm nng cao hiu sut ca qu
trnh chy. Hnh 3 m t cu to ca mt u vi phun.

a) Cu to u vi phun

b) ng phun than v kh bn
trong vi

Hnh 1.3: Cu to vi phun than nhin liu trong l quay xi mng.

Than nhin liu dng bt ha trn vi khng kh (dng s cp) v c phun vo l

qua ng mu en (hnh 1.3b, hay ng mu cam hnh 1.3a), vn tc phun t
20 30 m/s, nhit ca dng hn hp thng ri vo 50 70oC. Dng kh cp I
(mu xanh gm axial v swirl air) c vn tc ln c ~ 200 m/s c tc dng tng kh
nng ha trn ca hn hp nhin liu than v kh nng cao hiu sut chy.
2

CHNG 2: QU TRNH CHY THAN TRONG L QUAY XI MNG

Trong l quay, than nhin liu c t chy dng bt min, qu trnh chy l
khng ng th, vi than dng ht rn v cht oxi ha l kh oxi c trong khng
kh. Qu trnh chy ca than phc tp gm nhiu giai on v c nhiu phn ng
xy ra. C th phn qu trnh ny thnh 3 giai on chnh theo th t xy ra nh
sau:
- Giai on I: Cc ht than c nung nng, cht bc v hi nc thot ra khi
than.
- Giai on II: Cht bc bc chy to nhit cao khi ng s chy ca
thnh phn cc.
- Giai on III: Thnh phn cc chy.
2.1. Giai on I: Bc hi cht bc
Trong giai on ny, u tin than nng ln v thnh phn nc trong than bc
hi trc. S bc hi nc din ra nhanh do nc c hm lng nh v nhit si
thp (100oC) so vi nhit trong l. Tip l qu trnh bc hi ca cht bc, y
l qu trnh chi phi trong giai on I. Phng trnh phn ng ca qu trnh ny c
th c vit nh sau:
o

t
Cc + Cht bc
Than

(2.1)

Qu trnh bc hi cht bc l qu trnh thot ra ca thnh phn cht bc khi than b

t nng. y l mt c im quan trng ca qu trnh chy ca than. Cht bc
dng kh chy nhanh hn nhiu so vi ht cc cn li v do n c vai tr quan
trng to ra s khi u v n nh ngn la, v quan trng trong hnh thnh cc
oxit ca nit (NOx), l cc kh thi gy nhim. Hn na, qu trnh bc hi ny s
xc nh lng cc cn li b t chy cng nh cc c tnh vt l ca cc sinh ra,
vi nhng tc ng n sau ln tnh cht chy ca cc. Cc loi than khc nhau c
hm lng cht bc khc nhau, ti a c th chim ti 50% khi lng ca than.
Bn cht ca qu trnh bc hi cht bc l s ph v cc lin kt yu trong cu trc
phn t ca than. S lng cht bc thot ra v cu trc ha hc ca n ph thuc
vo nhit v tc nng ln ca ht than; kch thc ht v cu trc ha hc ca
than, trong tc lm nng ht c nh hng mnh nht.
Vi tm quan trng ca qu trnh bc hi ti s chy ca ht rn v tnh phc tp
ca cc qu trnh vt l v ha hc khi bc hi, nhiu m hnh c pht trin
m t tc bc hi ca cht bc t than. Cc m hnh n gin nht dng tc
Arrhenius n hoc a. M hnh tc Arrhenius n (single Arrhenius rate
model) gi thit rng tc bc hi ph thuc bc nht vo hm lng cht bc cn
li trong ht than:
3

dV
= k (V V )
dt
k = Be E / RT

(2.2)

ng nht phng trnh (2.2) vi d liu thc nghim tm ra c nng lng hot
ha hiu dng khong 230 kJ/mol, ph hp vi nng lng hot ha ph v cc
lin kt yu trong phn t than.
Cch tip cn tc n nh ngha theo (2.2) ph hp vi tc bc hi vng
nhit cao, nhng khng xt ti c s thay i lng cht bc thot ra theo
hm ca nhit . lm c iu ny, Kobayashi v cc cng s xut m
hnh hai phn ng ng thi, vi nng lng hot ha v lng cht bc to ra ca
mi phn ng khc nhau. M hnh ny c gi l m hnh Kobayashi. C ch ca
n c m t nh hnh 2.1:

Hnh 2.1: M hnh Kobayashi.

E1 / RT
Vi k1 B=
=
, k2 B2e E2 / RT , v V1, V2 l lng cht bc to ra mi phn ng.
1e

Vi m hnh ny, tc bay hi tc thi bng tng hai tc k1 v k2:

dc
=
( k1 + k2 ) c
dt
dV
= (V1k1 + V2 k2 ) c
dt

(2.3)

Vi c l khi lng ht than cn li trong qu trnh bc hi.

2.2. Giai on II: Chy cht bc
Trong giai on ny, cht bc sinh ra t giai on I s bc chy khi nhit t trn
500oC. V thnh phn chnh ca cht bc l cc kh hirocacbon CxHy nn phng
trnh chy ca cht bc c th c vit nh sau:

y
y

to
Cx H y + x + O2
xCO2 + H 2O
4
2

(2.4)

Nhit lng sinh ra ca qu trnh ph thuc vo thnh phn ha hc ca cht bc.

Bng 2.1 trnh by mt s kh hirocacbon v nhit lng sinh ra khi chy ca
chng.

Cng thc ha hc Tn gi Nhit lng chy (kJ/kg)

CH4
Methane
891.5901
C2H2
Acetylene
1301.4559
C2H4
Ethylene
1412.9937
C2H6
Ethane
1562.0739
C3H8
Propane
2223.0883
n-Butane
C4H10
2881.3792
Bng 2.1: Nhit lng chy ca mt s hirocacbon.
Tc ca phn ng (2.4) l nhanh hn nhiu so vi tc khuch tn ca kh O2,
do vy tc ca qu trnh chy ph thuc vo tc khuch tn kh O2 ti vng
kh hirocacbon. T gi thit ny, ta c th s dng m hnh xoy phn tn (Eddy
Dissipation Model) m hnh ha qu trnh chy cht bc. Theo m hnh ny,
tc phn ng thc ca cht I trong phn ng th k, Rk, trong chui phn ng l
biu thc c gi tr nh hn trong hai biu thc di y:

[I ]

Rk = A min
k
vkI

( I )WI
Rk = AB P
k P vkI WI

(2.5)

Trong :
[I] l nng mol ca cht phn ng I.
(I) l nng mol ca cht sn phm I.
WI l khi lng mol ca cht I.
vkI l h s t lng ca cht phn ng I trong phn ng k.

vkI l h s t lng ca cht sn phm I trong phn ng k.

l ly tng theo tng s cc cht sn phm P.

, k ln lt l tc phn tn v ng nng ri (Dissipation Rate, Turbulent

Kinetic Energy TKE).
A, B l cc hng s thc nghim. Thng thng A = 4 v B = 0.5.
T tc xy ra ca ton b qu trnh i vi cht I s l:
K

=
S I WI ( vkI vkI ) Rk

(2.6)

k =1

2.3. Giai on III: Chy ht cc

Sau khi tri qua 2 giai on trn, ht cn li lc ny l ht cc vi thnh phn
gm cacbon c nh v x, trong thnh phn x khng tham gia vo qu trnh
chy. S chy ht cc l mt qu trnh phc tp, ph thuc vo nhit xung quanh
ht v kch thc ca ht. Nu nhit cao v kch thc ht nh th qu trnh chy
s sinh ra ch yu l kh cacbon monoxit CO. Nu nhit cao v kch thc ht
5

ln hn th s c nhiu kh CO2 c sinh ra. Phn tch di y coi ton b ht

cc l cacbon.
H s t lng thch hp cho phn ng oxi ha cacbon thc s khng r rng, v c
hai trng thi oxi ha khc nhau ca cacbon l cacbon monoxit CO v cacbon ioxit
CO2 u c th xut hin khi b mt ht cacbon b oxi ha.
t
2CO
2C + O2

(H = 110 kJ / mol C )

t
CO2
C + O2

(H = 94 kJ / mol C )

(2.7)

S khc bit ln lng nhit nng sinh ra ca hai phn ng ny v hai im

khc bit trong tc kh ha cacbon trn 1 mol oxi phn ng l vn cn xem
xt hiu ng v phn ng oxi ha cacbon. Nhiu th nghim c tin hnh
c gng lm r cc phn ng ny. Qua cc th nghim ngi ta tm ra rng lng
CO2 sinh ra t oxi ha trc tip cacbon ch ng k khi nhit tng i thp so
vi nhit chy, v c th gi thit rng nhit chy ch c CO c sinh ra.
Trong trng hp n gin nht, c th gi thit thm rng CO sinh ra s khuch
tn ra ngoi m khng phn ng thm na, thng gi l m hnh lp bin n nh
nh c minh ha trong hnh 2.2:

Hnh 2.2: C ch ca m hnh lp bin n nh, trong oxi v cacbon monoxit khuch
tn ti ht m khng c phn ng ha hc.

Thc t nu nhit cao (trn 1000 K) v ht ln, kh CO s b oxi ha thnh

CO2 vng lp bin ny:
t
2CO + O2
2CO2
o

(2.8)

Khi , lng oxi n b mt ht s b gim xung v mt phn b dng oxi

ha CO, v CO2 tr thnh cht oxi ha cacbon theo phn ng Boudouard:
t
C + CO2
2CO
o

(2.9)

Nh vy khi gp iu kin th ht cacbon s b oxi ha theo mt m hnh mng

kp (double-film model) vi hm lng cc cht c minh ha theo hnh v di
y.

Hnh 2.3: C ch m hnh mng kp ca qu trnh chy ht cacbon.

Cacbon ioxit oxi ha cacbon vi tc chm hn ng k so vi oxi ti cng nhit

chy. Kt qu l s chuyn tip t chy kiu mng n sang kiu mng kp to
ra s gim tc oxi ha cacbon.
Trong phn ng oxi ha ht cacbon dng rn to ra kh CO (bi O2 hoc CO2), hai
mol kh CO c to ra t mt mol kh cht phn ng, lng kh sinh ra nhiu hn
lng kh phn ng nn hnh thnh mt dng cht kh chy ra xa b mt ca ht.
Dng chy ny c tn l dng Stefan, n lm gim tc truyn nhit v khi
lng t lp bin ti b mt ht. Nh vy m hnh ha chnh xc qu trnh oxi
ha cacbon cn tnh ti nh hng ca dng Stefan lm gim tc khuch tn oxi
ti b mt ht.
S xut hin ca cc l t ong trong ht cc cho php cc cht oxi ha i su vo
bn trong ht v do lm tng din tch tip xc cho cc phn ng ln ng k.
Cc ht cc thng c t l xp ln hn 0.3, ph thuc vo lng cht bc c trong
ht than ban u v s n ra hay co li ca ht trong qu trnh bc hi. Din tch b
mt bn trong ca ht cc thng trn 100 m2/g. Vi khi lng ring ca cc
thng l 0.8 g/cm2, ta c th ch ra rng din tch mt trong ln hn din tch mt
ngoi ca mt ht khong 10 ln trn 10 m (ng knh) ht, 1000 ln trn 100 m
ht v 10000 ln trn 1 mm ht.
Tc ca phn ng chy ht cc cng ph thuc vo nhit v kch thc ca
ht. Hnh 2.4 m t ba ch chy khc nhau:

Hnh 2.4: Cc ch chy ng vi nhit v kch thc ht than khc nhau.

- Zone I Ch I: Ch chy ny chim u th khi nhit bao quanh ht

thp v kch thc ht nh, khi tc chy s c iu khin hon ton bi tc
phn ng trn b mt ht. Khi tc khuch tn ca oxi nhanh hn nhiu so
vi tc chy, nng oxi bao quanh ht v bn trong lp bin ca ht bng nhau
v bng nng oxi bn ngoi. S chy vng I xy ra ti mt tc tng th bng
vi sn phm ca tc chy bn trong, c c lng ti nng kh oxi bn
ngoi, v tng din tch mt trong. ng knh ht cc c coi l hng s v khi
lng ring ca ht gim lin tc (chy ng knh ht khng i).
- Zone II Ch II: Trong vng II tc chy c quyt nh bi t hp ca
cc hiu ng khuch tn oxi (c vo bn trong v xung quanh ht) v tc chy
b mt. y l ch thng din ra trong cc qu trnh chy than. S chy vng
II din ra vi s xm nhp mt phn ca kh oxi, kt qu l s thay i ng thi
ca ng knh v khi lng ring ca ht kh cc l gn b mt ht v mt ngoi
ht b oxi ha. T s gia tc chy thc t so vi tc chy ti a c th nu
ton b ht chu p sut cc b ca kh oxi ti b mt ngoi ca ht c gi l h
s hiu sut.
- Trong vng III tc chy b mt nhanh hn nhiu do oxi khng xm nhp
hiu qu vo bn trong ht trc khi phn ng. y l s chy khuch tn b gii
hn. Vng III chy nhit cao (tng tc chy b mt) v kch thc ht ln
(gim thng lng khuch tn phn t b mt). Tc chy c xc nh bi
thng lng khuch tn oxi qua lp bin ht. Khi lng ring ca ht khng i
khi chy v kch thc ht gim lin tc khi khi lng ht b ly i duy nht t b
mt ht (chy khi lng ring ht khng i).
M hnh chy vng I v vng III n gin l cc gii hn ca cc iu kin qu
trnh chy vng II.
Than nghin t chun thng mi cn c trn 70% khi lng cc ht than c
kch thc nh hn 74m v di 2% c kch thc trn 300 m. Vi kch thc
nh cng nhit cao trong l, ht cc thng s chy vng II vi s kt hp iu
khin ca khuch tn v tc phn ng. S ph thuc ca tc phn ng vo p
sut ring phn ca oxi thng c biu din bi mt lut nng lng, sinh ra mt
biu thc tc tham chiu ti biu thc ng hc tng minh bc n ca
Arrhenius:
w = Ae

E / RT p

POn2 ,s

(2.10)

Vi bng tc chy tc thi ca ht chia cho din tch mt ngoi ca n v lun

c biu din bng n v kg/(m2s). Theo phn tch cc phn ng trong cc cht
xc tc dng xp l tng ha c bo co ln u tin bi Thiele nm 1939,
trong s chy vng II nng lng hot ha E v bc phn ng n xut hin trong
(2.15) c th lin h ti cc tham s ng hc thc t v n nh v n = (m+1)/2 vi
Eint l nng lng hot ha n v m l bc phn ng n. Nng lng hot ha n
ca s oxi ha cacbon hoc cc c xc nh xp x bng 180 kJ/mol v bc phn
8

ng n c o ( cc nhit trung bnh) l nm trong khong 0.6 1.0. Smith

hiu chnh d liu oxi ha cho cc loi cacbon khc nhau, bao gm cc ht cc xp
v cacbon khng thm nc nh b hng nhn c biu thc sau cho cc ng
hc oxi ha cc n vi p sut ring phn ca oxi l 101 kPa:

179.4
=
w 3050exp

RT

(2.11)

V s bin thin trong cc bc phn ng c suy din vi cc d liu thc nghim

khc nhau v loi cacbon, mt biu thc chung cho tc ng hc bao gm s
ph thuc ca oxi khng th c xc nh.
Trong thc t, s oxi ha b mt ht din ra thng qua s ht bm oxi, gii phng
tc thi mt phn t cacbon monoxit hoc cacbon ioxit hoc hnh thnh mt s
phc tp b mt n nh oxi m c th thot ra mun hn nh CO hoc CO2. Nhiu
loi c ch phn ng nhiu bc c a ra m t qu trnh ny, nhng thng
tin thc nghim v l thuyt sn c ti nay khng xc nh bt k c ch oxi
ha b mt no vi mc tin cy c th chp nhn c.

CH
NG 3: M PH
NG S QU
Q
TRN
NH CHY THAN
TRONG L QUAY XII MNG
nh hnh hc ca bi ton
t
3..1. M hn
L quay c m hnh
h
ha thheo t l 1:1 vi chiuu di l L = 78 m, ng

knhh
trong D = 4 m, t l L/D
D = 19.5, m
m hnh l c dng trr trn nh
hnh 4.

Hnh 3.1: M hnnh l quay c

c dng tr trn di 788 m.

n gin

n ha bi toon ta s khng
k
m hnh
h
ha toon b h thng
t
vi t
m ch
xt ti v tr u vi n
i nhin liu v khng kh bt u i vo bung
b
t.

Hnh 3.2: V tr u
vo l v
v m hnh ha u vi t v lpp vt liu nuung.

Hnh 3.2 m t mt ct ngang ti v tr u di caa l, ni c vi t. Trong m

H
hnh khng c b phnn vi t m
m ch c cc
c vnh kkhuyn nng tm th hin phnn
m u caa vi t. Bt
mt
B nguynn liu tronng l coi nhh mt khi rn nng nht trii
d
c theo chiiu di l v
v c m hnh ha l phn mu xanh lcc trong hnnh 5
3..2. Chia l
i m hn
nh
M hnh 3D
M
D c chiia li tron
ng ANSYS
S MESHIN
NG dng phng
p
phhp Sweep..
L
i c s phn t l 6044440, ch s skewnesss ln nhtt bng 0.663, ch s
orrthogonal quality
q
nh nht bnng 0.68, cht lng l
i t m
c tt. Vnng u voo
c
a nhin liu
l
chia tinnh, mt
phn t dy,
d
v th dn khi i
v pha u ra caa
m hnh.
m

100

Hnh 3.3: Li m hnh chia theo phng php Sweep Mesh.

3.3. iu kin u vo ca bi ton

c th m phng c qu trnh chy than trong m hnh l t, ta cn khai bo
cc iu kin ban u nh sau:
- Thnh phn v tnh cht ca loi than s dng.
- Cc phng trnh phn ng ca qu trnh chy; cc cht tham gia v cc cht
sn phm.
- Thng s vn tc, lu lng, p sut ti u vo v u ra ca m hnh.
- m phng s tng tc gia phn vt liu v dng kh trong l ( y ch
xt ti tng tc truyn nhit), cn nh ngha b mt tng tc gia hai phn
ny.
3.3.1. Thnh phn v tnh cht than
Loi than c nghin cu y l than cm, c thnh phn cu to cho trong bng
3.1.
Thnh phn Cht bc tro m Cacbon c nh
n v
%
6.5
16.14
1
76.36
Thnh phn
n v
%

76.51

1.72

2.15

0.86

1.62

Bng 3.1: Bng thnh phn cu to ca than cm dng trong m phng.

Than dng bt nghin, vi kch thc ht than bng 57 m. Nhit tr thp ca than
l 28067.52 kJ/kg.

11

3.3.2. Cc phng trnh phn ng ca qu trnh chy

Trong CFX khng c sn cc phn ng chy ca than nhng cho php nh ngha
thm phn ng mi, do vy ta cn nh ngha thm cc phn ng cn thit:
- Qu trnh bc hi ca cht bc: Trong qu trnh ny ht than c t nng,
cht bc thot ra khi than. Phng trnh m t qu trnh nh trong (2.1). Tc
ca phn ng c cp ti trong phn C s l thuyt chy. y ta s dng
m hnh tc Arrhenius n vi cc hng s nng lng hot ha E = 230 kJ/mol;
h s trc hm m exp (tn s va chm) B = 1.34x105 s-1.

Hnh 3.4: Thit lp cc thng s cho phn ng bc hi cht bc

- Phn ng chy ca cht bc: Bn cht ca phn ng ny l s chy cc kh

hirocacbon c trong cht bc. n gin ha, coi cht bc ch gm kh CH4. Khi
phn ng chy cht bc s l:
t
CH 4 + 2O2
CO2 + 2 H 2O
o

(3.1)

Nng lng hot ha ca phn ng bng nng lng hot ha CH4 bng 74.85
kJ/mol. H s trc hm m exp hay tn s va chm B = 8.3106 s-1.

Hnh 3.5: Thit lp cc thng s cho phn ng chy cht bc

- Phn ng chy ca cc: Phn ng chy ca cc l mt qu trnh phc tp nhiu

giai on nh c xt ti trong c s l thuyt v qu trnh chy. Ta thy rng
nu lng oxi ln (d) ging nh iu kin chy trong l t than, sn phm sau
cng ch l CO2. Vy n gin bi ton ta coi phn ng chy cc xy ra nh
phn ng (2.8).
12

Tc chy ht cc ph thuc vo tc khuch tn oxi v tc chy b mt ca

ht cc. Do vy ta cn thit lp cc hng s ca phn ng nh sau:
Tc chy b mt: H s trc hm m exp A = 3050 kg/(m2s); nng lng
hot ha E = 179.4 kJ/mol.
Tc khuch tn: H s khuch tn ng lc hc Dref = 1.810-5 kg/(ms) ti
nhit quy chiu Tref = 293K (20oC); h s m = 0.75.

Hnh 3.6: Cc gi tr thit lp cho tc chy b mt v tc khuch tn kh oxi.

3.3.3. iu kin ti mt vo v mt ra. iu kin tng tc

Lu lng khng kh, lu lng than phun v nhit ca mi dng cho trong
bng 3.2.

Kh cp I

Lu lng Nhit
o
kg/s
C
1.94
35

Kh cp II
Kh s cp
( y than vo l)

19.33

773

0.97

54

Than

2.02

54

Bng 3.2: iu kin phun than v kh.

Cc tnh cht ca lp vt liu v iu kin tng tc gia phn vt liu vi dng

kh nng trong l:
- H s dn nhit ca lp vt liu: 1.4 W/mK
- en ca ngn la: 0.9
- en ca lp vt liu v mt trong tng l: 0.8
- H s trao i nhit gia lp vt liu v khng kh trong l: 100 W/m2K

13

3.4. Kt qu m phng
3.4.1. Phn b nhit trong l

Hnh 3.7: Phn b nhit ti mt ct gia l.

Hnh 3.7 cho thy s phn b trng nhit ti mt ct i qua trc i xng ca
l, vng mu th hin khu vc c nhit cao khong 1800 2000oC, y l
vng m cc phn ng chy xy ra mnh nht. Vng mu xanh lam pha u vo
(bn tri) th hin ni c nhit thp 100 500oC, c th thy nhin liu khi phun
vo l khng bt chy ngay m i vo mt khong ri mi chy, khong cch ny
xp x 6 m nh th hin trong hnh 3.8.

Hnh 3.8: Phn b nhit ti vng u vo ca l.

Nhit trn b mt lp vt liu c th hin trong hnh 3.9. Vng nhit cao
nht (mu vng m) khong 1400 1500oC, y chnh l ni xy ra cc phn ng
nung kt (sintering).

Hnh 3.9: Phn b nhit trn b mt lp vt liu.

14

Z=0m

Z=5m

Z=6m

Z=7m

Z = 10 m

Z = 15 m

Z = 20 m

Z = 25 m

Z = 30 m

Z = 40 m

Z = 60 m

Z = 78 m

Hnh 3.10: Phn b nhit ti cc mt ct ngang Z dc theo chiu di l.

15

i t pha u vo, vng Z = 0 5 m khng c phn ng chy, y l vng nhit

ca than tng dn v xy ra qu trnh bc hi cht bc. Z = 6 m cho thy ngn la
bt u hnh thnh c dng vng trn. Z = 7 m ngn la nh hnh r rng vi
vng trn mu m. Z = 6 20 l vng ngn la, t Z = 25 m tr i nhit ti
mt ct kh ng u. Nhit ti mt ra Z = 78 m l khong 500 600oC v nhit
ca lp vt liu khong 100 200 oC.
th th hin s phn b nhit dc chiu di l ca dng kh v lp vt liu.
nh nhit nm trong vng Z = 10 20 m.

th 3.1: Phn b nhit dc theo chiu di l.

Phn b nhit trong vng ngn la c th hin trong th 3.2.

th 3.2: Phn b nhit trong vng ngn la.

16

3.4.2. Phn b cc sn phm chy

Trong m hnh ny, cc sn phm chy gm kh cacbon ioxit CO2 v hi nc
H2O, ngoi ra cc cht cn li sau qu trnh chy gm nit trong khng kh (khng
tham gia phn ng chy) v oxi cn d. Hnh m t s phn b ca CO2 v H2O
trong l theo t l khi lng ca cc cht.

Hnh 3.11: Phn b thnh phn CO2 v H2O theo t l khi lng.

C th thy hi nc ch chim mt lng nh (ln nht ch khong 3% v khi

lng) trong hn hp cc kh sau chy, trong khi kh CO2 chim mt lng
tng i ln trn 20%. Do lng CO2 sinh ra bi qu trnh chy l tng i
ln. iu ny c ngha ti kha cnh mi trng khi CO2 l nhn t chnh gy
hiu ng nh knh v bin i kh hu hin nay. th th hin s phn b thnh
phn cc cht trong dng kh dc chiu di l.

th 3.3: Phn b thnh phn cc cht trong hn hp chy dc theo chiu di l.

17

3.4.3. Qu o chuyn ng ca cc ht than v hiu sut chy

Cc ht than c phun vo l qua mt khe c dng vnh khn b rng khong 3
cm vi vn tc ~ 30 m/s, di tc dng ca dng kh phun vo m cc ht than bay
theo dng xon c khi vo l nh trong hnh b v m rng chuyn ng theo
phng ngang khi i vo vng chy. T vng chy, cc ht than chuyn ng theo
qu o thng. Thi gian cc ht than di chuyn t u l (Z = 0 m) ti ht vng
chy (Z ~ 20 m) l khong 2 s. Hiu sut chy ca ht than trong vng ny t ti
98%.

Hnh 3.12: Qu o chuyn ng ca ht than bn trong l quay.

V cch tnh hiu sut chy, ta s dng cng thc sau:

W
H=
1
100%
W
0

(3.2)

Trong :
- W l khi lng cc thnh phn c th chy cn li trong than u ra ca l.
- W0 l khi lng cc thnh phn c th chy c trong than ban u.
Trong than, x (ash) khng tham gia qu trnh chy v nc (moisture) khng to ra
nhit lng trong qu trnh chy. Ch c cht bc (volatiles) v cc (char) c th
chy v sinh nhit nn s tnh hiu sut chy da trn 2 thnh phn ny. Trong bi
ton ny ny:
- Lu lng than vo l l 2.02 kg/s. Thnh phn than (%): 16.14 x, 76.36
cacbon c nh, 1 nc, 6.5 cht bc.
- Tng khi lng cc v cht bc ban u: 1.674 kg.
- Khi lng x: 0.326 kg.
- Ti u ra, thnh phn than (%): 94.8 x, 5.2 cacbon c nh.
- Do khi lng x khng thay i trong qu trnh chy nn lu lng than ra l:
0.344 kg.
- Khi lng cc: 0.018 kg.
Hiu sut chy:

0.018
H =
98.92%
1
100% =
1.674
18

CHNG 4: KT LUN V NH HNG

4.1. Kt lun
Nhin liu than ng mt vai tr quan trng trong cc ngnh cng nghip hin nay,
tuy nhin y li l ngun pht ra nhiu kh thi CO2 gy tc ng tiu cc ti mi
trng. Nghin cu qu trnh chy ca than l mt cng vic cn thit nhm s dng
c hiu qu ngun ti nguyn ny.
ti Nghin cu v m phng qu trnh chy trong bung t vi m hnh
l l quay xi mng m phng c qu trnh chy ca than trong l quay xi
mng, a ra c cc kt qu sau:
- Phn b nhit trong l ca dng kh, ca vt liu nung v ca mt trong
tng l.
- Phn b thnh phn cc cht c trong hn hp trc v sau chy theo t l khi
lng.
- nh gi hiu sut ca qu trnh chy.
Cc kt qu thu c l rt kh quan, gip hiu su hn v qu trnh chy, t
b sung thm nhng kin thc v kinh nghim nghin cu cho n Tt nghip
sp ti.
4.2. nh hng cho n tt nghip
T nhng kt qu thu c, da trn cch tnh hiu sut chy trong nghin cu
ny, n tt nghip s tp trung nghin cu cc t l trn than khc nhau trong l
t nhit in nhm tm ra t l trn thch hp nht. Cc cng vic c th cn thc
hin nh sau:
- M phng vi cc t l trn than khc nhau.
- nh gi hiu sut chy ca tng trng hp tm ra t l trn c hiu sut
chy tt nht.

19

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Irvin Glassman and Richard A. Yetter, Combustion, 4th edition, AcademicPress,
2008.
2. Eugene S. Domalski, Selected Values of Heats of Combustion and Heats
ofFormation of Organic Compounds Containing the Elements C, H, N, O, P,and
S*, Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, Vol. 1, No. 2,1972.
3. Wikipedia, Coal, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal, ln cui truy cp 25/03/2015.
4. The
Engineering
Toolbox,
Overall
Heat
Transfer
Coefficient,
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/overall-heat-transfer-coefficientd_434.html, ln cui truy cp 27/03/2015.
5. Fawzy el-mahallawy and Saad el-din Habik Fundamentals and technology
ofcombustion, p54-73, Elsevier Science, 2002.
6. P. C. Melte and D. T. Pratt. "Measurement of Atomic Oxygen and
NitrogenOxides in Jet Stirred Combustion". In 15th Symposium (Intl)
onCombustion. The Combustion Institute. 10611070. 1974.
7. N. Kandamby, G. Lazopoulos, F. C. Lockwood, A. Perera, and L.
Vigevano."Mathematical Modeling of NOx Emission Reduction by the Use of
ReburnTechnology in Utility Boilers". In ASME Int. Joint Power
GenerationConference and Exhibition, Houston, Texas. 1996.
8. http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/coalvswind/c02c.html#.VKn4F3u-VaE, ln
cui truy cp 10/03/2015.
9. Modeling Guide, Ansys Help 15.0

20