1

: . .
: , .:

, 2008.

1 ...........................................................................................................................19
1.1 , ........................................................................ 19
1.2 ................................................................... 20
1.3 ................................................................................................................. 21
1.3.1 ............................................................................................................... 21
1.3.2 ....................................................... 21
1.3.3 .............................................................................................. 22

1.4 ............................................................................ 29
1.4.1 ...................................................................... 29

2. .......................................................................................32
2.1 .......................................................................... 32
2.2 ................................................................................................ 32
2.3 .......................................... 32
2.4 ..................................... 36
2.5 ............... 39
2.6 ............................................... 41
2.6.1 , ) [1]....................................... 41
2.6.2 ...................................................... 44

2.7 .............................................................................................. 47
2.8
........................................................................................................................................ 52
2.9
...................................................................................................................... 56
2.10
........................................................................................................................................ 57
2.11 ........................................ 59
2.12 ................................................................................ 62
2.13 ................................................................................... 62
2.14 [6] ........................ 63
2.15
.................................................................................. 64
2.16 ............................................................... 65
2.17 ..................................................................................... 65
............................................................................................................................. 67

3. ........................................................................................................68
3.1. .......................................... 68
3.1.1 .......................................................................................................... 68
3.1.2.
............................................................................................................................................................ 71
3.1.3. (. 3.1.3) .............. 73
3.1.4. , ............. 74
3.1.5 -
............................................................................................................................................................ 75
3.1.6 ................... 76
3.1.7 ....................................................................................................... 79
3.1.8 ............................................................................................... 83
17


3.1.9 ................................................................................... 90

3.2. .......................................................................................................... 91
......................................................................................................................................... 95

4. .................................................................................96
4.2. ............................................................................................. 98
4.3. ................................................................. 99
4.3.1 .................................................................................................... 99
4.3.2 ................................................................................................................... 101
4.3.5 .................................................... 103
4.3.7 ............................................................. 104
4.3.6 .............................................................................. 104
4.3.9 ............................................................. 105
4.3.10 ...................................... 105
4.3.11 .......................................................... 107
4.3.12 t .... 107
4.3.14 ........................................................................................................... 108
4.3.15 ........................................................................... 108

........................................................................................................................... 110

5. J ........111
5.1 ...................................... 111
5.2 .................................................................... 114
5.3 c .................................... 117
5.3.1 c ........................ 117
5.3.2 c (. 5.3.3 .
5.3.4) ................................................................................................................................................. 121

18

1
1.1 ,

,

,

. (
).
, . , , ,
.

.
.
.
; , . .
. ,
.

-
.
(.
- ) ,
.

.
.

( 1 ;
) .
.

, .




.

.
.
.
.

.
19



, .
, .
.

. ,

. ,
, (
).
.
(
) .

1.2

120 . .
1629.
.

1883. .
.
1884. .
.

80 % .

, 120 .

, 1629.

20

1883.

, 1884.

1.3
1.3.1

. ,
,
.
.
.
.
,
,
, (
). .
.
.
- , ,
,
.

.
.
1.3.2

,
.

.

.
() .
21


.
.
. ,
.
.
.
.


.

.
. .
.
.

. ,

.
.
.
.

.
- .
. ,
.
.
1.3.3
.
, .
, .

:

,
,
,
.

. ,
.

,
. .
. 1. 3. 1 (
22


DIN 2481 [3]). ,
,
. ,
.
.
.
.

.
. 1.3.1
, , Ts - . 1.3.2
. 3 4,
,
. (
) 4 1.
,
. . - -
p1
p2 .
,
. 2 3.
, , ,
,
.

G
4

ond
1
2

. 1.3.1 -

23

600

4000

500
400

3000

h [kJ/kg]

2500

200

T [ C]

300

100

3500

2s 2

4s

1500

2000

4s 4
1000

-100

500

-200

s [kJ/kgK]

0 1
0

s [kJ/kgK]

. 1.3.2 s- hs-

( )
. ( )
.
, . , ,
.
,
.
.
. ,
, .
- .

.
, - -
. , ,
.
,
.
1.3.3 ,
. ,

.

. 1.3.3
24

. 1.3.4 -
, ,
.

.
.

.
1.3.5. -
- .

.

. ,
,
.
, , .
,
.

25


. 1.3.5 -

. 1.3.6 -

,
, .
, .
.
.
. .
.

.
,
(. 1.3.7).
,
.
(. 1.3.8).
.
, .
,
, (. 1.3.9).
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
, .
.
,
. , ,
.
. .
. 1.3.10 .
- -
.
-
(. 1.3.11).
.
.
.
.
. 1.3.7 . . 1.3.8
, . 1.3.8
. 1.3.10 .
, . .1.3.11
26


.
, ,
. ,
. .

. 1.3.7 -

. 1.3.8 -

. 1.3.9 -

. 1.3.10 -

1 - (). 2 - .
, 3 - 1. ,
4 - .
. 5 - 2. , 6 , 7

1 - (). 2 - 1 .
1 . 3 - 1.
4 - 2. . 5 -
2. 6 - . 7
, 8 - , 9
, 10 .

. 1.3.11 -
1 - (). 2 - 2. .
3 - 2. . 4 - . 5

27


.
.

. , ,
, . 1.3.12.
:
( 10 bar),
( 88 bar),
( 224 bar)
( 224 bar).
(
88 bar ),
( 224 ).
, [1] :
,
( 485),
( 565 )
( 565).

, 565
.

-,
-,
-
.

(. 1.3.6)
(. 1.4.3).

.
1.3.31

1 - (). 2 - .

. 3 - . 4 -

28


1.4

. ,

.
. -
.
.
.
.
1.4.1
,

.
1.4.1 -

1970.
53
22
6
4
15

85
15

1980.
35
13
3
36
13

87
13

.
, .
,
( , , ).
.
.
.
.
:
1.
( )
,
.
.
,
.

.
.
2.
.
.
10
29


, 10
. ( )
.
, ,
, ,
.
600 W,
1300 W.
3. ( )
.
,
.

. ,
.
.
, ,
,
, .
4.
. .
.
.
.
5. ,
.
6.
.
.
.
.
7.
, , .
(
) , .
8.
. ,
70 - 80 % .
9. .

.

.

BSS132.
30 W 200 W 20,1%,
58 %.
30

1.4.2 - IEC No. 45

34

42

64

88

435

455

485

535

105

126

140

165

535 565

, .
, ,
:
1. ,

.
2. , ,

.
.
3. .

31

2.
2.1

.

.
.
.

2.2
.

. , ,
, . .
, .
. , , , , ,
, .

.
.

.
, ,
.
.
.
1.3.1 .

. .
( ) ,
.
.

2.3
,
,
. .

, .
1 kg
. ,
. LiT
.
32


, .
,
. ,
LsT .
,
.

.
,
.

.

PiT = M GV LiT

PsT = M GV LsT .

.

.

.
:

iT =

LiT
LsT

iT =

PiT
PsT

. .

, :

LiT = h 3 h4 = hiT
( h ) - -
- h - .

:

LsT = h 3 h4 s

.
.
.
.

33


-

,
.
:

LiT = hiT
:

LsT = hsT
.

. :

PiT = M GV hiT
PsT = M GV hsT
.
, ,
, .
h, s ,
.
, , ,
LiT .

LiT = iT (h 3 h4 s ) = iT hsT

.
.
.
.
, .

. ,
, .
(. ,
, 535-565),
.
,
. .
,
. .
.
(. ) .
.

.
34


:
.

PeT = LeT M GV

(. ).
.
:

mT =

LeT
LiT

mT =

PeT
PiT

PiT - PeT
.
, . .
.

, :

LeT = mT LiT = mT iT LsT = mT iT (h3 h4 s ) = mT iT hsT

3 4, .
,
. :

PeT = M GV mT iT LsT = M GV mT iT (h3 h4 s ) = M GV mT iT hsT

PeT / PiT . .
:

eT =

PeT M GV mT iT LsT
=
= mT iT
PsT
M GV LsT

.

. PGb
PeT
.

PeT - PGb
.
, .
.
35

G =

LGb PGb
=
LeT PeT

. b
, . .
.
PSPTP , PSPB . .
.
. . .

TA =

PGb LGb mT iT G LsT

=
=
= mT iT G
PsT
LsT
LsT

2.4

.
,
. ,

-K .

. :

pGV

t GV

p PK

1.3.1 T , s
1.3.2 p3 , t 3 , p 4 .
, . ,
.

. .
. ,
, .
:

LGb

.
.
.

TPb

.
36


.
.

LGb

, .
:

LGb = mT iT LsT G = mT iT (h3 h4 s ) G = mT iT hsT G

(
) .
:

TPb =

PGb
M (h h ) h
= GV mT iT G 3 4 s = mT iT G sT
M GV (h3 h2 )
M GV (h3 h2 )
(h3 h2 )

. - :

RC =

hsT
h3 h2 s

( h2 s h2 ):

TPb iT mT G RC

.
,
,
( 90%)
50%.
.
( )

. :

P
Bb =  K Gb
= KTPb
M GV (h3 h2 )
:

h2 s h2
-:

Bb iT mT G K RC .

- :

37

SPTP
TPn =  Gb
M GV (h3 h2 )

-:

PGb PSPB

Bn =

M PR (hPR hNV )

= TPn K

mTPb

.
,
.

qTPb

.
,
.

.
,

.
:

mTPb =

M GV
1
1
=
=
PGb
LGb mT iT (h3 h4 s )G

(
) .
:
.

qTPb

M GV (h3 h2 )
=
=
PGb

M GV (h3 h2 )

M GV mT iT G (h3 h4 s )

( h3 h2 )
1

mT iT G hsT mT iT G RC

qTPb =

TPb

( )

. :
.

qBb

M GV (h3 h2 )
1
=
=
Bb
K PGb
38

. d
1 kg
1 kg :

BBb =

(h3 h2 ) H u
=
d
K

H u
:

bBb =

q Bb
Hu

PGb
: BBb = PGb bBb

PGb
:

M GV = mTPb PGb .
2.5
,
,
.

.
.
,
. , 1 kg
.
, . 1.3.1,
:

(h3 h2 )
K
1 kg .
. LiNP ,
, .

,

(h3 h2 )
(h h )
+ LiNP = 3 2 + h2 h1
K
K
.
39


1 kg LGb ,
.

.

h4 h1
:

h3 h2
(h3 h2 )
K
.
,
, ,
.
. 1 kg . :

LiT LeT + LeT LGb = LiT LGb

:

(h3 h2 )
(h h )
+ LiNP = 3 2 + (h3 h2 ) + LGb + LiT LGb + h4 h1
K
K
.
.
,
.
,
. ,
, .
, ,
.

. :

(h h )

(h h )

M GV 3 2 + LiNP = M GV 3 2 + (h3 h2 ) + (h4 h1 ) + PGb + PiT PGb

K

.
.
:

M GV = M NV = M PK = M K
,
.

,
.
40


,
.

. , .

2.6
,
.
, .
.
2.6.1 , ) [1]
( )
:

e = h T0 s
h , s .
T0 , (
) .
( )
1 2.

1 2. :

Li max = e1 e 2 = h1 T0 s1 (h2 T0 s 2 )
Li min = e 2 e1 = h2 T0 s 2 (h1 T0 s1 )

. -
.
,
.
.
, . :

Li < Li max

Li < e1 e 2

Li > Li min

Li > e1 e2

.

.
:

e = h1 T0 s1 (h2 T0 s 2 ) Li

41


e = Li [h2 T0 s 2 (h1 T0 s1 )]

. ( )
. ( .
). 1
kg .
,
, . ( ).
:

E10 = H 10 T0 S 0
1 , 0
.
,
. 1 kg 1 kg
. H10
. . .
:

E 2 = H 2 T0 S 2
:

E10 E 2 = H 10 T0 S10 ( H 2 T0 S 2 )
.

, . :

E 20 = H 20 T0 S 20
:

E10 E 20 = H 10 H 20 T0 ( S10 S 20 )
H10 H 20 ( )
( 1 kg ). :

E10 E 20 = H u T0 ( S10 S 20 )
:

>
Hu
<
.
. , ,
:

H u T0 ( S10 S 20 )
Hu

S10 S 20
.
42


. ,
, . ,
. ,
[2].
,
.
.
. ,
.
-
- .
,
, . ,
,
, S10 S 20 .

.
.
1 kg - kg ,
d kg -
:

H u h3 h2
=
d
K

.
, - -
.
.
, .
,
.
,
. .
,
.

. Carnot- .
q
Carnot.
.
. .


. ,
, ,
.

43


2.6.2
1 kg
:

H u T0 ( S10 S 20 ) H u h3 h2

=
d
d
K
.
,

h3 h2
+ Li NP
K
1 kg
. .
.
. ,
.
1 kg :

H u T0 ( S10 S 20 )
1 kg d kg , 1 kg
:

H u T0 ( S10 S 20 )
d

T0 ( S 10 S 20 )
d
(
), . :

H u T0 ( S10 S 20 ) H u h3 h2

=
d
d
K
- .
h2 T 0s 2 h3 T 0s3 .
:

h3 T0 s 3 (h2 T0 s 2 )
-
- .
() .
:

e Kot =

H u T0 ( S 10 S 20 )
[h3 T0 s 3 (h2 T0 s 2 )]
d
44

e Kot =

(h3 h2 )
(h h )
[h3 T0 s3 (h2 T0 s2 )] = 3 2 (h3 h2 ) + T0 ( s3 s2 )
K
K

. ,
,
. ,
,
.
-
. .
.
.
.
.
.
, ,

,
.
.

.
.
.
.

. , , -
-
.:

(h3 h2 )
+ h2 T0 s2 = h3 T0 s3 + e Kot
K
.
.
:

h3 T0 s 3 (h4 T0 s 4 )
, , LiT = h3 h4 . ,
,
.
.:

e T = h3 T0 s3 (h4 T0 s 4 ) LiT = T0 ( s4 s3 )
, ,

h3 T0 s3 = LiT + h4 T0 s4 + e T
.
45



. , ,
.

.

LiT - LeT

LeT - LGb

()
. :

e K = h4 T0 s 4 (h1 T0 s1 )

. ( )
.
, .
.
. :

T1 = T4 = T0

T0 ( s4 s3 ) = h4 h3
.
.
.
. ,
.

LiNP [h2 + T0 s2 (i1 T0 s1 )] = T0 ( s2 s1 ) = e NP

. , ,
.

:

h3 h2
+ LiNP = LGb + e Kot + e NP + e K + LiT LeT + LeT + LGb + e T
k

.
.
. 1
kg .
46


. .

2.7

,
. () ,
.
Rankin-Clausius-a :

,
( )

.

, .
.
,

. ,
.
,

. 2.7.5.
.
, ,
. (. 2.7.6.)
.
.
( )
.
12 %. ( )
( )
. (
)
.
. -
- 535-565 C.
.
.

535 .
.
- 535 - .

47

. 2.7.5 - . 2.7.6 -

48



. .
.
.
.
,

. . .
.
, ,
. .
. ,
, .
,
, .
.
,
,
.
.
.
, .

. -
- . ,
,
.

535C ( )
. ,

. h, s .
,
. ,
, .
.
h, s . 2.11.3.
, ( )
.
, .
.
. [1].

.
, ,
. ,
. ,
, , .
49


, ,
. ,
.
, .
.
2.7.10 2.7.11. , .
,
. ,
(.2.7.12).
.
.
, ,
. .

. 2.7.7 - . 2.7.8 - BBC

50

. 2.7.11 -

. 2.7.12 -

51

. 2.7.13 .

2.8


,
.
.

. ,
:

pGV

t GV

p NV

t NV

p PK

52



.
. , PiT ,
,
. ( . 2.7.10 2.8.1):

PiT = PiT I + PiT II + PiT III + . . .

. 2.8.1 -

PiT I = M I LiT I

PiT II = M II LiT II
PiT III = M III LiT III
:

PiT = M I LiT I + M II LiT II + M III LiT III + . . .

:

M I = M GV ; M II = M GV M O1 ; M III = M GV M O1 M O 2 ; . . .
, ,
:

PiT = M GV (hGV - hO1 ) + M GV - M O1 )(hO1 - hO 2 ) + ( M GV - M O1 - M O2 )(hO 2 - hO 3 ). . .

53

. 2.8.2 - . t c - , m -
,

M
PiT = M GV hiT I + 1 O1

M GV

M

M
hiT II + 1 O1 O2 hiT III + ....


M GV M GV


M
GV .
,
- , , .
, ,
, .
.

( ) .
hiT
:

LieqT = hieqT = hiT I + 1

M O1
hiT II + 1
M GV

M O1 M O2

hiT III + . . .
M GV M GV

M O1 M O2
;
; ...
M GV M GV
( 100)
. ,
54


1 kg
, (
),
.
:

LGb = LieqT mT G = hieqT mT G

, ,
,
.
. ( 30 %
70 %
).

. 2.8.3. -

. 2.8.5 - - BBC

. :

mTPb =

1
1
=
LGb hieqT mT G
55


( )

.
:

qTPb =

M GV hGV M NV hNV
PGb

, , , ,
:
.

qTPb =

M GV (hGV - hNV )
.

M GV LGb

(hGV - hNV )
hieqT mT G

hGV hNV hieqT ,

,
.
:

TPb =

PGb
.

M GV hGV M NV hNV

- :

q Bb =

M GV hPR M NV hNV
M GV hPR M NV hNV
=
K PGb
K M GV mT G hieqT

,
. :

q Bb =

hGV hNV
q
= TPb
K mT G hieqT
K

-
:

Bb =

K PGb
.

M GV hPR M NV hNV

2.9

.
,
. .

56


. , .
,
-.


.
.

. ,
.
,
. (
) . ,
, , (.
2.8.2).

2.10


.
:

pGV 1

tGV 1

pGV 2

tGV 2

p PK

p NV

t NV

.
. :

PiT = PiT I + PiT II = M GT I LieqT I + M GT II LieqT II

PiT = M GV I hieqT I + M GV II hieqT II

hieqTI , hieqTII
57



M
GV 1 M GV 2 .
:

M
LGb = mT G hieqT I + GV 2 hieqT II

M GV 1

mTPb =

1
=
LGb

M
mT G hieqT I + GV 2 hieqT II
M GV 1

qTPb =

M GV 1 hGV I M NV hNV + M GV 2 hGV II M T IIhT II

PGb

. 2.10.1 -

hGV 1 , hTII
58


, hGV 2
, hNV
( ). :

TPb =

PGb
1
=
M GV 1 hGV1 M NV hNV + M GV 2 hGV2 M T II hT II qTPb

- :

q Bb =

M GV I hPR I M NV hNV + M GV II hPR II M T II hT II qTPb

K PGb
K

- :

Bb =

M GV I

K PGb
1
=
hPR I M NV hNV + M GV II hPR II M T II hT II q Bb

hPR1 , hPR2
.
- - :

q Bn =

M GV 1 hPR 1 M NV hNV + M GV 2 hPR 2 M T II hT II

q Bb

P
K ( PGb PSPB )
1 - SPB
PGb
Bn =

1
=
q Bn

PSPB
PGb
q Bb .

2.11
, -
( 11)
.
,
.
,
. .
,
, , , .

.
,
.
.

. 2.11.1, 2.11.2
2.11.3.
59

. 2.11.1 - . 2.11.2 -

. 2.11.3 -


, . Schroeder [3]
,
. 200 W, 250 bar, 520/530/ 540C
( ), 303,6C,
0,024 bar 9
q Bn = 8737 kJ / kWh . Bb = 41.2% .
. .

60

200 W [3]

%
%

-
- .

100

-
- .

7,85

-
- .

0,8

-
- .

1,05

-
- .

48,07

-
- .

100
47,89
1,28
6,89
1,71
1,03
41,2

1,03
41,2

. , ,
, 9,88%.
. ,
.
92,15 %, . 47,89
%. .
.
. :



, .
,
.

1500 W , .
. ( )

.
.

.
,
, .
.
61

2.12

. (
) ,
, .
.

2.13

,
. - -
. ,
( )
.
, .
. , ,

.
.
, ,
.
.
.
, .

( ) .
. ,
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
(
)
(
).
.

.

.


. . .
62

LiT
LpT

pT =

.
.
,

.
.
.
.

.

:

p =

dLi
dLp

,
:

p =

dh
.
dhs

2.14 [6]

AC AB (. 2.14.1)

ha hb (he hd ) dhs hs
ha hb he hd .

abde Ts -.

dhs abde + dhs

dh = p dhs

dh = dh
p

hiT = p ( hsT + A )

.

p .
63

iT =

hiT
hsT

hsT

hiT

. 2.14.1 -

iT = p 1 +

A
= p
hsT

.

. - -

, .
.

= 1 +

A
hsT

A B C Ts -
.

2.15


.

hsS > hsT

64

hsS
hsT

z hsS = hsT
z

hiS

iS

hiT

iT

iT = iS .

( ).
.

.
.

2.16
, ,
. ABC
, [6]

a=

A
z2

ABC ,
. Ts -

z hsS + za = hsT + A

= 1 + ( 1) 1
z

.
.

2.17

.

Tc ( 2.14.1). Glok
dLrev dLi .
.:

Glok = dLrev dLi

65

hc hb

hc hb = Tc ds
Tc ds
. ,
, -
- .

.
.

Carnot .
Tc ds Tc
pg Tg .
Tc ds :

CarnotTc ds
Grez (
) .
:

Tg
Grez = Glok CarnotTc ds = Tc ds 1
Tc

Tc ds = Tg ds

.
. -
- [6]:

Grez = KGlok =

Tg
Tc

Glok ;

K=

Tg
Tc

. (
)
.

.

.

.
(. )
.
,
.
66


.
,
, ,
.

[1] Energie und Exergie, VDI, Verlag 1965.

[2] W.
TRAUPEL:
Der
Einfluss
des
Brenustoffes
auf
den
Wirkungsgrad
von
Verbrennungsmaschinen, Allgemeine Wiirmetechnik, Nr. 1, 1952.
[3] K. SCHRODER: Wege zum verlustiirmsten Wiirmekraft-Werk, Svetska energetska konferencija,
1964.
[4] . . , . . : . . .
, , 1960.
[5] . . :
, , 1963.
[6] W. TRAUPEL: Thermische Turbomaschinen, Springer, Berlin 1968.
[7] R. BARTLETT: Steam Turbine Performance and Economics.
[8] SALlSBURY J. K.: Steam Turbines and Their Cycles, J. Wiley, 1950.
[9] A. STODOLA: Dampf-und Gasturbinen, Springer, Berlin 1924.
[10] K. SCHRODER, Grosse Dampfkraftwerke, Springer, Berlin 1962, Bd I, Bd II, Bd III Teil A i B.
[11] B. WOOD: Alternative Fluids for Power Generation, Proc. 1. Mech. E, Vol. 184, N2 4, 1969-70.
[12] W. E. BARDGETT, C. L. CLARK: Comparative High - Temperature Properties of British and
American Steals, Proc. I. Mech. E., Vol. 168, N2 16, 1954.
[13] J. H. HORLOCK: Approximate Equations for the Properties of Superheated Steam, Proc. I. Mech.
E., Vol. 173, N2 33, 1959.
[14] Contra Flov Heat Exchangers, Proc. I. Mech. E. Vol. 159, N2 44, 1948.
[15] J. R. SPENCE: The Development and Production of high pressure fead heaters for modern
central power, Proc. I. Mech. E., Vol. 182, N2 36, 1967-68.
[16] F. H. BROWN. J. W. H. DORE: Reheai Practice in British Power Station, Proc. I. Mech. E., Vol.
172, N2 16, 1958.
[17] K. BAUMANN: Improments in Thermal Efticiencies with High Steam Pressures and Temperatures
in Non-Reheating Plant, Proc. I. Mech. E., Vol. 155, N2 17, 1946.
[18] . : , , 1960.
[19] . ., . ., . ., . .:
, , 1963.
[20] . ., . .: , 1960.

67

3.
-
-
. ,
.

.

.
. .

.

3.1.
3.1.1

A1 A2
(. 3.1.1.).
A1 A2 . dt
, . A1 ,
dx1 . A1dx1

1 A1dx1 . dt
A2 dx2 . 2 A2 dx2 .
.
.
, ,
.

1 A1dx1 = 2 A2 dx2
:

1 A1

dx1
dx
= 2 A2 2 dx2
dt
dt

68

. 3.1.1 -

dx1
dx2
= c1 ( )
= c2 (
dt
dt

)
:

1c1 A1 = 2c2 A2

c1 A1 c2 A2
.
=
v1
v2
c
.
.
A1 = A2

1c1 = 2c2 = const

.
,
.
. .
.

.
.

.

. A1 p1 A1 A2 p2 A2 .
F c1 1 c2 2 .
,
.

1 A1dx1 2 A2 dx2 .
69

p1 A1 cos 1 + F p2 A2 cos 2 = 2 A2

dx2
dx
c2 cos 2 1 A1 1 c1 cos 1
dt
dt

( p + c ) A cos
1

2
1 1

+ F = p2 + 2c22 A2 cos 2

p + c 2 - -
.
.
F = 0; A1 = A2 = const ; 1 = 2 = 0 :

p1 + 1c12 = p2 + 2c22 = const

.
A1 = A2 F = 0 p1 = p2 .
( F ), p1 = p2 .

. , . F
. - .
.

,
.
.


. (

c2
.
2
pA
dx . ( 1 kg )
1 kg )

Li , q .
,
, A1 1 A1dx1 dt
:

c12
+
u
1
A1dx11
2

p1 A1 p1 A1dx1 .
2 A2 dx2

70

c22
+
u
2
A2 dx2 2
2

p2 A2 dx2 . dt
:

Li A dx qA dx

, :

c12
c22
u1 + A1dx11 + p1 A1dx1 = u2 + A2 dx2 2 + p2 A2 dx2 ( Li + q ) Adx
2
2

( ),

c12
p2 c22
u1 + + = u2 +
+ Li q
1 2
2 2
p1

Kako je u +

= h , :

h1 +

c12
c2
= h2 + 2 Li q
2
2

.
( p, t ,
h, s, u ) ( ).
.

.
3.1.2.

.
.
1.
. (. 3.1.2) Li = 0 q = 0
:

h1 +

c1
c
= h2 + 2 = const
2
2

.
:

h0 = h +

71

c
2

. 3.1.2 - hs -

h 0 = h +

c
= const .
2

.
. .
( h ) c
.
2.
.

h1 +

c1
c
= h2 + 2 Li
2
2

Li = h10 h20
,

. .
.

.
. , :
72


e0 = h 0 T0 s 0
3.
.

q = h10 h20
.
, .
3.1.3. (. 3.1.3)

.
,
.

. cPP .

cPP , p + dp , + d ,
dc .
p c = 0 .
cPP ,
cPP dc cPP .
[17]:

M = A cPP
:


Adp = Mdc
dp = cPP dc

A cPP = A ( = d )( cPP dc )
:

73

dc
cPP

3.1.3 -

cPP =

dp
d

, (
)
,

s = const
(
)

dp
cPP = czv =

d s =const

p /

= const
czv = RT .

3.1.4. ,


.
,

.

.
, .
,
74


.
,
.
. " " " "
. c czv
:

sin =

czv
c

c
1
= Ma =
czv
sin
( )
.

:
1. (
)
.
2.
.
3.

.
3.1.5 -


.
.
( )
( ),
,
.

. (
) p0 ; t0 ; 0
h0 s0 c0 = 0 .
( c0 = 0 ) .

h00 = h0
(. 3.1.2) ,
,

h10 = h20 = h00 = h0 = const

75

h0 = h10 = h20 .
-
. .

hs -. -
-
.
hs - :

h0 = h10 = h20 = const

h0 = h1 +

c12
c2
= h2 + 2
2
2

0-1-2 0
2. 0-10-20
. ,
. c0 = 0 ,
h0 = h0 .

.

c1 = 2 ( h0 h1 )
c2 = 2 ( h0 h2 )

c2 = 2 ( h1 h2 ) + c12

c1 c2 c1 c2 .
3.1.6
- -
( )
( ).

.
. ,
, .
(
) .
.
76


.

, .

h0 = h1 +

c12
c2
= h2 + 2
2
2

h0 h1 = c p (T0 T1 ) ; h0 h2 = c p (T0 T2 )
:

T0 = T1 +

c12
c2
= T2 + 2
2c p
2c p

T0 =T +

c2
2c p

.
:

T10 = T20 = T0 = const

.
.
, .
.

hs - . ,

.
1 .
.
.
-

hs -, . .

,
.

.

T 0 = T0 T
.

T0 =T +
77

c2
2c p

T0
1 c
= 1+

T
2 czv

1 2
T0
Ma
= 1+
T
2

T0
1 2
= 1+
Ma
T
2
-
- T0 T
Ma . ,

Ma
T T0 .
T
.

.

.

.
, ,
. -
- hs -

p20 < p10 < p0

.

Tds = dh vdp
.

.
. :

T 0 ds 0 = dh 0 v 0 dp 0

dh0
T 0 dp 0
ds = 0 R 0 0
T
p T
0

dh0 = 0
78

dp 0
ds = R 0
p
0

( )
(

ds 0 dp 0 .

.
1
2 ( ):

s2 s1 = s = R ln

p10
p20

. 1 2 . s2 s1 = 0

p10 = p20 .
Tokol s .

,
. , :

T
p
=
p T
0

p0 v0
=
p v

p p .
:

p0 1
1
Ma 2
= 1 +
p
2

. (
) .

0

p p .
0

. p p
Ma .
3.1.7

79

T 0 T0
1 2
Ma
= = 1+
T
T
2

p 0 p0 1
1
Ma 2
=
= 1 +
p
p
2

v 0 v0 1

Ma 2
= = 1 +
v
v
2

0 0 1 2 1
Ma
=
= 1+

,
.
.

,
.

c2
dh = d
2
:

dp

= cdc

( )
.

= const

dp
d
=
p

dA dc d
+ +
=0
A
c

,
80

dA dp 1 Ma 2
=
A
p Ma 2
dA d 1 Ma 2
=
Ma 2
A

dA
dc
=
1 Ma 2
A
c

dc
1 d
=
c
Ma 2
dc
1 dp
=
c
Ma 2 p

.
. Ma ,
, (
1).
,
. ,
, .

. = 0,1
1% 70% ( ).
1%
100%. ,
. ( ).
.
Ma = 1 .
, ,
( ).
,
.
,
.

c
,

dc
d
=
c

Ma = 1 .
.
.
81


( Ma = 1 )
.
, , .

. ( )
2

( Ma > 1 ) ,
(
).
.

, .


.
, ,
:

p0 p 0 1 2 1
=
= 1 +
Ma ,
2
pk pk

Ma =1

p0 p 0 + 1 1
=
=

pk pk 2
T0 T 0 + 1
=
=
Tk Tk
2
-
Ma = 1 -
. .

cA = k ck Ak
:

A k ck
=
Ak
c

.

c =

p
Maczv
RT

82

p0

c =

1 1+

2 1

1
Ma
1 +
2

c =

p0
R T0

2
T0

Ma 2

Ma RT

Ma

2 2( 1)

Ma
1 +
2

Ma = 1

k ck =

p0

Ma

R T0
2

(
+

1)

+1
2
(
1)

A
1 2 1
=
Ma 2

1 +

Ak Ma + 1
2

A k ck
=
Ak
c

.

.

.
3.1.8
(
)
.
( )
.
.
.

.


.

.
83


, .

.

.
.
.

.

h1 +

c12
c2
= h2 + 2 = const
2
2

p1

1 1

c12
p2 c22
=
+
2 1 2 2

1c1 = 2c2

p1 + 1c12 = p2 + 2c22
c1 c2
( 1
2 ):

1
+
p2 p1
( p2 p1 ) 1 2 =

2
1 2
1 2 1

Rankien-Hugoniot- .
(.
3.1.4) :
1. . p2 p1

dp
d
=

p
. ( . )
(

dp
d
=
).

.
2.
. .
84

1c1 = 2c2
p1 + 1c12 = p2 + 2c22

c12
p2 c22
+ =
+
1 1 2 1 2 2
p1

. 3.1.4 -

2 = 1

c1
c2

p1 + 1c12 = p2 + 1c1c2
:

p2 = p1 + 1c12 1c1c2
p2

c12
p1
p1 + 1c12 1c1c2 c2 c22
+
=
+
2 1 1 1
c1 2
1
p1 c22 c12 c22

c (c c )
=
1 2 +
2
1 1 c1
1 2 1 2

85

c12 c1c2

+ +
c (c c )
( c1 c2 ) =
2
1 1 2
1 2 1 2
p1

p1

1 1

= RT1

= c pT1

c12
c12
+ = c pT1 + = c pT0 = c pT 0
2
1 1 2
p1

RT0 =

+1
c1c2
2 ( 1)

2
RT0 = ck2
+1
:

c1c2 = ck2

( c1 ck
) .
c1 ck c2 ck .
.

:

2
c2 ck2 ck2 / czv2 1 + 1 RT0 1
=
=
=
RT1 Ma12
c1 c12 c12 / czv2 1
c2
2 T0 1
=
c1 + 1 T1 Ma12

1 2
1
+
Ma1
2
c2
2
=
c1 + 1
Ma12
c2
2
1
1
=
+
2
c1 + 1 Ma1 + 1
86

c2
2
1
1+11
=
+
+1
c1 + 1 Ma12
c2
2
1
= 1
1

c1
+ 1 Ma12

:

c2 1
2
1
=
= 1
1

c1 2
+ 1 Ma12
Ma1 :

c2 1
1
=

c1 2
+1
:

c1c2 = ck2
ck2
c1 c2

=
czv1 czv 2 czv1czv 2

Ma1Ma2 =

ck2
czv1czv 2

2
RT0
T0 T0
2

+
1
=
Ma1Ma1 =
RT1 RT2 + 1 T1 T2

Ma1Ma1 =

Ma1Ma1 =

2
T10 T20
+ 1 T1 T2

2
1
1
Ma12 1 +
Ma2 2
1+
+1
2
2

Ma22

2 + ( 1) Ma12
=
2 Ma12 ( 1)

Ma2 Ma1 :

87

1
2

Ma2

Ma2
.

1 c2 Ma2czv 2 Ma2 T2
= =
=
2 c1 Ma1czv1 Ma1 T1
Ma2 :

T2
1
2
1

=
1+
Ma12 1 1 +
Ma12 1
2
T1 Ma1 + 1
+1

p2 T2 1
2
=
= 1+
Ma12 1
p1 T1 2
+1

Tds = dh vdp
ds =
ds =

c p dT

dp
p

T
c p ( pdv + vdp )

dp
p

pv
dv
dp
dp
ds = c p
+ cp
( c p cv )
v
p
p
dv
dp
ds = c p
+ cv
v
p
dv
dp
+ cv
ds = cv
v
p
2

dv
dp
ds = cv v + cv p
1
1
1

p

s2 s1
= ln 2 + ln 2
cv
p1
1

s2 s1
2

= ln 1 +
Ma12 1
cv
+1

) + ln 1 2+ 1 1 Ma1

. ,
88


()

T 0 ds 0 = dh0 v 0 dp 0
0

dh = 0

ds 0 = R

dp 0
p0

ds = ds , :

p0
s2 s1 = R ln 20
p1
p20
p10

Ma12 1
= 1 +
+1

2
1
+ 1
1
2
+ 1 Ma1

-
0

- . p2
Ma1 .
0

p2 p1 ,
Ma1 . :

p20 p20 p2
=
p1 p2 p2

p20 1
1
= 1 +
Ma22
p2
2

p2
2
Ma12 1
= 1+
p1
+1

( Ma2 Ma1 )
0

p2 p1 Ma1 :

p20
=
p1

+1
1
Ma12
1 +
2

1 1
2
Ma12

+ 1
+1

p1 .
, p1
89


. p1
.
,
p1 [1].

.
- .

p2 p1 p2
=
1
p1
p1
.

p2
2
Ma12 1
1 =
p1
+1

Ma1 1 .

.
.
3.1.9

, ,
.
.
(
),
.
.

:

T10
1 2
= 1+
Ma1
2
T1

T20
1 2
= 1+
Ma2
2
T2

p10 1
1
= 1 +
Ma12
p1
2

p20 1
1
= 1 +
Ma22
p2
2

1c1 A1
=1
2c2 A2

:

90


+1
2
(
1
1)
Ma12

1+
A1 p10 T20 Ma2
2
=
1

0
0
A2 p2 T1
Ma1 1 +
Ma22

:
1.
.

.
, .
( Ma )
.
2. ,

.
.
3.
0

. p1 = p2

T10 = T20 ( )
.
0

4. p2 p1 ( 2
1) ,

.
5.

A p0 T 0
A p0 T 0
1 1
2

= 1 10 20
0
0
A
p
T
2 2 1 M A2 p2 T1
- .

A1
A1
=
A2 M A2
3.2.
.
.
.

ct .
91


(. 3.3.1).
.
,
. .

.

. 3.3.1 -

1c1n = 2c2 n
:

p1 + 1c12n = p2 + 2c22n
:

1c1n c1t = 2c2 n c2t

:

c1t = c2t

-
.
:

h1 +

c12
c2
= h2 + 2
2
2

c 2 = cn2 + ct2

c1t = c2t

c12n
c22n
h1 +
= h2 +
2
2
92


cn

cn .

Ma
Man . cn = c sin Man = Ma sin
Ma1
.
( )
Ma1 Ma1 .

, y
.
(. 3.3.1):

1c1n = 2c2 n
c1t = c2t

tg ( ) =
tg ( ) =

c2 n
c2t

c1n 1
c1t 2

tg ( ) = tg

1
2

1
2

( Ma1 Ma1 sin ) :

2
1
tg ( ) = 1
1
2
2
+ 1 Ma1 sin

tg

3.3.2

( ).

93


.
:

2
Ma12 sin 2 1
+1

(
90).
. Ma1 .

.
, . 0
, , :

sin =

1
Ma

. .
.
.
.

(. 3.3.2) [3].

.
.
.

. :

p1

1 1

c12n + c12t
p2 c22n + c22t
p0
=
+
=
2
2
1 2
1 0

ck =

2 p0
+ 1 0

+ 1 2 1 2

p1 = 1
ck
c1n + c12t
2
2

+ 1 2 1 2

p2 = 2
ck
c2 n + c22t
2
2

p1 + 1c12n = p2 + 2c22n

94

1 2
1 2
+ 1 2
+ 1 2
c1n + ck2
c1t = 2
c2 n + ck2
c2t
2
2
2

1c1n = 2c2 n

c1t = c2t = ct

c1n c2 n = ck2

1 2
c .
+1 t

1.
2.
3.
4.

SHAPIRO A.: Compressible Fluid Wlow, The Ronald Press Co., 1953 New York, 1, II
FANNO: Diplomarbeit ETH, Zi.irich,1904
OSWATITSCH K.: Gasdynamik, Springer, Wien, 1952
BUSEMANN A.: Vortrage aus dem Gebiete der Aerodynamik, Aachen 1929

5.

PRANDTL L. BUSEMANN A.: Naherungsverfahren zur zeichnerische Ermittlung von ebenen Strmungen in
Uber-schallstroemungen, Stodola Fest8chrift, Ztirich 1929
OSWATITSCH K.: Fortschritte in Gasdynamik, Acta Phisica Austriaka, 1947
[OSWATITSCH K.: SCHWARZENBURGER R.: Ubungen zur Gasdynamik, Springer Wien 1963
DEI M. E.: Tehnieskaja Gazodinamika, Gosenergoizdat, Moskva, 1961
ABRAMOVI G. A.: Prikladnaja gazovaja dinamika, Nauka, Moskva 1969
EMMONS H. W.: Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics, Princeton, New Jersey 1960
[TOWNSEND A. A.: The Structure of Turbulent Shear Flow, Cambridge at the University Press, 1956
VORONJEC K., OBRADOVIC: N.: Mehanika f1uida, Gradevinska knjiga, Beograd, 1960
THEODORE VON KARMAN: Aerodynamik, Interavia Genf, 1956
PATTERSON G. N.: Molecular Flow of Gases, John Wiley a Sons, New York
[HAYES W., PROBSTEIN R.: Hypersonic Flow Theory, Academic Press, New York, 1959
RICHARD VON MISES, Mathematical Theory, of Compressible Fluid Flow, Academic Press, New York, 1957
PRANDTL L.: Str6mmngslehre, F. Vieweg, Braunschweig, 1956
Compresibile Fluid Flow Tables and Graphs.
SEARS E. R.: General Theory of High Speed Aerodynamics, Princeton, 1954
HOWARTH L.: Modern Development in Fluid Dynamics Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1953

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

95

4.
, .
.
. ,
, , . , ,
.
, .
.
l . ,
.

. 4.1 -
,
.
.
(. 4.1.1
. 4.1.2). . ,
.

.
(. 4.1.3).

. 4.1.1 -

. 4.1.2 -
96

. 4.1. 3 -

. 4.1.4

.
:

s - - ,

max

x ,max =
f =

- - ,

x ,max

f max
s

- ,

97

x f ,max =

x f ,max
s

- ,

s = 180o ( 1s + 2 s )

1s ( 0 s )

- , .

2 s (1s )

- ,

R1 ( R0 )

- , ,

R2 ( R1 )

- .

. 0
, 1 2
.
, ,
. ,
+.
-.
-
- . (. l )

t =

t
s

t ( t )

.
.

.

l
s
l
D

.
.

4.2.

.
.
:
98

Re -
Ma -

in -

T-

4.3.

.
:

,

.
, .
,
, .
, ,
.
:

2 (1 )
kP

- .

4.3.1
, ,
,

, ( ).

hd'

c12s c12
=
,
2
2

hd''

w22s w22
.
=

2
2

( )
.

99

. 4.3.1 -

. 4.3.2 -

. 4.3.3 -

. 4.3.4 -

100




. ,

R'

R''

c12
R' = 22 ,
c1s
2

w22
R" = 22
w2 s
2

(. 4.3.1, . 4.3.2 ).

:

c12s c12

hd'
'
2
2 =1
R = 2 =
2
c1s
c1s
2
2

c12
2 ,
c12s
2

w22s w22

hd''
''
2
2 =1
R = 2 =
2
w2 s
w2 s
2
2

w22
2
w22s
2

, :

R' = 1 R' ,

R'' = 1 R'' .

prof )

sec,kr ). :
R = prof + sec,kr

.
, (.
)
.
4.3.2
:

.
:

prof = Re Ma prof ,0 + i + ii
:
101

prof ,0 -

ii

- .

.
:

.
.
1 kg . ,

.

(. 4.3.8).

, .
.
. :

Fu = 1c1a ( c1u c0u ) tl


Mc
1a

Fu
c c
= 1u 0u = kOP .

Mc
c1a
1a

. 4.3.8 - ( )
( )
( ) ()

102


. - .

kOP

kOP / prof .

(. 4.3.10)

prof

. 4.1.10. -

4.3.5

.
:

()
() .

103

4.3.7

Ma

1.0

1.0

. 4.3.11 -

4.3.6

104

Ma

4.3.9
in = 0 s 0 . in = 1s 1
.
.
.
. ,
,
. .

. ,
.
.
. .
, ,
.

.
( +in ) (

in )

.
.
, ( )
.

4.3.10

.
105


.
.
. ,
.
.
. 1

. . .

.
.
.

.

.

.
.
.

106


4.3.11
-

kOP =

cu
;
ca

kOP =

wu
wa

2 .

1 , ,

.
.
.
4.3.12

.
.
[8].

.
1 (. 4.3.13)

ca a = c1t sin 1
.
BC DE
. AB AE
. AE
AB
.
:

ca a cos a = c1t sin 1 cos 1

:

sin 1 =

cos 1 a
a
=K
t
cos a t

. .

sin 1 =

a
t

t = t /s , t

107

t = t /s, t ).

a /t

. 4.3.13 -
4.3.14

.
:

kP =

M
M s

.
. .

.

M s = D1 l1c1s sin 1s 1s

D1 l1 .

.
( 1s ).

kP

. .

.
.

.
4.3.15

. .

l l

R = f1 , t , , ,Re, Ma, in ,
s D
s

108

l l

1 = f 2 , t , , , Re, Ma, in ,
s D
s

l l
t

k P = f3 , t , , ,Re, Ma, in ,
s D
s

-
, .

:
1)
.
2) .

.

.
Re Ma
:

R = f1 ( in )
1 = const
k P = f 2 (Re, Ma )
(
) Re Ma

R = const
1 = const , 2 = const
k P = const

1 const , 2 const

.

.
) , Re Ma ,
. [9],
[12], [13].

109

[1]
[2]

FORSTER V. T.: Performance los s of modem stearn-turbine duo to surface roughness, Proc. 1. Mech. E., Vol. 181, Ni!. 17,
1967
SCHLlCHTING H.: Grenzschichittheorie, Braun Verlag, Karlsruhe, 1951

[3]

PRANDTL L., SCHLlCHTING H.: Das Widerstandgesetz rauher Platt en, Werft, Reed. Hafen, 1934

[4]

SPEIDEL L.: The effect of surface finish on the efficiency of stearn turbines, Siemens Zeit., 1961, Ni! 8, Vol. 35

[5]

BAMMERT K., FIEDLER K.: Der Reibungsverlust von rauhen Turbinenschaufelgitter, BWK Vol. 18, Ni! 9, 1966

[6]
[7]

SPEIDEL L.: Einfluss der OberfHichenrauhigkeitauf die Str5rnungsverluste in ebenen Schaufelgitter, Forsch. Geb. Ing. Wes., Ni!
5 1954,
SHAPIRO A.: Cornpressible Flid Flow, Ronald Press Co, New York, 1953

[8]

TRAUPEL W.: Therrnische Turbornaschinen, Vol. 1, Springer Berlin, 1966

[9]

DEle M. E., EILlPOV G. A., LAZAREV L. A.: Atlas profila reetok os evih turbin, Moskva,

[10] HAUSENBLAS H.: Vorausberechnung des Teillastverhaltens von Gasturbinen, Springer, Berlin 1962
[11] HAUSENBLAS H.: Zusammenfassende Uebrsicht liber britische Schaufe1gitterrnessungen, Konstruktion, Vol. 11, Ni! 12
[12] DEIC M, E., TROJANOVSKI B. M.: Islodovanija i raoti stupeni osevih turbin, Mainostrojenije, Moskva 1964
[13] DEle M. E., SAMOILOVIC G. S.: Osnovi aerodinamiki osevih turbomain, Magiz, Moskva 1959
[14] MOROZOV S. G.: Teplovi raoti parovih turbini pri peremenih veimah, Magiz, Moskva 1962
[15] ZRICKI G. S., LOKAl V. 1., MAKSUTOVA M. K. STRUNKIN V. A.: Gazovi turbini aviacionih dvigatelji, Oborongiz, Moskva 1963
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]
[27]
[28]
[29]
[30]
[31]
[32]
[33]
[34]
[35]
[36]
[37]
[38]
[39]
[40]
[41]
[42]
[43]
[44]
[45]

TRAUPEL W.: Die Theorie der Strmung durch Radia1maschinen, Braun, Karlsruhe 1962
BETZ A.: EinfUhrung in der Theorie der Stromingsmaschinen, Braun Karlsruhe, 1959.
HORLOCK J. H.: Some recent reseJrch in turbo-machinery, Proc. I. Mech. E. Vol. 182, NE 26, 1967-68
HORLOCK J. H.: Reynolds number effects in cascades Bnd axial flow compressors, Trans. Am. Soc. mech, Engrs. 1964, Ser. A
VAVRA M. H.: Aerothermodynamics and fluid flow in turbomachines, John Wiley, New York 1960
M. J. SWAINSTON: Development of spanwise profile s trough cascedes and axial flow turbomaschines, Proc. I. Mech. E. Vol.
183, NE 10, 1968-1969
PARKER B.: Calculation of flow trough cascades of blades having relative motion and the genertion of alternating pressures
and forces due to interacting affects, Proc. I. Mech. E., Vol. 182, NE 11, 1967-68
IMBACH H. E.: Zur Darstel1ung der Ergebnisse systematischer Untersuchungen an Schaufelgittern, BBC Mitt. Band. 53, NE 3,
1966
BALJE O. E.: AxiBl Cascade Technology and Application to Flow Path Designs, Trans. Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs' 1968, Ser. A
HEBBEL H. H.: Uber den Einfluss der Machzahl und der Reynoldszahl auf die aerodynamischen Beiwerte von
Verdichterschaufel bei verschiedener Turbulenz der Stromung, Forschg. Ing. - Wes. Bd. 33, 1967, NE 5
DZUNG L. S.: Mittelungverfahren in der Theorie der Schaufelgitter, BBC Mitt. Bd. 54, 1967. NE 1
BELIK Lo, ZDENEK Do: Neue Forschungsmethoden fUr den Durchflussteil von Dampfturbinen, Die schw. Ind. Tschech. NE 2,
1964
BAMMERT K.: Vorlesungen iiber Thermische Turbomaschinen-Inst. T. H Hannover-Teil 1 i Teil 2
HAUSENBLAS B.: Uberschal1stromungen am Austritt von Turbinenschaufel-Kranzen, Ing. Archiv Bd. 26, NE 6, 1958
TRAUPEL W.: Die Strahablenkung in der vol1beaufschagten Turbine, Mitt. inst. Therm. Turbomasch. ETH Ziirich, NE 3, 1956
BAMMERT K.: V. I. K. Berichte Nr. 141/42 1963
TODD K. W.: Flow characteristics in stearn turbines, Trans. Inst. Fluid-Flow Mach. NE 14-16 1963
COTTON K. C., ANGELO J.: Observed effects of deposits on stearn turbine effieciency, ASME Paper NE 57-A-116
SCHLICHTING H., SCHOLZ No: Uber theoretische Berechnung der Stromungsverluste eines ebenen Schaufelgittern Ing.
Archiv Bd. 19, 1951
KRAFT H.: Nonsteady flow trough a turbine, IX Congres int. Mech. 1957
PFEIL H.: Optimale Primarverluste an Axialgittern und Axialstufen von Stromungsmaschinen, VDI-Forsch-H. 535, 1969
GEISLER O., MANGE J.: Neue GegendruckdampfturbiJ;}e fUr kleine Leistungen und kleine Volumenstrome, BWK, Vol. 22, NE
2, 1970
FAURY M.: Contibution it etude theorique des turbines, Entropie, NE 20, 1968
DOLLIN F.: Some design problems arising in the development of very large high-speed turbines-Proc. I. Mech. E. Vol. 177 NE
9-1963
LUDEK B.: Aerodynamische Forschung auf dem Gebiet des Darnpfturbinenbaus, Schkoda Revue, NE 1, 1969
MEYER H.: Transonic Flow in the Last Rotor Blade 'Row of a Low Pressure Stearn Turbine, Roy, Soc. Conf. on Int. Aerodyn.
Carnbridge 1967
BARSUN K.: Influence of the Turbulence Level on the Performance of Two-Dimensional Compressor Cascades, Roy. Soc.
Conf. on Int. Aerodyn. Cabridge 1967
HAWTHORNE W. Ro: Methods of Treating Three-dimensional Flows in Cascades and Blade Rows, Roy. Soc. Conf. on Int.
Aerodyn. Cambridge, 1967
HETHERINGTON R: Computer Calculations of the Flow in Axial Compressors, Roy. Soc. Conf. on Int. Aerodyn.Cambridge1967

110

5. J

.

.
( - )
. .

. ,
. ,
. .
.

.
.
.

( )
.
, .
,
,
.

5.1
- 0 (. 5.1.1)
( ).

p0 , t0 .

h, s - .

.
c0 0
. ( )

. . :

h00 = h0 +

c02
2

,
.
, . 0 1 hs , t 0 1

111


, 00 10
.

hs'
hd'

hs"
hd"
. 5.1.1 - ,

h1 , s1

p1 , t1

, ,

hs -).

c1

1 .

1 c ,
:

c1 = 2 h00 h1 = 2 h0 h1 + c02
c (

p0 , t0

c0

p1 )

. c

, c (
c). c

( ). c
c .
0 1 ,
0 1 c .
.
112


1 .
c,
- . c
c - .
.
c , . .
,
c

R1

1 .
- c
c .

.
c 1

u1 ,

w1 .

c1

c1 . w1
c1 u1 .

. ,

c1

u1

u1 , (
) :

cos 2 =

cos 1 u1 /c1
1 + ( u1 /c1 ) 2u1 /c1 cos 1
2

cos 1 1 / c1
1 = 1 / c12 2cos 1 / c1

c1 .
.

.

p2

. ,
cc .
, 1 2,
.
.
c
- .
c . ,
c -, .
c
.
(
).
.
113


, c
.
,
1 2,
.
c . c
c

5.2

,
c .
. (
) .
,
.
,
.
,
. .
- :

h00

h10

c02
c12
= h0 + = h1 + = const
2
2

Lu = h10 h10 = h1 +

c12
c2
h2 + 2
2
2

. 1 2,
u1 u2 ,
.

R2

2 RdR .

w
. c:
R2 2
w12
w22
h1 +
+ RdR = h2 +
2 R1
2

w12 u12
w22 u22
h1 +
= h2 +
.
2
2
2
2

114

c12 c22 w22 w12 u12 u22

Lu =
+
+
2
2
2

c2

1 2 .

w2

c2 .

1 2 . .

w12 = c12 + u12 2c1u1 cos 1

w22 = c22 + u22 2c2u2 cos 2'

:

Lu = u1c1 cos 1 u2c2 cos 2'

c1u =c1 cos 1, c2u =c2 cos 2' = c2 cos 2

.

.


Pu = ML
u

Pu = M u

Mu =

M ( u1c1u u2c2u )

M ( R1c1u R2c2u )

.
.
.
( )
.
, c
, ,
c
.

Lu =

c12 c22 w22 w12 u12 u22

+
+
2
2
2

, .
115


. c
,
.

.
.
( c )
.

u1 = u2
. c
-
c c .
,
.

.
c .
.

w22 w12
rk = 2 2
c1 c2 + w22 w12 u12 u22
:

( 0,15)

0.15.

.
0,5.
.
c .

r=

hs"

hs"
hsS

hsS = hs' + hs" +

c02

hsS

. c

.
. c
:

hs"
r= '
hs + hs"
116


5.3 c

hs' + hs''

c02
2

Lu = hsS hd' + hd'' + hc 2

hd'

hd''

hc 2

.
( ). c
c . .

c02
hsS = + hs' + hs''
2

Lu
hu0
hu0
h00 h20
=

0
u =
LsS hsS c02
h0 h2 s '
'
''
+ hs + hs
2
,

.

uts ,

ts

.
c, ,
c .

,

Lu

.
c :

h00 h20
=

=
c22
c02 c22 h00 h20s '
'
''
LsS
hs + hs +
2
2 2
tt
u

hu0

Lu

hs' + hs'' c c

Lu
h00 h20
=
= '
h0 h2 s '
hs + hs''
th
u

5.3.1 c
(. 5.3.1 5.3.2) r = 0
117

rth = 0

u1 = u2 = u .

Lu = hu0 = u ( c1u c2u ) = u ( c1 cos 1 + c2 cos 2 )

c2 cos 2 = w2 cos 2 u

Lu = hu0 = u c1 cos 1 + ( w2 cos 2 u ) .

c :

w22 /2
= 2 .
w2 s /2
''
R

w12
w22s
h1 +
= h2 s +
2
2

r=0

h1 = h2 s

w2 s = w1 .

. ,

.
, , ,
, .
c

Lu = hu0 = u c1 cos 1 + R" w1 cos 2 u .

w1 =

w1u
c cos 1 u
.
= 1
cos 1
cos 1

cos 2
Lu = hu0 = u ( c1 cos 1 u ) 1 + R"
.
cos

c02
LsS = hsS = + hs' + hs''
2
hs" = 0 ( r = 0 )
c02
c12s
c12
'
=
.
LsS = hsS = + hs =
2
2 2 R'

c [1]:

118

. 5.3.1 -

( ) (
)

u = 2 R'

.
5.3.2

u
u
" cos 2
cos 1 1 + R
.
cos 1
c1
c1

c c
. c
( R
'

( R
''

= 1 R' )

= 1 R'' ). .

c.
c
, -

2 .

c
. c c

cos 1

1 . ,

. ,

cos 1 =

w1u
c1 cos 1 u
=
w1
c12 + u12 2c1u1 cos 1

cos 1 =

cos 1

u
c1

u
u
1 + 2 cos 1
c1
c1
119

u
c1

1 c 1

c. c ,
( R ;
'

1; R'' ; 2 )

. c c c . .

u
. .
c1

.
c . ,
c c
.

u
c1

( 1

2 )

. c

Lu = hu0 = LsS hd' + hd'' + hc 2

:

hd'
hd''

-
- y

hc 2 - .

. c

hd'
hd''

c12s c12
=

2
2

w22s w22 w12 w22

=

2
2
2
2
c22
hc 2 =
2

c12s
hsS =
2

c12 c22 w22 w12

Lu =
+
2
2
. .

hd'
=
LsS
'

120

hd''
=
LsS
''

c 2 =

hc 2
-
LsS

c .
:

u = 1 ( ' + '' + c 2 )
c c

u /c1

) .

u /c1

c.

c 2 .

u /c1

c . ;

(u )
= 0 da je
u

c1

u
cos 1
=
2
c1 opt

c u

u /c1 .

5.3.2 c (.
5.3.3 . 5.3.4)
c
. .
. c

c1 = w2 ;

w1 = c2

rk = 0,5 .

c c
c

R' = R''

1 = 2 .

c12 c22 w22 w12 u12 u22

Lu =
+
+
= hu0
2
2
2

121

p00

hs'
hd'
p20

hs''
hd''

. 5.3.3 -

. 5.3.4 -

hs'' = h1 h2 s

Lu = hu0 = c12 w12 = c12 c12 + u 2 2c1u cos 1 = 2c1u cos 1 u 2

h1 +

w12
w2
= h2 + 2 s
2
2

hs'' = h1 h2 s

hs''

w22s w12
.
=

2
2

c :

122

c02
c12s
h0 + = h1s +
2
2
hs' = h0 h1s

hs'

c12s c02
=
.
2
2

c02
c12s w22s w12
'
''
LsS == + hs + hs =
+
+
2
2
2
2

w2 s = c1s .

c :

Lu hu0
2c1u cos 1 u 2
u =
=
=
LsS LsS 2c12s c12 + u 2 2c1u cos 1

u
u 2
cos 1 u
c1
c1
u =
u
2 R u
+ 2cos 1
R
c1
c1
2

c .

R' R'' = R .
c c
c

u /c1 .

R , 1 = 2

(u )
=0
u

c1

c.

u
= cos 1 .
c1 opt
123

u /c1

u /c1

) .

124

( c