Problems and Solutions @ 11-29 Problems and Solutions IL-1, Equations of state for a single component can be any of the following; except: (a) the ideal gas law, Py = RT (b) the ideal gas law modified by insertion of a compressibility factor, Pv = ZRT (©) any relationship interrelating three or more state functions (d) a mathematical expression defining a path between state Solution All except (d) are correct. The ideal gas law is the simplest equation of state; it is often applied to real gases by using a compressibility factor Z. Any relationships that interrelate thermody- ion data are equations of state, Answer (d) expresses the path of a process namic state fun between states rather than a relationship between variables at a single point or state. The answer is (d). 11-2. Saturated Property Table SCPLKPa_ yy milkg vy m'Mkg ty KiMkg yy Kk 5 Ki/kgK 40. 738 001008 195216757 25743 5725 8257 804739 001029 3.407 334926437 1.1343 75445 120 198.5 0010608919 503.71_2706.3__—1.5276, 7.1296 Given the above data for a fluid, what is its state at 40 °C and 3 kPa? (a) saturated liquid (©) compressed liquid (b) superheated vapor (d) saturated vapor Solution a ELC ‘At40°C equilibrium between liquid and gas exists at 7.38 kPa, Below 7.38 kPa superheated vapor exists, and above 7.38 kPa only pressurized liquid exists. The answer is (b). 11-3. Using the previous data table, what is its entropy in kJ/kgK at 120 °C and 80% qual- ity? (a) 1.53 (©) 113 (b) 6.009 (d) 288 Solution ‘A120 °C, s,= 1.5276 and 5,, = 7.1296 ~ 1.5276 = 5.602. Here 5; i ed liquid at 0% quality and s, is saturated vapor of 100% quality. Thus 5 at 80% quality = s, + (0.80) 5,, = 1.5276 + 8 X 5.602 = 6.009 Ki/kgK. The answer is (b).CUTE 11-30 Ml Thermodynamics 11-4. Using the previous refrigerant data table, what is its latent heat (heat of vaporization) in ki/kg at 80°C? (a) 198.5 (©) 1306 (b) 2706 (d) 23088 Solution Here, hy 643.7 334.9 = 2308.8 Kirke The answer is (d). 11-5, A nonflow (closed) system contains 1 kilogram of an ideal gas (C, = 1.0, C, = 713). ‘The gas temperature is increased by 10 °C while 5 kJ of work are done by the gas. What is the heat transfer in ks? (a) -33 () +121 (b) 2.6 (d) +74 Solution ‘The thermodynamic sign convention is + for heat in and + for work out of a system. Apply the first law for a closed system and an ideal gas working fluid: AU =mC, AT =q-w -713(10) =g~(45), 7.13 ‘The answer is (c) 11-6. Shaft work of -15 kikg and heat transfer of -10 ki/kg change the enthalpy of a sys- temby (a) -25 kilkg (©) -10Ksikg (b) -15 ki/kg (A) +5 kiikg Solution The first law applied to a flow system is h=q-w,=-10~(-15)=45 ‘The answer is (d). 11-7. A quantity of 55 cubic meters of water passes through a heat exchanger and absorbs 2,800,000 Ks, The exit temperature is 95 °C. The entrance water temperature in°C is nearest to: (a) 49 (©) 68 (b) 56 (4) 83Problems and Solutions @ 11-31 Solution For liquid water, C, = 4.18 ki/kg °C Q =mC,AT = mC, -T,) 2,800,000 = (55 nO 18)(95-7) m 122=95- 2.8 °C ‘The answer is (d). 11-8. A fluid at 690 kPa has a specific volume of .25 m'/kg and enters an apparatus with a velocity of 150 m/s. Heat radiation losses in the apparatus are equal to 25 ki/kg of fluid supplied. The fluid leaves the apparatus at 135 kPa with a specific volume of .9 m'/kg and a velocity of 300 m/s. In the apparatus, the shaft work done by the fluid is equal t0 900 ki/kg, Does the internal energy of the fluid increase or decrease, and how much is the change? (a) 858 kikg (increase) _(c) 908 Kikg (increase) (b) 858 kivkg (decrease) (d) 908 ki/kg (decrease) Solution ‘The basis of the calculation wil be: | kg Use the thermodynamic sign convention that heat in and work out are positive. The first Faw energy balance forthe flow system: h + KE, ~h, ~ KE, = Q~ W,, Since the working fluid is unspecified and the internal energy change is desired, use the definition ht = w+ Py. uy + Pyy, + KE ~u, ~ Pv, - KE, = Q-W, o aCe LEU ty ~ 4, = Q-W, + Py, + KE, ~ Pv, ~ KE, = 8K W,= 904 1B, =6904Pa [> p,=1358Pe y= 25g Y= Seg 150m 00 ms Fig 118 Now calculate numerical values for all terms except uy ~ Pyyy = 135.9 = 121.5 KI/kg Py, = 690x.25= 172.5 I / kg v? _ 300° <== = 45 KIikg 2J 2000ST 11-32, Ml Thermodynamics 2 2 VO (30) 113 karkg 2gJ 2000 E, W, = +900 ki/kg Therefore, tty uy = -25 900 + 172.5 + 11.3 121.5 ~45 = ~907.7 kilkg ‘The answer is (d). 11-9. Exhaust steam from a turbine exhausts into a surface condenser at a mass flow rate of 4000 ki/hr, 9.59 kPa and 92% quality. ‘Cooling water enters the condenser at 15 °C and leaves at the steam inlet temperature Properties of Saturated Water (US units): Temperature Table vy, m¥/kg; w and hi, kifky; 5, KIMKBK Spe energy Enthalpy __ Entropy HL Sat Sa. Sat Sat Sat liquid vapor figuid vapor fiquidEvap. vapor fiquid vapor y ¥, ym h A 5 5 Nf ie y ie y i i a 151.705 001779 6299 2396 62.99 252922458781 ‘The cooling water mass flow rate in kg/hr is closest to (a) 157,200 (©) 95,000 (b) 70,200 (d) 88,000 Solution Saturated steam table data at 9.59 KPA are Ta Kg a 2583.2 The enthalpy of steam at 92% quality = h,= hy +0.92h, 88.45 + 92x 2394.8 = 2391.7 88.45 kik. 62.99 ki/kg above reference of 0 °C. ‘The enthalpy of liquid water at 45 °C The enthalpy of liquid water at 15 °C STEAM 259KPa, x-0.92 = 4000 kg 450 15°C COOLING WATER fh, = mass tow rate Fig 1-9Problems and Solutions @ 11-33 In the absence of data, assume that the steam condensate leaves at 45 °C; if a heat balance is written over a | hour period, then the heat from steam = heat to cooling water, or fu (hy Aa) = hig hy hy) 4000(2391.7 — 188.45) = m, (188. 45 ~ 62.99) rity = 70,245 kg/hr ‘The answer is (b) 11-10. ‘The mass flow rate of a Freon refrigerant through a heat exchanger is 5 kg/min, The enthalpy of entry Freon is 238 ki/kg and of exit Freon is 60.6 kikg. Water coolant is allowed to rise 6 °C. The water flow rate in kg/min is (a) 24 (©) 83 (b) 35 @ 12 Solution Over a I-minute period, the heat gain by water equals heat loss by Freon imC,AT = mh =) m, X4.2.X6=5 (238 - 60.6) 5.2 kg/min ‘The answer is (b). 11-11, The maximum thermal efficiency that can be obtained in an ideal reversible heat engine operating between 833 °C and 170 °C is closest to (a) 100% (c) 78% BU UE sy (b) 60% (4) 40% Solution Maximum efficiency is achieved with a Carnot engine, T,=1104273=443 K, 7,,=833 +273 = 1106 K igo Qn un Oy Te Qu Tn 443 = = 10.40 = 0.60 = 60% 1106 The answer is (b).MOT 11-34 M@ Thermodynamics 11-12. A 2.2kW refrigerator or heat pump operates between -17 °C and 38 °C. The maxi- mum theoretical heat that can be transferred from the cold reservoir is nearest to (a) 7.6 kW (©) 15.6kW (b) 4.7 kW (d) 10.2kW Solution The coefficient of performance of a Carnot refrigerator or heat pump is 256 °K cop =—%4_ = W~% Ww 2 ‘The answer is (d). 11-13, In any non-quasista system will ic thermodynamic process, the overall entropy of an isolated (a) Increase and then decrease (c) Stay the same (b) Decrease and then increase (d) Increase only Solution Quasistatic means infinitely slow. lossless, hypothetical, by differential increments. The overall entropy will increase for an isolated system or for the system plus surroundings. The answer is (d) 11-14. For spontaneously occurring natural proces sion best expresses ds? in an isolated system, which expres- (a) ds= 4% (c) ds>0 T (b) ds=0 (d) ds<0 Solution (a) ds= ee only. The reversible requirement is necessary to generate the exact height vs. rectangular area equivalence on the Camot cycle 7-s diagram. (b) Only a reversible adiabatic process is isentropic by definition, (©) All naturally occurring spontaneous processes are irreversible and result in an entropy increase. (4) An energy input from the surroundings is requited to reduce the entropy. ‘The answer is (c)Problems and Solutions m 11-35 11-15. Which of the following statements about entropy is false? (a) The entropy of a mixture is greater than that of its components under the same conditions. (b) An irreversible process increases the entropy of the universe, (©) The entropy of a crystal at 0 °C is zero. (d) The net entropy change in any closed cycle is zero. Solution All are true except (c). The entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero (0 °K or 0°R) is zer0. ‘This is the third law of thermodynamics. There is presumably no randomness at this tempera- ture in a crystal without flaws, impurities or dislocations. The answer is (c) 11-16. A high velocity flow of gas at 250 m/s possesses kinetic energy nearest to which of the following? (a) 3.13 Ki/kg (©) 31,300 Ki/kg (b) 313 kikg (d) 31.3 Kiikg Solution Per | kg of flowing fluid. KE =~ where Vis in mvs, and g, = 1.0 28, Use 1000 to convert J to kd 2 250" 31.3 kihkg 2x 1000 ‘The answer is (d). Ses I-17. (w+ Po) is a quantity called (a) flow energy (c) entropy (b) shaft work (d) enthalpy Solution Flow energy is Pv. Shaft work, W,, is f vdP. Entropy is s. Internal energy is «. Enthalpy f is defined as u + Pv, the sum of internal energy plus flow energy. The answer is (d). 11-18. In flow process, neglecting KE and PE changes, -fouar represents which item below? (a) heat transfer (c) closed system work (b) shaft work (d) flow energyDe 11-36 Ml Thermodynamics Solution ‘Shaft work is work or mechanical energy crossing the fixed boundary (control volume) of a flow (open) system. Shaft work W, is defined, in the absence of PE and KE changes, by dh = Tds + vdP, where Tds= dg. andvdP is dW, In integrated form Ah = {Tas + frdP=4,,.-W,, where W, is represented by —[ dP. Closed system work W is defined by di = Tds ~ Pd, or Au = J Tds ~ [ Pav = g,.,—W. Thus closed system work is + J Pv. Flow energy isthe Pv term, and enthalpy change is AH. The answer is (b). 11-19. Power may be expressed in units of (@) joules (©) (b) watts (d) newtons Power is energy per unit time. The usual power units are watts. The answer is (b) 11-20. The temperature: Fig. 11-20 represents a entropy diagram in (a) Rankine cycle with superheated vapor (b) Carnot eycle : (©) Diesel cycle 5 (d) Refrigeration cycle a Pee aero ee Entopy = Solution Fig. 11-20 ‘The answer is (a) 11-21. Entropy is the measure of (a) the change in enthalpy of a system (b) the internal energy of a gas (©) the heat capacity of a substance (d) randomness or disorder Solution ‘The answer is (d). 11-22. A Carnot heat engine cycle is represented on the T-s and P-V diagrams in Fig. 11-22. Which of the several areas bounded by numbers or letters repre jected by the fluid during one cycle? (a) Area 1-2-6-5 (©) Area 3-4-5-6 (b) AreaB-C-H-G —(d) Area D-A-E nts the amouat of heal re- FProblems and Solutions @ 11-37 Temperature, T Pressure, P ‘Constant T Constant s te F GH. Envopy. 5 Volume, V Fig. 11-22 Solution The table below gives the significance of each area of the diagrams: Ts diagram P-V diagram Proc ‘Area represent 1-2-6-5 = heat in from high temp. reservoir Isothermal expansion 1-2 and A-B Isentropic expansion 2-3 and B-C 2-3-6 = 0 heat transfer Isothermal compression 3-4 and C-D 3-4-5-6 = heat out to low temp. reservoir Isentropic compression 4-1 and D-A O heat transfer ‘Net result of process converted to work __Area representing work A-B-G-E = work done by fluid B-C-H-G = work done by fluid C-D-F-H = work done on flui D-A- work done on fluid A-B-C-D = net work done by process ‘The answer is (c) 11-23. A Carnot engine operating between 70 °C and 2000 °C is modified solely by raising the high temperature by 150 °C and raising the low temperature by 100 °C, Which of the following statements is false? (a) The the nodynamic efficiency is increased. (b) More work is done during the isothermal expansion, (c) More work is done dui ng the isentropic compression. (d) More work is done during the reversible adiabatic exp pansion, Me elt11-38 Ml Thermodynamics Solution ‘The Carnot cycle efficiency is originally Ty-T, _ 2273-343 0.849 Alter the change 2423 - 443 no 817 (efficiency is reduced) On the T-s and P-V diagrams in Fig. 11-23 the original cycle is shown as ABCD, and the modified cycle is shown as A’B’C'D’ Temperature, T =r Pressure. P 3456 78 910 Vouune, v Fig. 11-23, Compare the work done during the isothermal expan SE Original: area A-B-8-4 Modified: area A’-B’-7-3 is larger ion (A 10 B vs. A’ to B’) Compare the work done during the isentropic compression (D to A vs. D’ to A’) Original: area D-A-4-6 Modified: area D'~A’-3-5 is larger Compare the work during the reversible (isentropic) expansion (B to C vs, B’ toC’) Original: area B~C-10-8 Modified: area B’-C’~9-7 is larger Compare the work during the isothermal compression (C to D vs. C’to D’) Original: area C-D-6-10 Modified: area C-D'-5-9 is larger atements (b), (c), (d), and (e) are correct. The answer is (a).Problems and Solutions @ 11-39 11-24. In the ideal heat pump system represented in Fig. 11-24, the expansion valve 4-1 performs the process that is located on the T-s diagram between points (a) AandB (c) CandD (b) Band C (d) EandA © 5 teonrope ; Comoresion 5 : 4, Fig. 1124 Solution ‘The vapor compression reversed Rankine cycle is conducted counterclockwise on both the schematic and T-s diagrams. Numbers on the schematic and letters on the T-s diagram are related: | = A, 2=B, 3 =D, and 4 = E. Process C-B-A occurs in the condenser between 2 and 1. The expansion process A-E occurs between 1-4. The answer is (d). 11-25, Data in the table describe two states of a working fluid that exist at two locations in a piece of hardware pHsHInIIESOMnIOSESISUSNSIEISEISIInUsESuOaBSOEOSsEEUENSESOEEOTSnIEN EDS kPa vsmkg—T,0°C A kiikg s. Kilkgek State 1 25 O01L 20 19.2 0.0424 Siate2 125 0823180 2037 0.3689 Which of the following statements about the path from State 1 to 2 is false? (a) The path results in an expansion, (b) The path determines the amount of work done. (c) The path is indeterminate from these data. (d) The path is reversible and adiabatic. Solution ‘The large volume and entropy changes indicate a cl phase. Temperature, pressure, and enthalpy iner ange from a condensed phase to a vapor ses require an energy input. The path from 1 to 2is indeterminate since no information on intermediate states is given. Work is always path dependent. The entropy increase means the process cannot be reversible and adiabatic (isentropic). The answer is (4). Bee aesSE 11-40 Ml Thermodynamics 11-26. Name the process that has no heat transfer. (a) Isentropic (c) Quasistatic (b) Isothermal (a) Reversible Solution An isentropic process is reversible and adiabatic. An adiabatic process has no heat exchange with its surroundings. An isothermal process is conducted a constant temperature. A quasistatic (almost static) process departs only infinitesimally from an equilibrium state. A reversible Process can have its initial state restored without any change (energy gain or loss) taking place in the surroundings. The answer is (a). 11-27. In aclosed system with a moving boundary, which ofthe following represents work done during an isothermal process? @ W=PV,-V) (b) W=0 (© W=ey, Hf ( = AY, Inf ¥2) = marr tof £ y A) fo wa PBRRRM _ maT, 7) Solution For a closed system (piston-cylinder type, non-repetitious) the work done is W= JPdV. The above equations are valid for ideal gases in the following processes: (@) constant pressure (c) isothermal process (b) constant volume (4) isentropic process ‘The answer is (c). 11-28. ‘The work of a polytropic(n = 1.21) compression of air (C\/C, = 1.40) ina system with moving boundary from P, = 15 kPa, V, = 1.0 m’ to P, = 150 kPa, V, = 0.15 mis () -35.7 KI (©) 1080 KI (b) ~324 ky (@) S1S0KI Solution ‘The work of a closed system (moving boundary) polytropic process for an ideal ges is BY,- RY, _ (15000. 19-150) sayy I=n =121 which is work is done on the gas. The answer is (a)11-29, The isentropic compression of | m' of air, C/C, Problems and Solutions @ 11-41 40, from 20 kPa to a pressure of, 100 kPa gives a final volume of (a) 0.16 m* (©) 0.32 m* (b) 0.20 m* (@) 040m? Solution ‘An isentropic process for an ideal gas follows the path = PV, = constant, where k= C,/C, 20(1)!4 = 100(V,)!4; Vy'=0.20; hence V;=0.317 m? The answer is (c). 11-30, An ideal gas at a pressure of 500 kPa and a temperature of 75 °C is contained in a cylinder with a volume of 700 m®. Some of the gas is released so that the pressure in the cylinder drops to 250 kPa. The expansion of the gas is isentropic. The specific heat ratio is 1.40, and the gas constant is .287 Ki/kgK. The mass of the gas in kg remaining in the cylinder is nearest to (a) 900 (c) 1500 (b) 1300 (d) 2140 Solution Given: k =C/C,=1.40 j= 2 Ay kek P, = 500 kPa P, = 250 KPa v, =700 m* V, = 700m’ =75% 3 = 348 =? A 71s Gs 213s eS Basis: “The ideal gas law may be written PY = mRT-and the basic equation for reversible adiabatic (isentropic) expansion is ‘3 Py T ( ) ‘The gas remaining in the tank cools as it expands; the new temperature is mn sous 4) -3(29) =3a(5} =285K J 500. 2 RT, Now apply the gas law at State 2 P,V, = 250 x 700 = m, x .287 x 285 2 im, = 2501700) _ 9139 kg (.287)(285) ‘The answer is (d).Bua 11-42 Ml Thermodynamics 11-31. The theoretical power required for the isothermal compression of 800 m'/min of air from 100 to 900 kPa is closest to (a) 70 ©) 130 (b) 90 (@) 290 Solution Since a volume flow rate is specified, the process is a flow process. The work of isothermal compression of an ideal gas is numerically the same in a steady flow process as in a closed system: PV = constant = P,V, = P,V,=mRT i Imacclosed system, W = [Pav = RY, In“ =RY, In } ¥, Ina flow system, W, = Jvar= = RY, 2 =RV, nie p} z, p, Over a I-minute interval The answer is (d) 11-32, Which of the following statements is false concerning the deviations of real gases from ideal gas behavior? (a) Molecular attraction interactions are compensated for in the ideal gas law. (b) Deviations from ideal gas behavior are omen large near the s turation carve. (c) Deviations from ideal gas behavior become sigi ctitical point. ant at pressures above the (4) Molecular volume becomes significant as specific volume is decreased. Solution All statements except (a) are true. The ideal gas law does not consider the volume of the ‘molecules or any interaction other than elastic collisions. The anwer is (a) 11-33. "There are 3 kg of air ina rigid container at 250 kPa and 50°C. The gas constant for tir is 287 kJ/kgK. The volume of the container in m3, is nearest to (a) 22 (©) 28 (b) 1 (d) 3.1Problems and Solutions m 11-43 Solution “The ideal gas law is PY = mRT. 150 kPa and T, = 50°C +273 = 323 K. x.287x323 (3)(.287)(323) Lim’ 250 ‘The answer is (b). 11-34. A mixture at 100 kPa and 20 °C that is 30% by weight CO, (m.w. = 44) and 70% by weight NY, (m.w. = 28) has a partial pressure of CO, in kPa that is nearest to (a) 214 (©) 68.3, (b) 315 (d) 78.6 Solution ‘The calculation is based on | kg of mixed gases. 1) Calculate the weight of each component and the number of moles of each that is present. 2) Compute the mole fraction of each, and apportion the total pressure in proportion to the mole fraction, The computations are in the following table Number of Partial Pressure, Com ___ke-moles Mole Fraction KPa z ©, 030 ones. 24 0.03182 070 079 _ 0.0250 18.6 Total 1.00 0.03182 100 Since the mole fraction of a gas is the same as the volume fraction, the composition of the mixture is 21.4% vol. CO, and 78.6% vol. N,. From the table, the correct partial pressure of CO, is 21.4 kPa, The answer is (a). 11-35, Dry air has an average molecular weight of 28.9, consisting of 21 mole-percent O,, 78 mole-percent N, and | mole-percent Argon (and traces of CO,). The weight-percent of O, is nearest to (a) 210 (©) 232 (b) 224 W) 246 es ICMTT 11-44 Ml Thermodynamics Solution ‘The calculation will be based on | kg-mole of dry air and arranged in the following table Component mw. Mole Fraction 0, 20 21 N. 28.0 0.78 ar 400 oor Totals 1.00 ‘The answer is (c) 11-36. The temperature difference between the two sides of a solid rectangular slab of area A and thickness L as shown in Fig, 11-36, is AT. The heat transferred through the slab by con- duction in time, ¢, is proportional to ar (a) ALATi (©) AL > a AT 4T f (by ALS ay 44% t L Solution Fig. 11-36 The heat transfer rate through the slab by conduction is governed by the equation Q=kAATIL In time ¢ the amount of heat transfer is proportional to ar L The symbol kis the coefficient of thermal conductivity of the material, hence the heat transfer in a given material is proportional to the other variables. The answer is (d). 11-37. The composite wall in Fig. 11-37 has an outer temperature T, = 20°C and an inner temperature T, = 70 °C. The temperature 7, in °C is nearest to (a) 38 © 58 (b) 46 (d) 69 Solution At steady state the ross each material, and the temperatures descend in direct Proportion to the thermal resistances (reciprocal of conductivity) ame Q flows aProblems and Solutions @ 11-45 calor \_Paster e008 - Resistance of brick Resistance of Cellotex = x Resistance of plaster= = Total resistance = .2 +.333 +.01 nw °C MTs =) total resistance (2k },,., Hence, Q cul =90.9 W/m? 35017 T,-T,= 15°C, since T,=70°C, 7, = 68.5°C. aE Luly T,-T,=303°C, since T,= 685°C, T, = 382°C, T,-T,= 182°C, since T, = 38.2°C, T, = 20°C (in agreement with given data). ‘The answer is (d). 11-38. In Fig. 11-38, the inner wall is at 30°C, and the outer wall is exposed to ambient wind poy and surroundings at 10 °C. The film coefficient, a 7 A, for convective heat transfer in ay! * Tatswind 7 mis wind is about 20 Wim? °C. Ignoring any radiation losses, an overall coefficient (in the g_ C srouengs same units) for the conduction and convection losses is most nearly (a 14 (©) 12.5 (b) 2.6 (d) 7.1 = i= 0:30 Wine Fig. 11-38UN 11-46 Ml Thermodynamics Solutio Since conduction and convection are based on AT, absolute temperatures are not required. For steady state, the heat conducted through a wall must equal the heat lost by convection kA(T, ~ 7) Q =hA(T, -T,) wo Ina similar way, Q can be expressed by an overall coefficient Q=UVA(T,-T,) @ Here, U is calculated in a manner analogous to that used for thermal conductivities in series 3) In this case, =2.61 W/m? °C ‘The answer is (b) 11-39. Heat is transferred by conduction from left to right through the composite wall shown in Fig. 11-39. Assume the three materials are in good thermal contact and that no significant thermal resistance exists at any of the interfaces. The overall coefficient U in W-m?°C is ‘most nearly (a) 0.04 (©) 035 (b) 20 @) 091 Fig 1139 Solution ‘The overall coefficient U, the thermal conductivity, kx, and the film coefficient, A, are the reciprocals of their thermal resistances, Thermal resistances in series are handled analogously to series electrical resistances; henceProblems and Solutions @ 11-47 The overall coefficient U is then used in the simplified conduction equation Q = UADT. In this problem 1 BeBe 31343254143 u = 0.20W/m? °C The answer is (b), 11-40, The heat loss per hour through | m? of furnace wall 40 cm thick is 520 W. The inside wall temperature is 1000 °C, and its average thermal conductivity is 0.61 W/m? °C. ‘The outside surface temperature of the wall is nearest to (a) 100°C (c) 700 (b) 300°C (d) 1000°C Solution The heat conduction equation is where T, = 1000 °C, 7. and L = 4m. Solving for T,, one has The answer is (0) MICU NE uITe} 11-41, Which of the following is the usual expression for the power/unit-area Stefan- Boltzmann constant for black-body radiation? (a) 1.36 x 10? cal/(sec-cm?-°K‘) (b) 5.68 x 10° ergs/(sec-em?-°K') (6) 5.68 x 10* watis/(m?.°K') (d) 5.68 x 10 coulombs/(sec-m?-°K) Solution All are numerically correct conversions of the constant in terms of power per unit area. The units of watts/m2-"K* however are normally used in heat transfer. The answer is (c)11-48 ™@ Thermodynamics Me