Integrale nedefinite rezolvate cu drag

prof. Gheorghi Adrian tefan

x2
dx =?
x 21
x 211
Solutie : 2
dx= xarctg x C
x 1
2. x 3x 2 1 dx=?
x4 x3
3
2
Solutie : x dx x dx dx=
xC
4 3
1
3.
dx=?
2x1
Solutie :
2x1
Observam ca ln
1
4.
dx=?
4x5
Solutie :
1.

1
Se rezolv n mod similar cu cea de mai sus numai ca , vom pune n faa integralei deoarece
4
1
=ln 4x5'
4x5
1
1
1
dx= ln 4x5 ' dx= ln 4x5
4x5
4
4
2x
dx =?
2x 23
Solutie :
! De obicei cnd ntlnim radicalul la numitor derivam si observam ce forma obtinem:
Pentru cazul nostru observam ca :
4x
2x
2x 23' =
=
2
2 2x 3 2x 2 3
ceea ce reprezinta exact valoarea din integral
2x 2 dx= 2x 23' dx = 2x 23
2x 3
5.

6.

5x 22

dx=?

Solutie :

10x
5x
x
5x 22 '
=
rezulta
=
2 5x 22 5x 22
5x 22 5
x
1
1
2 dx=5 5x 22' dx=5 5x 22
5x 2
5x2 2' =

8. cos3x dx=?
Solutie :
Daca derivam , cos 3x ' =3sin3x
Dar sin 3x '=3cos 3x rezulta cos3x =
Deci cos3x dx=
9. I = x 2 2x

sin 3x
'
3

1
1
sin 3x ' dx= sin3x

3
3

1
dx , x0 ; I =?
x

Solutie :
I = x 2 dx 2x dx

1
dx
x

x3
x 2 ln x
3
! Observatie : Rezultatul contine lnx pentru c din ipotez tim c x0.
I=

10. I = x

1
dx , x 0 ; I =?
x

Solutie :
dx x 2
= ln x
x
2
! Observatie : n acest caz rezultatul conine ln x pentru ca x 0.
I = x dx

x3
dx , x0 ; I =?
x5
Solutie :
x 3
dx
dx
I = 5 5 dx = 4 3 5
x x
x
x
4
5
x 1
x 1
4
5
I = x dx3 x dx=
3

41
51
1
3
I = 3 4
3x
4x

11.I=

12. I = asin xbcos xdx ; a , b ; I =?

Solutie :
I =a sin x dxb cos x dx =acos x bsin x
13. I =

cos 2x

dx , x0 , ; I =?
2
2
2
sin x cos x

Solutie :
Scriem cos 2x =cos 2 x sin2 x i obinem:
cos 2 x sin2 x
1
1
I = 2
dx=
2
dx
2
2
sin x cos x
sin x cos x
dx
dx
I = 2

=ctg x tg x
sin x
cos 2 x

14. I =

dx
1 1
, x , ; I =?
2
2 2
14x

Solutie :
dx
1
I = 2
= arcsin 2x
2
1 2x 2
1
1 1
1
Verificare : arcsin 2x ' =
2= 2
2
2
2
2 1 2x
1 2x 2
15. I =

2
1

2
dx , x0, ; I =?
2
2
sin x cos x

Solutie :
dx
dx
I =2 2

=2ctg xtg x
sin x
cos 2 x
16. I =

dx
4 4
, x , ; I =?
2
3 3
169x

Solutie :
I se mai pote scrie i astfel :
dx
1
3x
I = 2
= arcsin
2
4
4 3x 3
1
3x
1 1
1
Verificare : arcsin ' =
3=
3
4
3 42 3x 2
169x2
17. I =

dx
, x 2,2 ; I =?
4 x 2

Solutie :
dx
x
I = 2 2 =arcsin
2
2 x
18. I =

dx
; I =?
2
x 4

Solutie :
dx
1
x
I = 2 2 = artcg
2
2
x 2

19. I =

dx
: I =?
4x 21

Solutie :
dx
1
I =
= arctg 2x
2
2
2x 1 2

20. I = x 3 x4 x dx , x0 ; I =?
Solutie :
1
2

1
3

1
4

I = x dx x dx x dx
1

x2
x3
x4
I=

1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
4
3
2

4
3

5
4

x
x
x

3
4
5
2
3
4
2
3 3
4 4
I = x3 x 4 x 5
3
4
5
2
3 3
4 4
I = x x x x x x
3
4
5
I=

21.I=
Solutie :
I =2 x

3
3 dx , x0 ; I =?
x x

1
2

dx3 x

1
3

dx= 2

1
1
2

1
1
2

1
1
3

1
1
3

2
3

2 x 3x
1
2
I=

2
3
93
I =4 x x 2
2
22. I = 2 x e x dx , x ; I =?
Solutie :
x
2
I = 2 x dx e x dx=
e x
ln2
! Am observat c 2 x '=2 x ln2 , deci 2 x =

2 x '
ln2

23. I = 2 e x 3 x dx , x ; I =?
Solutie :
3x
I =2 e x dx 3x dx=2 e x

ln3
3 x ln3
Verificare : 2 e x 3 x '=2 e x
=2 e x 3 x
ln3
24. I =

dx
, x 1,1; I =?
x 21

Solutie :
1
1
x1
x1
I = 2
dx= ln
=ln

2
x1
x1
x 1

25. I =

dx
, x ; I =?
ex

Solutie :
I = ex dx=e x
26. I =

x 212
dx , x0 ; I =?
x4

Solutie :
x 212=x 4 2x 21
x4
x2
1
1
1
I = 4 dx2 4 dx 4 dx= 1 dx2 2 dx 4 dx
x
x
x
x
x
2 1
I = dx 2 x2 dx x 4 dx= x 3
x 3x
27. I =

1 1 x 2
dx , x 1,1; I =?
1 x 2

Solutie :
1
1 x 2 dx= dx dx
I =

1 x 2 1x 2
x 2 1
1 x 2
1 x1
I = ln
arcsin x
2 x1
Dar , innd cont c x1,1 , I va fi :
1
x1
I = ln
arcsin x
2
x1

3 x 24
28. I = 2
dx , x ; I =?
x 4
Solutie :
2
3
x 4
dx
dx
I = 2
2
dx =3 2
2
x 4 x 4
x 4
x 4
3
x
I = arctg ln x x 24
2
2
cos 2 x

29. I = 4
dx , x 0, ; I =?
2
cos x
Solutie :
dx
I =
=tg x
cos 2 x
30. I =

dx
, x ; I =?
x 225

Solutie :
dx
I = 2 2 =ln x x 25 2
x 5

Integrarea prin pri

!Nu din pri :D

Formula:
f g ' dx= f g f 'g dx

S se calculeze integralele:
1. lnx dx , x0
Solutie :
Alegem f x=ln x , g ' x =1. De aici :
f ' x =1,
g x =x
Folosind formula integrrii prin pri , obinem:
x ln x dx= x ' ln x dx=xln x x1x dx=
=xln xx
2. xln x dx , x 0
Soltuie :
Alegem f x=ln x , g ' x =x. n concluzie :
1
x2
f ' x = , g x=
x
2
Aplicm formula integrrii prin pri :
x2
x2 1
1
xln
x
dx=
ln

x
'
dx=ln
x

x 2 dx=

2
2 2
x
2
x
1
= ln x x 2
2
4
3. ln 2 x dx , x0
Solutie :
Notm f x =ln 2 x , g ' x=1.Deci :
2
f ' x= ln x , g x =x
x
Gsim : ln 2 x dx= x ' ln x dx= xln 2 x2
=xln2 x2 ln x dx Folosind ex 1. obinem:
ln 2 x dx= xln2 x 2 xln x x=
= x ln 2 x 2ln x 2

ln x
x dx=
x

4. x 2 ln x dx , x0
Solutie :
f x =ln x , g ' x= x 2 si avem :
1
x3
f ' x = , g x=
x
3
Aplicnd formula obinem :
x3
1
x3
1 x3
2
3 1
x ln x dx= 3 ' ln x3 x x dx= 3 ln x3 3 =
x3
1
= ln x x 3
3
9
ln x
dx , x0
x
Solutie :

5.

f x=ln x , g ' x =

1
x

1
f ' x = , g x =ln x
x
Aplicm formula :
ln x
x dx= ln x 'ln x dx=ln 2 x 1x ln x dx
ln x
ln x
Observm c
dx=ln 2 x
dx , deci
x
x
ln x
2
dx=ln 2 x , n final :
x
ln x
x dx=12 ln2 x
6. x 2 e x dx , x
Solutie :
f x=e x , g ' x =x 2 , atunci :
3
x
x
f ' x =e , g x =
deci :
3,
x3
x3 x 1
2 x
x
3
x
x
e
dx=

'e
dx=
e x e dx

3
3
3
Observm c integrala astfel obinut este mult mai complicat
2,
x
Atunci vom alege f x =x g ' x=e cu
x
f ' x =2x , g x=e
2 x
2
x
Deci : x e dx= x e ' dx=
= x 2 e x 2 xe x dx
Aplicm nc odat formula de integrare prin pri i alegem :
f x= x , g ' x =e x astfel nct :
f ' x =1, g x =e x si obinem :
xe x dx= x e x ' dx=xe x e xx ' dx = xe xe x
n final :
x 2 e x dx=x 2 e x 2 xe xe x =
=e x x 22 x 2

7. x 2x1 e dx , x
Solutie :
Considerm f x =x 22x1 si g ' x=e x cu
f ' x=2x2 si g x=e x
Aplicnd formula obinem:
x 22x1 e x dx= x 22x1e x' dx = newkine = x 2 2x1e x 2 x1 e x dx
Lund separat :
x1e x dx= xe x dx e x dx= conform ex6 =
=xe x e x
n final :
x 22x1 e x dx= x 22x1 e x2xe x4 e x =
=e x x 24x3
8. x sin x dx , x
Solutie :
Notm f x =x , g ' x =sin x si avem:
f ' x=1, g x=cos x
Deci : xsin x dx= x cos x' dx=
=xcos x cos x dx=
=xcos x sin x
2
9. x sin x dx , x
Solutie :
f x =x 2 , g ' x=sin x
f ' x =2x , g x =cos x , integrala devine :
x 2 sin x dx= x 2 cos x ' dx=
=x 2 cos x2 xcos x dx , notam 2 xcos x dx= I '
I ' =2 xcos x dx=2int x sin x ' dx=
=2xsin x 2 x sin x' dx=
=2x sin x 2cos x
Finalizare :
x 2 sin x dx=x 2 cos x2xsin x2cos x
2

10. sin x dx , x
Solutie :
Lum f x=sin 2 x si g ' x=1
f ' x =2sin x cos x =sin 2x si g x =x
sin 2 x dx= x ' sin2 x dx=xsin2 x xsin 2x dx notam
1
1
1
I ' = x cos 2x ' dx = xcos 2x cos 2x dx=
2
2
2
1
1
1
= xcos 2x sin 2x
2
2
2
Finalizare :
cos 2x 1
sin 2x
sin 2 x dx= x sin2 x 2
4

xsin 2x dx= I '

11. e x sin x dx , x
Solutie :
Notm f x=e x , g ' x =sin x
f ' x=e x , g x=cos x
n concluzie :
I = e x sin x dx= e x cos x dx=
=e x cos x e x cos x dx notam e x cos x dx=I '
I ' = e xsin x ' dx =e x sin x e x sin x dx dar e x sin x dx=I
Deci :
I =e x cos xe x sin x I
1
I = e x sin x cos x
2
Obs: I'->citim I prim i nu I derivat
->l-am ales ca pe o notaie
``
12. x 29 dx , x3
Solutie :
x 9 x 29
x 29
I =
dx= am raionalizat = 2
dx=
1
x 9
x2
dx
= 2
dx 9 2
unde I =I 1I 2
x 9
x 9

I1

I2

I 2= 9ln x x 9
2

Pentru a calcula I 1, notm f x =x , g ' x= x 29 ' adic g ' x =2

f ' x=1 si g x = x 29
x2
n concluzie: 2
dx= x x 2 9' dx=
x 9
2
=x x 9 x 29 dx=x x 29I , Dar I = I 1I 2

x
x
= 2
unde :
2
2 x 9 x 9

I = x x 2 9 I 9ln x x 2 9
1
I = x x 299ln x x 2 9
2
Formul general:
x 2a 2 dx=12 x x 2a2a 2 lnx x 2a 2 , x [a , a ] , a0

13. I = x 29 dx ; I =?
Solutie :
x 29
I = 2
dx=
x 9
x2
dx
= 2
dx 9 2
x 9
x 9

I1

I2

I 2=9ln x x 9
Tem : Calculai I 1 folosind ex 12
1
Finalizare : I = x x 299ln x 29
2
2
14. 9x dx , x 3,3
Solutie :
9 x 2
2
I = 9 x dx=
dx=
9x 2
2
1
x
=9
dx

dx

2
2
9
x
9
x

I1

I2

x
I 1 =9arcsin
3
x
I 2= x
dx
9x 2
Observm c : 9x 2 ' =

9x 2

Deci I 2 se poate calcula prin pri astfel :

I 2= x 9x 2 ' dx =x 9 x 2 9 x 2 dx
Finalizare :
x
I =I 1 I 2=9arcsin x 9x 2 I
2
1
x
2
I = x 9 x 9 arcsin
2
3
Formul general:
a 2 x 2 dx=12 x a 2 x 2a 2 arsin ax x[a , a ] , a0
15. xe 2x dx , x
Solutie :
Notm f x =x si g ' x =e 2x f ' x =1 si g x=
I = xe 2x dx=

1
2

x e 2x ' dx=

1
1
xe 2x e 2x dx=
2
2
1
1
1
1
= xe 2x e 2x I = e 2x x
2
4
2
2
1
2x1
I = e 2x

2
2
=

1 2x
e
2

16. x x 29 dx , x3
Solutie :
x x 29
I = x x 29 dx= 2
dx=
x 9
x3
x
= 2
dx 9 2
dx unde I 2=9 x 29
x 9
x 9

I1

I2

Pentru a calcula I 1 notm f x =x 2 si g ' x =

x 29

f ' x =2x si g x= x 2 9
Deci :
I 1 = x 2 x 29 ' dx=x 2 x 292 x x 29 dx=
=x 2 x 292 I
I =I 1 I 2= x 2 x 292I9 x 29
1
I = x 29 x 29
3
x

17. e cos x dx , x
Solutie :
Notm f x =cos x si g ' x=e x f ' x =sin x si g x =e x
Integrala devine :
I = e x cos x dx = e x ' cos x dx=
=e x cos x e x sin x dx=
=e x cos x
e x sin x dx '

Pentru a calcula integrala I ' folosim iari formula de integrare prin pri astfel :
f x =sin x si g ' x =e x f ' x =cos x si g x=e x
x
x
x
I '= e ' sin x dx=e sin x e cos x dx
n colncluzie :
I =e x cos x e x sin x I
ex
I = cos x sin x
2
18. arcsin x dx , x 1,1
Solutie :
Alegem f x=arcsin x si g ' x =1 f ' x=

1x 2

si g x=x

Asadar :
I = arcsin x dx = x ' arcsin x dx =
x
= xarcsin x
dx
1x 2
x
Observm c : 1x 2 ' =
, n concluzie :
1 x 2
2
2
I =xarcsin x 1x ' dx= x codt arcsin x 1x

19. sin x dx , x
Solutie :
Met I : Notm f x =sin x si g ' x =sin x
f ' x =cos x si g x=cos x
I = sin x sin x dx= sin xcos x dx=
=sin x cos x cos2 x dx=

cos 2 x dx= dx sin 2 x dx

I =sin x cos x xI ,

Dar cos 2 x =1sin 2 x deci :

Finalizare :

dar sin x cos x=

sin 2x
2

Deci :
x 1
I = sin 2x
2 4
Met II : Notm f x =sin 2 x si g ' x=1
f ' x =2sin x cos x si g x =x
I = x ' sin 2 x dx=xsin 2 x 2xsin x cos x dx
I =xsin 2 x xsin 2x dx
Folosim iari formula de integrare prin pri:
1
Notm f x = x si g ' x=sin 2x f ' x=1 si g x= cos 2x
2
1
1
1
x cos 2x ' dx= xcos 2x cos 2x dx
2
2
2
1
1
2
I = x sin 2x dx= I = xsin x xcos 2x sin 2x=
2
4
x
1
= 2sin 2 x cos 2x sin 2x
2
4
2
Dar cos 2x=cos xsin 2 x , dec :
2sin 2 x cos 2x=2sin 2 xcos 2 x sin 2 x=1
Finalizare :
x 1
I = sin 2x
2 4
20. arctg x dx , x
Solutie :
Folosim notaia : f x =arctg x si g ' x =1 f ' x=

1
si g x= x
1x 2

Obinem :
I = arctg x dx= x ' arctg x dx=xarctg x

x
dx
1 x 2

Printr-o oarecare intuiie matematic observm c:

1
x
[ ln1x 2 ]'=
, aadar :
2
2
1x
1
I =xarctg x ln 1x 2
2

Exerciii propuse
Calculai integralele:
1. xe x dx , x
2. x 2 e 3x dx , x
3. x12 e x dx , x
3

3. x 3x 2 e dx , x
2

2x

5. x2 e dx , x
6. xcos x dx , x
7. x 2 cos x dx , x
8. cos 2 x dx , x
2x

9. e sin x dx , x
10. x 2 25 dx , x 5
11. x 2 196 dx , x
12. 36 x dx , x 6,6
2

13. x x 2 25 dx , x5
x

14. e cos x dx , x
15. arccos x dx , x 1,1
16. arcctg x dx , x

Metoda substituiei
Prima metod de schimbare de varibil
Probleme rezolvate:
S se calculeze, folosind prima metod de schimbare de variabil,
primitivele urmtoarelor funcii:
2 x1
1. f x = 2
, x
x x7
Solutie :
Notm x 2 x7=t si derivm :
x 2 x7' dx=t ' dt 2 x1 dx=dt
Integrala devine :
2 x 1
dt
I = 2
dx = =lnt
t
x x7
Revenind la substituia fcut avem :
I =ln x 2x 7
2. f x =

2 x3
, x
2
x 3 x1

Soltie :
Notam x 23 x1=t i derivm :
x 23 x 1 ' dx=t ' dt 2 x 3' dx=dt
Integrala devine :
2x3
dt
I = 2
dx= =ln t
t
x 3 x1
n final revenim la substituie :
I =ln x 23 x1
3. f x =

4 x2
x
x 2 x2

Solutie :
Notam : x 2 x2=t astfel :
x 2 x2' =t ' dt 2 x1' dx=dt 2 4 x2 dx=2 dt
Integrala devine :
2
I = dt =2ln t=ln t 2
t
Finalizare :
I =2ln x 2 x22

4. f x=

sin x
x
1cos 2 x

Solutie :
Notam cos x =t , derivam :
sin x dx=dt sin x dx=dt
sin x
dt
Deci : I =
dx=
=
2
1cos x
1t 2
=arctg t
Finalizare :
I =arctg cos x
5. f x =tg x , x 0,

Solutie :
Notam cos x =t , derivam :
sin x dx=dt sin x dx=dt
sin x
Obs : Am folosit faptul c tg x=
astfel :
cos x
sin x
dt
I = tg x dx=
dx=
=lnt
cos x
t
Finalizare :
I =lncos x
6. f x =

1tg 2 x

, x 0,
tg x
2

Solutie :
Met I :
tg 2 x
1
1
dx
I =

dx=
tg x dx=
tg x dx
tg x tg x
tg x
tg x

I1

cos x
dx
sin x
Notam sin x =t cos x dx =dt
dt
I 1 = =ln t=lnsin x
t
sin x
I 2= tg x dx=
dx
cos x
Penru a rezolva integrala I 2 vom proceda n mod analog
Tem : Rezolvai integrala I 2
Trebuie s gsii c : I 2 =lncos x
Finalizare :
I =ln sin x ln cos x
sau
sin x
I =ln
=lntg x
cos x
I 1 = ctg x dx=

I2

Met II :
1tg 2 x
1
I =
dx=
tg x ' dx
tg x
tg x
Obs : Am intuit foarte simplu faptul c :
2
2
2
2
cos x sin x sin x cos x 1
1tg 2 x = 2
2
= 2
= 2
=tg x '
cos x cos x cos x
cos x
Aadar i prin urmare...
Notam tg x=t tg x' dx=dt
I =ln t
Finalizare :
I =ln tg x
4

7. f x =x 3 e x , x
Solutie :
Notam x 3 e x =t derivnd constatm:
dt
4 x3 e x =dt x 3 e x dx=
4
n aceste circumstane...
1 dt 1
I = x 3 e x dx= = lnt
4 t
4
1
the end... I = lne x
4
4

8. f x =sin x cos 2 x , x
Solutie :
Folosim notaia cos x =t sin x dx=dt
Utilizm formula de schimbare de variabil :
t3
I = sin x cos2 x dx= t 2 dt=
3
Revenim la schimbarea de variabil :
cos3 x
I =

3
9. f x =sin3 x cos3 x , x
Solutie :
Notam cos x=t sin x dx=dt
I = sin3 x cos3 x dx= sin 2 xsin x cos3 x dx=
= 1cos2 xsin x cos3 x dx= 1t 2 t 3 dt=
= t 5t 3 dt= t 5 dt t 3 dt=
t6 t 4
=
6 4
Finalizare :
cos 6 x cos 4 x
I=

6
4

10. f x =tg xtg 3 x , x

,
2 2

Solutie :
Amintim din ex 6 :
1
sin 2 x cos 2 x cos 2 x sin 2 x
tg x'= 2
= 2
= 2
2
=1tg 2 x
cos x cos x
cos x cos x
2
Notam tg x=t 1tg xdx=dt
I = tg x tg 3 x dx= tg x 1tg 2 x dx=
t2
= t dt=
2
2
tg x
1
I=
= tg 2 x
2
2
!Obs:Pentru a beneficia de un punctaj maxim n cazul rezolvrii
unui exerciiu matematic, trebuie s aducem soluia sub forma cea
mai simpl.
11. f x=

x
, x0 ; 1
1x 3

Solutie :
2
Notm x x=t 2 x x = x 3=t 2
Derivm , x x ' dx=dt
x
3x
Dar x x ' = x
=
, deci :
2 x 2x
3
2
x dx =dt xdx= dt
2
3
x
integrala I =
dx devine
1x 3
2 dt
I '=
=
3 1t 2
2
= arcsin t
3
Revenind la schimbare de variabil fcut obinem:
2
I = arcsin x x
3
12. f x=

x
, x
1x 4

Solutie :
Notam : x 2=t 2x dx =dt xdx =

dt
2

x
1 2x
dx=
dx devine prin schimbare de variabila :
4
2 1x 4
1 x
1 dt
1
I '=
dt= arctg t
2
2 1t
2
Revenind la schimbarea factuta obtinem:
1
I = arctg x 2
2
Integrala I =

13. f x=
Solutie :

e x
, x0, x
x

1
dx
dx=dt
=2 dt
2x
x
Integrala devine :
ex
I =
dx= 2 e t dt=2 e t
x
Revenind la schimbarea factuta obtinem :
I =2 e x
Notam x=t

e 2x
14. f x=
, x0, x
1e 4x
Solutie :
Notam e 2x=t 2 e 2x dx=dt
e 2x=t 2 e 4x=t 2 e 2x dx=

dt
2

e 2x
1
1
1
dx=
dt= arcsin t
4x
2
2 1t
2
1e
Revenind la schimbarea de variabil obtinem:
1
I = arcsin e 2x
2
n concluzie: I =

15. f x=

e tg x

, x ,
2
2 2
cos x

Solutie :
dx
=dt
cos 2 x
Prin schimbare de variabil :
e tg x
I =
dx= e t dt=et
cos 2 x
Revenind la schimbarea fcut :
I =e tg x
16. f x= 1x 2 , x
Solutie :
Notam tg x=t

Incercam notatia 1 x 2=t 2x dx =dt x dx =

dt
2

Tragem de aici concluzia c n acest caz metoda schimbrii de variabil nu ne

prea surde.ncercm s folosim metoda integrrii prin pri....poate,poate...

I = 1x 2 dx = x ' 1= x 2 dx=x 1x 2
x 21
1
dx 2
dx
2
x 1
x 1
I = x 1 x 2I ln x x 21
2I =x 1x 2=ln x x 21
Finalizare :
1
I = x 1x 2ln x x 21
2
=x 1 x 2

x2
dx=
1x 2

!!!!!Atentie la pag 30 ex 16'

17. f x=

sin 2x
, x
sin 4 x3

Solutie :
Alegem sin 2 x =t 2sin x cos x dx=dt
Dar cunoastem faptul ca 2 sin x cos x=sin 2x , deci :
sin 2x dx=dt iar sin4 x=sin 2 x 2=t 2
Dup toate acestea...
sin 2x
dt
I = 4
dx= 2
=
sin x 3
t 3
dt
1
t
= 2
= arctg

2
3
t 3 3
Revenim asupra schimbarii facute :
sin 2 x
1
I = arctg

3
3
18. f x= x tg x 2 , x

,
2 2

Solutie :
Notam x 2=t 2x dx =dt x dx =
I = x tg x 2 dx=

dt
2

1
tg t dt=
2

1 sin t
t dt
2 cos
Folosim o nou schimbare de variabil:
cos t=a sint dt=da sin t dt=da
1 da 1
I= =
ln a =ln a=ln cost
2
a
2
cos x 2
n final I =ln cos x 2 sau I =ln
cos x 2
1
19. f x = 2
, x
x x1
Solutie :
2x1 1 1
Obs ca : x 2x 1= x 2
1=
2
4 4
2
1
3
= x
2
4
dx
dx
I =
=
2
x2 x1
1 2
3
x
2
2
1
Notam x =t dx=dt
2
=

I =

t 2

dt
2

=ln t

1
3
x

2
2

n final:

1
I =ln [ x

1
3
x

2
2

sau

I =ln [ x

1
x 2 x1]
2

20. f x =

1
, x1
x ln 2x

Solutie :
Notam : ln 2x=t

2
dx
dx=dt
=dt
2x
x

dx
;
x ln 2x
I se transform prin schimbare de variabil n :
dt
I '= =ln t Revenim la schimbarea fcut :
t
I =ln ln2x
! Obs : Modulul a disparut pentru ca x1
I =

Exerciii propuse
Calculai primitivele urmtoarelor funcii, folosind prima
metod de schimbare de variabil:

3x1
, x
3
x x2
2x3
2. f x= 2
, x
x 3x6
6x3
3. f x= 2
, x
x x9
cos x
4. f x=
, x
1sin 2 x

5. f x=ctg x , x0,
2
2
1tg x

6. f x=
, x 0,
tg x
2
x
7. f x= 2
, xe 2, x
x 5x12
1
8. f x= sin x , x0, x
x
x3
9. f x= 8
, x
x 1
e x
10. f x=
, x0, x
x
11. f x=x 4 e x , x
1. f x=

Integrarea funciilor raionale simple

Probleme rezolvate:
S se calculeze primitivele urmtoarelor funcii:
1
1. f x =
, x1
x1
Solutie :
1
x 1 dx=lnx1=ln x1
2. f x =

x
, x1, x
x12x1

Solutie :
Calculul primitivei acestei funcii presupune mai nti
descompunerea ei n funcii raionale simple, adic:
x
A
B
=

x12x1 x1 2x1
Dupa ce aducem la acelasi numitor obtinem:
x
2 Ax ABxB
=
, de fapt :
x12x1 x 1 2x1
x 0= x 2AB AB
Trecem la identificarea coeficientilor:
2AB=1
pentru c coeficientul lui x este 1 iar coeficientul liber este 0.
A B=0
Rezolvnd sistemul obinem:
A=1 si B=1
x
1
1
Ajungem la concluzia :
=

, prin urmare :
x12x1 x1 2x1
f x = 1x1 12x1 dx=
dx
dx
=

=
x1
2x1
1
=ln x1 ln2x1=
2
x1
=ln

2x1

3. f x=

1
, x
x 2x3
2

Solutie :
Calculam radacinile polinomului f.
voi folosi n loc de litera grecesca delta pe D
D=b24ac=412=80 f are radacini complexe.
Datorit acestui fapt ncercm scrierea lui sub form de sum de ptrate.

x 22x3=x 22x12= x12 2

dx
1
x 1
=
arctg

f x =
2
2
2
x1 2 2
4x1
4. f x =
, x
x x1 x3
Solutie :
4x1
A B
C
=

x x1 x3 x x1 x3

Dup ce aducem la acelai numitor obinem :

4x1=A x 24x3Bx x3Cx x1
4x1=Ax 24Ax3ABx 23BxCx 2Cx
4x1=x 2 ABC x 4A3BC 3A
Trecem la identificarea coeficienilor
1
A BC =0
BC=
3
4A3BC=4
1
8
3A=1 A=
3BC=
3
3
1
3
11
prin urmare : A= , B= , C=
3
2
6
4x1
1
3
11
iar
=

x x1 x 3 3x 2 x1 6 x3
4x1
1
3
11
dx= dx
dx
dx=
x x1
x3
3x
2 x1
6 x3
1 dx 3 dx
11 dx
=

=
3 x
2 x1 6
x3
1
3
11
= ln x ln x1 ln x3
3
2
6
5. f x=

2x
, x3, x
x 5x6
2

Solutie :
Calculm soluiile ecuaiei : x 25x6=0
D=b24ac=2524 D=1
51
x 1=
x 1=3
2
51
x 2=
x 2=2
2
n concluzie :
2x
2x
A
B
=
=

2
x 5x6 x3 x2 x3 x2
2x= Ax2A Bx3B
2x= x AB2A3B
A B=2 2
2A3B=0

A=6, B=4

2x
dx
dx
dx=6
4
=
x 5x6
x 3
x2
=6 ln x34 ln x2=
x36
=ln

x24
6x21
6. f x= 2
, x 1
x x2
Solutie :
Calculm soluiile ecuaiei x 2 x2=0 cu scopul de a descompune funcia f(x) n funcii
raionale simple.
2
x x2=0
D=18=9 D=1 x 1=1 si x 2=2
Observam ca :
6x21
6x21
A
B
=
=

x1
x2
x1
x 2
x x2
6x21=Ax2ABxB
6x21=x AB2AB
Indentificam coeficientii :
A B=6
2AB=21
3A=27 A=9 si B=3
Astfel am aflat ca :
6x21
dx
dx
I = 2
dx=9
3
= =9ln x13ln x 2
x1
x2
x x2
x19
I =ln

x23
7. f x=

1
, x1
x2 x 25x6

Solutie :
Pentru a descompune funcia aflm mai nti soluiile ecuaiei: x 25x6=0
D=2524=1
x 1=3, si x 2=2
Aadar :
1
1
A
B
C
=
=

x2
x3
x2
x2
x3
x2
x2 x 5x6
Indentificam coeficientii :
1= A x3 x 2B x2 x2C x2 x 3
2
2
2
1= A x 5x6B x 4C x x6
1= x 2 A BC x 5AC 6A4B6C
A BC =0
5A C=0 C=5A
6A4B6C=1
4A B=0 4
36A4B=1

16A4B=0
36A4B=1

1
1
1
, B= , C=
20
5
4
Dup ce nlocuim coeficienii aflai, obinem:
1
dx=
f x dx= 201x2 5 x13 4 x2
1
1
1
= ln x2 ln x3 ln x2
20
5
4
A=

8. f x =

2
, x
2x55x2

Solutie :
21
A
B
=

2x55x2 2x5 5x2

21=5Ax2A2Bx5B
21=x 5A2B2A5B
10A4B=0
10A25B=105

5A2B=0 2
2A 5B=21 5
n conluzie :
A=2 si B=5

dx
dx
5
f x dx=2 2x5
5x2

I1

I2

Pentru a intui rezultatul integralei I1 observm c:

ln 2x5'
2
1
ln 2x5' =

=
2x5
2x5
2
ln2x5'
1
n mod analog pt I 2
=
5x2
2
Datorit acestor indicii :
ln 2x5'
ln 5x2'
dx5
dx=
f x dx=2 2
2
=ln 2x5ln 5x2=
5x2
=ln

2x5
9. f x=

x 3x2
, xC
3
2
x x x1

Solutie :
Amintim:
n cazul ecuaiei de gradul III, de obicei, cercetm dac soluia se afl printre divizorii termenului
liber. n cazul nostru D1={-1,1} i observm c x1=-1 este soluie.
Folosind Schema lui Horner:
x3 x2
x
1
1

-1 1

x 3 x 2x1= x 1 x 2 1 , unde x 2 1=0 admite soluii complexe

x 2 x2
x 2 x2
A
BxC
=
=

Obinem: x 3 x 2x1 x1 x 21 x1 x 21
x 2 x2=Ax 2 ABx 2BxCxC
x 2 x2=x 2 ABx BC AC
A B=1
A=1, B=0, C=1
BC=1
AC=2
x 2x2
1
1
=
2
2
x1 x 1 x1 x 1
dx
2
=
f x dx= dx
x1
x 1
=ln x1arctg x

10. f x=

x5 x 48
, x2
x3 4x

Solutie :
Deoarece gradul numrtorului este mai mare dect gradul
numitorului efectum mprirea:
x 5x 4 8 : x 34x= x 2x4, r =4x 216x8, astfel :
x 5 x 48= x 34x x 2 x44x 216x8
2
4x 16x8
vom scrie : f x=x 2 x4
3
x 4x
4x 216x8
A
B
C
=

x x2 x2 x x2 x2
4x 216x8=Ax 24 A Bx2 2 BxCx 22 Cx
A BC =14
2B2C=16
4A=8

A=2, B=5, C =3

n concluzie :
dx
dx
7

=
f x dx= x 2x4 dx2 dx
x
x2
x2
=

11. f x=

x3 x2
4x2 ln x5 ln x23 ln x2
3 2
x 46x 211x6
, x2
x 23x2

Solutie :
Deoarece gradul numrtorului este mai mare dect gradul
numitorului efectum mprirea:
4
2
2
2
x 6x 11x6: x 3x2=x 3x1
r =8x8
x 46x2 11x6 x 23x1 x 23x2
8 x1
Astfel :
=
2
2
2
x 3x2
x 3x2
x 3x2
x1
ncercm s descompunem funcia
n funcii raionale
x 23x2
simple.Pentru a face acest lucru cutm mai nti rdcinile

ecuaiei x 23x2=0.
D=98=1, x 1=2 ; x 2=1
x1
x1
A
B
=
=

2
x 3x2 x2 x 1 x2 x1
x1=Ax ABx2B
x1
1
A B=1
De fapt : 2
=
A2B=1
x 3x2 x2
B=0, A=1
Finalizare :
=
f x dx= x 23x1 dx=8 dx
x2
x 3 3x 2
=
x8 ln x2
3 2
Integrarea funciilor raionale pentru care numitorul are rdcini
reale multiple
S se calculeze primitivele urmtorelor funcii:
1
1. f x=
, x0
x x12
Solutie :
n acest caz funcia admite descompunerea :
1
A
B
C
=

2
x x1 x x1 x12
1= A x12Bx x1Cx
1= x 2 AB x 2ABC A
A B=0
A=1, B=C=1
2 ABC =0
A=1
1
1
1
Deci : f x=

iar ,
x x1 x12
f x dx=ln x ln x1 x12 dx
dx
Pt a calcula
not x1=t dx=dt si x12=t 2
2
x1
dx
dt
1
= 2 = t 2 dt=
x1
2
t
t
Finalizare :
x
1

=
f x dx=ln x1
x1
1
x
=
ln

x1
x1

2. f x =

x
, x1
x1 x22

Solutie :
Funcia se va descompune cu ajutorul nostru astfel :
x
A
B
C
=

2
x1 x2 x1 x 2 x22
x =A x 22B x1 x2C x1
x =x 2 ABx 4 ABC 4 A2 BC
A B=0
1
1
6
A= B= , C=
4 ABC=1
9
9
9
4 A2 BC=0
x
1
6
=

2
x1 x2 9 x2 9 x22
Pentru c am ajutat funcia f(x) s se descompun...
1
dx
dx
dx
f x dx=9 x1 x2 6 x22

I1

I2

I3

I1 i I2 se rezolv uor.
Pentru a se rezolva I3 apelm la metoda schimbrii de variabil:
Notm x2=t 2
x22 =t 2 si dx =dt
dx
dt
t 1
6
I 3=6
devine
I
'
=6
=6
=

3
2
2
1
t
x2
t
Revenind la schimbarea facuta ,
6
I 3=

x2
Finalizare :
6
=
f x dx=19 ln x1ln x2 x2
1
6
x1
=
ln

9 x2
x2

x
3. f x =
, x1
x1 x32
Solutie :
Descompunem funcia f x n funcii raionale simple :
x
A
B
C
=

2
x1 x3 x1 x3 x32
x =A x 2 6x9B x 24x3C x1
x =x 2 ABx 6 A4 BC 9 A3 BC
A B=0
1
1
6
A= , B= C=
6 A4 BC=1
4
4,
4
9 A3 BC=0

f x dx= 4 ln x1ln x3 x32 dx

6
6
dx=

2
x3
x3
6

f x dx=14 ln x3
x1 x3
x2
4. f x=
, x 1
x1 x22
Solutie :
Descompunem funcia f x
x2
A
B
C
=

2
x1 x2 x1 x 2 x22
x 2 =A x22B x1 x2C x1
A B=1
A=1, B=0, C=4
4 A3 BC =0
4 A2BC =0
dx
4
=
f x dx= dx
2
x1
x2
4
=ln x1

x 2
Dar ,

Integrarea unor funcii raionale care au numitorul cu rdcini

complexe simple
Calculai primitivele urmtoarelor funcii:
1
1. f x= 3
, x0
x 1
Solutie :
Descompunem functia:
1
1
A BxC
=
= 2
3
2
x 1 x x 1 x x 1
Observm c numitorul x 21 admite rdcini complexe.
Datorit acestui fapt n descompunerea fcut ntlnim mai nou
termenul Bx+C n loc de obinuitul B+C
1= A x 21 x BxC
AB=0
C=0
A=1 B=1
f x dx= 1x x121 dx=
dx
dx
= 2
=
x
x 1
=arctg xln x
2. f x =

1
, x0
x 2x2
2

Solutie :
Observm c numitorul acestei fracii are rdcini complexe
(D=-4<0)

!Descompunerea universal pentru funcia

2

1
2
cu b 4c0 este:
x bxc
2

b
4cb 2 adica :
x bxc= x

2
2
1
1
=
2
2
2
x bxc
b
4cb2

x
2
2
Am reuit astfel s scriem numitorul ca o sum de ptrate.
2

2
84
x 2x2= x

=
2
2
= x1212
dx
=arctg x 1
f x dx= x1
2
12
2

4x5
3. f x =
, x0
x2 x 2 x1
Solutie :
4x5
A
BxC
=
2
2
x2 x x1 x2 x x1
4x5= A x 2x 1 BxC x2
4x5= A x 2x 1 Bx2 2BxCx2C
A B=0 B=A
AC=4
A2BC=4
A2C=5
A2C=5
dx
x3
f x = x2 x 2x1 dx=

A=1, B=1, C =3

x3
dx
x 2x1
Observm c x 2 x1 ' =2x1 ,aadar pentru a efectua o schimbare
de variabil modificm puin forma integralei I ' .
1 2x6
1 2x1
3
dx
I '= 2
dx= 2
dx 2
2 x x1
2 x x1
2 x x1

=ln x2I ' , unde

I '=

I 1'

I2 '

Pentru a rezolva integrala I 1 ' efectum schimbarea de variabil:

x 2 x1=a
2x1' dx=da
1 da 1
I 1 ' = = ln a
2 a
2
1
I 1 ' = ln x 2x1
2
3
dx
3
dx
I 2' = 2
=
=
2
2
2 x x1 2
1
3
x

2
2

1
2

3 2
= arctg

2 3
3
2
2x1
= 3arctg

3
Finalizare :
f x dx=ln x2I 1 ' I 2 ' =
=ln x 2ln x 2 x1 3arctg
=ln

4. f x=

2x1
=
3

x 2 x1
2x1
3 arctg

x2
3

2x3 3x 22x
x 24 x 21

Solutie :
Descompunem funcia :
2x33x2 2x
AxB CxD
= 2
2
, Aducem la acelasi numitor si obtinem :
2
2
x 4 x 1 x 4
x 1
2x33x2 2x= AC x 3 BD x 2 A4C x B4D. Prin identificare rezult sistemul :
AC=2
BD=3
A4C=2
B4D=0
De aici obtinem solutiile : A=2, B=4 ,C =0, D=1
Dup descompunerea funciei putem integrala capt forma:
dx
dx 2
=
f x dx= 2x4
2
x 4
x 1
2x dx
dx
dx
= 2
4 2 2 2
x 4
x 2
x 1
2
Prin schimabarea de variabila x 4=a 2x dx=da obtinem :
2x
da
x 2 4 dx= a =lna =ln x 2 4
Finalizare :
f x dx=ln x 24 412 arctg 2x arctg x=
x
=ln x 2 42arctg arctg x
2

Exerciii propuse:
S se calculeze primitivele urmtoarelor funcii:
1
1. f x=
3x5
13x
2. f x =
2x3
1
3. f x =
x 2 x3
1
4. f x =
x x3
1
5. f x= 2
3x 5
1
6. f x = 2
x 3x2
1
7. f x = 2
3x x1
1
8. f x= 2
2x x3
4x3
9. f x = 2
2x 3x1
5x2
10. f x= 2
x 4
x1
11. f x= 2
x 2x10
3
x
12. f x=
8
1x
x
13. f x=
x110
x 4
14. f x=
x2 x5
x 25x7
15. f x=
x3
2
x 1
16. f x=
x1
5
17. f x= 2
x x 1
2x
18. f x= 2
x 6x5
5
19. f x=
x x1 x3
x 2 x2
20. f x =
x1 x 21
x 32x 24
21. f x = 2
x x22
x
22. f x =
x1 x3 x5