B LAO NG - THNG BINH V X HI

TNG CC DY NGH
D n gio dc k thut v dy ngh (VTEP)

Logo

Gio trnh

M un: S CNG NGH V HOT NG

CA NH MY LC IN HNH
M s: HD M
Ngh: VN HNH THIT B HA DU
Trnh : lnh ngh

H Ni - 2004

Tuyn b bn quyn:
Ti liu ny thuc loi sch gio trnh.
Cho nn cc ngun thng tin c th
c php dng nguyn bn hoc
trch dng cho cc mc ch v o
to v tham kho.
Mi mc ch khc c lch lc
hoc s dng vi mc ch kinh
doanh thiu lnh mnh s b nghim
cm.
Tng cc Dy ngh s lm mi cch
bo v bn quyn ca mnh.
Tng cc Dy Ngh cm n v hoan
nghnh cc thng tin gip cho chng
tI sa cha,hiu nh v hon thin
tt hn tI liu ny.

a ch lin h:
D n gio dc k thut v ngh
nghip
Tiu ban Pht trin Chng trnh Hc
liu
................
M ti liu
M quc t ISBN:......

LI TA
(Vi nt gii thiu xut x ca chng trnh v ti liu)
Ti liu ny l mt trong cc kt qu ca D n GDKT-DN ..
(Tm tt ni dung ca D n)

(Vi nt gii thiu qu trnh hnh thnh ti liu v cc thnh phn tham gia)

(Li cm n cc c quan lin quan, cc n v v c nhn tham gia )

(Gii thiu ti liu v thc trng)

Sch hng dn gio vin l tI liu hng dn ging dy cho tng m

un/mn hc trong h thng m un v mn hc o to cho
ngh cp ..
Cc thng tin trong ti liu c gi tr hng dn gio vin thit k v t chc cc
bi dy cho m un/mn hc mt cch hp l. Gio vin vn c th thay i hoc
iu chnh cho ph hp vi iu kin v bi cnh thc t trong qu trnh o to.
y l ti liu th nghim s c hon chnh tr thnh Sch hng
dn gio vin chnh thc trong h thng dy ngh.
H ni, ngy . thng. nm.
Gim c D n quc gia

MC LC
mc

Trang

LI TA ................................................................................................................. 3
MC LC ............................................................................................................... 4
GII THIU V M UN ....................................................................................... 7
V tr, ngha, vai tr m un .................................................................................. 7
Mc tiu ca m un .............................................................................................. 7
Mc tiu thc hin ca m un .............................................................................. 7
Ni dung chnh ca m un .................................................................................... 8
CC HNH THC HC TP CHNH TRONG M UN ........................................ 9
YU CU V NH GI HON THNH M UN ............................................. 11
BI 1. MT S S CNG NGH IN HNH NH MY LC DU ........... 12
1.1. KHI QUT CHUNG HOT NG CA NH MY LC DU .................. 12
1.1.2. Qu trnh ch bin. ..................................................................................... 14
1.1.3. Pha trn, tng tr v xut sn phm .......................................................... 17
1.2. CC S CNG NGH IN HNH CA NH MY LC DU............. 20
1.2.1. S ch bin du nh ............................................................................. 21
1.2.2. S ch bin du nng ........................................................................... 21
1.2.3. S ch bin du trung bnh ................................................................... 22
1.3. CC THNH PHN CA NH MY ............................................................. 23
1.3.1. Cng trnh nng lng, ph tr. ................................................................. 28
1.3.2. Cng trnh ngoi vi...................................................................................... 28
1.3.3. Cng trnh chung. ....................................................................................... 28
1.4. CU HI V BI TP ................................................................................... 29
BI 2. H THNG NHP DU TH V B CHA DU TH ........................... 30
2.1. NHP DU TH ............................................................................................ 30
2.2.. NHP DU TH C NHIT NG C CAO ..................................... 32
2.2.1. Phng php dng du thay th ................................................................ 33
2.2.2. Phng php gia nhit ng ng ............................................................ 35
2.3. B CHA DU TH ..................................................................................... 40
2.3.1. Chc nng khu b cha du th ................................................................ 40
2.3.2. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ................................................................. 41
2.4. CU HI V BI TP ................................................................................... 42

BI 3. S V QU TRNH HOT NG CA H THNG NNG LNG,

PH TR ............................................................................................................. 43
3.1. H THNG PHT IN V HI .................................................................. 43
3.1.1. Gii thiu chung ......................................................................................... 43
3.1.2. Cu hnh v s h thng ....................................................................... 45
3.1.3. Nng cao hiu sut s dng nng lng bo v mi trng ............... 48
3.2. H THNG CP KH NN ............................................................................ 49
3.2.1. Vai tr h thng kh nn.............................................................................. 49
3.2.2. H thng kh nn trung tm ........................................................................ 50
3.3. H THNG NN KH CC B ..................................................................... 56
3.3.1. t vn .................................................................................................. 56
3.3.2. H thng kh nn cho phn xng cracking .............................................. 57
3.4. H THNG CP KH NIT .......................................................................... 60
3.4.1. Gii thiu .................................................................................................... 60
3.4.2. Cc phng php sn xut kh ni t .......................................................... 61
3.4.3. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ................................................................. 61
3.5. H THNG NHIN LIU ............................................................................... 66
3.5.1. H thng kh nhin liu ............................................................................... 66
3.5.2. H thng du nhin liu. ............................................................................. 70
3.5.3. Cc h tiu th chnh .................................................................................. 72
3.6. H THNG NC LM MT ...................................................................... 72
3.6.1. H thng nc lm mt bng nc bin ................................................... 73
3.6.2. H thng nc lm mt kiu thp bay hi ................................................. 78
3.7. CU HI V BI TP ................................................................................... 81
BI 4. S V HOT NG H THNG CNG TRNH NGOI VI .............. 82
4.1. B CHA SN PHM................................................................................... 82
4.1.1. V tr khu b cha ....................................................................................... 82
4.1.2. Sn phm v kiu b cha ......................................................................... 83
4.1.3. Chc nng khu b cha v phng php xc nh dung tch cha .......... 84
4.2. B CHA TRUNG GIAN ............................................................................... 86
4.2.1. B cha m .............................................................................................. 86
4.2.2. B cha cu t pha trn ............................................................................. 87
4.3. H THNG PHA TRN V XUT SN PHM ............................................ 87

4.3.1. Cc phng php pha trn sn phm........................................................ 88

4.3.2. Xut sn phm ............................................................................................ 93
4.4. H THNG X L NC THI .................................................................... 94
4.4.1. Cc ngun nc thi .................................................................................. 95
4.4.1.1. Nc thi b mt ln du ........................................................................ 95
4.4.2. H thng x l nc thi ............................................................................ 95
4.5. CU HI V BI TP ................................................................................. 104
BI 5. IU KHIN HOT NG CA NH MY ........................................... 105
5.1. H THNG IU KHIN V AN TON NH MY .................................... 105
5.2. H THNG IU KHIN QU TRNH ....................................................... 106
5.2.1. Chc nng v thnh phn h thng iu khin ........................................ 106
5.2.2. Qu trnh iu khin ................................................................................. 108
5.3. H THNG DNG KHN CP .................................................................. 109
5.4. CC TIU H THNG IU KHIN THNH PHN .................................. 109
5.4.1. H thng o mc ...................................................................................... 109
5.4.2. H thng iu khin van vn hnh bng m-t (MOV) ............................ 110
5.4.3. H thng gim st my mc, thit b ........................................................ 110
5.5. H THNG PHNG CHNG CHY N .................................................... 110
5.5.1. H thng cnh bo ................................................................................... 110
5.5.2. H thng chng chy ................................................................................ 112
5.6. CU HI V BI TP ................................................................................. 113
CC BI TP M RNG, NNG CAO V GII QUYT VN . ................. 114
TR LI CC CU HI V BI TP ................................................................ 116
I. CU HI V BI TP NNG CAO ................................................................. 116
II. CC CU HI BI TP TRONG BI............................................................. 119
CC THUT NG CHUYN MN. ................................................................... 132
TI LIU THAM KHO ....................................................................................... 133

GII THIU V M UN

V tr, ngha, vai tr m un

Hc vin ca cc trng cao ng k thut cngg nh sinh vin ti cc
Trng i hc lin quan n lnh vc ch bin du kh thng c o to k
v cc cng ngh in hnh v s hot ng ca tng phn xng ny mt cch
n l. S hot ng ca cc phn xng cng ngh trong mi quan chung vi
cc phn xng cng ngh khc cngg nh trong mi quan h vi cc phn
xng nng lng, ph tr, cng trnh ngoi vi, cng trnh chung,... cha c
cp nhiu trong chng trnh dy v hc. Do vy hc vin sau khi ra trng
khi tham gia pht trin cc D n ch bin du kh hoc lm vic trong c s
cng nghip ch bin du kh thng b ng v mt nhiu thi gian tm hiu tip
cn thc t.
M un ny nhm gn kt s hiu bit ca hc vin thu nhn c t cc
mn hc cng ngh phn xng n l t chng trong mi quan h tng th
ca Nh my trong thc t.
Mc tiu ca m un
Hc xong m un ny hc vin c nng lc:
-

M t c mt s s cng ngh in hnh nh my lc du hin i.

M t c tng th qu trnh hot ng ca nh my h tr cho vic

vn hnh cc phn xng ring bit sau ny cngg nh cng tc phi
hp vn hnh gia cc phn xng c lin quan.

M t c vai tr v hot ng ca cc h thng nng lng, ph tr,

cng trnh ngoi vi ca nh my.

M t c mi quan h gia cc phn xng cng ngh trong s

cng ngh vi nhau v vi phn xng, h thng nng lng, ph tr,
ngoi vi,... ca nh my.

Mc tiu thc hin ca m un

Hc xong m un ny, hc vin c kh nng:

M t c s khi cu hnh cng ngh in hnh ca mt nh my

lc du, mi quan h gia cc phn xng.

M t c s v qu trnh hot ng ca h thng nng lng, ph

tr: H thng pht in, h thng sn xut v phn phi hi, kh nn iu
khin, h thng kh nhin liu, h thng du nhin liu, h thng nc
(nc lm mt,...).

M t c s v qu trnh hot ng ca h thng cng trnh ngoi

vi: H thng nhp du th, h thng b cha du th, b cha sn phm,
cc b cha trung gian, h thng xut sn phm v h thng thu gom x
l nc thi.

Trnh by c nguyn l hot ng ca cc s nh my tng t.

Trnh by c nguyn l iu khin nh my, cc h thng iu khin

v m bo an ton chnh trong nh my.

Ni dung chnh ca m un
1.

Mt s s cng ngh in hnh nh my lc du.

2.

H thng nhp du th v b cha du th.

3.

S v qu trnh hot ng ca h thng nng lng, ph tr

4.

S v hot ng h thng cng trnh ngoi vi.

5.

iu khin hot ng ca nh my

CC HNH THC HC TP CHNH TRONG M UN

1. Hc trn lp v s cng ngh in hinh nh my lc ha du, h thng

nhp du th, s v hot ng h thng nng lng ph tr, s v
hot ng ca h thng cng trnh ngoi vi v h thng o lng, iu
khin t ng nh my.
2. T nghin cu cc ti liu lin quan n cc phn xng cng ngh, nng
lng ph tr.
3. Thm quan, thc tp cc c s ch bin du kh.

S quan h theo trnh t hc ngh

An ton
lao ng

Ha
v c

Ha
hu c

Mn chung

Qu trnh
x l

Ph p
lut

GDTC

Ha
phn tch

V k
thut

KT
in t

KT in

K thut
mi trng

Mn c bn

Kin thc
c s nhm
ngh

Chnh
tr

GDQP

Ha
l

nh hng
gi n
tip

Chng ct chbin
du

S cng ngh
nh m y lc du

Thnghim
chuyn
ngnh

Ngo i
ng

Qu trnh
reforming

Qu trnh
Cracking

Vn hnh thit bch

bin du kh
Thc hnh
trn thit b
m phng

Chuyn
d phng

Cng
nghch
bin kh

Bo d ng
thit b

Thc tp tt
nghip

Ha hc
du m &
kh

Sn phm
du m

Tn tr v
vn chuyn
x ng du

Dng c
o

nh
hng
gi n
tip

QT
doanh
nghip

C k
thut
To n
cao cp
ng hc
xc t c

Kin thc
c s
ngh

Tin hc

Vt l
i cng

Th p c c
cu t cho
x ng

Qu trnh
thit b

Thc tp
qu trnh
thit b

n mn
kim lo i

K thut
phng
thnghim

Ghi ch:
S cng ngh v hot ng ca nh my lc du in hnh l m un c s ca ngnh ha du. Mi hc vin phi hc v t kt qu chp
nhn c i vi cc bi kim tra nh gi v thi kt thc nh t ra trong chng trnh o to.
Nhng hc vin qua kim tra v thi m khng t phi thu xp cho hc li nhng phn cha t ngay v phi t im chun mi c php hc
tip cc m un/ mn hc tip theo. Hc vin, khi chuyn trng, chuyn ngnh, nu hc mt c s o to khc ri th phi xut trnh giy
chng nhn; Trong mt s trng hp c th vn phi qua st hch li.
10

YU CU V NH GI HON THNH M UN

V kin thc
-

M t c mt s s cng ngh in hnh Nh my lc du hin

i.

M t c tng th qu trnh hot ng ca Nh my h tr cho

vic vn hnh cc Phn xng ring bit sau ny cngg nh cng tc
phi hp vn hnh gia cc Phn xng c lin quan..

M t c vai tr v hot ng ca cc h thng nng lng, ph tr,

cng trnh ngoi vi ca Nh my.

M t c mi quan h gia cc phn xng cng ngh trong s

cng ngh vi nhau v vi chc nng, nhim v, hot ng ca cc h
thng nng lng, ph tr, ngoi vi,.. ca Nh my.

V k nng:
-

c v hiu c bn v s nguyn l ca nh my.

c v hiu c s nguyn l ca cc phn xng, H thng

chnh trong nh my lc ha du c bn.

M t c chc nng nhim v ca tng phn xng cng ngh,

nng lng ph tr v cng trnh ngoi vi trong nh my.

M t c mi quan h gia cc phn xng.

V thi
-

Nghim tc tham gia cc bui hc trn lp.

Ch ng n li kin thc cc mn hoc/m un c hc trc y

phc v tt cho vic tip thu m un ny.

Tch cc tham kho tm hiu cc s nh my phn tch s hot ng

ca tng h thng.

BI 1. MT S S CNG NGH IN HNH NH MY LC DU

M bi: HD M1

Gii thiu
S cng ngh ca Nh my lc du hin nay i theo hai khuynh hng:
-

Sn xut ra cc loi nhin liu phc v cho phng tin giao thng
(LPG, nhin liu phn lc, xng, du Diesel v du t l).

Ngoi sn xut ra cc loi nhin liu phc v phng tin giao thng
cn tp trung sn xut ra cc nguyn liu phc v cho ha du
(propylene, BTX) hoc xy dng km theo cc phn xng ha du
nh: polypropylene, s si tng hp (PET), LAB...

Ty theo ngun nguyn liu (du th), c im th trng tiu th, nng
lc ti chnh v trn ht l li nhun em li, ch u t cc cng trnh s
quyt nh la chn s cng ngh cho Nh my. S cng ngh nh my
ngoi kh nng sn xut c sn phm c cht lng p ng c yu cu
ca thi trng cn phi c kh nng linh hot trong vn hnh nhm p ng
c nhng yu cu ngy cng cao v cht lng v nhng bin i tht
thng ca nguyn liu (du th).
Mc tiu thc hin
Hc xong bi hc ny hc vin c nng lc:
-

M t c s cng ngh in hnh ca Nh my lc du.

Nu c sn phm chnh ca cc s cng ngh ny.

M t c mi quan h gia cc phn xng trong s .

M t c cc thnh phn chnh trong Nh my.

Ni dung chnh
-

Tng th hot ng ca mt Nh my lc du in hnh.

Cc s cng ngh lc du in hnh.

Cc thnh phn chnh trong Nh my.

1.1. KHI QUT CHUNG HOT NG CA NH MY LC DU

Cngg nh bt k qu trnh sn xut no, qu trnh ch bin du th cngg
tri qua cc cng on chnh: nhp nguyn liu, ch bin v xut sn phm.

12

Tuy nhin, nguyn liu v sn phm ca qu trnh ch du kh c nhng c

th ring (nguy c chy n cao, tnh cht lu bin c bit,..) v vy, m cc
hot ng ny c nhng c im rt ring bit so vi cc qu trnh sn xut
khc. Qu trnh hot ng ca Nh my lc du t khu nhp nguyn liu, ch
bin ti xut sn phm c m t khi qut trong hnh H-1 A v H-1 B.
1.1.1. Nhp v tng tr du th
Cng vic u tin ca nh my lc du l nhp du th, tng tr trc khi
ch bin. Phn ln cc nh my lc du uc xy dng gn bin, do vy,
phng tin vn chyn du th ch yu l s dng tu du. Ty theo iu kin
t nhin ca cng bin v iu kin u t m tu du s dng vn chuyn du
th cho nh my c ti trng khc nhau. Vic s dng tu du c ti trng cng
ln cng cho php gim c chi ph vn chuyn, tuy nhin, s lm tng chi
ph u t ban u cho h thng b cha v chi ph no vt lung lch. Cn c
vo kt qu so snh hiu qu kinh t mang li, ch u t s phi chn phng
n ti u cho vic la chn ti trng tu vn chuyn du th.
BN XUT
SN PHM

BN NHP DU TH
CT UC

TUYN NG
NGM

B CHA DU
TH

HOT NG
KHAI THC
DU

PHN XNG
IN

KHU CNG
NGH PH
TR

B CHA SN
PHM

Hnh H-1 A Khi qut hot ng ca Nh my lc du

Trong thc t, cc tu du c s dng vn chuyn du th cho nh my
lc du ph bin trong khong t 60.000 tn n 250.000 tn. C bit cc tu
du c ti trng 500.000 tn n 1 triu tn c s dng vn chuyn du

13

th ti cc kho trung chuyn hoc kho d tr quc gia m t khi s dng cho
cc nh my lc du.
Do ti trng cc tu du ln nn bn nhp thng xa b, v vy, du th
vn chuyn vo nh my thng phi t ngm di bin. H thng ng
ng nhp c thit k m bo vn chuyn c cc loi du d kin s
s dng (c bit l du th c nhit ng c cao cn phi c gii php
chng qu trnh ng c du th trong lng ng gia cc ln nhp). Du th
nhp t tu du c tng tr ti khu b cha. Cc b cha du th ngoi
chc nng d tr nguyn liu cn c nhim v tch mt phn nc ln trong
du. Cng sut cha khu b cha du th c thit k kh nng cha
c lng du ca tu du ln nht cng thm mt s ngy d tr vn hnh
thch hp. Vi cc nh my t su trong t lin gn m du hoc tuyn ng
dn du th du th c nhp trc tip t tuyn ng dn du.
1.1.2. Qu trnh ch bin.
Du th sau khi c n nh v tch s b nc trong khu b cha c
a i ch bin. nhn c cc sn phm theo yu cu ca th trng, du
th phi tri qua hng lot cc cng on ch bin v x l. Cng on u tin
l tch du th thnh cc phn on, du th c a ti phn xng chng
ct p sut kh quyn. Ti thp chng ct ny, du th c tch thnh cc
phn on khc nhau v sau a ti cc phn xng ch bin tip theo
nh: chng ct chn khng, cracking xc tc cn, phn xng reforming, phn
xng ng phn ha Naphtha nh, alkyle ha. n gin ha, trong khun
kh ca m un ny ch m t qu trnh ch bin da trn cu hnh cng ngh
s dng ph bin nht hin nay nhm cung cp khi qut v qu trnh ch bin
ca nh my. Cc kin thc su v tng qu trnh ch bin c trnh by
trong cc gio trnh ca m-un/mn hc khc ca chng trnh o to ngh
vn hnh thit b ch bin du kh. Qu trnh ch bin c m t khi qut
trong cc mc di y.
Thng thng, du th qua phn xng chng ct p sut thng
c phn tch thnh cc phn on chnh: LPG, Naphtha nh, Naphtha nng,
Kerosene, phn on diesel nh (Light Gas Oil), phn on diesel nng (Heavy
Gas Oil) v phn on cn chng ct kh quyn. Trong , mt s phn on
c coi l sn phm hoc l cu t pha trn (phn on Kerosene, Naphtha
nh, phn on du diesel nh v phn on du Diesel nng) m khng cn
a i ch bin tip ngoi tr vic a qua cc thit b x l loi b tp cht
(nh lu hynh, ni-t,...). Cc phn on khc thng c em ch bin tip
14

 thu c cc sn phm c gi tr cao hn. Mt s hng ch bin tip cc

phn on du th sau khi c tch ra t phn xng chng ct du th l:
-

Kh ha lng (LPG) c a ti phn xng thu gom v x l kh

sn xut kh ha lng hoc nguyn liu cho qu trnh Alkyle ha.

Naphtha nh (Light Naphtha): nng cao cht lng xng, trong cc

Nh my lc du hin nay, phn xng ng phn ha naphtha nh
(Isomezation) c lp t ng phn ha naphtha nh nhm nng
cao cht lng ca xng (tng s Octane v gim hm lng benzene
trong xng). Sn phm ca phn xng ny (Isomerate) c a ti
b cha cu t pha xng. Tuy nhin, naphtha nh ph hp cho qu
trnh ng phn ha th trc khi a ti phn xng Isome, phn
on naphtha nh c x l bng hydro loi b tp cht. Nhm
nng cao hiu qu kinh t v n gin cho qu trnh vn hnh, bo
dng, nu trong Nh my lc du c c phn xng Reforming v
Isome th ton b phn on Naphtha (c Naphtha nng v Naphtha
nh) s c x l chung trong phn xng x l hydro, sau mi
tin hnh tch ring ra hai phn on lm nguyn liu cho qu trnh
reforming v isome ha.

Phn on naphtha nng (Heavy Naphtha): Vi a s cc Nh my lc

du, sn xut xng c cht lng cao, phn xng Reforming phi
c lp t sn xut cu t pha xng c tr s Octane cao.
Naphtha nng trc khi a vo phn xng Reforming c x l,
lm sch trong phn xng x l Naphtha bng hydro. Sn phm ca
phn xng ny (reformate) c a ti b cha cu t pha trn
xng hoc a ti phn xng tch BTX tch Benzene, Toluene, PXylene lm nguyn liu cho ha du, phn cn li em i pha trn xng.

Phn on cn chng ct: Cn chng ct chim mt t tng i ln

so vi nguyn liu ban u (khong 50% khi lng du th), v vy,
ch bin tip phn on cn l yu cu bt buc ca cc Nh my lc
du hin nay nng cao hiu qu kinh t ca Nh my. Ty thuc vo
tnh cht du th v hiu qu kinh t em li m cn chng ct c
ch bin theo cc hng khc nhau. Hng th nht (a s cc Nh
my lc du trc y p dng), cn chng ct p sut kh quyn
c a n ct chng ct p sut chn khng nhm tch phn
on ph hp cho qu trnh cracking v sn xut nha ng. Hng
15

th hai l cn chng ct c x l bng hydro t cht lng cho

qu trnh cracking, hng ch bin ny ch ph hp vi cc loi du
trung bnh. Hng th ba vi cc loi du nh c hm lng lu hynh
thp, cn chng ct c a thng ti phn xng cracking m
khng cn c qu trnh x l s b.
Cho d cn chng ct kh quyn c x l s b bng phng php no
i chng na th mt phn ln lng cn s c a ti phn xng cracking
nng cao hiu qu kinh t ca phn on nng. Cng ngh cracking c th
p dng l cng ngh cracking xc tc xc tc thng thng hoc
hydrocracking. Cng ngh hydrocracking cho php thu c sn phm cht
lng cao, tuy nhin, cngg c nhng nhc im nht nh l u t ln,
khng cho php pht trin ha du km theo. V vy, cng ngh cracking thng
thng c s dng tng i ph bin (trong khun kh gio trnh ny
khng trnh by s cng ngh c phn xng hydrocracking).
Phn xng cracking xc tc cn c xem l tri tim ca mt nh my lc ha
du chuyn ha hydrocacbon c gi tr kinh t thp thnh hydrocacbon c
gi tr kinh t cao hn v l tin cho pht trin cc sn phm ha du. Cc
sn phm chnh ca phn xng cracking bao gm: phn on nh (kh nhin
liu v kh ha lng), xng, phn on ct trung bnh (light cycle Oil) v du cn
cracking (decant oil), mt phn du mt mt do to cc v trong qu trnh ti
sinh xc tc. Cc sn phm ca phn xng cracking xc tc li c ch bin
tip theo cc hng tng ng:
Phn on nh c a n phn xng thu gom v x l kh thu hi
kh ha lng v kh nhin liu cung cp nhu cu nhin liu ni b Nh my. Kh
ha lng c em x l v phn tch tip ty theo mc ch s dng. Phn
on nh c ch bin theo cc hng chnh sau: Hng th nht tch
propylene lm nguyn liu cho ha du ( sn xut polypropylene), phn cn
li s c no ha thu sn phm LPG, mt phn butane cngg c tch ra
lm cu t pha xng. Hng th hai tch propylene ring lm nguyn
liu cho ha du, phn cn li s lm nguyn liu cho qu trnh alkyl ha.
Xng cracking: Xng cracking cn c x l tip gim hm lng lu
hynh v hm lng olefine p ng tiu cht lng. Xng cracking c th ch
c ngt ha (bng kim hoc phng php merox) m khng s dng
phng php x l bng hydro, iu ny ty thuc vo ch tiu cht lng sn
phm v hm lng olefine cho php trong xng. Vi cc quc gia c quy nh

16

ngt ngho v hm lng olefine trong xng th xng cracking phi c x l

bng hydro. Xng cracking sau khi x l c a ti b cha cu t pha trn
xng.
Phn on ct trung bnh (light cycle oil): Ty theo yu cu v cht lng
sn phm m phn on ny c a thng ti b cha cu t pha trn
diesel cht lng thp, du t l hoc c x l tip bng hydro thu c
cu t c cht lng cao pha Diesel cao cp. Hin nay, do yu cu v cht
lng diesel cao v nng cao hiu qu kinh t, phn on ny thng c
x l tip bng hydro pha trn Diesel cht lng cao.
Cn cracking: Cn cracking c s dng lm cu t pha trn du t l
(FO), mt phn c s dng lm du nhin liu cho cc l t trong nh my.
Cn chng ct chn khng: Cn chng ct chn khng c a n
phn xng sn xut nha ng hoc sn xut coke du.
Cc sn phm trung gian nh reformate, xng cracking, isomerate, butane,
cc phn on diesel (diesel t phn xng chng ct v cracking) c tn
tr trong cc b cha cu t pha trn trc khi a ti h thng pha trn. Qu
trnh pha trn, tng tr v xut sn phm c gii thiu mt cch khi qut
trong cc mc di y.
1.1.3. Pha trn, tng tr v xut sn phm
Khu cui cng trong ton b chu trnh hot ng ca nh my l pha trn,
tng tr v xut sn phm. Chi tit v hot ng pha trn, tng tr v xut sn
phm s c gii thiu trong bi hc khc ca gio trnh, trong mc ny ch
gii thiu mt cch nhn tng th v hot ng ny.
1.1.3.1. Pha trn sn phm
Cc sn phm lc du, c bit, l cc sn phm nhin liu u l kt qu
ca qu trnh pha trn nhiu cu t thnh phn. Cc sn phm chnh ca nh
my nh xng, diesel giao thng, du t l u l kt qu ca qu trnh pha
trn t c cht lng sn phm theo yu cu. Theo qu trnh hot ng
ca nh my, cc cu t pha trn t cc phn xng cng ngh c a v
tn tr tm thi trong cc b cha trung gian. Cc cu t pha trn t cc b
cha ny sau s c bm ti h thng pha trn. Ty theo iu kin c th
m phng php pha trn no s c la chn. H thng pha trn sn phm
c nhim v m bo sn phm sau khi pha trn p ng c tiu chun sn
phm da trn cc cu t c sn, ti a ha li nhun trn khi lng cc
thnh phn cu t pha trn ca nh my, hn ch ti a sn phm pha trn

17

khng t cht lng. Pha trn mt s sn phm chnh ca nh my c trnh

by trong cc mc di y.
a. Pha trn xng
Vi cu hnh nh my lc du in hnh, xng c pha trn t cc cu t
chnh l: xng cracking, reformate, alkylate, isomerate/naphtha nh v Butane.
Ngoi cc cu t chnh nu trn, c th pha thm cc loi ph gia khc (cc
ph gia tng ch s Octane nh MTBE, TAME, toluene,...). Vic pha trn c
tnh tan ti u thu li nhun cao nht t cc cu t pha trn sn c v nhu
cu ca th trng.
Cht lng ca xng c quy nh bi nhiu ch tiu, tuy nhin, trong
thc t ch mt s cc thng s quan trng c kim sat v iu khin trc
tuyn nh: ch s Octane, khi lng ring, hm lng benzene, hm lng
cht thm, hm lng lu hynh. Sau khi ho trn, cht lng sn phm c
kim tra t yu cu s c bm ti b cha sn phm, sn phm khng t
yu cu c a tr li cc phn xng cng ngh ch bin li.
b. Pha trn diesel
Vi cu hnh nh my lc du in hnh, diesel giao thng c pha trn
t cc cu t chnh l: du diesel nh (Light Gas Oil), du diesel nng (Heavy
Gas Oil) t phn xng chng ct du th p sut kh quyn, phn on du
nh (Light Cycle Oil) t phn xng cracking xc tc cn c x l bng
hyr v mt phn phn on Kerosene. Ngoi cc thnh phn chnh trn, cc
phn on diesel t phn xng chng ct chn khng, cc phn xng x l
cn, gasoil bng hydro cngg l thnh phn pha trn diesel. Trong thc t,
nhiu nh my tt c cc phn on diesel (LGO, HGO, LCO, VDO,..) u
c a v phn xng x l bng hydro (GO-HDS), v vy, thnh phn cu
t pha trn c th gim i do c ho trn trc.
Cht lng ca diesel c quy nh bi nhiu ch tiu, tuy nhin, trong
thc t ch mt s cc thng s quan trng c kim sot v iu khin trc
tuyn nh: ch s cetane, khi lng ring, nhit im ng c, hm lng
lu hynh. Sau khi ho trn, cht lng sn phm c kim tra t yu cu
s c bm ti b cha sn phm, sn phm khng t yu cu c a
tr li cc phn xng cng ngh ch bin li.
c. Pha trn du t l
Qu trnh pha trn du t l n gin hn so vi pha trn xng v diesel
do thnh phn chnh ca du t l l du cn qu trnh cracking, ch mt lng
nh cc cu t khc c pha vo cn cracking iu chnh nhit im
18

ng c v khi lng ring sn phm. Vi cu hnh nh my lc du in

hnh hin nay, du t l c pha trn t cc cu t chnh l: du cn ca qu
trnh cracking (Decant Oil), phn on du diesel nng (Heavy Gas Oil) t phn
xng chng ct du th p sut kh quyn, phn on du diesel (Light
Cycle Oil) t phn xng cracking xc tc cn v phn on kerosene. Vic
la chn cu t no pha trn vi du cn cracking nhn sn phm du t
l ty thuc vo tnh cht ca du cn v tiu chun cht lng sn phm. Hai
tnh cht c bn c kim sat trong qu trnh pha trn l khi lng ring v
nhit ng c.
1.1.3.2. Tng tr v xut sn phm
Sn phm sau khi pha trn p ng tiu chun c a ti b cha sn
phm. Ty theo tng loi sn phm, phng thc vn chuyn m cc b cha
c cu to v tng th tch cha khc nhau. Nguyn tc chung l cc sn phm
c bay hi ln nh kerosene, xng, diesel c cha trong cc ch cha
mi ni, cc sn phm c bay hi thp nh du t l c cha trong cc
b mi c nh c thit b gia nhit bn trong.
Sn phm trong cc b cha s c kim tra cht lng tng th ln cui
trong phng th nghim trc khi xut hng. y l cng vic cn thit do yu
cu v kinh doanh v nguyn tc kim sat cht lng. Sn phm theo tiu
chun cht lng c nh gi bng rt nhiu ch tiu, song trong thc t sn
xut khng nn v khng th kim tra trc tuyn tt c cc thng s ny bng
dng c o lng t ng, nhiu ch tiu ch c th xc nh trong phng th
nghim, v vy, vic kim tra ln cui cht lng sn phm ti b cha sn
phm trc khi xut hng l cng vic cn thit. Cc b cha c kim tra
cht lng t yu cu s c php xut cho khch hng.
Vic xc nh tng dung tch, s lng b cha thch hp ca khu b cha
cho tng loi sn phm l cng vic lm quan trng, c nh hng n kinh ph
u t v vn hnh nh my. S lng v tng dung tch b cha ca mt loi
sn phm phi tho mn mt s yu cu: Tng th tch b cha phi t nht
bng ti trng ca phng tin vn chuyn ln nht (ti trng tu) cng thm
s ngy d phng thch hp. S lng b cha phi c xc nh sao cho khi
xut hng th ngoi cc b ang xut hng vn cn t nht mt b khc sc
cha sn phm t nh my chuyn ra. Tng tr v xut sn phm l cng on
cui cng trong chu trnh hot ng ca nh my. Hnh nh thc v tng th
hot ng nh my lc du t khu nhp n xut sn phm c minh ho
trong hnh H-1 B.
19

Hnh H -1 B Hnh nh tng th mt nh my lc du

1.2. CC S CNG NGH IN HNH CA NH MY LC DU
Vic thit k mt nh my ch bin mi loi du l phi thc t v c kha
cnh kinh t v vn hnh. S cng ngh ca mt nh my lc du trc ht
da vo sn phm nh my nh sn xut v sau l nguyn liu s dng.
Vic nh hng r rng ngun nguyn liu v sn phm cho php thit k nh
my hot ng hiu qu hn, vn u t s thp hn, tuy nhin, vic thit k
phi m bo mt linh hot nht nh trong vn hnh v tnh n vic m
rng trong tng lai. Ngoi nguyn liu v chng loi sn phm, tiu chun
cht lng sn phm v tiu chun mi trng cngg c nh hng khng nh
ti cu hnh cng ngh ca nh my. Trong thc t sn xut cho thy, trong
thi gian qua tiu chun v mi trng ngy cng c quy nh kht khe hn
th cc nh my lc du xy dng trc y khng ngng phi nng cp
p ng yu cu v cht lng sn phm v cc ngun thi.
Vic xc nh cu hnh cng ngh ca nh my c ngha v cng quan
trng tn ti v pht trin trong mi trng cnh tranh gay gt hin nay trong
lnh vc lc du. Ty theo tnh cht ca du th, cht lng v chng loi sn
phm m s cng ngh nh my c thit k c nhng c th ring. Tnh
cht ca du th nh hng nhiu nht n s ch bin (c bit l phn
ch bin phn on nng) l t trng ca du. Theo t trng, du th c
phn ra nhiu loi khc nhau, theo cch phn loi ny, du th c t trng
iu kin tiu chun d > 0,884 c coi l du nng, d = 0,830 0,884 l du
trung bnh v du c t trng d < 0,830 l du nh. Ngoi ra, ngi ta cngg
phn chia du th chi tit hn thnh cc loi khc nhau theo t trng. ch
bin tng loi du th ny cn phi c s cng ngh tng ng thch hp.
Cc s cng ngh in hnh ch bin cc du th ny c trnh by
trong cc mc di y.

20

1.2.1. S ch bin du nh
Trc y, khi gi du th cn thp, sn lng du th nh tng i ln
cc Nh my ch bin du th nh c nhiu li th v kinh t v u t ban u
thp hn. S cng ngh ch bin du nh thng ch s dng qu trnh
cracking ch bin cn m khng s dng chng ct chn khng v x l cn
sn xut nha ng hay coke. S khc bit c bn gia s ch bin
du nh v du nng nm cng on ch bin cn chng ct p sut kh
quyn.
S cng ngh in hnh ca Nh my lc du ch bin du nh c
m t trong hnh H - 2. Theo s cng ngh ny, cn du chng ct p
sut kh quyn c a thng ti phn xng cracking xc tc cn m khng
cn phi qua qu trnh chng ct chn khng do cn chng ct ca du nh c
tnh cht ph hp lm nguyn liu cho qu trnh cracking. Tuy nhin, s ny
ch thch hp cho cc loi du nh vi hm lng lu hynh thp. Trong trng
hp hm lng lu hynh cao th cn phi c x l bng hydro tch bt
lu hynh trong cn ti mc ph hp nguyn liu cho qu trnh cracking.
Cc phn on chng ct nh nh LPG, naphtha, kerosene, gasoil cngg c
xu l tng t nh ch bin cc loi du th khc. Cc cng ngh s dng
ch bin cc phn on ny in hnh l: reforming, isome ha, alkyl ha v
qu trnh polime. S ch bin du nh nhn chung n gin v u t t hn
so vi s cng ngh ch bin du nng.
1.2.2. S ch bin du nng
Theo s thng k v tr lng du th trn th gii, hin nay, t l du
nng v du trung bnh chim phn ch yu. Mt khc, trong nhng nm qua,
chnh lch gia gi du th nng v du th nh ngy cng ln, v vy, cc
nh my lc du xy dng trc y c xu th c ci to, nng cp c
th ch bin c du nng v du trung bnh nhm thu li nhun cao hn v
m bo ngun nguyn liu cung cp lu di, n nh cho nh my. Cngg nm
trong xu th s dng nguyn liu ny, cc nh my mi c xy dng u
c thit k ngay t u ch bin du nng v trung bnh, ngoi tr cc
trng hp c bit. Mt im ng ch l thnh phn ca cc loi du th
nng v trung bnh thng cho php a dng ha sn phm nh my hn so
vi ch bin du nh.
Trong s cng ngh ch bin du nng, cn chng ct p sut kh
quyn s c a ti thp chng ct chn khng tch ra cc phn on
thch hp cho qu trnh ch bin tip theo nh qu trnh cracking, qu trnh
21

trnh coke ha v sn xut nha ng. S cng ngh in hnh ch

bin du nng c trnh by trong cc hnh H - 3A v H - 3B.
Theo s cng ngh ny, cn chng ct kh quyn s c a ti thp
chng ct chn khng phn tch cn chng ct thnh cc phn on ph
hp cho qu trnh cracking v qu trnh sn xut nha ng/coke. Ty theo
tnh cht c th ca du th v yu cu v sn phm m phn cn chng ct
chn khng s c a i sn xut nha ng hay sn xut coke du. Vi
du th rt nng cn chng ct thng c s dng sn xut coke du
(s hnh H-3B), du th nng va phi, cn chng ct chn khng thng
c s dng sn xut nha ng v mt phn pha trn du t l (s
hnh H-3A). Trnh cng ngh ch bin du hin ti cho php sn xut
coke du c cht lng cao, c th s dng trong cng nghip luyn kim. Tuy
nhin, u t cho dy chuyn sn xut coke ny tng i cao, v vy, khi th
trng tiu th coke cho luyn kim khng ln, vn u hn hp ngi ta ch
sn xut coke du lm nhin liu. Vi mt s loi du nng va phi (hoc du
trung bnh) cn chng ct chn khng s c s dng sn xut nha
ng. S cng ngh ch bin du nng vi hai sn phm khc nhau (coke
du v nha ng c trnh by trong hnh H - 3A v H - 3B.
1.2.3. S ch bin du trung bnh
Ngoi hai s ch bin du nng v du nh in hnh trnh by trn,
mt s s cng ngh trung gian khc c s dng ch bin du th
trung bnh. Theo s cng ngh ny, cn chng ct du th p sut kh
quyn khng c a ti thp chng ct chn khng m a ti phn xng
x l cn bng hydro. Ti y, cc tp cht c loi b, mt phn nguyn liu
c cracking nh to ra cc sn phm nh hn (ch yu l phn on
diesel), nh vy sn phm thu hi c t phn xng ny l phn cn thch
hp cho qu trnh cracking v mt phn cc phn on nh (Gasoil v
Naphtha). S cng ngh ch bin du trung bnh c trnh by trong hnh
H-4. Vic a cng ngh x l cn bng hydro cho php nng cao c hiu
sut thu hi cc sn phm c gi tr kinh t cao nh diesel, naphtha nng cao
cht lng sn phm v gim bt c yu cu x l tp cht cc giai on
ch bin tip theo do cn chng ct c loi b nhiu tp cht sau khi qua
phn xng ny.
Tuy nhin, cn lu , cc s cng ngh trinh by trong gio trnh ch l
nhng s ht sc s lc v c tnh cht in hnh. Trong thc t ty theo

22

tnh cht c th du th v yu cu v cht lng v chng loi sn phm m

c s thm bt mt s phn xng cho ph hp yu cu.
1.3. CC THNH PHN CA NH MY
Trong Nh my lc du, ngoi cc phn xng cng ngh c xem l tri
tim ca nh my th cn cc hng mc cng trnh quan trng khc cu thnh
ln mt nh my hon chnh, m bo s hot ng bnh thng ca nh my.
Cc hng mc cng trnh l cc phn xng nng lng, ph tr, cng trnh
ngoi vi v cng trnh chung. Gia cc phn xng cng ngh v cc phn
xng nng lng, ph tr, cng trnh ngoi vi,... c mi quan h khng kht,
gn b hu c vi nhau khng th xem nh bt c mt b phn no. Cn nhn
mnh rng cc phn xng cng ngh hot ng bnh thng cn phi c
s h tr ca cc phn xng nng lng, ph tr v cc h thng cng trnh
khc.Trong thc t, ngoi cc phn xng cng ngh, mt nh my lc ha
du in hnh bao gm cc hng mc cng trnh chnh sau:
-

Cng trnh nng lng, ph tr;

Cng trnh ngoi vi;

Cng trnh chung.

Vic phn chia thnh phn cc hng mc ny c th khc nhau i cht

gia cc nh thit k, tuy nhin s khc bit ny khng nhiu. Cc hng mc
ny li bao gm nhiu phn xng v cng trnh khc nhau.

23

HNH H-2 S CNG NGH CH BIN DU NH

24

HNH H-3A S CNG NGH CH BIN DU NNG VI SN PHM NHA NG

25

HNH H -3B S CNG NGH CH BIN DU NNG VI SN PHM COKE NG

26

HNH H - 4 S CNG NGH CH BIN DU TRUNG BNH

27

1.3.1. Cng trnh nng lng, ph tr

Cc phn xng v cng trnh nng lng, ph tr c chc nng cung
cp nng lng, cc tin ch cho cc phn xng cng ngh v ton nh my
nh in, hI nc, nhin liu, kh nn, nc cng ngh, nc sinh hot, i
khi khng c s phn bit rch ri gia cc phn xng cng ngh v cc cng
trnh nng lng, ph tr, v d nh h thng hi v pht in, vic cung cp
hi v pht in ch yu t phn xng in trong nh my v t cc ni hi
tn dng nhit trong cc phn xng cng ngh. Hot ng ca h thng pht
in v cp hI ca nh my gn lin vi hot ng ca cc phn xng cng
ngh v c tc ng tng h vi nhau.
Phn xng v cng trnh nng lng, ph tr bao gm mt s cc hng
mc chnh:
- H thng pht v phn phi in.
- H thng sn xut v phn phi hi.
- H thng kh nn iu khin.
- H thng cp kh Ni t.
- H thng kh nhin liu.
- H thng du nhin liu.
- H thng nc (nc lm mt,...)
1.3.2. Cng trnh ngoi vi
Cng trnh ngoi vi trong nh my lc du c chc nng h tr cho hot
ng ca cc phn xng cng ngh, m bo cht lng sn phm v m
bo ngun thi p ng c tiu chun mi trng. Cng trnh ngoi vi bao
gm mt s cc hng mc chnh:
-

B cha trung gian

B cha sn phm
H thng xut sn phm (ng b, ng thy)
H thng pha trn sn phm

- H thng uc
- H thng x l nc thi
- Khu b cha du th
1.3.3. Cng trnh chung
Cc cng trnh chung trong nh my lc du p ng nhng nhu cu
chung cho ton nh my, h tr cho qu trnh sn xut, qun l, iu hnh sn
xut v m bo iu kin lm vic ng tiu chun cho cn b nhn vin vn
hnh, qun l nh my. Cng trnh chung bao gm mt s cc hng mc chnh:
28

Cc cng trnh xy dng dn dng (Nh hnh chnh, phng iu khin

trung tm, phng th nghim, xng bo dng, sa cha, nh y t,...)

ng ni b v h thng chiu sng

H thng phn phi in

- H thng thng tin lin lc

- H thng iu khin t ng.
Tuy nhin cn lu , vic phn chia nh my thnh cc b phn l theo
tng quan im. Cch phn chia nh trnh by trong gio trnh l cch phn
chia ph bin hin nay trn th gii trong thit k, qun l cng trnh lc ha
du. Trong thc t c th c cch phn chia khc, tuy nhin, iu quan trng l
xc nh r c chc nng nhim v ca tng b phn.
1.4. CU HI V BI TP
1. Cho bit l do c nh my lc du thng phi t ti b bin c iu kin
thun li xy dng cng nc su?
2. Chc nng, nhim v ca khu b cha du th.
3. Hy cho bit cc c s chnh quyt nh cu hnh cng ngh ca nh my
lc du? Cc s cng ngh in hnh ang c s dng.
4. Thnh phn chnh ca nh my lc du, chc nng ca cc b phn ny?

29

BI 2. H THNG NHP DU TH V B CHA DU TH

M bi: HD M2

Gii thiu
Vn vn chuyn, nhp v tng tr du th l mt trong nhim v quan
trng m bo vn hnh lin tc ca nh my lc du. Nhm gim chi ph
vn chuyn, hin nay, cc nh my lc du thng xy dng gn cc v tr c
th xy cc cng bin kh nng tip nhn cc tu du c ti trng ln. i
vi cc nh my t ti v tr khng c iu kin t nhin thun li (mc nc
bin nng) th cc cng tip nhn du th thng l dng cng mm (phao rt
du mt im neo) c t v tr xa b mc nc tip nhn cc tu
du ln. H thng nhp v tng tr du th l mt phn quan trng ca Nh
my lc du v c nhiu c th ring so vi mt cng nhp hng ha hay sn
phm thng thng khc. V vy, vic thit k v vn hnh h thng nhp, tng
tr du th l nhng cng vic cn quan tm m bo s vn hnh lin tc,
an ton v hiu qu ca nh my. Hiu r c qu trnh nhp du th v tng
tr du th ti khu b cha l mt bc khi u quan trng trong qu trnh
vn hnh Nh my lc ha du sau ny.
Mc tiu thc hin
Hc xong m un ny hc vin c nng lc:
- M t c H thng nhp du th vo Nh my.
- M t c nguyn tc v phng thc vn chuyn du c nhit
ng c cao.
M t c cc chc nng ca b cha du th v phng thc xc
nh tng dung tch b cha.
Ni dung chnh
-

H thng nhp du th qua bn rt du mt im neo (SPM).

Nguyn l v phng thc vn chuyn du c nhit ng c cao,

cc phng thc gia nhit ng ng in hnh.
- Khu b cha du th ca nh my.
2.1. NHP DU TH
-

Nh cp, ngoi tr cc nh my lc du t cnh cc m du hoc

tuyn ng dn du ln c th cho php nhp nguyn liu bng ng ng, cn
li i a s cc nh my lc du u phi nhp du th nguyn liu t rt xa.
V vy, vn la chn phng tin vn chuyn gim chi ph du th, nng
30

cao hiu qu hot ng l mt trong nhng vn quan tm nghin cu ngay

t khi trin khai cng trnh. Phng tin vn chuyn ph hp nht p ng
c yu cu l cc tu du c ti trng ln. i theo xu th la chn phng
tin vn chuyn ny l vic la chn v tr xy dng nh my phi c kh nng
tip nhn c cc tu du c ti trng ln. Trong khun kh bi hc ny ch
gii thiu phng thc nhp du th bng ng thy, v y l phng thc
vn chuyn du th ch yu cho nh my lc ha du.
Vic vn chuyn du th cho nh my thng s dng cc tu c ti trng
ln (trong khong t 60.000 250.000 tn), v vy, trong thc t kh c vng
bin no c iu kin t nhin c su tip nhn cc tu du c ti
trng ln nh vy bng cc cng cng (do kh khn cho vic xy dng, chi ph
xy dng tn km). Phn ln cc nh my, vic nhp du th nh mt cng
nhp du mt im neo (Single Point Mooring -SPM). Cc cng nhp du mt
im neo thng v tr cch xa b, c su cho php cc tu du c ti
trng ln cp bn.
Nhp du th bng cng SPM c nhiu thun li, cho php tip nhn c
tu du c ti trng ln m khng cn xy dng h thng cng cng c u t
ln, xy dng kh khn. iu quan trng l phi tm c mt vng bin c
su v din tch tu du cp bn v quay tu t pheo neo v b tr
tuyn ng dn du.

Hnh H-5. S nguyn l nhp du th qua cng SPM

Khong cch t v tr t cng SPM cng gn nh my cng tt tip
kim chi ph u t, xy dng ng ng ngm v gim chi ph vn hnh. H
thng nhp du th ny bao gm mt phao neo, h thng ng ng ngm
di bin dn du th, ng thu gom (PLEM), h thng du ra, h thng gia
nhit, bo n ng ng. S H thng nhp du th bng SPM n gin
ha c m t trong hnh H 5.
31

Nguyn l hot ng ca h thng ny nh sau: Sau khi cp bn, neo u,

tu ch du c ni vi h thng ng ng nhp du qua ng mm. Du th
c bm t tu du ln khu b cha nh bm trn tu du. i vi loi du
th c nhit ng c cao, c bit l cc loi du c hm lng parafin ln,
du c gia nht trn tu n nhit thch hp c th vn chuyn d
dng bng bm v nhit lng sao cho nhit lng mt mt trong qu
trnh vn chuyn t tu ti khu b cha khng lm nhit ca du th thp
hn nhit cn thit cho php vn chuyn trong ng ng (nhit ny ti
thiu thng cao hn nhit ng c ca du 5 -10 0C). Du th t tu du
c dn ti khu b cha nh h thng ng ng dn ngm di bin. Do h
thng ng ng dn du c t ngm di bin, chnh lch nhit gia
nc bin v du tng i ln, dn n tn tht nhit l ln nu ng vn
chuyn khng c cch nhit mt cch thch hp. V vy, cc ng ng dn
du c bc mt lp vt liu cch nhit c bit nhm gim tn tht nhit
ng thi c bn tn ti trong mi trng bin.
Ty thuc vo loi du m nh my s ch bin m h thng nhp du th
c thit k tng ng p ng yu cu. Mt trong nhng kh khn ny sinh
trong qu trnh vn hnh nh my lc du cn phi c xem xt gii quyt
ngay t giai on thit k vn ng c du trong ng ng sau mi ln
nhp du c nhit ng c cao. Sau mi ln nhp du th, mt lng du
ng k cn tn ng trong ng ng, nu khng c gii php thch hp
x l th du th s nhanh chng ng c trn thnh ng gy tc nghn mt
phn hoc hon ton ng ng. Vic ny c th gy ra hu qu nghim trng
ti s tn ti ca h thng nhp du ni ring cngg nh s hot ng an ton
ton, hiu qu ca ton b nh my. gii quyt vn ng c ca du th
trong ng ng vn chuyn ngi ta c cc hng gii quyt chnh sau y:
- a du th ra khi ng ng sau mi ln nhp du v thay th bng
du c nhit ng c thp hn;
Lp t h thng gia nhit trn ng ng gi nhit du lun cao
hn nhit ng c hoc lng ha du trc mi ln nhp;
- Dng ph gia h thp nhit ng c ca du.
Nguyn l hot ng ca cc gii php cng ngh ny s c trnh by
phn di y.
2.2.. NHP DU TH C NHIT NG C CAO
Nh my lc du c ch bin du th c nhit ng c cao th h
thng nhp du cn phi c thit k trnh hin tng ng c ca du
-

32

th trn ng ng gia hai ln nhp du k tip nhau. Chu k gia hai ln

nhp du th tng i di (ph thuc vo cng sut nh my v ti trng tu
vn chuyn), v vy, nu khng c gii php chng ng c cho du th nm
trn ng ng sau mi ln nhp th kh nng du ng c gy tc nghn
ng ng l rt ln. Vic tc nghn tuyn ng nhp du th khng ch gy ra
hu qu trc tip l phi thay th sa cha tuyn ng m cn lm nh tr sn
xut ton b nh my do thiu nguyn liu. y l s c nghim trng, gy thit
hi ln v kinh t.. Hin nay, nh s pht trin ca khoa hc, cng ngh, ngi
ta c nhiu gii php gii quyt vn ng c ca du th trn ng
ng. Cc gii php cng ngh chnh c s dng gii quyt vn ny
bao gm: dng ph gia gim nhit ng c ca du, dng h thng gia
nhit ng ng v phng php thay th du th trong ng ng bng mt
loi du nh c nhit ng c thp (Flushing Oil). Phng php s dng
ph gia n gin cho h thng thit b, tuy nhin, do gi ph gia tng i cao
lm nh hng n hiu qu kinh t, ngoi ra, vic s dng ph gia cngg c
th s nh hng n qu trnh ch bin. Phng php gia nhit ng ng
m bo an ton vn hnh cao, tuy nhin, chi ph vn hnh tng i cao mc
d chi ph u t ban u thp hn so vi phng n dng du nh thay th.
Xut pht t nh gi tin cy vn hnh, chi ph u t v chi ph vn hnh,
cc nh my lc du p dng ph bin l phng php dng du nh thay th
du th trong ng ng sau mi ln nhp. Mt s nh Nh my p dng
phng n gia nhit ng ng bng in.
2.2.1. Phng php dng du thay th
Phng php dng du thay th c s dng rng ri trong cc Nh
my lc du trn th gii gii quyt vn ng c du th trn ng ng
trong qu trnh nhp du th. Nguyn l ca phng n ny rt n gin: sau
mi ln nhp, du th c nhit ng c cao c y ra khi ng ng v
thay th vo bng loi du nh c nhit ng c thp hn. Phng
php ny c u im l d dng vn hnh v tin cy hot ng ca h thng
c kim nghim trong thc t bng nhiu cng trnh. Tuy nhin, u t
ban u cho h thng ny tng i ln.
2.2.1.1. S cng ngh
S cng ngh ca h thng nhp du th s dng phng php dng
du thay th chng ng c du th trong ng ng c trnh by trong
hnh H-5. Theo s cng ngh ny, c th thay th du th trong ng
ng sau mi ln nhp bng du nh v ngc li y du nh ra khi h thng
33

khi bt u nhp du, h thng ny c thit k bao gm hai ng ng song

song t khu b cha ra ngoi cng nhp nhm to thnh mt vng khp kn.
thc hin c nhim v t ra, ngoi tuyn ng khp kn, cc van iu
khin t ng cngg c lp t ti cc v tr thch hp a cc dng th
v dng du nh v cc b cha theo ng yu cu nhm hn ch ti a tht
that du nh vo du th cngg nh s nhim bn du th vo du nh thay
th.
Ty theo iu kin thc t v quan im thit k, hai ng ng ny c th
c thit k ging nhau v c cng tnh nng s dng nhm tng d
phng h thng ng ng hoc c thit k ch mt ng ng dn du th
c kch thc ln hn v ng ng c kch thc nh hn (dng dn du
nh thay th).
Vic cung cp du nh thay th (du ra) du th trong ng ng sau
mi ln nhp c thc hin nh b phn cung cp du ra (flushing oil). B
phn ny bao gm mt b cha du ra, mt bm du v mt bm tng p
sut. B cha du ra c sc cha cp lng du thay th du th trong
ng v mc du trong b cha thc hin vic tun hon du trong ng
ng. Trong b cha c lp h thng gia nhit bng hi duy tr nhit ca
du ra nhit thch hp cho vic gia nhit tuyn ng v ty ra phn cn
bm trong lng ng. Bm tng p c nhim v thng tuyn ng nu xy ra tc
nh.
kim tra tuyn ng v thng ra ton b tuyn ng khi cn thit, trong
h thng cn lp mt trm phng thoi (pig). ng lc phng thoi ra bm
du ra.
2.2.1.2. Nguyn l hot ng
Nguyn l hot ng ca h thng ny c th m t nh sau: Sau mi ln
nhp du th, du ra c nhit cao t b cha du ra c bm vo
ng ng dn du th y dn du th cha trong ng ng v b cha
du th. Khi du th c y ra ht ng ng th dng bm du ra li.
Du ra c gi trong ng trong sut thi gian gia hai ln nhp. Trc khi
nhp du th (khong 24 gi) ngi ta khi ng bm du ra v cho chy
tun hon du ra t tuyn ng v b cha v ngc li nng nhit ca
ng ng dn du ln gi tr thch hp nhm gim tn tht nhit ca du th
vo ng ng trong qu trnh nhp. Sau khi kt thc qu trnh tun hon du
ra, tuyn ng c nung nng ti nhit thch hhp th dng bm du ra.
y l thi im sn sng tip nhn du th t tu du. Khi nhp du th,
34

du th c chuyn t tu du vo khu b cha nh bm ca tu du. Vo

thi im bt u nhp du th, qu trnh di chuyn ca du ra v du th
trong ng ng ngc li so vi qu trnh y du th ra khi ng. Qu trnh
din ra nh sau: du th t tu du s y du ra trong ng ng v b
cha du ra, khi du ra c y ht ra khi ng ng, cc van iu khin
trn ng ng dn v b cha du ra c ng li, v cc van dn du th
v b cha c m ra du th dn ti cc b cha thch hp. Nh ng
ng c gia nhit bng du ra trc khi nhp v du th c gia nhit trn
tu m nhit ca du khi ti b cha c duy tr mc thch hp cho vn
hnh. Ty theo tnh cht ca du th m nhit ca du th v ng ng
c gia nhit nhit ph hp. trnh tn nhit trn tuyn ng, cc ng
dn du ngm di bin c bo n, phn trn b c gia nhit bng hi
hoc bng in. Khi qu trnh nhp du th kt thc, du du ra li c bm
vo ng ng thay th du th trong ng ng qu trnh c nh vy lp
li gia cc ln nhp du.
Qu trnh vn hnh (ng m van trn ng ng dn du th v du ra)
c thc hin theo nguyn tc cho php du ra c ln vo du th nhng
khng cho du th ln vo du nh ko di thi gian phc v ca du ra
gim chi ph vn hnh. Vic ng m cc van thch hp trnh nhim bn
du ra da vo tn hiu pht hin giao din gia du ra v du th ca cc
thit b lp trn tuyn ng. Lng du ra b hao ht dn do lng du ra ln
vo du th trong qu trnh vn hnh, lng du ra thiu ht s c b sung
thng xuyn. Cht lng du ra c kim tra nh k, khi du khng p
ng yu cu s c thay th bng du mi, du nhim bn c a v cc
phn xng cng ngh ch bin li.
2.2.2. Phng php gia nhit ng ng
Phng n s dng du thay th c nhiu u im, tuy nhin c nhc
im l u t ban u cao, v vy, trong nhng nm gn y ngi ta pht
trin h thng gia nhit ng ng bng in da trn tin b cng ngh mi
v hin tng dng in b mt in p cao. Gia nhit ng ng c nhiu
gii php khc nh dng hi, dng dy in tr, tuy nhin, cc gii php ny
u khng p dng c cho h thng ng ng ngm di bin do yu cu
v tin cy vn hnh cngg nh gii hn k thut ca phng php.
2.2.2.1. Gia nhit bng hi
Phng php gia nhit bng hi (xem hnh H6) gp tr ngi do chiu
tuyn ng thng ln ln i hi p sut hi cao v rt kh khn trong vic thu
35

hi nc ngng. Phng php ny ch p dng cho gia nhit ng ng trn

b c chiu di khng ln.

Hnh H-6 Gia nhit ng ng bng hi

2.2.2.2.Gia nhit bng in
ng ng c th gia nhit bng phng php dng dy in tr truyn
thng hoc phng php hiu ng dng in b mt trong in trng cao p.
Phng gia nhit bng in tr truyn thng ch thch hp cho cc tuyn ng
trn b. Phng php gia nhit bng dng in b mt trong mi trng in
trng cao p l cng ngh mi c p dng gia nhit ng ng dn du
th c nhit ng c cao, c bit l tuyn ng ngm di bin. Trn th
gii hin nay cngg c nhiu cng trnh p dng cng ngh gia nhit ny.
a. Phng php dng in b mt
Phng php ny c u im l u t ban u thp hn so vi phng
php dng du thay th do ch u t mt ng ng m khng cn thm
ng ng dn du ra. Tuy nhin, chi ph vn hnh ca phng php ny cao
hn so phng php dng du ra thay th. Chnh v vy m cc nh u t
thng cn nhc gia phng php gia nhit bng in v phng php dng
du nh thay th quyt nh la chn gii php thch hp cho h thng nhp
du th ca nh my lc du. la chn phng php thch hp phi tin
hnh nh gi, so snh y tnh kh thi c kha cnh kinh t v k thut.
Nguyn l hot ng
Gia nhit bng dng in b mt da trn nguyn l khi c dng in cao
p (khong 40.000 V) i qua mt dy dn th trn b mt ca kim loi xut hin
dng in gi l dng in b mt ( tng t nh hin tng dng in cao
tn). Di tc dng ca dng in, b mt kim loi s b t nng ln. Da vo
hin tng ny, ngi ta p dng vo gia nhit ng ng. S nguyn l
qu trnh gia nhit ng ng s dng dng in b mt cao p c m t
trong hnh H-7A. Theo s nguyn l ny, thc hin c qu trnh gia

36

nhit, trn b mt ca ng ng cn gia nhit ngi ta hn cc ng gia nhit

(heating tube), bn trong cc ng gia nhit ny c t cc dy in cho dng
in cao p i qua. Khi c dng in cao p i qua dy dn, trn b mt ca
ng gia nhit xut hin dng in trn b mt, di tc dng ca dng in,
ng gia nhit b t nng ln v truyn nhit sang ng ng cn gia nhit.

Hnh H-7 A Nguyn l gia nhit bng phng php dng in b mt cao p
Cu to v nguyn tc vn hnh h thng gia nhit ng ng dn
du
H thng gia nhit ng ng du th bao gm cc b phn chnh: My
bin p to ngun in cao p, h thng dy cp, cc ng gia nhit, ng ng
v v cch nhit. S tng th lp t v cu to h thng gia nhit bng
phng php dng in b mt cao p c minh ho trong hnh H-7B. Theo
s ny, dc theo ng ng dn du th ngi ta hn cc ng nh (gi l
ng gia nhit) pha trong lng cc ng gia nhit ngi ta lp dy dn cho dng
in cao p chy qua. thun li cho qu trnh lp t bo tr , mi mt on
ng nht nh ngi ta lp mt hp ni dy cp in. S ng lng ng gia
nhit c lp t ph hp cng sut gia nhit v c b tr sao cho s phn
phi nhit ng u trn tit din ng cn gai nhit. Nhm tng tin cy ca
h thng, mt cp din v mt ng gia nhit d phng c lp t b sung.
Phng php gia nhit ng ng c nhiu u im trong vn hnh. Theo
phng php ny, du th c nhit ng c cao sau khi nhp t tu du
phn cn li trong ng ng khng cn phi y ra khi ng ng m vn
gi nguyn trong ng. Khi chun b nhp chuyn du th tip theo, th h thng
gia nhit ng ng c khi ng (thng trc khi nhp du 24 ting)
a phn du cha trong ng v trng thi lng c th chuyn ng c trong
ng ng bng bm. Khi kt thc qu trnh nhp du th, h thng gia nhit
dng hot ng tit kim chi ph vn hnh. Phng php dng in gia nhit
ch cn mt ng ng dn m khng cn hai ng ng tun hon du
ra. Phng php ny c tin cy vn hnh cao, khi c s c xy ra (du b

37

ng c trong ng) c th khi phc c tuyn ng v trng thi hon ton

nh ban u khi h thng gia nhit c khi phc.

Hnh H-7 B S lp t h thng gia nhit bng

phng php dng in b mt cao p
b. Phng php gia nhit bng in truyn thng

Hnh H-8 A S gia nhit ng ng bng in tr truyn thng

Phng php gia nhit bng in truyn thng l phng php ngi ta
s dng dy in tr gia nhit trc tip cho ng ng dn du. Tuy nhin,
phng thc ny cngg ch ph hp cho gia nhit phn ng ng trn b.
Theo phng php ny, cc dy in tr c bit s c qun dc theo
ng ng dn du. Khi dng in chy qua cc dy in tr ny s lm nng
thnh ng ng v sau nhit c truyn vo du trong ng ng
nng nhit ca du ti gi tr thch hp cho ch vn hnh. S minh
ha phng php gia nhit ng ng bng dy in tr v cu to ca dy
in tr in hnh c trnh by trong cc hnh H-8 A, B, C.

38

Hnh H-8- B - Minh ha ng ng dn duc gia nhit bng dy in tr

truyn thng
Trong h thng ng ng nhp du th, cho d c s dng phng php
du thay th th mt s phn tuyn ng du th trn b vn phi gia nhit bng
in, do mt s on ng khng th thc hin c bng phng php gia
nhit khc.
Vic xem xt la chn phng php no thch hp gii quyt vn
ng c du th trn ng ng nhp c xem xt trn nhiu yu t: u t
ban u, chi ph vn hnh, iu kin c th ca tng d n. Mi phng n la
chn u cn phi m bo tin cy ca h thng, hiu qu kinh t mang li
hp l.

Hnh H-8 C- Cu to mt dy in tr in hnh

39

Hnh H-8 D- S lp t h thng gia nhit bng in truyn thng

2.3. B CHA DU TH
2.3.1. Chc nng khu b cha du th
Du th sau khi nhp vo nh my t tu du c tn tr trong cc b
cha. Khu b cha du th c t ti v tr thun li cho vic nhp nguyn
liu cngg nh phi ph hp vi ng dng cng ngh chung ca ton b
nh my trong qu trnh ch bin nhm ti u mng ng ng ni gia cc b
phn trong phn xng. Tng dung tch khu b cha cn phi c thit k
tip nhn c cc tu du c ti trng ln nht c s dng vn chuyn
du cho nh my v m bo c s ngy d phng thch hp. S ngy d
phng du th cho nh my ty thuc vo chin lc kinh doanh, an ton vn
hnh, tnh n nh ngun du cung cp. Trong thc t, s ngy d phng c
chn trong khong t 11 ngy n 20 ngy vn hnh ty thuc vo iu kin c
th nh tnh n nh ngun du cung cp, khong cch vn chuyn. Ngoi
chc nng tng tr v d phng nguyn liu cho nh my, khu b cha du th
cn c chc nng tch s b nc trong du nng cao hiu cc qu trnh
ch bin tip theo. Mt khc, lng nc trong du th gim s cho php gim
c cng sut ca thit b tch mui phn xng chng ct du th p
sut kh quyn.
Trong mt s nh my, cc b cha du th cn c xem xt, thit k
cha cn ca phn xng chng ct p sut kh quyn trong nhng trng
hp phn xng cracking xc tc cn hoc phn xng chng ct chn khng
c s c trong thi gian di m bo s hot ng mm do v hiu qu

40

hot ng ca nh my. Hnh nh ca b cha du th trong nh my c

minh ho trong hnh H-9.
2.3.2. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng
B cha du th thng l nhng b cha tr mi ni, bn trong c thit
b gia nhit trnh du b ng c v duy tr du th nhit thch hp
cho qu trnh vn chuyn. H thng gia nhit s dng trong b cha du th
thng l kiu gia nhit ng rut g s dng hi nc thp p. Phng php
gia nhit ny n gin trong thit k, ch to vi chi ph u t v chi ph vn
hnh thp nhng vn m bo hiu qu gia nhit. trnh to coke cc b v
m bo nhit ng u, bn trong cc b du th ngi ta lp cc my
khuy trn c kh.

Hnh H-9 Hnh nh khu b cha du th trong nh my

Mi b cha c lp h thng o mc t ng cp s liu, tn hiu
phc v cho vic thng k, qun l v iu khin qu trnh nhp v xut du th
ra khi b cha. Khi du th trong b t mc cao trong b th cc van ng
ng nhp vo b s ng li, ngc li khi du th t mc thp nht trong b
th ngng qu trnh xut du ra khi b cha. tch nc trong du th, du
sau khi nhp c n nh nc t do trong du lng xung pha y b v
tho nh k ra ngoi vo h thng nc thi ln du. Nhm xc nh thi im
thch hp tho nc lng ng v trnh kh nng du b tho ra cng nc
lng ng, pha y b ngi ta lp u o pht hin giao din gia du v
nc.
Vic xc nh s lng v tng th tch ca b cha du th c ngha
quan trng i hot ng ca nh my ni chung cngg nh cng vic xut
nhp du th ni ring. Trong thc t, tng th tch khu b cha du th c

41

xc nh s b bng tng th tch ca mt tu ch du c ti trng ln nht

c s dng vn chuyn du cho nh my v s ngy d phng. V s
lng b cha phi m bo phn b sao cho kch thc ca cc b cha ph
hp cc tiu chun thit k ang p dng ph bin, d dng cho ch to, mua
sm vt t thit b,...Cc b cha du th thng c th tch rt ln (thng t
60.000 m3 - 90.000 m3) c kt cu kiu b cha mI ni, v vy, vn thit k,
ch to v xy dng cc b cha du th tng i phc tp. Tiu chun thit
k cho cc b cha thng p dng tiu chun API (Hoa k).
2.4. CU HI V BI TP
1.Ti sao trong thc t ngi ta hay s dng bn nhp du mt im neo
(SPM) tip nhn tu du th cho cc Nh my lc du. Nguyn l hot ng
ca nhp du th qua bn nhp du qua SPM?
2. Trnh by cc gii php cng ngh trnh hin tng ng c du
th c nhit ng c cao trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Nguyn l hot ng
ca phng php du thay th.
3. Trnh by nguyn l hot ng ca h thng gia nhit bng dng in
cao p b mt. u, nhc im ca phng php gia nhit ny.

42

BI 3. S V QU TRNH HOT NG CA H THNG NNG

LNG, PH TR
M bi: HD M3
Gii thiu
H thng nng lng, ph tr ng mt vai tr quan trng v c mi quan
h hu c vi cc phn xng cng ngh trong qu trnh hot ng ca nh
my lc, ha du. Tuy nhin, vai tr v hot ng ca cc phn xng nng
lng, ph tr trong nh my lc ha du cha c gii thiu mt cch y
c bit l mi lin h qua li vi cc phn xng cng ngh. Trong phm vi
bi hc ny s gii thiu khi qut v cc h thng ny v nhn mnh mi quan
h ca n i vi ton b hot ng ca nh my.
Mc tiu thc hin
Hc xong m un ny hc vin c nng lc:
- M t c chc nng nhim v ca h thng nng lng, ph tr.
-

M t c s cng ngh v nguyn l hot ng ca tng h

thng: H thng pht in v phn phi, h thng sn xut v cp hi,

h thng kh nn iu khin, h thng nc lm mt,

Ni dung chnh
-

H thng pht v phn phi in.

H thng cp hi.

H thng kh nn.
H thng cp kh Ni t.
H thng kh nhin liu.

- H thng du nhin liu.

- H thng nc lm mt.
3.1. H THNG PHT IN V HI
3.1.1. Gii thiu chung
Cngg nh bt c mt nh my sn xut no, in l mt nhu cu tt yu
i vi nh my lc ha du. Tuy nhin, vic cung cp in i vi nh my lc
ha du c nhng yu cu ring bit. S c phi dng nh my lc ha du
khng c k hoch l rt cn hn ch trong vn hnh, v khi dng nh my bt
thng s gy thit hi ln v kinh t: vic khi ng li hot ng nh my l
cng vic rt kh khn phc tp, rt nhiu sn phm khng t cht lng sn
sinh ra trong giai on ny cn phi ch bin li. Mt khc, khi dng nh my
bt thng xut hin nhiu nguy c gy mt an ton nh my v gy nhim
43

mi trng. Trong cc nguyn nhn phi dng nh my th nguyn nhn do s

c in chim t l tng i ln, c bit l cc nc km pht trin. V vy,
ngun in n nh l yu cu hng u gim thiu thit hi v l do ngun
cung cp nng lng. Trong thc t, ty thuc vo tiu chun thit k nh my,
tiu chun an ton m h thng cp in c thit k khc nhau (theo tng
quc gia), i vi a s cc nh my, thng thng c ba h thng cung cp
in cho nh my: ngun in do nh my t sn xut, ngun in ly t ngoi
hng ro nh my v ngun in d phng trong trng hp khn cp (ch cp
cho mt s h tiu th nht nh). Phn xng pht in trong nh my c
thit k m bo p ng nhu cu tiu th in ni ti v cp mt phn hi
b sung cho h thng cung cp hi.
Ngoi nhu cu v in nng, trong cc nh my lc ha du c nhu cu
ln v hi nc cc mc p sut khc nhau. Hi nc c s dng cho
cc mc ch chnh l: pht in, lm ng lc cho mt s ng c tuc bin, gia
nhit, phc v bo dng, Hi nc c sn xut t ni hi ca phn
xng pht in, cc ni hi tn dng nhit trong nh my. Nhu cu hi trong
nh my lc ha du ( cc mc p sut khc nhau) l rt ln cho cc nhu cu
gia nhit, chy cc ng c (s dng ng c tuc bin hi) dn ng thit b
c cng sut ln, ti khng n nh. Hi trong nh my c sn xut nhiu
cp khc nhau (c phn chia da theo p sut v nhit ) p ng cc
yu cu s dng a dng ca cc h tiu th:
- Hi c p sut rt cao: Hi mc p sut rt cao (trn 100 at) c s
dng cho mc ch chy cc tuc-bin hi ca my pht in.
- Hi cao p: Hi p sut cao (p sut khong trn 40 at) dng dn

ng cc tuc bin ca mt s my nn, my bm c cng sut ln v

ti khng n nh, ngoi ra hi cao p cngg c s dng gia nhit
trong mt s phn xng cng ngh.
Hi trung p: Hi trung p (p sut khong 12-15 at) c s dng

dn ng mt s tuc bin hi v cho mc ch gia nhit.

- Hi thp p: Hi thp p trong nh my thng l dng hi thp p qu
nhit (p sut trong khong 4 at) c s dng vi mc ch chnh l
gia nhit v bo dng my mc thit b..
ngun hi cung cp c n nh, cngg nh tng cng kh nng
iu tit kh nng cung cp hi cc mc p sut khc nhau, hi trong nh
my c ni kt thnh mng li phn phi. Chi tit h thng pht in v
hi c trnh by trong mc di y.
44

3.1.2. Cu hnh v s h thng

Trong cc nh my lc du, thng thng c mt phn xng pht in
p ng nhu cu in nng ni ti ca nh my (ngoi tr cc quc gia nh
vng Trung ng ngun in li quc gia n nh v rt r). Vic xy dng
mt phn xng pht in bn trong nh my lc ha du khng ch vi mc
ch ch ng ngun cung cp in nng, an ton ngun in cung cp m cn
c ngha nng cao c hiu qu kinh t chung nh my do tn dng c
cc ngun du thi, kh thi cht lng thp lm nhin liu. Ngoi ra, phn
xng in cn c vai tr b sung lng hi nc cho cc h tiu th trong
nh my m cc ni hi tn dng nhit trong cc phn xng cng ngh khng
cng sut p ng.
Trong thc t, v nguyn l, cc tua bin dn ng my pht in c th s
dng loi tua bin kh hoc tua bin hi. Tuy nhin, do c th ca nh my lc
du m tuc bin hi v i km theo l cc l hi cao p c s dng ph bin
trong cc phn xng in ca Nh my lc ha du. L do ca vic s dng
cu hnh ny l:
-

Nhu cu hi trong nh my lc ha du l rt ln, lng hi c sn

xut t cc phn xng cng ngh do tn dng cc ngun nhit thi v
ngun kh nhin liu d tha khng p ng c nhu, v vy, cn phi
c ngun cung cp hi b sung cho nhu cu ton nh my. Gii php
thch hp v mt k thut v kinh t l phi hp gia vic pht in v
cp hi cho b sung cho h thng hi ca nh my.
S dng tuc bin kh pht in c th n gin ha phn xng
in, tuy nhin, khng ph hp vi nh my lc ha du v nu dng
tuc bin kh th ngun du v kh s dng phi sch trong khi Nh my
thng tn ti mt lng ln du thi hoc du cn c cht lng thp
cn phi c tn dng. Nu s dng cc ngun nhin liu ny cho
tuc bin kh th cn phi u t thm mt khon kinh ph khng nh cho

cc thit b x l lm sch ngun nhin liu ny.

Chnh v nhng l do trn, trong nh my lc ha du, ngi ta thng
phi hp sn xut in vi sn xut hi nng cao hiu qu qu trnh tn
dng nng lng nhm tng cao hiu qu kinh t v gim c lng kh thi
vo mi trng. S tng qut qu trnh sn xut in, hi v chu trnh tn
dng nng lng c a ra trong hnh H 11.

45

46

H thng phi hp sn xut in v hi bao gm mt s ni hi thch hp

sn xut hi siu cao p dn ng tua bin hi pht in. S ni hi c
xc nh trn c s m bo cn bng hi trong ton nh my v m bo
d phng nht nh. Vi mc ch cn bng nhu cu s dng hi cc mc p
sut khc nhau trong, mt h thng cc thit b gim p (Let down) c lp
t iu tit ngun cung cp hi. in nng sn xut t phn xng in
c kt ni vi h thng phn phi in ca nh my. Hi nc c a ti
mng li phn phi, thng thng trong Nh my lc du c quy m ln c
bn cp hi: hi siu cao p, hi cao p, hi trung p v hi thp p. Hi siu
cao p (HHP) ch c s dng pht in v mt phn gim p cho cp hi
cao p trong trng hp lng hi cao p thiu ht. Hi cao p (HP) v trung
p (MP) c s dng chy cc tuc bin hi dn ng v gia nhit. Hi thp
p c s dng vi mc ch chnh l gia nhit v cc hot ng bo dng
my mc thit b. Hi c sn xut t cc phn xng cng ngh v phn
xng in c a ti h thng phn phi hi. H thng cung cp hi trong
nh my c chia thnh ba cp cao, trung v thp p. Hi c cp ti cc
h tiu th bng mng li ng ng.
Gia cc cp hi c h thng iu tit m bo cn bng nhu cu hi
trong ton nh my. Khi p sut h thng hi gim p (do nhu cu tiu th cao
hn) cc thit b sn xut hi cp p sut ny khng m bo p ng nhu
cu th lp tc hi cp cao hn s c gim p b sung cho nhu cu
t bin v hi cp p sut thp hn.
Hi nc sau khi i qua cc tuc bin hi, mt phn hi nc s ngng t,
phn hi khng ngng s c ha vo h thng hi thp p. Nc ngng
cao v trung p cngg c a ti b phn tch thu hi hi thp p v thu
hi nc ngng em x l, ti s dng. H thng phn phi hi phi c thit
k trn c s cn bng gia cung cu, tuy nhin, cng sut cung cp thng
phi ln hn 10-20% so nhu cu bnh thng m bo hot ng n nh
ca h thng trong trng hp c nhng nhu cu t bin v tnh n m rng
trong tng lai. Mt im cn lu trong qu trnh thit k, vn hnh h thng
sn xut v phn phi hi l phi tnh n ht cc tnh hung khi mt phn
xng cng ngh c thit b sn xut hi gp s c th vn phi m bo cn
bng cung cu hi trong mi trng hp, trnh nh hng ti hot ng ca
cc phn xng khc do thiu ngun hi.
Nhm gim chi ph vn hnh, nc ngng t cc h tiu th s c thu
gom li, x l ri cp cho cc thit b sn xut hi. Lng nc ngng hao ht
47

s c b sung bng nc kh khang v nc x l cho ni hi siu

cao p.

Hnh H-12 A Tn dng nhit t cc vng cng ngh trung gian c nhit cao

Hnh H-12 B Tn dng nhit t cc ngun kh thi c nhit cao

3.1.3. Nng cao hiu sut s dng nng lng bo v mi trng
Mt trong xu th tn dng nng lng ph bin trong thit k, vn hnh
cc nh my ni chung cngg nh trong nh my lc ha du ni ring l tn

48

dng ngun nhit thi ti s dng trong ni b Nh my. C hai ngun nhit
thi chnh l ngun nhit ca cc sn phm hoc cc sn phm trung gian c
nhit cao v kh thi cc l t (bao gm cc l ti sinh xc tc).
Phng thc tn dng nhit u tin l s dng cc dng cng ngh (sn
phm/sn phm trung gian) c nhit cao gia nhit cc dng nguyn liu
hoc cc dng trung gian khc (cn phi c nng cao nhit ). Nhm thc
hin c tng ny, ngi ta lp t cc thit b trao i nhit cc dng
cng ngh ny thc hin qu trnh trao i nhit cho nhau. Hin nay, cc phn
mm thit k ng dng (v d phn mm PINCH) cho php d dng tm c
cc gii php ti u cho vic tn dng nhit thi theo nguyn tc ny. Mt trong
v d v phng thc tn dng nhit ny c minh ho hnh v H - 12 A.
Phng thc tn dng nhit th hai l tn dng ngun nhit thi c nhit
cao t kh thi cc l t v cc thit b ti sinh xc tc ca phn xng
cracking (FCC). Cc ngun kh ny nhiu khi cn cha thnh phn kh nhin
liu nhng c hi vi mi trng (v d nh kh CO) cn phi c x l (t
chuyn ha thnh CO2). Gii php cng ngh tn dng ngun nhit ny
l lp t cc ni hi tn dng nhit sn xut ra cc loi hi cao, trung p v
thp p. Ngun hi ny s c ho vo mng cp hi ca ton Nh my
vn hnh cc tuc bin hi hoc gia nhit. Vic tn dng ngun nhit thi ny
cho php gim bt c tiu hao nng lng, nng cao hiu qu kinh t v
gp phn bo v mi trng. Mt trong v d v phng thc tn dng nhit
ny c minh ho hnh v H-12B.
3.2. H THNG CP KH NN
3.2.1. Vai tr h thng kh nn
Trong cng nghip ch bin du kh, kh nn c ngha c bit quan
trng do nhng c trng ring ca ngnh cng nghip ny: ri ro chy n cao,
nhiu cht c hi, qu trnh cng ngh phc tp i hi phi iu khin t
ng qu trnh, yu cu an ton vn hnh cao... Chnh v vy, phn ln qu
trnh u c iu khin t ng. Trong iu khin hot ng nh my, vic
iu khin hot ng cc van chim mt v tr quan trng. iu khin t ng
cc van trong cng nghip ch bin du kh c th dng m t in hay bng
kh nn. Tuy nhin, van c iu khin bng kh nn c mt s u im, thm
ch mt s van ngng khn cp bt buc phi dng kh nn v l do an ton.
Cht lng ca kh nn v tin cy ca h thng ny ng mt vai tr quan
trng trong vic m bo hot ng bnh thng v an ton vn hnh nh my.
Ngoi chc nng cung cp kh nn cho qu trnh iu khin t ng, kh nn
49

trong cc nh my ch bin du kh cng phc v mt s qu trnh cng ngh,

lm ng lc cho mt s dng c sa cha nh v trong giai on khi ng,
bo dng nh my.
Ngoi h thng kh nn trung tm cung cp kh nn cho nhu cu chung,
trong nh my lc ha du cng c cc h thng sn xut kh nn cc b phc
v cho cc nhu cu ring bit.
3.2.2. H thng kh nn trung tm
Kh nn trong nh my lc ha du gm h thng kh nn trung tm v cc
h thng kh nn cc b. Kh nn trung tm phc v cho nhu cu kh iu khin
cc van v kh nn cng ngh. Trong mc ny tp trung vo m t h thng kh
nn trung tm. H thng kh nn trung tm trong Nh my lc ha du c
chia thnh hai b phn: b phn sn xut kh nn v h thng phn phi kh
nn ti cc h tiu th trong nh my. Nguyn l hot ng v cc b phn ca
h thng s c trnh by trong cc mc di y.
3.2.2.1. B phn sn xut kh nn
Kh nn phc v trong nh my l khng kh trong kh quyn c nn ti
p sut thch hp v tch mt s tp c hc, hi nc cho mc ch s dng
(thng thng kh nn c p sut t 7-11 Kg/cm2). Ngoi yu cu v p sut,
khng kh nn phc v cho mc ch iu khin cn phi p ng c cc
yu cu v cht lng m ch yu l yu cu v m trong kh nn. S
nguyn l cu to v hot ng ca h thng kh nn trung tm trong Nh my
lc ha du c trnh by trong hnh H - 13. Theo s ny, b phn sn
xut kh nn bao gm cc thit b chnh:
- My trn kh;
- Bnh cha kh t;
- Bnh sy kh;
- Bnh cha kh kh.
a. Qu trnh hot ng
Khng kh c cc my nn nn ti p sut thch hp (thng thng t
7-11 Kg/cm2), sau c lm mt bng thit b trao i nhit ri a ti bnh
cha kh nn t. Thit b trao i nhit lm mt kh nn c s dng c
th l kiu lm mt bng khng kh (gn km theo my trn) hoc kiu lm mt
bng nc (ty theo chng loi my trn v nh ch to).Ti thit b lm mt,
mt phn hi nc trong kh nn c ngng t v tch ra, tuy nhin, lng
hi nc trong khng kh nn theo yu cu rt thp, v vy, lng m trong
khng kh nn cn phi tip tc c tch ra cho ti khi t yu cu. Khng kh
50

sau khi ra khi thit b ngng t c a ti bnh sy kh. Ti y, lng hi

nc c tch tip ti gii hn yu cu. Gii hn cui tch m ra khi
khng kh nn ty thuc vo iu kin kh hu ti khu vc xy dng nh my v
yu cu an ton p dng cho nh my. Thit b sy kh ng thi cngg c
thit k tch cc ht rn ln trong khng kh. Khng kh sau khi sy kh
c a ti bnh cha kh nn. Bnh cha kh nn c chc nng bnh n p
sut cung cp trong ton b mng li phn phi v l ngun d tr kh nn
trong trng hp cc my nn gp s c hoc h thng phi ngng hot ng
hon ton do s c in nng.
b. Cu hnh cng ngh h thng
My nn kh
vic cung cp kh nn c lin tc vi tin cy cao, trong thc t s
my nn thng c b tr l ba (3) vi cng sut mi my p ng 100%
cng sut kh nn theo thit k, cc my nn hot ng theo nguyn tc: mt
my hot ng, mt my d phng v mt my ang trong giai on bo
dng. Theo nguyn tc hot ng ny, kh nng ngng hot ng hon ton
ca h thng kh nn do s c my nn l rt thp. Nu my nn ang hot
ng gp s c, my d phng ngay lp tc c a vo hot ng, ng
thi my ang trng thi bo dng c a vo tnh trng d phng.
Trong thc t, ngi ta c th vn hnh theo nguyn tc ch mt my d
phng hai my cng li hot ng mc 60% cng sut.
My nn la chn c th l my nn kiu trc vt hoc my nn ly tm.
Thng thng, nu cng sut my nn nm trong di cng sut thng dng ca
cc nh ch to th my trn trc vt s c u tin la chn do my nn trc
vt c nhiu u im nh n nh cao, hot ng m du,... Trong trng
hp cng sut my nn ln khng nm trong di cng sut thng dng ca cc
nh ch to th my trn l tm thng c xem xt la chn. Di y trnh
by c im hot ng v s lc cu to ca mt s dng my nn hay
c s dng cho h thng kh nn.
My trn kiu trc vt: My trn trc vt l dng my trn th tch c cu
trc l tng hot ng trong iu kin kh nn c ln bi bn hoc lng
cun theo. My nn trc vt cho php a cc cht lm mt, cht ra sch vo
dng kh nn do vn tc dng thp. Tui th ca my trn trc vt c th t ti
20 nm vi 3 nm u hot ng lin tc khng s c. My nn trc vt c th
l dng my nn mt cp hoc nhiu cp ty vo p sut yu cu. B phn dn
ng c th l m t in hoc tuabin hi. My nn kiu trc vt c nhiu u
51

im so vi mt s kiu my nn khc trong di cng sut v p sut lm vic

ca n. Hnh dng my trc vt nh trong hnh H-14. My trn trc vt c mt s
u im so vi cc dng my nn khc:
u im ca my nn kiu trc vt so vi my nn kiu pt - tng:

Khng c b phn chu tc dng ca ng sut mi do phi hot ng

lin tc (xc mng, pt-tng, van), do vy, t phi bo dng.
Khng c b phn dao ng lch tm, v vy, my t rung ng hn

nh chi ph cho nn mng cngg t hn.

Kh nng phc v cao, t ti 99%.

HNH H 13. S h thng sn xut kh nn

u im ca my nn kiu trc vt so vi my trn kiu ly tm:
-

Kh u vo c th cha bi (cho php ti 300 mg/m3) hoc git lng

(iu m my nn khc dng nh khng cho php);
Vn tc u ra thp, v vy, cho php a cht lng vo dng vi mc
ch lm mt hoc ra sch;
Lu lng th tch ca ht my dng nh khng i khi t s nn
thay i, do vy, khng gy ra hin tng xung;
C p ng rt tt gia mc ti v nng sut tiu th: 50% lu lng
tng ng 50% vn tc v tiu th nng lng bng 50%;
Hot ng di vn tc cng hng th nht ca trc quay, v
vy, khng gy ra hin tng rung ng nguy him khi my vt qua
vn tc cng hng ny.

52

Hnh H-14 Hnh dng ngoi v cu to my trn trc vt

Bnh cha kh nn t
Bnh cha kh t c chc nng cha kh nn c lm mt t my
nn kh a ti. Thng thng, hai bnh cha kh nn t mi bnh c sc
cha bng 100% cng sut ca h thng. Hai bnh cha ny hot ng theo
nguyn tc mt bnh hot ng, mt bnh trng thi d phng. Thit k theo
nguyn tc ny m bo thng xuyn bo dng/sa cha c bnh cha
cngg nh m bo cng tc thanh tra nh k bt buc m khng nh hng
n hot ng lin tc ca h thng. Cc bnh cha kh t l cc bnh tr ch
to bng thp cacbon.
Bnh sy
Qu trnh sy kh nn tch hi nc hot ng theo nguyn l sy lnh.
Khng kh nn s c lm lnh ti nhit nht nh (ty thuc vo yu cu
tch m ra khi kh nn). Mc ch tch hi nc ra khi kh nn l trnh hin
tng ngng t hi nc trn ng ng gy n mn. Nu trong kh nn c
cha hi nc, trong qu trnh hot ng khi nhit mi trng xung thp,
cng vi tn tht p sut cc b, nhit kh nn gim t ngt dn n hin
tng ngng t nc trong lng ng. Nc ngng t trong ng ng khng
ch lm n mn thit b m cng nh hng n chnh xc hot ng ca
cc thit b iu khin bng kh nn. V vy, mt trong nhng ch tiu quan trng
ca kh nn iu khin l nhit im sng (Dew point), nhit ny ty
thuc vo iu kin kh hu ni t nh my. Vi cc vng n i nhit im
sng ca kh nn yu cu ti - 400C, vi vng c nhit trung bnh v nhit
thp nht trong nm cao (nh vng xch o v nhit i) th nhit im
sng c th c quy nh cao hn (t - 150C n +50C). V nguyn tc,
nhit im sng ca kh nn cng thp th cng tt, tuy nhin, chi ph u

53

t cho thit b sy v ch ph vn hnh cng cao, v vy, cn hi ha gia cht

lng v hiu qu kinh t.
tch nc c hiu qu, trc mi bnh sy ngi ta lp t mt b
lc tch du ko theo nhm trnh hin tng to nh tng trong b phn by
nc. Bnh sy ngoi nhim v tch m cng c nhim v tch cc ht rn
trong kh nn. Nhm thc hin nhim v ny, sau mi bnh sy, mt thit b lc
ht rn c lp t tch cc ht rn v cc cn bn dng rn khc ko
theo dng kh nn. Cc ht rn c kch thc ln hn 3 m s b loi ra khi
kh nn. Tng lng cc cht rn trong kh nn sau khi ra khi bnh sy khng
c php vt qu 0.1 g/m3. Thng thng, h thng sn xut kh nn trong
nh my lc ha du c hai bnh sy, mi bnh c thit k 100% cng sut.
Cc bnh sy ny cngg hot ng theo nguyn tc mt hot ng v mt
ch d phng. Cht lng kh nn i ra khi bnh sy c kim tra bng
u phn tch nhit im sng ni vi trung tm iu khin bng h thng
DCS.
Bnh cha kh nn kh
Kh nn sau khi c lm kh v lm sch c a ti bnh cha kh
kh. Bnh cha kh kh c nhim v bnh n p sut cung cp cho cc h tiu
th v d tr kh nn iu khin trong trng hp khn cp (mt in hoc cc
my nn gp s c dng hot ng hon ton). Ty theo quan im v m
bo an ton hot ng m th tch bnh cha kh nn c xc nh vi cng
sut cha m bo duy tr hot ng cc thit b cc thit b s dng kh
nn trong vng 10 ti 20 pht.
Thng thng, h thng kh nn c hai bnh cha, mi bnh cha c dung tch
m bo 100% cng sut iu kin hot ng bnh thng. Nh vy m c
th sa cha hay thanh tra nh k mt bnh cha m h thng vn hot ng
bnh thng.
3.2.2.2. H thng phn phi
Kh nn t bnh cha kh nn kh s c phn phi ti cc h tiu th
qua mng li ng ng. Kh nn c s dng vo cc mc ch chnh sau:
s dng cho thit b iu khin v cho cc nhu cu khc trong cng ngh v
bo dng. Trong hai mc ch s dng ny, kh nn iu khin s c u
tin hn so kh nn cng ngh cho cc mc ch s dng khc. Trong trng
hp tng nhu cu cc loi kh nn trong nh my ti mt thi im no vt
qu kh nng p ng ca h thng kh nn th h thng iu khin t ng

54

ca nh my s ng van gim bt lu lng ca mng li kh nn cng

ngh hoc dng hn.
H thng ng ng phn phi kh nn trong ton nh my c thit k
sao cho tn tht p sut v tr xa nht ca h thng khng vt qu gi tr cho
php (thng thng gi tr tn tht p sut cho php khong 10% p sut u
y ca my nn).
3.2.2.3. Yu cu v cht lng kh nn
Kh nn p ng c yu cu ca cc h tiu th, c bit l cc thit
b iu khin cn phi t c ch tiu cht lng v:
-

Nhit im sng (dew point);

p sut cp;

- Nhit ;
- Lng cht rn l lng.
Yu cu v nhit im sng ca kh nn ph thuc ch yu vo iu
kin kh hu ti v tr xy dng nh my (ph thuc vo nhit thp nht trong
nm) v mt phn ph thuc vo yu cu ring ca thit b iu khin. Nhn
chung vi cc vng c nhit trung bnh trong ma ng thp th nhit
im sng ca kh nn c th yu cu ti - 40 0C, vi vng c nhit trung
bnh ma ng cao hn c th yu cu nhit im sng cao hn (30 - 40
0
C so vi vng n i) ty vo iu kin v tiu chun thit k c th.
p sut hot ng ca kh nn trong cc nh my ch bin du kh thng
thng quy nh trong khong 7 - 8 Kg/cm2. Nhit kh nn cho php dao
ng trong khong 10 - 45 0C.
3.2.2.4. Yu cu v kh nng cung cp lin tc
Kh nn c ngha quan trng i vi hot ng bnh thng cngg nh
trong trng hp ngng khn cp nh my lc ha du, v vy, m bo hot
ng lin tc ca h thng l mt trong nhng yu cu hng u. Trong hot
ng bnh thng nu h thng kh nn gp s c khng cung cp c kh
nn m bo cht lng th khng th thc hin c nhiu qu trnh iu
khin t ng dn n nhng hu qu nghim trng khng lng ht c.
Trong nhng tnh hung khn cp phi dng nh my, nu kh nn khng
cung cp th khng th thc hin c cng vic ngng nh my theo ng
yu cu an ton phng chng chy n v d dn n thm ha. Do khi thit k
h thng kh nn, s lng my nn kh c tnh tan mc kh c th
xy ra s c cng mt lc tt c cc my, v vy, nguy c ngng h thng hon
ton do my nn l kh xy ra. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn tim tng dn
55

n ngng h thng cp kh nn l mt in ton b nh my trong cc trng

hp bt kh khng, trong trng hp ny ngi ta a ra mt s gii php
khc phc nh sau:
a. Ngun in d phng
Trong nh my ch bin du kh, do c th ring, v vy, yu cu v an
ton vn hnh v an ton phng chng chy n c t ln hng u. Mt
trong nhng bin php nng cao an ton vn hnh v phng chng chy n l
b tr thm ngun in d phng v mt ngun in cho trng hp khn cp.
Ngun in d phng thay th tc thi ngun in chnh trong trng hp
ngun in chnh b mt nhm m bo nh my hot ng lin tc. i vi
mt nh my ch bin du kh, nu phi ngng hot ng khng ch gy thit
hi ln v kinh t m cng tim n nguy c mt an ton trong qu trnh ngng
my mc thit b chnh. Do , vic m bo ngun in cung cp lin tc cho
nh my l nhim v quan trng.
Tuy nhin, trong nhiu trng hp bt kh khng c th xy ra tnh hung
cc ngun in cp cho nh my k c ngun d phng cngg b mt th cn
phi c mt ngun in (ngun khn cp) cp cho mt s nhu cu ti thiu
phc v cho vic ngng nh my an ton. H thng kh nn l mt trong nhng
h tiu th c tnh tan c cp in trong trng hp khn cp. Trong
trng hp khn cp xy ra, dng nh my an ton th ngun kh nn phi
m bo cho mt s thit b an ton vn hnh trong khong 20 - 30 pht. Nu
cc bnh cha khng c thit k thi gian d phng th mt my trn
phi c ni vi ngun in khn cp cung cp kh nn p ng yu cu.
b. Tr kh nn d phng
Mt la chn khc m bo ngun kh nn cung cp cho nh my trong
trng hp khn cp l d tr kh nn cung cp cho nhu cu trong trng
hp xy ra s c mt in, hay s c nghim trng phi dng hot ng ton
nh my. Ngun kh nn d tr c cha trong cc bnh cha kh nn kh.
Cc bnh cha ny c thit k c cng sut cha cung cp cho nhu
cu s dng cc thit b an ton trong khong thi gian thch hp.
3.3. H thng kh nn cc b
3.3.1. t vn
rong nh my lc ha du, ngoi h thng kh nn trung tm cp theo
mng li cng c nhng h thng cp kh nn cc b phc v cho nhng yu
cu s dng ring bit. L do cn c h thng kh nn ring bit c nhiu, tuy
nhin, nhng l do chnh c th tm lc nh sau:
56

Yu cu v cht lng kh nn khc bit nhiu so yu cu cht lng

kh nn cho thit b iu khin, v vy, nu dng chung mt h thng s
dn n tng chi ph sn.

Cht lng kh nn khng yu cu cao, lng s dng ln;

H tiu th ni qu xa mng ng phn phi ca h thng kh nn

trung tm, nu xy dng mng phn phi ti nhng h tiu th ny s
tng chi ph v khng m bo p sut cung cp.

Trong nh my lc ha du h thng cp kh nn cc b in hnh l h

thng kh nn cung cp cho thit b ti sinh xc tc trong phn xng cracking,
h thng kh nn trong h thng x l nc thi, h thng kh nn cc khu b
cha xa nh my,...
3.3.2. H thng kh nn cho phn xng cracking
3.3.2.1. Gii thiu

Hnh H-15 S cng ngh h thng kh nn cc b trong xng cracking

Qu trnh cracking l mt trong nhng qu trnh cng ngh quan trng
trong cng nghip ch bin du kh. Qu trnh cng ngh ny cn c s tham
gia ca xc tc nng cao hiu sut thu hi v cht lng sn phm. Xc tc
tham gia phn ng b mt dn hot tnh do b coke che ph b mt hot ng
ca ht xc tc. khi phc hot tnh ca xc tc cn phi loi b coke bm
trn b mt ht xc tc. Phng php n gin v hiu qu nht loi b
coke bm trn b mt xc tc l tin hnh t coke nhit thch hp nhm
trnh tn hi cho xc tc trong qu trnh ti sinh. Qu trnh t coke c thc
hin trong thit b ti sinh, ty theo cng ngh p dng v tnh cht ca du th
m s dng thit b ti sinh mt bc hay ti sinh hai bc. Trong thit b ti sinh,
khng kh cng vi nhin liu c phi trn theo t l chy thch hp ri a

57

vo bung t qua h thng dn phn phi kh. Kh cp vo thit b ti sinh

c cung cp bi my nn ring khng s dng kh nn chung ca nh my.
Thng thng, my nn ny c dn ng bi tuc bin hi. S cng ngh
ca h thng kh nn cc b trong phn xng cracking xc tc cn tng si
c m t trong hnh v H-15.
3.3.2.2. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng

Hnh H-16 A- Hnh dng ngoi my trn hng trc lp t trong thc t

Hnh H-16B- Cu to my trn hng trc mt ct ngang

V nguyn tc, my nn kh s dng cp khng kh nn cho thit b ti
sinh c th dng l loi my nn kh kiu hng trc hoc my nn ly tm. Tuy
nhin, trong thc t my trn kiu hng trc thng c s dng hn do c
kh nng iu khin c p sut v cng sut my. My nn kiu hng trc
c hnh dng ngoi lp t trong phn xng cracking nh trong hnh H-16A.
Mt cch khi qut, my nn hng trc bao gm cc b phn chnh sau:
- Phn Ro-to (Rotor);
- Phn Stato (Stator);
58

- V my v cc b phn ph.
a. R-to ca my nn hng trc
R-to ca my nn hng trc l mt b phn quan trng nht ca my
nn hng trc. y chnh l b phn to ra kh nng nn kh t p sut
thng ti cc mc p sut cao hn. Cu to ca b phn ny tng i phc
tp gm nhiu b phn khc nhau. Tuy nhin, v c bn c th chia r to my
nn thnh cc phn chnh:
-

Trc ro-to;
Cnh nn hng trc;

Vnh trn ly tm;

Kt cu gn cnh trn vi trc;

- Cc chi tit ph.

S cu to ca R-to my nn hng trc c m t trong hnh H-17,
H16 B v minh ha bng hnh nh thc trong hnh H-16C.

Hnh H-16C- Hnh nh minh ho cu to bn trong my nn hng trc

*)Trc r-to: Trc r-to c nhim v truyn chuyn ng v to kt cu gn cc
cnh nn. Trc my nn c kch thc khng ng u do yu cu kt cu c
kh v c bit l do yu cu v kch thc ca cnh nn hng trc khc nhau
dc theo chiu di trc r-to.
*)Cnh nn hng trc: Cnh nn hng trc c bin dng cnh v c lp
t v tr thch hp to ra dng kh nn chuyn ng theo hng dc trc.
to hiu qu tt cho qu trnh trn v hiu sut my trn cao, kch thc
(ng knh) v nghing ca cnh nn hng trc thay i dc theo chiu
di trc r-to.
*)Vnh trn ly tm: Vic kt hp cc cnh nn hng trc v cnh nn ly tm
cho php nng cao c p sut nn ca my nn, v c bit l trnh c
hin tng nghn u nn do p sut nn thp. Vnh nn ly tm c lp vo

59

giai on nn cui cng khc phc tnh trng nghn u nn (hin tng
ny hay xy ra nu ch s dng cc cnh nn hng trc). y l mt trong
nhng ci tin ng k my nn hng trc ca mt s hng sn xut my trn
ni ting nh MANTURBO.

Hnh H-17- Cu to r-to my trn hng trc

Vic a thm vnh nn ly tm s cho php m rng khong hot ng
ca my nn hng trc do thay i c gii hn p sut nghn ca y my
nn. Nh vnh nn ly tm, p sut ca y my nn tng ng k giai on
nn cui cng.
b. Stato my nn hng trc
Stato ca my nn c chc nng cng vi r - to my nn to dng kh
ng ph hp cho qu trnh trn. thc hin c nhim v ny, stato c
lp mt tang trng trn gn cc cnh trn tnh. Tang trng lp cc cnh nn
tnh c kt cu c th thay i c nghing ca cnh nn nh c th
iu chnh c ch hot ng ca my nn ph hp vi iu kin lm vic.
c. V my trn
V my nn c chc nng l kt cu c kh lp t r-to v stato. V
my cng c nhim v to ra cc khoang ht v khoang y ca my nn, gn
cc ca ht v ca y ni vi ng ng cng ngh.
3.4. H THNG CP KH NI-T
3.4.1. Gii thiu
Kh Ni-t c vai tr quan trng trong cng nghip ch bin du kh, c bit
l i vi cc nh my lc ha du. Kh Ni-t l mt dng kh tr thch hp
cch ly cc mi trng hot ng c kh nng gy chy n (nu cc mi
trng ny tip xc vi nhau), cch ly cc sn phm d b -xy ha vi mi
trng khng kh. Ngoi ra, kh Ni-t cng c s dng rng ri trong giai
on chun b khi ng nh my, sa cha v bo dng my mc, ng
60

ng nh dng ui khng kh ra khi thit b. Kh Ni-t trong nh my c

cung cp thnh mng li ng ng ti cc h tiu th di dng kh c p
sut trong khong 7 11 Kg/cm2.
3.4.2. Cc phng php sn xut kh ni t
Hin nay, sn xut Ni-t v c bn vn i t khng kh trong t nhin. Qu
trnh sn xut Ni-t i t khng kh cho n nay c cc phng php chnh sau
y:
-

Phng php ha lng khng kh ri chng luyn truyn thng;

Phng php hp ph phn t (Pressure Swing Adsorption - PSA);

Phng php mng lc phn t (hp ph) kt hp k thut siu lnh

(molecular sieve adsorption and Cryogenic air separation).
3.4.2.1. Phng php ha lng khng kh
-

Theo phng php sn xut Ni-t truyn thng, khng kh c nn ti p

sut rt cao v lm mt thu hi khng kh dng lng ri sau tin hnh
chng ct tch ring bit cc thnh phn Ni-t, -xy v Cacbonic dng lng.
Phng php ny c u im l cho php sn xut c ng thi nhiu loi
kh c tinh khit cao, ph hp cng sut ln. Tuy nhin, sn xut Ni-t theo
phng php ny u t ln do cc thit b lm vic p sut cao, gi thnh
sn phm cao nu nh mc ch ch thu hi Ni-t.
3.4.2.2. Phng php hp ph phn t
Phng php hp ph phn t da vo kh nng hp ph chn lc di
p sut ca mt s cht tch Ni-t ra khi khng kh. Phng php ny c
u im l n gin, h thng hot ng p sut khng cao. Tuy nhin,
phng php ny ch sn xut c Ni-t trng thi kh m khng sn xut
c Ni-t trng thi lng, v vy, khng ph hp vi yu cu ca nh my
ch bin du kh (c nhu cu c nit lng v kh iu tit cung cu).
3.4.2.3. Phng php lc phn t kt hp k thut siu lnh
Theo phng php ny, khng kh c nn ti p sut thch hp
(khong 7-14 Kg/cm2) ri a qua mt sng lc phn t (hp ph) tch kh
CO2 v hi nc ra khi kh nn. Kh nn sau c lm lnh ti nhit rt
su nh k thut siu lnh tch Ni-t c tinh khit cao ra khi hn hp.
Hin nay, phng php sn xut Ni-t ny c s dng ph bin trong nh
my lc du nh nhng tnh nng u vit:
- Sn xut c c Ni-t lng v kh ph hp yu cu s dng;
- H thng hot ng p sut thp;

61

- Gi thnh sn phm thp hn.

S nguyn l hot ng ca h thng sn xut ni-t bng phng php
mng lc phn t kt hp k thut siu lnh c trnh by trong mc di ca
bi hc ny.
3.4.3. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng
3.4.3.1. Nguyn l hot ng

62

S nguyn l hot ng ca h thng sn xut Ni-t c m t trong

hnh H-18. Theo s cng ngh ny, khng kh c nn ti p sut thch
hp sau c lm mt ti nhit ca khng kh mi trng nh h thng
lm mt ca my nn. Khng kh nn sau khi lm mt tip tc c h nhit
xung khong 200 0C ri a ti thp hp ph phn t. Ti y, kh cc
cacbonic v hi m c tch ra khi khng kh nh cc mng lc phn t.
Cc thp hp ph ny lm vic theo nguyn tc gin on, mt hot ng v
mt trng thi ti sinh. Khng kh sch sau tip tc c a n ti thit
b trao i nhit vi dng sn phm lnh i ra t thp phn tch lnh. Khng
kh nn sau thit b trao i nhit vo trng thi gn ngng t. Khng kh nn
lnh c a vo thp siu lnh, ti y Ni-t v -xy c phn tch ra
ring bit do c nhit ngng t khc nhau. Kh -xy lng c tch ra
y thp, cng kh Ni-t ngng t mt phn nh thp v cho hi lu li thp
siu lnh. -xy lng c nhit thp y thp c em trao i nhit vi
kh Ni-t i ra nh thp siu lnh thu hi Ni-t lng.Phn kh Ni-t khng
ngng t c a ti h thng phn phi. Mt phn kh Ni-t ngng t c
a ti b cha ni-t lng d phng cho nhng giai on cao im s
dng ni-t vt qu cng sut tc thi ca h thng sn xut. iu ny rt
quan trng i vi cc h tiu th c bit m cn phi c cung cp n nh
v c d phng cao (nh nhu cu cp cho phn xng Reforming ti sinh
xc tc lin tc).
3.4.3.2. Cu to
H thng cung cp Ni-t bao gm cc b phn chnh sau:
- B phn sn xut kh Ni- t tinh khit;
- B phn tng tr;
- B phn phn phi.
a. B phn sn xut Ni-t
B phn sn xut Ni-t bao gm cc thit b chnh: My nn kh vi h
thng lm mt, thp hp ph phn t, thit b trao i nhit v thp siu lnh.
Dng my nn s dng cho h thng Ni-t do nh thit k v nh cung cp
thit b trn gi quyt nh ph hp vi di cng sut v p sut yu cu.
Tuy nhin, my nn thng c s dng l dng my nn kiu ly tm hoc
trc vt. Cc my nn ny thng km theo cc dn ngng t lm mt kh
nn xung nhit xp x nhit khng kh mi trng.
Thp hp ph phn t c b tr lm vic gin on, v vy, trong h thng
thng b tr hai thp hot ng theo nguyn tc mt thp hot ng v mt
63

thp ti sinh. Thp ny c chc nng gi phn t kh cacbonic v hi nc

khng cho i qua lp mng lc hoc lp hp ph lp t bn trong thp. Sau
mt thi gian hot ng, lng kh cacbonic v hi nc gi li tng i
nhiu lm bo ho lp m, thp s c ti sinh bng cch thi ngc bng
kh -xy i ra t thp siu lnh.
Cc thit b trao i nhit c lp t gia thp hp ph phn t v thp phn
tch siu lnh nhm lm lnh khng kh nn ( tch kh cacbonic v hi nc)
bng kh -xy lng c nhit thp i ra t y thp siu lnh. Cc thit b trao
i nhit ny lm vic theo nguyn tc trao i nhit gin tip, dng chy ngc
chiu. Thit b trao i nhit kiu bo mch in hoc dng tm bn hn kn s
c s dng cho mc ch s dng ny.
Thp siu lnh l mt trong hai thit b trung tm ca b phn sn xut Nit. V nguyn tc, thp phn tch siu lnh hot ng gn nh mt thp chng
ct bnh thng phn tch Ni-t v -xy lng ra y thp v nh thp.
im c bit ca thp ny l h thng "siu lnh" chuyn hn hp kh Ni-t
v -xy t trng thi kh sang trng thi lng. -xy c nhit ngng t thp s
ngng t v thu v y thp cng Ni-t s that ra nh thp v ngng t mt
phn thnh trng thi lng.
b. B phn tng tr v bay hi
Cc dng kh ha lng thu c t thp phn tch siu lnh ch c Ni-t
c thu lm sn phm, cng -xy lng s em i trao i nhit (lm lnh
khng kh trc khi a vo thp siu lnh v ngng t kh Ni-t) sau b thi
ra mi trng. Phn kh Ni-t khng ngng t s c a ti h thng phn
phi. Ni-t lng ngng t nh thp siu lnh mt phn c chuyn v bnh
cha phn cng li cho hi lu li thp.
Vic d tr Ni-t ha lng l yu cu bt buc v l do an ton vn hnh v
l do kinh t i vi Nh my lc ha du. Nhu cu s dng kh Ni-t khng
ging nhau ti mi thi im, nu xy dng h thng thit b vi cng sut
p ng c nhu cu s dng ln nht ca nh my th khng cn phi
u t h thng d tr kh. Tuy nhin, cng sut d ca h thng rt ln dn
n lng ph v cng sut d tha thi im hot ng bnh thng. Gii
php k thut hp l hay c s dng trong cc nh my lc ha du l xy
dng mt h thng sn xut kh Ni-t vi cng sut hp l p ng c nhu
cu s dng bnh thng v cng thm mt cng sut d lm d phng cho
cc nhu cu bt thng khc. Ni-t c d tr di dng lng, khi nhu cu
tiu th tng t bin s c a ti thit b bay hi cp Ni-t dng kh
64

b sung cho h thng phn phi. Thit b bay hi c nhim v chuyn Ni-t t
trng thi lng sang trng thi kh nh thit b bay hi iu kin nhit mi
trng. m bo an ton vn hnh, h thng tng tr v bay hi Ni-t c
chia thnh hai h thng ring bit. Mt h thng cung cp cho cc nhu cu bnh
thng (nh ui kh, cch ly cc cht d xy ha,...) v mt h thng cung
cp cho cc nhu cu c bit i hi kh nng cung cp kh lin tc ng cht
lng yu cu (cc h thng cch ly mi trng d chy n nh h thng ti
sinh xc tc ca phn xng Reforming)
c. H thng phn phi
Kh Ni-t t thit b bay hi v thp phn tch siu lnh s c a ti
mng li phn phi Ni-t trong nh my. Vi cc h tiu th quan trng nh
phn xng Reforming, h thng cp Ni-t c thit k tch bit vi mng
li cung cp chung ton nh my. Khi nh my hot ng ch bnh
thng, Ni-t cp cho cc h tiu th l Ni-t trng thi kh thu t thp siu
lnh. Khi p sut h thng gim (nhu cu tiu th vt qu lng kh cung cp)
th h thng bay hi s cp Ni-t b sung t cc bnh d tr Ni-t lng vo h
thng b p phn thiu ht. Ni-t c cp ti cc h tiu th bng mng
li ng ng.
d. Nhu cu Ni-t trong Nh my lc ha du
Kh Ni-t c tiu th ch yu cho cc mc ch cch ly mi trng nh
trong b phn ti sinh xc tc phn xng reforming, cc khu b cha sn
phm trung gian v sn phm cui d b -xy ha. Trong giai on chy th nh
my, mt lng ln Ni-t c s dng vi mc ch ui kh ra khi thit b,
ph mi trng chn khng (vi cc Nh my ch bin du kh, cc thit b ch
bin du tuyt i khng c mt ca -xy bn trong thit b nhm trnh
nhng thm ho chy n xy ra). V vy, trong qu trnh xy dng v vn hnh
cc Nh my lc ha du, cc phn xng ph tr ni chung v phn xng
sn xut Ni-t ni ring thng phi c hon thnh trc phc v cho
cc mc ch trn. Cc b cha cc cht d b -xy ha pha trn b mt
c ph mt lp kh Ni-t nhm ngn cn s tip xc ca -xy vi cc sn
phm ny, c bit l cc sn phm cracking.
3.4.3.3. Cht lng kh Ni-t yu cu
Ni-t s dng trong cc nh my ch bin du kh vi t cch l kh tr, v
vy, cht lng ca n phi t c tiu chun nht nh trnh nh hng
n hot ng chung ca nh my. Thng thng, thnh phn kh Ni-t cung
cp trong nh my lc ha du phi t c tiu chun nh sau:
65

Bng 3-1 - Thnh phn kh Ni-t

Thnh phn

n v o

S lng

Nitrogen

(% vol min)

99.7

Carbon Monoxide
(CO)

ppm vol max

20

-xy

10

Carbonic (CO2)

20

Chlorine

Hydrocarbons

Nc

Hydrogen

20

Kh tr khc

ppm

phn cng li

3.5. H THNG NHIN LIU

Nhin liu trong Nh my lc ha du thng s dng c du v kh nhin
liu. Ngun kh nhin liu gi vai tr quan trng trong Nh my lc du do trong
qu trnh ch bin mt lng ln kh nhin liu c to ra nu khng c tn
dng s phi a ra ct uc t khng ch gim hiu sut thu hi v hiu qu
kinh t m cn nh hng ti mi trng. Vic s dng nhin liu trong Nh
my thng da trn nguyn tc u tin s dng ngun kh nhin liu trc,
phn thiu ht s c b p bng du. cung cp nhin liu cho cc h
tiu th, thng thng trong Nh my lc ha du ngi ta k lp t h thng
cung cp kh v du nhin liu trung tm.
3.5.1. H thng kh nhin liu
H thng kh nhin liu trong nh my c chc nng thu gom ngun kh
nhin liu trong nh my cung cp cho cc h tiu th. Trong Nh my lc
ha du, ngun kh nhin liu thu ch yu t cc phn xng cracking,
reforming, phn xng chng ct du th p sut kh quyn, chng ct chn
khng, cc phn xng x l bng hydro (nh x l Naphtha, x l GO,...). Cc
h tiu th kh nhin liu chnh trong Nh my l cc l t trong cc phn
xng cng ngh nh: phn xng chng ct p sut thng, phn xng
pht in, phn xng reforming, cc phn xng x l bng hydro,... Vic thu
gom kh t cc phn xng nhiu khi khng n nh, c bit, khi mt s phn
xng hot ng khng bnh thng. khc phc tnh trng ny, mt thit b

66

bay hi kh ha lng cung cp kh b sung h thng kh nhin liu. Thit b

bay hi hot ng khi p sut kh nhin liu trong h thng gim xung.
3.5.1.1. Nguyn l hot ng
H thng kh nhin liu trong Nh my lc ha du hot ng theo nguyn
tc ca h thng trung tm. Kh nhin liu t cc phn xng cng ngh s
c thu gom v phn phi trong mt h thng duy nht trong nh my m
khng c cc h thng kh nhin liu cc b. Kh nhin liu sn sinh trong cc
phn xng cng ngh sau kh x l t tiu chun (tp cht, p sut thu
gom) s c a ti bnh ho trn. Bnh ho trn kh c chc nng iu ho
p sut v lm n nh thnh phn kh cung cp ti cc h tiu th. Kh t bnh
ho trn c phn phi bng ng ng ti cc h tiu th. Nhu cu tiu th
v lng kh thu gom khng n nh, v vy, h thng c lp t thm mt
thit b bay hi LPG cung cp LPG cho kh nhin liu trong trng hp p
sut h thng phn phi st gim di p sut thit k. Vic diu tit p sut h
thng thc hin nh h thng iu khin t ng. S cng ngh h thng
kh nhin liu in hnh c trnh by trong hnh H-19.
3.5.1.2. Cu to v chc nng h cc thit b trong h thng
H thng kh nhin liu bao gm cc thnh phn chnh sau: H thng thu
gom, bnh trn kh nhin liu, thit b bay hi LPG v h thng ng ng phn
phi (xem hnh H-19). Kh nhin liu c thu gom bng h thng ng ng.
m bo h thng thu gom hot ng n nh v hiu qu trong qu trnh
thit k v vn hnh, p sut u ra kh nhin liu ti cc phn xng cng
ngh phi c xc nh thng nht. Kh nhin liu t cc phn xng cng
ngh c thu v bnh phi trn.
Bnh phi trn kh nhin liu c chc nng chng sung p sut cho cc h
tiu th, tch hydrocacbon ko theo v lm ng u thnh phn kh nhin liu
cung cp. Thng thng ngi ta thit k h thng vi hai bnh phi trn hot
ng song song, mi bnh c cng sut 100% yu cu. Nguyn tc thit k ny
cho php sa cha bo dng, thanh tra mt bnh phi trn m khng nh
hng n hot ng ca Nh my. Bnh phi trn thng c t ti v tr
trung tm ca cc h tiu th trnh tn tht p sut gia h thng thu gom
v cc u phn phi.

67

CT UC

H THNG PHN PHI KH NHIN LIU

P/X TI SINH
AMINE

P/X CRACKING

P/X PHT
IN

P/X X L XNG
RFCC

H THNG PHN PHI KH NHIN LIU

P/X X L
NAPHTHA

BNH PHI TRN

KH NHIN LIU

H THNG THU HI KH NHIN LIU

REFORMING

P/X CDU
HYDROCACBON
LNG

B IU
KHIN PLC

P/X ISOMER

HI THP P (LP)

LPG B SUNG

THIT B
BAY HI LPG

P/X X L
GASOIL

P/X THU HI
PROPYLENE

Hnh H-19 S H thng kh nhin liu trong Nh my lc du

68

NG DU NHIN LIU HI LU

P/X PHT
IN

KH NI-T

DU NHIN
LIU

B CHA
DU

HI THP P
(LP)

HI THP P
(LP)

H THNG PHN PHI DU NHIN LIU

P/X
CRACKING
XC TC
CN

P/X CHNG
CT KH
QUYN

THIT B TRAO
I NHIT
MY BM

Hnh H- 20 S H thng du nhin liu trong Nh my lc du

69

Thit b bay hi LPG c chc nay lm bay hi LPG t trng thi lng sang
pha kh b sung cho h thng nhin liu khi p sut st gim. Thit b bay
hi thng c thit k lp t hai b song song vi 100% cng sut yu cu
cho mc ch d phng v an ton vn hnh. Mi b thit b bay hi gm mt
bnh chng sung v mt thit b gia nhit s dng hi nc thp p. Thit b
bay hi LPG va c chc nng b sung cho h thng kh nhin liu ng thi
l mt ng tiu th LPG khng t tiu chun. Nhit LPG sau khi bay
hi t 35 -40 0C.
3.5.1.3. Thnh phn kh nhin liu
Thnh phn ca kh nhin liu trong nh my ph thuc vo nhiu yu t
nh tnh cht du th, cu hnh cng ngh nh my, cng ngh p dng,... Tuy
nhin, thnh phn chnh ca kh nhin liu trong Nh my lc du sn sinh ni
ti trong qu trnh ch bin ch yu l kh hydrogen, C1, C2 v mt phn
hydrocacbon C3, C4.
3.5.2. H thng du nhin liu.
Nhu cu nhin liu trong cc Nh my lc ha du cho cc qu trnh gia
nhit l rt ln, v vy, ngun kh nhin liu sn sinh trong qu trnh ch bin
thng cngg ch p ng c 50-60% nhu cu v nhin liu. b sung
ngun nhin liu cho Nh my, ngi ta phi s dng ngun nhin liu lng.
Tuy nhin, nu s dng nhin liu lng l thnh phm nh du diesel hoc du
t l s lm tng chi ph vn hnh nh my v gim hiu sut thu hi sn
phm. Trong Nh my lc du c mt s sn phm trung gian c cht lng
thp (du cn ca qu trnh cracking, cn chng ct kh quyn,...) v cc loi
du thi c th s dng lm ngun nhin liu thay th nhm gim ch ph vn
hnh Nh my. Trong thc t vn hnh, sn lng kh nhin liu khng n
nh, v vy, mt s h tiu th i lc khng th tiu th hon ton bng ngun
kh (nh phn xng pht in, phn xng chng ct du th p sut
thng,...) m phi b sung ngun nhin liu bng du nhin liu. Chnh v vy,
mt phn cc l t cng sut ln trong Nh my lc ha du u c thit k
c th s dng ng thi c kh nhin liu v du nhin liu tng tnh linh
hot vn hnh mc d thit k ny lm tng gi thnh thit b.
3.5.2.1. Nguyn l hot ng
H thng du nhin liu trong Nh my lc du c thit k, hot ng
theo nguyn tc h thng trung tm (mt mng li cung cp duy nht). Theo
nguyn tc ny, du nhin liu c phn phi ti cc h tiu th bng mt
mng li ng ng duy nht. Du nhin liu (thng l du cn qu trnh
70

cracking, du thi thu gom v du nng qu trnh chng ct p sut kh

quyn,...) c a ti b cha du nhin liu ca h thng. Du cha trong
b c cch ly vi khng kh mi trng nh lp Ni-t ph trn b mt v
c gi nhit thch hp nh h thng gia nhit. Du nhin liu sau
c a ti mng li ng ng phn phi nh bm c kh nng vn
chuyn cht lng c nht cao. Trc khi ti mng li phn phi, du nhin
liu c gia nhit ti nhit thch hp gim nht v nh gim tn
tht p sut, ng thi iu chnh nhit du thch hp cho qu trnh phi trn
trong l t.
Du nhin liu chuyn ti cc l t trong nh my nh mng li ng
ng. Cc ng ng ny c bo n v gia nhit gi du nhin liu khng
b ng c trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Thng thng, lu lng cung cp
c thit ln nhu cu tiu th hi lu mt phn du quay li b cha. S
cng ngh h thng du nhin liu in hnh c trnh by trong hnh H-20.
3.5.2.2. Cu to v chc nng cc thit b trong h thng
H thng du nhin liu in hnh ca mt nh my lc du bao gm cc
b phn chnh sau: B cha du, bm vn chuyn, thit b gia nhit v mng
ng ng phn phi v thu hi du nhin liu.
a. B cha du nhin liu
B cha du nhin liu thng c thit k lp t vi s lng hai b
m bo linh hot trong vn hnh. Mi b c thit k m bo 100%
cng sut vn hnh. Dung tch ca mi b cha m bo kh nng cung cp 710 ngy cho cc h tiu th trong nh my ty vo iu kin c th. Mi b
cha c lp t mt thit b gia nhit bng hi thp p duy tr nhit du
gi tr thch hp. Pha y b lp t ca x y phc v cho bo dng v
tch nc nh k. Bn trong b lp t cc im ly mu xc nh cht
lng ca du nhin liu. Mi b c lp h thng iu khin/bo ng mc
du trong b. B cha du nhin liu l b cha kiu mi cn c nh.
b. Bm vn chuyn
Bm vn chuyn c nhim v a du nhin liu ti cc h tiu th lu
lng v p sut thch hp. Bm vn chuyn l dng bm thch hp vn
chuyn du c nht cao. Cng sut ca bm c xc nh trn c s m
bo nhu cu cao nht ca cc h tiu th v m bo lng du nhin liu d
tun hon li b cha t 20-25% lu lng.

71

c. Thit b gia nhit

Thit b gia nhit c lp t sau ca y ca bm vn chuyn du nhin
liu gim nht ca du xung gii hn yu cu (khong 20 cSt) nhm
trnh tn tht p sut. Ty theo tnh cht ca du nhin liu v ch hot
ng ca nh my m nhit ca du nhit liu cn phi c gia nhit
(thng thng trong khong 80-95 0C). Hi thp p c s dng gia nhit
du nhin liu. Thit b trao i nhit l thit b trao i nhit ng chm kiu m
(kettle).
3.5.2.3. Cht lng du nhin liu
Cht lng ca du nhin liu trong nh my lc du ph thuc vo loi
du th ch bin, s cng ngh v ch vn hnh. Tuy nhin, du nhin
liu s dng ch yu l du cn qu trnh cracking, mt phn l du thi v du
nng qu trnh chng ct p sut kh quyn. Trong giai on khi ng nh
my, ngun nhi nliu s dng ch yu l LPG v du diesel, khi Nh my i
vo hot ng du nhin liu mi bt u c s dng.
3.5.3. Cc h tiu th chnh
Trong nh my lc du cc h tiu th du nhin liu chnh l phn xng
pht in, l gia nhit ca phn xng chng ct p sut kh quyn. L t
ca cc phn xng ny c thit k c th s dng c hai dng nhin
liu ng thi linh ng cho hot ng cngg nh d dng iu chnh cn
bng nhu cu nhin liu kh v lng trong nh my. Trong thc t, l t, l gia
nhit s dng trong cc phn xng cng ngh, ph tr khc thng c
thit k ch s dng kh nhin liu.
3.6. H THNG NC LM MT
Trong nh my lc ha du c rt nhiu cc dng sn phm trung gian,
sn phm cui cng cn phi c lm ngui do yu cu v cng ngh v an
ton vn hnh. tit kim nng lng, cc thit b trao i nhit khng kh,
trao i nhit gia cc dng cng ngh c s dng ti a. Tuy nhin, khng
phi ni no cngg c th p dng thit b lm mt bng khng kh c do
iu kin v kh hu cngg nh yu cu ch cng ngh. Phng thc thng
dng nht l s dng thit b trao i nhit s dng cht ti nhit trung gian l
nc. Nc lm mt c s dng thng l nc ngt. Cc nh my t
cnh bin th vic s dng nc bin lm mt cngg c xem xt cho mt
s thit b ngng t ca cc tuc bin hi cng sut ln nh cc tuc bin trong
phn xng pht in v cc my nn cng sut ln. Song nc bin khng
c s dng lm cht ti nhit trong cc thit b trao i nhit trong vc cng
72

ngh gim chi ph ch to thit b v m bo an ton vn hnh (trong

trng hp xy ra ri ro v r r).
Nhm gim chi ph vn hnh, nc lm mt c tun hon thnh mt
chu trnh khp kn v c b sung thng xuyn lng hao ht. Nc ngt
sau khi trao i nhit s c thu hi li ri c lm mt ti nhit thch hp
sau a ti mng li phn phi. Hin nay, ngi ta s dng hai phng
php lm ngui nc lm mt ty thuc vo iu kin c th v h tng c
s, iu kin t nhin ni xy dng nh my v quan im thit k. Phng
php truyn thng lm ngui nc lm mt l cho nc bay hi ti cc thp
bay hi t lm mt. Phng php th hai l s dng nc bin c nhit
thp hn lm mt nc ngt sau s dng nc ngt lm cht ti nhit
trung gian. Tuy nhin, phng php lm mt bng nc bin ch c th p
dng cho nhng nh my xy dng gn bin. S cng ngh v c im
ca cc h thng nc lm mt ny c trnh by trong phn di y.
3.6.1. H thng nc lm mt bng nc bin
H thng nc lm mt bng nc bin thng p dng cho cc nh my
xy dng gn b bin. i vi cc khu vc c ngun nc bin sch (t cha
cc tp cht c hc) th phng thc lm mt bng nc bin c nhiu u
im so vi phng php s dng thp bay hi. Phng php lm mt bng
nc bin c mt s u im :
-

Gim c u t thit b trao i nhit ton nh my do nhit nc

lm mt thp hn t 4-6 0C;
Chi ph vn hnh thp;
Khng b nh hng nhiu bi diu kin kh hu theo ma;
Khng phI dng nhiu ha cht cho qu trnh x l nc;
Tit kim c lng nc ngt b sung do h thng tun hon kn;
Cho php dng trc tip nc bin cho mt s thit b ngng t cng
sut ln nh nng cao hiu sut, gim kch thc thit b trao i

nhit.
3.6.1.1. Nguyn l hot ng
H thng nc lm mt bng nc bin cngg hot ng theo nguyn tc
h thng trung tm. Nc lm mt c phn phi ti cc th tiu th bng
mng li ng ng sau c thu gom li v lm ngui ti nhit thch
hp ri bm ti mng li phn phi thnh mt chu k khp kn.
Theo phng php lm mt bng nc bin, nc lm mt (nc ngt)
sau khi i qua cc thit b trao i nhit c nhit cao s c thu gom v mt
73

b cha. Ti b cha ny, du ln trong nc s c tch ra, ng thi lng

nc b mt mt s c b sung. Vic s dng b cha nc c u im l
c kh nng d phng ngun nc lm mt, tuy nhin, dng b h s khng
tn dng c p d ca nc lm mt hi lu. V vy, trong thc t, i khi
ngi ta s dng s tun hon kn hon ton tn dng p sut d dng
nc tun hon cho php dng bm c ct p thp. Trong trng hp ny b
cha s l b chu p c dung tch nh, khng c ngha d phng nc lm
mt. Nc lm mt cha trong b cha sau khi tch du c bm ti thit b
trao i nhit. Ti y, nc lm mt c nhit cao trao i nhit vi nc
bin c nhit thp hn h nhit nc lm mt xung gi tr thch hp.
Ty iu kin cng ngh c th m quy nh nhit nc lm mt sau khi ra
khi thit b trao i nhit ti u ha u t v hiu qu kinh t. Thng
thng nhit nc lm mt sau thit b trao i nhit khng ln hn 32- 34
0
C. Nc lm mt sau c a ti mng ng ng phn phi trong Nh
my. Nc bin sau khi trao i nhit s thi trc tip ra bin v tr thch hp
trnh nh hng ti mi trng. S cng ngh in hnh h thng nc lm
mt bng nc bin c m t trong hnh H-21.

74

NC LM MT TUN HON
NHIT CAO

X L GO
GO-HDS

P/X LM
SCH

P/X IN

CHNG
CT DU
TH -CDU

CHNG CHN
KHNG - VDU

NC B
SUNG

B PHN
TCH DU

B CHA
NC LM
MT

CRACKING

NC BIN

THIT B
PH TR

REFORMER
NC BIN THI

THIT B TRAO I
NHIT KIU TM NC
BIN/NC LM MT
..
X L
NHT

NC LM MT
TI H THNG PHN PHI

Hnh H- 21 S H thng nc lm mt bng nc bin

75

NC LM MT TUN HON
NHIT CAO

THP
BAY
HI

NC
B SUNG

X L GO
GO-HDS

CHNG
CT CDU

P/X LM
SCH

CHNG
CT VDU

P/X IN

CRACKING

THIT B
PH TR

REFORMER

NC
THI

HA CHT

T/B LC

B
CHA
NC
MT

..
X L
NHT

NC LM MT
TI H THNG PHN PHI

Hnh H- 22 S H thng nc lm mt kiu thp bay hi

76

3.6.1.2. Cu to v chc nng thit b trong h thng

H thng lm mt bng nc bin bao gm cc thit b chnh sau: B
cha nc lm mt nhit cao, bm nc lm mt, thit b trao i nhit
nc lm mt/nc bin v mng li ng ng thu gom, phn phi nc
lm mt (trong khun kh chng trnh ny khng cp n h thng ly
nc bin).
a. B cha nc lm mt
B cha nc lm mt l b hnh cn c ca thng vi khng kh bn
trong c lp h thng thu gom du ln trong nc. B c chc nng thu gom
nc lm mt t cc thit b trao i nhit, tch du ln trong nc, tch hi
hnh thnh trong qu trnh trao i nhit v b sung thm lng nc mt mt.
Ngoi ra, b cha ny l ngun nc lm mt d phng trong trng hp r r
ln trong mng li ng ng pha trc b cha th h thng nc lm mt
vn duy tr hot ng trong thi gian nht nh trc khi s c c khc phc.
b. Bm nc lm mt
Bm nc lm mt c chc nng to ng lc cho nc ngt lm mt
p sut i qua thit b trao i nhit nc bin/nc lm mt, vt qua tr lc
ng ng v cc thit btao i nhit v tun hon li b cha nc lm mt
vi lu lng p ng yu cu. m bo an ton vn hnh, ngi ta s
dng nhiu bm hot ng song song nhau. S lng bm c xc nh ty
thuc vo lu lng h thng v ti u ha v du t thit b.
c. Thit b trao i nhit
Thit b trao i nhit nc bin/nc ngt lm mt l thit b quan trng
nht ca h thng nc lm mt. Thit b trao i nhit c nhim v lm mt
nc ngt c nhit cao xung nhit thch hp cho qu trnh trao i nhit.
Nc bin lnh c s dng lm cht ti nhit. Lu lng nc trao i nhit
rt ln, v vy, thng loi thit b trao i nhit dng tm bn c s dng
nng cao hiu qu qu trnh trao i nhit v gim kch thc thit b so vi s
dng thit b trao i nhit truyn thng (ng chm). thun li cho vic bo
dng cngg nh d phng s c, ngi ta s dng nhiu thit b trao i
nhit hot ng song song nhau. Cc thit b trao i nhit ny thng l loi
thit b trao i nhit dng tm vi vt liu ch to l ti-tan c lp cc thit b lc
cc ht rn l lng trong nc bin bo v thit b. Cc ht rn cha trong
nc bin nu khng c loi b s lm tc nghn cc khe hp trao i nhit
lm gim hiu sut trao i nhit v c th lm hng thit b do cc tm trao i
nhit b cong vnh.
77

d. Mng li phn phi

Nhu cu nc mt rt ln trong hu ht cc phn xng cng ngh, nng
lng ph tr, v vy, trong thc t nc lm mt c phn phi ti cc h
tiu th bng mng li ng ng tri rng trn mt bng nh my. Nc lm
mt s phn chia thnh cc ng ng chnh sau c phn nhnh vo
tng phn xng ri chia nh vo tng thit b trao i nhit. Nc sau khi lm
mt c thu gom li h thng ng ng ri a v b cha nc lm mt.
Nguyn tc ca h thng phn phi nc lm mt l hn ch ti a s dng
nc lm mt mt ln khng thu hi. Cc h tiu th c nhu cu lm mt s
dng nc mt ln s s dng ngun nc lm mt ring.
3.6.2. H thng nc lm mt kiu thp bay hi
H thng nc lm mt bng phng php bay hi c p dng trong
trng hp Nh my t ti cc v tr su trong t lin hoc trong cc trng
hp khi so snh gia phng php lm mt bng nc bin v phng php
bay hi cho thy phng php lm mt bng bay hi c li th hn. Phng
php lm mt bng bay hi c s dng nhng ni m ngun nc ngt
cung cp di do cho php b sung nc ngt vi lng ln khng gp kh
khn.
3.6.2.1. Nguyn l hot ng
H thng nc lm mt kiu bay hi cngg tng t nh phng php
lm mt bng nc bin l hot ng theo nguyn tc h thng trung tm.
Nc lm mt c phn phi ti cc th tiu th bng mng li ng ng
sau c thu gom li v lm ngui ti nhit thch hp ri bm ti mng
li phn phi thnh mt chu k khp kn.
Theo phng php ny, nc lm mt (nc ngt) sau khi i qua cc thit
b trao i nhit c nhit cao s c a thng v thp bay hi. Ti thp
bay hi nc c phun chy t trn xung qua lp m, cn kh c qut
ht i t di ln. Do qu trnh phn tn ca nc v khng kh, nc bay hi
v t lm mt ri thu gom xung pha di y ca thp bay hi.
Nc lm mt trong b cha s c kim tra thnh phn ha hc, sinh
hc v c b sung cc ha cht c ch qu trnh n mn, ng cn v s
pht trin ca vi sinh vt trong nc. Lng nc hao ht trong qu trnh hot
ng cngg s c b sung vo b cha ny. Do nc b bay hi mt phn
trong thp lm mt, nng mui trong nc s tng dn ln, v vy, mt phn
nc lm mt s c loi b nh k ra khi h thng b sung thm nc
mi. Cc tp cht c hc cngg sinh ra trong qu trnh hot ng, do mt
78

phn nc lm mt c lc lin tc v tun hon li b cha. Nc t b

cha sau c bm ti mng li phn phi ti cc h tiu th trong nh
my. S cng ngh in hnh h thng nc lm mt bng phng php
bay hi c m t trong hnh H-22.
3.6.2.2. Cu to v chc nng thit b trong h thng
H thng lm mt bng phng php bay hi bao gm cc thit b chnh
sau: Thp lm mt, b cha nc lm mt, bm nc lm mt, thit b lc v
mng li ng ng thu gom, phn phi nc lm mt.
a. Thp lm mt
Thp lm mt c nhim v h nhit ca nc lm mt c nhit cao
(tr v t cc thit b trao i nhit) xung nhit yu cu ph hp cho cht
ti nhit. y l mt thit b bay hi kiu thp, bn trong c cc lp m to
iu kin phn tn, tip xc gia khng kh v nc c tt (xem hnh H-22).
Nc lm mt c phun thnh cc git nh t trn xung, khng kh c
thi t pha di ln nh cc qut ht cng sut ln lp t nh thp. Ty
thuc vo m tng i ca khng kh, ch hot ng ca thp (tc
dng kh, phn tn ca nc,) m nc bay hi vi lng nhiu hay t v
tng ng nhit ca nc s gim ti mc tng ng. Khi nc bay hi
s lm lnh nc bn thn, ngi ta phi tnh tan cng sut thp bay hi (c
tnh n iu kin kh hu) sao cho nc sau khi lm mt t c nhit
yu cu. Nc sau khi lm mt c thu gom v b cha pha di thp bay
hi.
b. B cha nc lm mt
B cha nc lm mt thng l bc kt cu b tng ct thp kiu h. B
ny c nhim v cha nc sau khi lm mt. Ti y, nc lm mt c kim
tra cht lng v hiu chnh hn ch tnh n mn, kh nng ng cn cngg
nh c ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt. b sung lng nc hao ht trong
qu trnh bay hi, b c ni vi h thng cp nc ngt b sung nc
ngt. Mt cm bnh cha ha cht v cc bm nh lng cngg c lp t
km theo b sung ha cht cn thit hiu chnh cht lng nc lm mt.
c. Bm nc lm mt
Bm nc lm mt c chc nng to ng lc cho nc ngt lm mt
p sut thng tr lc ng ng mng li phn phi/thu gom v tr lc
bn trong cc thit b trao i nhit vi lu lng nc lm mt theo yu cu
ca cc h tiu th. m bo an ton vn hnh, ngi ta s dng nhiu

79

bm hot ng song song nhau. S lng bm c xc nh ty thuc vo

lu lng h thng v ti u ha v du t thit b.
d. Thit b lc
Nh cp, trong qu trnh hot ng sn sinh nhiu tp cht c hc
trong nc lm mt cn phi c loi b trnh nh hng ti cc thit b
trao i nhit. Trong s cng ngh, mt thit b lc c lp t lc mt
phn nc lm mt v tun hon li b cha.
e. Mng li phn phi
Cngg ging nh phng php lm mt bng nc bin, nc lm mt
c phn phi ti cc h tiu th bng mng li ng ng tri rng trn
mt bng nh my. Nc lm mt s phn chia thnh cc ng ng chnh
sau c phn nhnh vo tng phn xng ri chia nh vo tng thit b
trao i nhit. Nc sau khi lm mt c thu gom li h thng ng ng ri
a v thp bay hi. Nguyn tc ca h thng phn phi nc lm mt l hn
ch ti a s dng nc lm mt mt ln khng thu hi.
3.6.3. Cc h tiu th chnh v cht lng nc lm mt
Cc h tiu th nc lm mt chnh trong Nh my lc ha du l cc thit
b trao i nhit (cc thit b lm mt), cc thit b ngng t ca cc tuc bin hi,
cc my nn c cng sut ln. i vi thit b ngng t cho cc tuc bin hI,
ngoi tr mt s dng thit b ngng t trong phn xng pht in v my nn
kh thng s dng lm mt trc tip bng nc bin (trong s nc lm
mt bng nc bin) cc thit b khc u s dng cht ti nhit l nc ngt.
Cht lng nc lm mt khng ch nh hng ti hiu qu lm vic ca cc
thit b trao i nhit m cn nh hng ti tui th v chu k bo dng thit
b, v vy, cht lng nc lm mt cn phi c kim sat cht ch. Cc
thng s cht lng ca nc lm mt cn phi c kim sat chnh bao
gm:
- Nhit nc lm mt ti cc h tiu th;
-

Nhit nc lm mt sau thit b trao i nhit;

Gi tr PH;
dn in
Hm lng Ca ( tnh theo CaCO3);
Hm lng SiO2;

Nng mui

80

Cn c vo iu kin c th v cc tiu chun thit k m ngi ta quy

nh c th gi tr ca cc thng s cht lng ca nc lm mt.
3.7. CU HI V BI TP
1. Hy cho bit l do ti sao trong cc nh my lc du thng xy dng mt
phn xng pht in ring? Vic xy dng mt phn xng pht in ring
trong Nh my c u im g?
2. Hy cho bit ti sao phn xng pht in trong Nh my lc ha du
thng s dng kiu tuc bin hi?
3. Trnh by cc ngun nhit v phng thc tn dng trong cc Nh my lc
ha du.
4.Trnh by vai tr ca h thng kh nn trong nh my ch bin du kh;
5. Trnh by s cng ngh v nguyn l hot ng ca h thng kh nn;
6. Nu cc loi my nn thng c s dng trong h thng sn xut kh nn
trong nh my ch bin du kh, u nhc im ca my nn kiu trc vt;
7.Trnh by vai tr ca kh Ni-t trong hot ng nh my ch bin du kh;
8.Trnh by cu to h thng sn xut Ni-t, chc nng ca cc thit b trong h
thng
9. Vai tr H thng nhin liu trong Nh my lc ha du.
10. Trong hai ngun nhin liu (nhin liu kh v nhin liu lng), ngun no u
tin s dng trc? Ti sao mt s l t c cng sut ln cn phi c thit
k s dng c c kh v du nhin liu?
11. Vai tr nc lm mt trong Nh my lc ha du? Ti sao nc lm mt
(cht ti nhit) s dng trong cc phn xng cng ngh thng phi dng
nc ngt?
12. Trnh by nguyn l hot ng chung ca h thng nc lm mt. Hin ti
c my s nc lm mt chnh, u im ca s lm mt bng nc
bin.

81

BI 4. S V HOT NG H THNG CNG TRNH NGOI VI

M bi: HD M4
Gii thiu
Cngg nh h thng nng lng ph tr, h thng cng trnh ngoi vi c
mt vai tr quan trng v c mi quan h hu c vi cc phn xng cng
ngh trong qu trnh hot ng ca nh my lc ha du. c k nng vn
hnh nh my tt, cn phi hiu bit vng vng v h thng cc cng trnh
ngoi vi. Trong phm vi ca bi hc ny ch cp n cc hng mc cng
trnh chnh v nhng nt c bn ca tng hng mc, c bit l mi quan h
ca cc hng mc ny vi qu trnh hot ng chung ton b nh my.
Mc tiu thc hin
Hc xong m un ny hc vin c nng lc:
- M t c s cc hng mc cng trnh ngoi vi.
- M t c chc nng, nguyn l hot ng ca tng h thng.
- M t c hot ng ca tng h thng.
Ni dung chnh
-

Khu b cha sn phm.

Khu b cha trung gian.
H thng pha trn v xut sn phm

- H thng x l nc thi.
4.1. B CHA SN PHM
Cc sn phm ca nh my lc du trc khi xut c cha trong b
cha (i vi cc sn phm lng) hoc cc kho cha (i vi cc sn phm
dng rn) nhm mc ch kim tra cht lng sn phm ln cui, m bo s
an ton vn hnh v linh ng trong qu trnh kinh doanh. Trong khun kh ca
phn ny ch cp n cc b cha cc sn phm dng lng.
4.1.1. V tr khu b cha
V tr khu b cha sn phm c ngha quan trng i vi qu trnh vn
hnh nh my v tnh tin li, an ton vn hnh, chi ph vn hnh,... V tr khu
b cha sn phm phi hi ho sao cho khng qu xa khu vc cng ngh
nhng cngg khng qu xa bn xut sn phm m bo khng nh hng
n u t, chi ph vn hnh v an ton vn hnh. i vi cc nh my c khu
vc bn xut sn phm khng qu xa th khu b cha c t trong hng ro
nh my. Tuy nhin, i vi cc nh my c khu bn xut sn phm qu xa so
nh my th b cha sn phm c xem xt t khu vc ln cn bn xut
82

sn phm. Phng n ny cngg gy nhiu bt li cho qu trnh vn hnh (c

bit trong vic x l cc sn phm khng t cht lng,...), tuy nhin tit kim
c u t cho tuyn ng xut sn phm. Chnh v vy, tr cc trng hp
bt kh khng nh my cng gn khu vc bn xut sn phm cng thun li
cho vn hnh v gim c u t.
4.1.2. Sn phm v kiu b cha
Cc sn phm lng chnh ca Nh my lc du in hnh bao gm: Kh
ha lng (LPG), propylene, du ho/nhin liu phn lc, xng, du diesel, du
t l, nha ng. m bo an ton, tng ng vi mi loi sn phm c
kiu b cha khc nhau. Cc loi b cha kh ha lng (LPG, Propylene)
thng l loi b cha hnh cu, hnh vin n (b ni) hoc kiu b chm
chu c p sut ln. Cc dng b cha kh ha lng c minh ho trong
hnh H-23 A v H-23 B.
Cc cht lng c kh nng bay hi ln nh naphtha, xng, kerosen, du
diesel thng c cha trong cc b cha mi phao ni (xem hnh 24 A)
hn ch ti a mt mt trong qu trnh tng tr. Cc cht lng c tnh bay hi
km nh du FO, nha ng, c cha trong cc b cha mi nn c nh
bn trong c h thng gia nhit duy tr cht lng nhit cao hn nhit
ng c ca sn phm (xem hnh 24 B).

Hnh H 23 A- B cha kh ha lng hnh cu

83

Hnh H-23B B cha kh ha lng chm

Hnh 24 A- B cha mi phao ni

Hnh 24 B- B cha mi c nh
4.1.3. Chc nng khu b cha v phng php xc nh dung tch cha
Trong thc t, vic xut sn phm khng lin tc, v vy, sn phm cn
phi c tn tr m bo ng b gia qu trnh sn xut v kinh doanh.
Mt khc, mc d cc qu trnh kim sat cht lng bng phng php iu
84

khin t ng c p dng m bo p ng tiu chun, nhng cc ch

tiu cht lng c kim tra trc tuyn thng ch l nhng thng s quan
trng nht. Trong khi , rt nhiu cc ch tiu cht lng khc khng th xc
nh trc tuyn trong qu trnh sn xut, pha trn, cc ch tiu ny ch c xc
nh trong phng th nghim. V vy m sn phm sau khi sn xut vn cn
phi c lu kho kim tra cht lng trc khi xut hng. B cha cng
c chc nng d phng trong sn xut v kinh doanh, nhiu khi do iu kin
thi tit, bin ng th trng mt s sn phm khng th xut xng ng vi
cng sut ca nh my, do , b cha sn phm phi c sc cha tip
nhn sn phm t nh my trong mt thi gian nht nh m khng phi dng
hot ng, ngc li, khi th trng c nhu cu cao hn cng sut bnh thng
ca nh my th vn c kh nng p ng nhu cu th trng trong mt giai
on nht nh.
S lng v dung tch b cha cho mt loi sn phm phi m bo sao
cho cp cho phng tin vn chuyn c ti trng ln nht (ti trng tu
ln nht cho php cp bn) ng thi m bo phi c t nht mt b cha
ngoi cc b ang xut hng c kh nng tip nhn sn phm t nh my mt
cch lin tc. Ty theo tng loi sn phm m s ngy d phng ti thiu khc
nhau. Tng th tch b cha ca mt loi sn phm thng thng c xc
nh theo nguyn tc: Tng th tch b t nht bng ti trng ln nht phng
tin vn chuyn cng thm s ngy d phng sn xut (ty theo tng loi sn
phm).Thng thng, sn phm c kh nng tiu th ln trn th trng thi
gian lu kho thp hn cc sn phm c nhu cu thp trn th trng.
Ni cch khc, dung tch ca khu b cha c thit k m bo tn
cha c mt s ngy vn hnh nht nh ca nh my phng trng hp
vic xut sn phm gp kh khn do iu kin thi tit v m bo kh nng
d phng trong kinh doanh ng thi p ng c yu cu v nguyn tc
xut hng ha. Ngoi ra, khu b cha cn phi tnh n kh nng p ng
c cc phng tin vn chuyn khc nhau c bit l khi xut sn phm cho
cc tu c ti trng ln. S dng cc phng tin vn chuyn c ti trng cng
ln th cng i hi phi u t khu b cha c dung tch cng ln. Chnh v
vy trong thc t, xy dng nh my ngi ta phi la chn phng tin vn
chuyn sn phm mt cch thch hp va m bo kh nng vn hnh linh
ng ca nh my ng thi m bo mc u t cho b cha mc chp
nhn c.

85

4.2. B CHA TRUNG GIAN

m bo an ton vn hnh nh my trong iu kin hot ng bnh
thng, chy th cngg nh khi xy ra s c, trong nh my lc ha du ngi
ta thit k v lp t cc b cha trung gian. B cha trung gian cn c nhim
v gim bt nh hng ca cc phn xng vi nhau khi mt mt phn xng
gp s c v m bo s linh ng trong vn hnh. Theo chc nng, b cha
thng chia ra lm hai loi: b cha m (gia cc phn xng cng ngh) v
b cha cc cu t pha trn.
4.2.1. B cha m
4.2.1.1.Chc nng v nguyn l hot ng
B cha m c b tr gia cc phn xng cng ngh k tip nhau, c
nhim v d tr nguyn liu cho cc phn xng pha sau v nhm m bo
phn xng pha trc vn hot ng bnh thng nu cc phn xng pha
sau c s c tm ngng hot ng hoc ngc li khi phn xng pha truc
c s c th phn xng pha sau vn c nguyn liu vn hnh cng sut ti
thiu trong mt giai on nht nh. Nguyn l hot ng ca cc b cha trung
gian ny tm tt mt cch n gin nh sau: khi phn xng pha sau xy ra
s c phi tm ngng hot ng khc phc s c th sn phm trung gian i
t cc phn xng cng ngh pha trc c tn tr vo cc b cha m
trc phn xng s c, ngc li phn xng cng ngh pha sau s s
dng nguyn liu d phng trong b cha hoc chy tun hon nguyn liu
cng sut thp (ty vo cng ngh c th) nu phn xng pha trc gp s
c. Vic lp t cc b cha m phi c xem xt k va m bo vn
hnh an ton v tnh linh ng ca nh my nhng cngg khng lm tng qu
chi ph u t. Ty theo mc ch s dng, nguyn l vn hnh m cc b cha
m trng thi thng xuyn trng rng ( cha sn phm trung gian phn
xng cng ngh pha trc nu phn xng sau gp s c) hay trng thi
lun y (d tr nguyn liu phng phn xng pha trc gp s c) hoc
phng n tng tr phi hp (mt s b y mt s b rng).
B cha m c mt ngha quan trng trong vic m bo vn hnh an
ton nh my mi ch vn hnh, trnh vic ngng nh my ch v mt s
c mt vi phn xng nh l. Vic b tr s lng, th tch cc b cha m
thch hp cho php nh my vn c th hot ng khi mt vi phn xng c
s c phi ngng hot ng khc phc s c trong thi gian ngn, nh
trnh tn tht kinh t sau mi mt ln dng ton b nh my.

86

Dung tch v s lng b cha phi cn c vo tng trng hp c th, tuy

nhin, trong thc t ngi ta thng xc nh tng dung tch b cha m phi
m bo kh nng tn tr cc phn xng khng gp s c c th vn
hnh 3-4 ngy cng sut thit k. y l khong thi gian c th khc phc
c cc s c thng thng cc phn xng cng ngh.
4.2.1.2. Cc b cha m trong Nh my lc du
Trong Nh my lc du, thng thng gia cc phn xng cng ngh
u lp t cc b cha m m bo an ton v linh ng trong vn hnh.
Cc b cha m in hnh l b cha cn chng ct kh quyn gia phn
xng chng ct du th v phn xng chng chn khng (hoc phn xng
cracking), b cha phn on naphtha gia phn xng chng ct du th v
phn xng x l naphtha bng hydro, b cha LCO/HGO trc phn xng
x l GO, b cha xng craking gia phn xng cracking v phn xng x
l, b cha sn phm LPG khng t cht lng yu cu,...
S lng v chng loi b cha m ty thuc vo quan im vn hnh
nh my m khng c mt nguyn tc chung cho tt c cc nh my.
4.2.2. B cha cu t pha trn
Hu nh tt c cc sn phm lc du u l kt qua pha trn ca nhiu
cu t c sn xut trong ni ti nh my (mt s cu t c th nhp t bn
ngoi). Thng thng, cc cu t pha trn c cha trong cc b cha trc
khi a ti thit b pha trn.
Chc nng ca cc b cha cu t pha trn bao gm: m bo kh nng
d tr ca nh my, tng tnh linh ng trong vic pha trn sn phm c cht
lng khc nhau theo yu cu th trng, iu ho c t l pha trn cc
chng loi sn phm, gip h thng pha trn khng phi ngng hot ng khi
c s c mt s phn xng. Trong nh my lc du, cc b cha cu t pha
trn ch yu cho pha trn cc sn phm xng v diesel. i vi nh my lc
du c cu hnh cng ngh in hnh th cc b cha cc cu t pha trn gm
c: b cha butan, b cha reformate, b cha isomerate, b cha xng
cracking, b cha alkylate, b cha GO/LCO, b cha Kerosene.
4.3. H THNG PHA TRN V XUT SN PHM
Nh trnh by trn, a phn cc sn phm cui cng ca nh my lc
du l kt qu ca qu trnh pha trn nhiu cu t thnh phn. Vic pha trn
cc cu t nhn c sn phm cui c cht lng p ng ng yu cu
cht lng c thc hin nh h thng pha trn. C nhiu phng thc pha
trn sn phm khc nhau, ty thuc vo iu kin c th m la chn phng
87

php no. Trong thc t, phng php pha trn t ng trong ng ng bng
thit b trn tnh c s dng rng ri, phng php ny dn thay th cho
phng php pha trn bng b ha trn.
4.3.1. Cc phng php pha trn sn phm
Theo phng thc pha trn truyn thng, cc cu t c bm theo mt
t l xc nh vo mt b pha trn. B ny c trang b my khuy m bo
s ng u cc cu t. Sn phm trong b cha c kim tra v hiu chnh
trc khi a ra khu b cha sn phm. Phng php ny c u im l cht
lng sn phm c kim tra trc tip ti phng th nghim trc khi chuyn
sang khu b cha sn phm. Tuy nhin, phng php ny lm tng chi ph u
t v chi ph vn hnh.
4.3.1.1. Phng php pha trn bng b
Phng php pha trn bng b l phng php pha trn truyn thng
c s dng trong cc nh my lc du trc y hoc cc nh my u t
cho cc thit b t ng mc thp. Nguyn l hot ng ca phng php
ny l: cc cu t pha trn t b cha trung gian c bm vo b ha trn
theo khi lng c tnh tan trc m bo cht lng theo yu cu.
Trong b ha trn, cc cu t c khuy ng nht sau kim tra cht
lng, nu sn phm pha trn t yu cu s c chuyn ti b cha sn
phm, nu sn phm khng t yu cu s tin hnh hiu chnh cho ti khi t
yu cu cht lng. Trong trng hp xu nht, sn phm pha trn khng t
c cht lng th s c bm v b cha du thi ch bin li. S
cng ngh phng php pha trn sn phm b ha trn c m t trong hnh
H-25 A.
Phng php ny c u im nht nh nh: Cht lng sn phm
chuyn ra b cha c kim tra c bng c thit b phn tch trc tuyn v
trong phng th nghim, v vy, t khi sn phm cc b cha sn phm cui
cng khng t yu cu, u t v thit b t ng thp. Tuy nhin, phng
php ny c nhiu nhc im nh: u t thit b c kh cao
(thm b
cha, thit b khuy trn, ng ng, bm), pha trn sn phm thc hin theo
m, khng lin tc, mc t ng ha thp.
4.3.1.2. Phng php pha trn trc tip trong ng ng
Ngy nay, cng vi tin b trong lnh vc o lng iu khin, c bit l
cc thit b o v phn tch trc tuyn (online), cng on pha trn sn phm
c nng thm mt bc v mc iu khin v kim sat qu trnh
m cht lng sn phm pha trn nhm gim chi ph u t, vn hnh. Nh
88

tin b thit b o lng iu khin, a phn cc qu trnh pha trn sn phm

nhin liu lng trong nh my lc du c thc hin trc tip trn ng ng
v chuyn thng ra b cha sn phm m khng cn mt b ha trn sn
phm trung gian.
Theo phng php ny, tt c cc cu t pha trn c bm ng thi
ho vo ng ng trong c gn cc b phn i dng c bit trn u
cc cu t (thit b trn tnh). Sn phm nhn c sau khi pha trn trc tip
trong ng ng c a thng ti khu b cha sn phm m khng cn
a ti mt b cha trung gian no. m bo cht lng sn phm, cc
u o phn tch c lp t trn tng dng cu t ring bit v thng
xuyn cung cp s liu v h thng iu khin. Cn c trn tnh cht ca cc
dng cu t my tnh s tnh tan iu chnh t pha trn gia cc cu t v
iu khin cc van thit lp t l dng pha trn ca cc cu t thnh phn.
Vic pha trn sn phm hon ton t ng. Pha sau thit b trn tnh ngi ta
lp t u o kim tra cht lng sn phm, nu sn phm khng t cht
lng s t ng chuyn v b cha du thi a ti cc phn xng cng
ngh ch bin li. Phng php ny n gin v mt c kh v cho php gim
c cc b cha pha trn trung gian. Tuy nhin, p dng phng php pha
trn ny phi u t thch ng cho h thng t ng ha. Trong trng hp
cc thit b o hot ng khng chun xc vn xy ra trng hp sn phm
khng t yu cu c a ra khu b cha gy tng chi ph sn xut, tuy
nhin, cc trng hp ny l hn hu xy ra. S cng ngh pha trn sn
phm trc tip trn ng ng c m t trong hnh H-25 B.

Hnh 25 A S cng ngh H thng pha trn sn phm s dng b ho trn

89

Hnh 25 B S cng ngh H thng pha trn sn phm trc tip trong ng
ng
4.3.1.3. Pha trn cc sn phm lc du
Sn phm lc du ch yu l dng nhin liu lng (LPG, du ha/nhin
liu phn lc, xng, du diesel v du t l). Ngoi tr nhin liu phn lc, cc
sn phm khc u cn pha trn (LPG i khi tch ring C3, C4, vic pha trn
LPG l nhim v nh phn phi kinh doanh), trong qu trnh pha trn xng
v diesel l phc tp hn c do c nhiu cu t pha trn v nhiu chng loi
sn phm. V vy, trong khun kh chng trnh ch gii thiu h thng pha
trn xng v diesel trong nh my lc du.
a. Pha trn xng
Cc cu t pha trn chnh
Ty thuc vo cu hnh cng ngh nh my m cu t pha trn xng c
khc nhau. Cc cu t pha trn xng chnh l: Xng cracking, reformate,
isomerate, alkylate, naphtha nh, butan,... v cu t tng tr s octan (MTBE,
TAME, Toluen,...) nu nh cc cu t pha trn c sn xut ni ti trong nh
my khng p ng c tr s octan ca xng sau khi pha trn.
Yu cu v cht lng v s cng ngh pha trn
Ty theo trnh kinh t, x hi, mi quc gia c tiu chun v cht lng
sn phm du m khc nhau. Sn phm xng c xc nh bi rt nhiu cc
ch tiu, trong cc ch tiu quan trng l: tr s octane, khi lng ring, hm
lng lu hynh, p sut hi bo ha, hm lng olefin, benzene,
aromactics,... Trong thc t, ch mt s thng s quan trng c kim sat
lin tc trong qu trnh vn hnh v mt s tnh cht sn phm khng th xc
nh trc tip bng dng c o. Mt khc, c rt nhiu ch tiu cht lng chc
90

chn t c vi cu hnh cng ngh ca nh my m khng cn phi kim

sat. Cc ch tiu xng thng xuyn c kim sat trong qu trnh pha trn
l: Tr s Octane, khi lng ring, hm lng lu hynh, p sut hi bo ha.
Cc ch tiu cng li ca xng c xc nh nh phn tch ti phng th
nghim trc khi xut hng.
S cng ngh pha trn xng (theo phng php pha trn trc tip
trong ng ng) c trnh by trong hnh H-26 A. Theo s ny, cc cu
t pha trn xng chnh (Butane, Alkylate, Reformate, Isomate/naphtha nh,
xng cracking, xng khng t cht lng v ph gia tng ch s Octane) c
bm t b cha ti thit b trn tnh trn ng ng. Nh thit b trn tnh, cc
cu t c pha trn ng u ngay trn ng ng ri a thng ti b cha
sn phm. Qu trnh pha trn hon ton t ng v iu khin t phng iu
khin trung tm. Sn phm khng t cht lng c a v b cha du
thi pha trn hoc ch bin li.

Hnh 26 A- S cng ngh H thng pha trn xng

b. Pha trn du diesel
Cc cu t pha trn chnh
Ty thuc vo cu hnh cng ngh nh my m cu t pha trn du diesel
c khc nhau. Cc cu t pha trn diesel chnh l: Phn on du diesel nh
chng ct trc tip t phn xng CDU, du diesel t cc phn c x l
bng hydro (GO), phn on du diesel cracking (LCO), du phn on chng
ct chn khng v Kerosene. Trong thc t, c th tt c cc phn on diesel

91

trong nh my c thu v phn xng x l bng hydro (GO-HDS), v vy, s

dng pha trn diesel c th gim i mc ti thiu.

Hnh 26 B- S cng ngh H thng pha trn du diesel

Yu cu v cht lng v s cng ngh pha trn
Cngg nh sn phm xng, du diesel sau khi pha trn phi p ng
c tiu chun thit k ca nh my v p ng yu cu th trng tiu th.
Ty theo th trng tiu th m tiu chun thit k cn phi p ng tiu chun
quc gia, tiu chun khu vc hay tiu chun quc t. Nhn chung tiu chun
quy nh cht lng diesel c rt nhiu ch tiu, tuy nhin, cc ch tiu chnh
c kim sat trc tuyn trong sn xut l: Ch s x-tan, khi lng ring,
im ng c, hm lng lu hynh v im chp chy. Cc ch tiu khc
c xc nh trong phng th nghim khi xut hng ha. Cc ch tiu khng
c xc inh trc tuyn phn ln c tnh tan trc s t c yu
cu vi cu hnh cng ngh ca nh my. Vic xc nh cc ch tiu cht lng
ny ch thc hin khu kim tra cht lng cui cng trong phng th
nghim.
S cng ngh H thng pha trn du diesel trong nh my lc du
(theo phng php pha trn trc tip trong ng ng) c m t trong hnh
H-26 B. Theo s cng ngh ny, cc cu t pha trn chnh nh gasoil (GO),
du cracking (LCO) v kerosene c bm t b cha ti u pha trn. Cc
cu t s c trn ng u nh thit b trn tnh. Thnh phn chnh ca
diesel l GO v LCO (nu hm lng lu hynh v tp cht trong LCO ln th

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mt phn LCO c x l trong phn xng GO-HDS), dng kerosene ch

c ngha trong vic iu chnh nhit im ng c v t trng ca du sn
phm.
4.3.2. Xut sn phm
Sn phm sau khi pha trn c tng tr ti khu b cha sn phm trc
khi xut cho khch hng. Sn phm c th c xut ra khi nh my bng
ng thy, ng b (bao gm c ng st v xe bn) v ng ng. Cc
nh my lc du thng c cng sut ln, v vy, vic xut hng thng phi
phi hp ng thi bng nhiu phng tin vn chuyn c th gii phng
c lng hng ha ln nh vy. Do hn ch v ti trng ca phng tin
vn chuyn, phng php xut bng ng b ch p ng cho nhu cu tiu
th vng ln cn nh my.

Hnh H-27 - Bn xut sn phm lng bng ng thy ca Nh my lc du

Phng thc vn chuyn bng ng ng c nhiu u im, tuy nhin,
u t cho h thng ln, vic qun l, vn hnh mng ng ng t nh my
ti khch hng phc tp, phng thc ny ch ph hp vi cc nc c trnh
pht trin cao hoc trong trng hp bt kh khng (nh my nm su trong
t lin). Trong thc t, phng thc xut sn phm bng ng thy s dng
rng ri nht do c nhiu u im: chi ph vn chuyn thp, ti trng phng
tin vn chuyn ln, c th vn chuyn mi khong cch trong phm vi quc
gia hoc ton cu nh m rng kh nng phn phi sn phm,... Chnh v
vy, ngoi tr nhng trng hp c bit, hu ht cc nh my lc du c
t ti v tr thun li cho vic xut bng ng thy (ngoi ra thun li cho
nhp nguyn liu du th).

93

4.3.2.1. Xut bng ng thy

a phn cc nh my lc du c t ti v tr thun li cho vic vn
chuyn bng ng thy (c bit l cn cc cng bin nc su) p ng
c yu cu xut mt lng ln sn phm. xut hng ha bng ng
thy, ngi ta phi thit k, xy dng, lp t cc bn tip nhn tu cng vi
cc phng tin xut hng ph hp vi cng sut nh my v iu kin lung
lch khu vc.
Mt trong vic quan trng l xc nh c kh nng tip nhn c tu
c ti trng ln nht, cc loi tu d kin s dng lm c s thit k bn
xut sn phm. T loi tu d kin s dng xut sn phm s nh c s
bn cn thit cng sut cc bn p ng yu cu m khng gy ra hin
tng kt bn.
xut cc sn phm bng ng thy, ngi ta phi xy dng tuyn
ng ng t khu b cha ra ti cu cng cng vi cc my mc, phng tin
km theo nh bm, cn xut, b phn chng sc thy lc,... Kch thc ng
ng xut, cng sut v s lng bm phi c thit k sao cho p ng c
tt c cc loi tu c ti trng khc nhau d kin s c s dng m bo
s hot ng linh hot ca bn xut. Bn xut sn phm nh my lc du bng
ng thy c minh ho trong hnh H-27.
4.3.2.2. Xut bng ng b
p ng nhu cu sn phm ca khu vc ln cn quanh nh my v
chia s mt phn nhim v xut sn phm, thng thng, trong nh my ngi
ta xy dng mt trm xut sn phm bng ng b. Do ti trng phng tin
vn ti ng b nh nn h thng b cha sn phm v cc phng tin km
theo c tch ring vi h thng xut sn phm bng ng thy nhm m
bo an ton vn hnh v n gin trong qun l. Vi v tr thun li, khu vc
xut ng b c th bao gm c trm xut xe bn v trm xut ng st.
4.4. H THNG X L NC THI
Trong nh my lc ha du c nhiu ngun thi lng cn phi c x l
trc khi x vo mi trng theo quy nh tiu chun mi trng. Ngun thi
lng ch yu l cc ngun nc thi t cc phn xng cng ngh, nng
lng ph tr, ngun nc thi sinh hot v nc ma nhim bn. nc
thi ra mi trng t tiu chun theo quy nh, trong cc nh my lc ha du
phi xy dng h thng x l nc thi.

94

4.4.1. Cc ngun nc thi

hiu qu qu trnh x l cao, ngi ta phi tin hnh nh gi, phn
loi cc ngun nc thi v x l s b trc khi a n h thng x l nc
thi trung tm ca nh my. Cc ngun nc thi chnh trong nh my lc ha
du bao gm:
- Nc thi b mt ln du;
- Nc thi nhim du t khu cng ngh;
- Nc thi sinh hot;
- Cc dng bn thi ln nc.
4.4.1.1. Nc thi b mt ln du
Nc thi b mt nhim du l nc thu gom t b mt cc khu vc c
nguy c nhim du cao nh nc b mt thi t khu vc va h, mt sn khu
phn xng cng ngh, khu vc xut hng bng ng bin, ng b. Nc
thi ra t h thng nc lm mt, t thit b lc ca h thng x l nc ngt
v nc ngng cngg c thu gom v h thng nc b mt nhim du.
4.4.1.2. Nc thi nhim du t khu cng ngh
Nc thi nhim du t khu cng ngh t cc ngun nh: nc x y,
nc ra thit b, bn b, nc thi t thit b tch mui, nc tch ra t b
cha du th, nc tch t cc b cha du thi,... Ngoi ra, cc dng nc
thi ca phn xng trung ha kim, phn xng sc nc chua cngg c
a v h thng x l nc thi trc khi x ra mi trng.
4.4.1.3. Nc thi sinh hot
Nc thi sinh hot t khi nh n, nh v sinh, cc dch v c thu gom
v h thng nc thi sinh hot sau thu v khu x l.
4.4.1.4. Bn thi ln nc
Bn thi ln nc c ngun gc ch yu t cc thit b x l nc thi
(bn hot tnh), t cc h ga v bn cn t qu trnh v sinh bn b cha.
4.4.2. H thng x l nc thi
Do nc thi ca nh my lc ha du cha nhiu loi tp cht, v vy, h
thng x l nc thi c phn chia ra nhiu b phn x l chuyn bit v
nhiu cp x l loi cc tp cht mt cch c hiu qu v c chn lc. S
khi h thng x l nc thi in hnh ca nh my lc ha du in hnh
c m t trong hnh H-28. Ty theo s ch bin, cng ngh p dng m
ngun thi c th c nhng khc bit i cht v do h thng x l trong
thc t c nhng khc bit. Nhn chung, tt c cc h thng x l nc thi

95

trong nh my lc ha du u phn ra cc cp x l khc nhau nhm t

c hiu qu cao.
4.4.2.1. S cng ngh
a. Phn loi nc thi v x l ban u
Tt c cc ngun nc thi trong nh my u c phn loi v x l s
b trc khi a vo h thng thit b x l chung. Cc dng nc thi c
phn loi v thu gom thnh cc nhm sau:
Nc nhim du b mt: Bao gm nc ma khu vc c nguy c nhim
du, nc ra cc khu vc phn xng cng ngh, nc thi ra t h thng
nc lm mt, t thit b lc ca h thng x l nc ngt v nc ngng,...
Nc nhim du b mt c thu gom v b cha, c tch vng du s b
ri chuyn sang thit b lng du (CPI). Du tch ra c chuyn ti b cha
du m, cng nc c a ti b kim tra cht lng nc thi trc khi x
ra mi trng.
Nc ln du: Nc ln du tch ra t cc phn xng cng ngh, khu b
cha v b cha du thi,... c a ti b lng du. Ti y mt phn du
c tch ra ri a ti b cha du m, cng nc thi c bm ti b ha
trn cc dng nc qua x l s b.
Nc thi sinh hot: Nc thi sinh hot thu gom t cc ngun nh khu
nh hnh chnh, nh n, nh v sinh,... c thu v b cha nc thi sinh
hot. Ti y, cc tp cht c hc c c kch thc ln c loi b, cng
nc thi c bm sang thit b x l sinh hc.
Nc c ln Phenol: Phenol l cht c hi vi sc kho con ngi, v
vy, cc tiu chun v cht lng nc thi quy nh rt ngt ngho v hm
lng ca ha cht ny. hiu qu qu trnh tch phenol c cao, ngun
nc nhim phenol c tch x l ring trc khi ha vo h thng x l
chung ton nh my. Ngun nc cha phenol (ch yu l nc t phn
xng sc nc chua) c a ti b thu gom sau a n thit b x l
phenol. Qua thit b x l, phenol b chuyn ha sang dng ha cht khng c
hi khc hoc b hp ph li ty theo phng php x l. Nc thi sau khi x
l s c chuyn ti b ha trn. Hin nay, c ba phng php chnh x l
phenol trong nc thi l: phng php sinh hc, phng php ha hc (-xy
ha) v phng php hp ph bng than hot tnh. Ty theo yu cu c th v

96

tiu chun mi trng v s cng ngh, yu t kinh t m phng n x l

c th s c xc nh cho ph hp.
Nc thi sau khi c x l s b s c a vo h thng x l
chung. Qu trnh x l tri qua cc cng on sau y.
b. X l bc mt
Cc ngun nc thi sau khi phn loi v x l s b c a ti b ha
trn. Ti y cc dng nc thi c ha trn ng nht x l theo cc
cng on tip theo. B ha trn c sc cha thit k ph hp vi c im
cc dng thi khng n nh. Cc dng nc thi thu gom v b ha trn bao
gm cc dng chnh sau:

Dng nc thi t b lng du (CPI) ca dng nc thi ln du khu

vc cng ngh;
Dng nc thi t b lng du (CPI) ca dng nc ln du khu b
cha;
Nc tch t b cha du m;

Nc t phn xng trung ha;

- Nc t thit b x l phenol;
- Nc thi tun hon trong h thng.
Nc thi t b ha trn c bm ti b khuy trn iu chnh PH, b
cc cht to keo t nhm iu chnh mi trng nc thi ph hp tch cc
ht rn l lng c kch thc nh, ph v hn hp nh tng v h phn tn
gia du/nc trong thit b tuyn ni pha sau. tng cng ha trn, trong
b lp t c h thng khuy tnh v my khuy c hc. Nc t b khuy trn
s t chy vo b tuyn ni kh. B tuyn ni kh c nhim v tch nt du t
do v cc cht rn trong nc thi bng phwng php tuyn ni thu nc
thi c iu kin thch hp cho x l sinh hc tip theo. Nc thi sau khi tuyn
ni c bm qua thit b lm mt nhm iu chnh nhit ti u cho qu
trnh x l bc hai (x l sinh hc).
c. X l bc hai
X l bc hai c mc ch chuyn ha phn cc hp cht hu c ha tan
trong nc thi ti gii hn theo yu cu tiu chun mi trng. Nc thi t
h thng x l cp mt v nc thi sinh hot ( c x l s b ban u)
c a ti thit b x l sinh hc. iu chnh cht lng nc thi, mt
phn nc thi t b kim tra cht nc trc khi x ra mi trng cngg
c tun hon li thit b x l sinh hc. X l bc hai thng l h thng x

97

l lc sinh hc hai giai on. Nc thi trc khi i vo cc thit b lc sinh hc

c b sung dinh dng cn thit cho s pht trin vi sinh vt.
Mi mt giai on x l bao gm mt b cha nc thi, mt bnh lc sinh hc
(thit b phn ng sinh hc), mt thit b phn tch, thu gom bn v b cha
nc bm tun hon. Ngoi ra, mi giai on cng trang b mt s thit b km
theo: h thng nh lng ha cht, dinh dng b sung, h thng cp khng
kh cn thit cho s pht trin ca vi sinh. Nc thi sau khi x l sinh hc s
c a ti thit b x l bc ba, cng bn cn c a ti thit b x l s
b bn thi.
d. X l bc ba
Nc thi sau khi ra khi thit b x l bc hai c a ti thit b lc
tch nt cc tp cht rn l lng cng st li. Thit b lc thng c s dng
l thit b lc ct nhanh c h thng ra ngc. Nc thi lc c thu gom v
mt b cha. Nc thi t b cha nc lc sau t chy vo b kim tra
cht lng nc thi trc khi thi vo mi trng nh dc. Ti b cha
ny c h thng kim tra ln cui cht lng nc thi, nu nc thi p ng
tiu chun mi trng s c thi ra mi trng. Trong trng hp nc thi
khng p ng yu cu th mt phn nc thi s c bm tun hon li cc
thit b x l pha trc x l. Nc thi khng t yu cu c bm ti
thit b x l bc hai hoc bc ba ty thuc vo ch tiu no ca nc thi cha
t yu cu.
4.4.2.2. Cc thit b x l
Thit b x l nc thi trong nh my lc ha du c chia thnh bn
nhm: Thit b phn loi v x l s b bn u, thit b x l bc mt, thit b
x l bc hai v thit b x l bc ba. S cng ngh tm tt h thng x l
nc in hnh vi cc loi thit b s dng c trnh by trong hnh H-29.

98

NC MA

B CHA
NC NHIM
DU B MT

B LNG DU
CPI

NC NHIM DU
B MT T KHU
CNG NGH
B CHA
DU THI

B THU GOM
DU
NC NHIM DU
T B CHA DU
THI
NC NHIM DU
T B CHA

NC NHIM DU
T KHU CNG NGH

B LNG
DU CPI
B THU GOM
HA TRN
NC QUA
X L S B

B KHUY TRN B
SUNG HA CHT
KEO T, IU CHNH
PH

B LC V
CHA NC

B KIM SAT CHT

LNG NC THI

NC THI
QUA X L

B LNG
DU CPI
NC THI
TUN HON

B TUYN NI
BNG KH

NC T
PHN XNG
TRUNG HA

NC THI
SINH HOT

B THU GOM
NC THI
SINH HOT

NC THI
CHA PHENOL

X L NC
THI CHA
PHENOL

B X L SINH HC

B CHA
BN CN
BN T CC
THIT B
KHC

B CHA
DU THI

B X L
BN CN S
B

THIT B X
L BN CN

NC THI
LN DU

CHT THI
RN

Hnh H-28 S khi H thng x l nc thi trong Nh my lc du

99

NC NHIM DU
B MT

B CHA NC
NHIM DU B
MT

CC NGUN
NC THI KHC

B LNG DU CPI

B HA CHT
CHNH PH

CC B CHA HA
CHT B SUNG

BNH CHIA DNG

TI B CHA DU
THI

TI B CHA DU
THI M

B THU GOM, HA
TRN NC
X L S B

NI -T

DU THU T CC
H THNG TCH

NC LM MT
NC LM MT
TUN HON

NC NHIM DU
T KHU CNG
NGH

NC NHIM DU
T B CHA DU
THI

B KHUY TRN,
IU CHNH PH

B TUYN NI
BNG KH

B LNG DU
CPI

TI B CHA DU
THI

B CHA
DU THI M

NC NHIM DU
T KHU B CHA
DU TH

B LNG DU
CPI
THIT B LC

B CUNG CP
DINH DNG

THIT BLC
BC #1

THIT BLC
BC #2

KHNG
KH
NC THI
SINH HOT

B CHA
NC LC
THIT B X L
BN S B

B THU GOM
NC THI SINH
HOT

TI B PHN X
L BN

B X L SINH HC

NC THI RA
MI TRNG

B KIM TRA
CHT LNG
NC THI

B CHA
NC RA

B CHA NC
TUN HON

Hnh H-29 S cng ngh H thng x l nc thi trong Nh my lc du

100

a. Thit b phn loi v x l s b.

Thit b x l s b nc nhim du b mt
X l nc nhim du b mt bao gm cc thit b chnh sau: B phn
phi dng, b cha nc ma, b lng du CPI. Nc nhim du b mt c
thu gom v bnh phn chia dng ri chy ti b cha v x l s b. B cha
v x l s b l dng b lng du (CPI) c nhim v tch cc cht thi rn ko
theo v tch du ni trn b mt ra khi nc thi. nng cao hiu qu qu
trnh tch du, trong b c gn cc tm dp nhn tng cng qu trnh phn
tch du v nc. Pha trn b mt thang ca b c lp h thng thu gom
du ni. Du tch ra c chuyn ti b cha du m, cng nc c
chuyn ti b kim tra cht lng nc thi trc khi x ra mi trng. Nu
ngun nc thi ny b nhim du nng trong thi gian di th nc thi khng
c a trc tip ti b kim tra cht lng trc khi thi m a ti h
thng nc nhim du x l. Khi lng nc thi ln (khi ma) nc t
bnh phn dng s chy trn vo b cha nc ma.
Thit b x l s b nc ln du
Thit b x l s b nc nhim du bao gm hai b lng du x l nc
nhim du t khu cng ngh v khu b cha. Nc nhim du c phn loi
v a v cc b lng du tng ng x l s b. y l dng b lng du
(CPI) c nhim v tch cc cht thi rn ko theo v tch du ni trn b mt ra
khi nc thi. Cu to, nguyn l hot ng ca b thu gom v x l s b
ny tng t nh b lng nc nhim du b mt. C im khc bit so vi
nc thi nhim du b mt l nc thi nhim du t khu cng ngh v b
cha sau khi x l s b c a ti b ho trn ca x l bc mt m khng
a thng ti b kim tra cht lng nc trc khi thi.
Thit b x l s b nc thi sinh hot
Thit b x l s b nc thi sinh hot ch bao gm cc b thu gom nc
thi. n linh ng vn hnh thng thng, c hai b cha nc thi hot
ng song song. Nc thi sinh hot thu gom v cc b cha ny c x l
s b. Ti y, cc tp cht c hc c loi b, nc thi sau c bm
sang thit b x l sinh hc (x l bc hai).
Thit b x l Phenol
Thit b x l nc thi cha phenol rt a dng, ty thuc vo cng ngh
x l c p dng. Hin nay, trong thc t ngi ta s dng ba phng php
x l phenol chnh l phng php sinh hc, phng php ha hc (-xy ha)
v phong php hp ph bng than hot tnh. Phng php sinh hc c s
101

dng tng i rng ri do thn thin vi mi trng, p ng c yu cu

ngt ngho v hm lng phenol trong nc thi. Thit b chnh ca phng
php s l phenol bng sinh hc l cc bnh phn ng sinh hc. Cc bnh phn
ng ny c dng tr bn trong cha cc lp m thm vi sinh vt c kh nng
phn hy phenol cha trong nc thi.
Nc thi cha phenol sau khi x l s c chuyn ti b ha trn trc khi
a ti thit b x l bc mt.
B cha du m
B cha du m c nhim v cha du tch ra t khu vc x l nc thi,
x l s b trc khi a ti b cha du thi trong nh my. Thng thng,
c hai b cha du thi m. Trong mi b thu gom du thi m ny c trang b
gia nhit kiu ng rut g (gia nhit bng hi thp p) tng cng phn chia
pha du v nc. Ti cc bnh thu gom ny, du c tch ra trn v c
bm ti b cha du thi ca nh my, nc thi c bm ti b ha trn.
b. Thit b x l bc mt
Cm x l nc thi bc mt bao gm cc thit b chnh sau: B ha trn,
b khuy trn iu chnh pH & b sung ha cht v b tuyn ni kh.
B ha trn
B ha trn l b cha c thit k tng tr v ho trn tt c cc
ngun nc thi c x l s b. B ho trn phi c dung tch ln
dung ho s khng n nh lu lng ca cc dng thi. Chc nng ca b
cha ny l iu ho lu lng dng chy vo cc thit b x l pha sau, lm
ng u thnh phn nc thi x l. Bn trong bythng c trang b mt
my khuy trn. Nc thi sau khi ho trn c a ti b khuy trn.
B khuy trn
B khuy trn c nhim v iu ho mi trng nc thi ph hp vi
iu kin cho cc giai on x l tip theo. Nc thi trc ht c iu chnh
pH, thng thng trong nh my lc du, ngun nc thi c tnh kim, v
vy, gi tr pH ca nc thi c iu chnh bng dung dch a-xt. Nc sau
khi iu chnh pH c chuyn sang khoang b sung cht to keo v cht
polime nhm mc ch to lp keo t tch cc ht rn l lng, du dng
nh tng v phn tn trong nc thi khi chuyn sang thit b tuyn ni kh
pha sau. B khuy trn c chia thnh ba khoang: khoang iu chnh pH,
khoang b sung ha cht keo t v khoang b sung polime. Cc khoang ny
u c lp t thit b khuy trn tnh hay my khuy ty theo iu kin c

102

th. Nc thi sau khi c iu chnh pH v b sung ha cht c

chuyn sang thit b tuyn ni kh.
Thit b tuyn ni kh
Nc thi sau khi c b sung ha cht s hnh thnh lp kt ta, du phn
tn v nh tng c tch ra dng du t do. Nc thi t b khuy trn s
c chy sang b tuyn ni nh trng lc. B tuyn ni c nhim v lm cc
pha cha du t do v cht rn ni ln pha b mt lng d dng tch ra
khi pha lng nhm mc ch thu c nc ph hp cho qu trnh x l sinh
hc giai on tip theo. Thit b tuyn ni thng l thit b kiu nm ngang,
c chia thnh nhiu ngn ni tip nhau, ngn cui cng c lp bm tun
hon nhm tng cng hiu qu qu trnh phn tch pha. Phn cui thit b c
lp mng thu lp ni pha trn mt nc v a v b cha du thi m. Nc
thi qua thit b tuyn ni s c a ti thit b x l bc hai (x l sinh hc).
c. Thit b x l bc hai
Thit b x l bc hai thng c s dng l thit b x l sinh hc hai
giai on truyn thng. Nhim v ca thit b x l bc hai l chuyn ha cc
hp cht hu c ho tan trong nc thi xung di mc yu cu. Mi giai
on x l sinh hc bao gm mt thit b lc sinh hc (thit b phn ng sinh
hc) cng vi h thng tch bn, b cha nc sau khi qua thit b lc sinh
hc. Pha trc thit b lc sinh hc c h thng cung cp dinh dng cho
s pht trin vi sinh vt phc v cho qu trnh x l. Thit b lc sinh hc l thit
b thit b quan trng nht, bn cht y l thit b phn ng sinh hc. Pha
trong thit b l cc m plastic c thm cc vi sinh c kh nng phn hu cc
cht hu c ho tan trong nc thi. thc y qu trnh phn ng, khng
kh c a vo cng vi dng nc thi cp -xy cho qu trnh -xy ha
sinh hc.
Bn to ra trong qu trnh x l sinh hc c phn tch v chuyn ti
bnh x l bn s b trc khi chuyn ti h thng x l bn v h thng x l
cht thi rn. Nc thi sau khi x l c a tip ti thit b x l bc ba.
d. Thit b x l bc ba
H thng thit b x l bc ba bao gm cc thit b chnh sau: Thit b lc,
b cha nc lc, b cha v kim tra cht lng nc trc khi thi vo mi
trng v khoang cha nc bm tun hon. H thng x l bc ba c nhim
v tch nt cc tp cht cng li trong nc thi, kim tra v iu chnh cht
lng nc thi trc khi x vo mi trng.

103

Thit b lc
Thit b lc c nhim v tch nt cc ht rn c kch thc nh cng ko
theo nc thi. y l dng thit b lc ct nhanh c h thng ra ngc
hon nguyn lp ct lc. Nc sau lc ct c chuyn ti b cha nc lc.
Nc ra ti sinh lp m ct c thu v b cha nc ra thu hi x l.
B cha nc lc
B cha nc lc n thun c chc nng cha nc sau khi lc nhm
iu ho hot ng chung ca h thng thit b (dng thi khng n nh), v
vy, cc b cha c chc nng iu ho cc dng chy n nh cng sut
cc thit b x l. B cha nc thi c th lm bng b tng ct thp hoc b
thp ty theo iu kin c th.
B cha kim tra v hiu chnh cht lng nc thi
Nc thi t b cha nc lc c chy t nhin vo b cha kim tra v
hiu chnh cht lng nc thi. B ny c thit k thc hin nhim v
kim tra cht lng nc ln cui trc khi thi vo mi trng. Khi cht lng
nc khng p ng yu cu th mt phn nc t b cha c bm ngc
li cc thit b x l pha trc x l li. Nc thi p ng tiu chun mi
trng c x ra mi trng kt thc qu trnh x l.
4.5. CU HI V BI TP
1.Trnh by cc kiu b cha sn phm, phm vi p dng cc dng b cha
ny cho cc sn phm nh my lc du. Mc ch ca vic s dng b cha
mi ni.
2. Trnh by cc loi b cha trung gian v chc nng nhim v ca cc b
cha ny trong nh my lc du.
3. Trnh by cc phng php php pha trn sn phm ang s dng hin nay,
nguyn l hot ng v u, nhc im ca cc phng php ny.
4. Cc ngun nc thi chnh trong nh my lc du. Ti sao phi phn loi v
x l ring cc ngun nc thi?
5. Mc ch ca qu trnh tuyn ni kh trong h thng x l nc thi, trnh by
qu trnh hot ng ca thit b tuyn ni.

104

BI 5. IU KHIN HOT NG CA NH MY
M bi: HD M5
Gii thiu
Cc phn xng cng ngh c xem nh tri tim cn h thng iu
khin t ng nh l b c ca mt nh my lc ha du hin i. H thng
iu khin nh my l phn nh tnh hin i ca cng trnh. An ton, hot
ng tin cy v hiu qu kinh t ca nh my ph thuc nhiu vo h thng
iu khin, t ng.
Trong khun kh ca bi hc ny ch a ra mt bc tranh tng qut v
iu khin t ng Nh my thng qua h thng iu khin phn tn (DCS), h
thng dng khn cp v cc h thng h tr iu khin khc.
Mc tiu thc hin
Hc xong m un ny hc vin c nng lc:
- M t c phng thc iu khin Nh my.
- M t c qu trnh vn hnh Nh my.
- M t c h thng dng khn cp.
- M t H thng cnh bo chy n.
Ni dung chnh
-

H thng iu khin Nh my.

- H thng iu khin phn tn (DCS).

- H thng ngng khn cp (ESD).
- H thng cnh bo chy n (Fire and Gas System).
5.1. H THNG IU KHIN V AN TON NH MY
H thng iu khin v m bo an ton nh my mt cch khi qut c th
chia ra ba h thng thnh phn chnh:
- H thng iu khin cc qu trnh cng ngh trong nh my.
- H thng iu khin qu trnh ngng khn cp nh my.
- H thng cnh bo v phng, chng chy n.
H thng iu khin qu trnh cng ngh: B phn ny c chc nng iu
khin t ng qu trnh hot ng ca nh my trong vn hnh bnh thng.
Hin nay, a s cc nh my p dng mc iu khin phn tn (DCS), mt
s cng ngh iu khin mi bt u p dng tng cc phn xng ring
bit.

105

H thng dng khn cp (ESD): y l h thng hon ton c lp vi h

thng iu khin cng ngh ca nh my. H thng dng khn cp c chc
nng dng thit b, phn xng khi cc thng s vt ra khi gii hn cho
php. H thng ny s iu khin h thng van, thit b chp hnh dng
thit b theo ng trnh t v nguyn tc an ton khi c s c. H thng dng
khn cp c ni vi h thng iu khin (DCS). Vic dng khn cp c th
thc hin t bn iu khin hoc hon ton t ng.

Hnh H-30 S khi qut h thng iu khin nh my.

H thng cnh bo v phng chng chy n: H thng ny c lp tng
i vi h thng iu khin t ng. H thng cnh bo v phng chng chy
n c chc nng a ra cc tn hiu bo ng ti trung tm iu khin v cc
bng hin th cnh bo chy n t ti trm cu ho. Trong mt s trng hp,
cc cm bin hin trng ng thi cngg a ra tn hiu khi ng h
thng chng chy, n t ng. Cc h thng trn hnh thnh mt th thng nht
m bo s hot ng hiu qu v an ton ca Nh my trong mi tnh
hung. S tng qut h thng iu khin nh my in hnh minh ho trong
hnh H-30.
5.2. H THNG IU KHIN QU TRNH
5.2.1. Chc nng v thnh phn h thng iu khin
H thng iu khin qu trnh nh my da trn mt b vi x l thc
hin qu trnh iu khin t ng. H thng iu khin phn tn c p dng

106

 m bo tin cy v an ton vn hnh. Vi h thng iu khin phn tn,

nu xy ra s c ca mt b phn trong h thng s khng lm nh hng n
ton b hot ng ca h thng nh h thng iu khin tp trung.
Chc nng ca h thng DCS l iu khin v gim st hot ng ca nh
my sn xut sn phm t cht lng theo tiu chun mt cch lin tc.
Cc thao tc iu khin v gim st hot ng ca nh my c thc hin t
bn iu khin t phng iu khin trung tm. T bn iu khin ny cho
php ngi vn hnh thc hin tt c cc cng vic gim st, iu khin thng
qua giao din mn hnh, bn phm ti bn iu khin. Cc thit b iu khin v
lu tr d liu c lp t bo qun trong nh lp t thit b ring bit phn
tn theo cc khu vc trong mt bng nh my. Cc thit b iu khin ny kt
ni vi phng iu khin trung tm bng h thng cp quang. m bo tui
th thit b, cc thit b ca h thng iu khin phn tn phi c t trong
mi trng iu ho khng kh. Cc nhn vin vn hnh ti phng iu khin
trung tm kim sat hot ng ca nh my thng qua giao din mn hnh, bn
phm ca cc bn iu khin. Mi mt phn xng hay mt cm phn xng
s c b tr mt s mn hnh theo di ch hot ng ca my mc thit
b. Cc chng trnh iu khin c ci t sn, ngi iu khin ch can
thip khi cc thng s vt ra ngoi thng s cho php. Trong nhng trng
hp nh vy, h thng s a ra tn hiu cnh bo ti bn iu khin (hin th
trn mn hnh,...).

Hnh H-31 Hnh nh phng iu khin trung tm nh my lc du.

Phng iu khin trung tm c lp t nhiu bn iu khin, mi bn
iu khin c trang b mt s mn hnh, bn phm v cc thit b ngoi vi
khc nh my in,... (xem nh minh ho mt phng iu khin trung tm hnh

107

H-31 ). Phng iu khin trung tm chu trch nhim gim st v iu khin

hot ng ca ton b nh my. Trong nh my, ngoi phng iu khin trung
tm, mt s phng iu khin phc v cho cc mc ch chuyn bit nh
xut hng hoc nh my pht in c xy dng thun li cho vic gim
st, qun l. Tuy nhin, cc phng iu khin ny vn c kt ni vi nhau
m bo mi hot ng c th c gim st c t phng iu khin trung
tm. Ty theo tm quan trng m ngi ta s phn cp iu khin, c mt s
thng s ch c th hin th phng iu khin trung tm m khng cho php
can thip.
5.2.2. Qu trnh iu khin
Ton b hot ng ca nh my c iu khin t cc bn iu khin
trong phng iu khin trung tm. T phng iu khin trung tm cc lnh iu
khin, hiu chnh qu trnh hot ng c a ra. Hot ng ca cc trm
iu khin v tinh khc trong nh my cngg c gim st bi phng iu
khin trung tm. Cc thit b x l c t gn cc phn xng cng ngh
trong nh cha thit b ring. H thng iu khin DCS kt ni vi h thng
thit b o lng (thit b hin trng) qua mng iu khin, ni bng dy cng
hoc phi hp c hai phng php.
H thng o mc s c ni dy cng vi h thng DCS, cc s liu v
thng k v dng cng ngh s c gi v v x l h thng iu khin
DCS.
Cc tn hiu t cc u o, thit b phn tch c chuyn v h thng thu
thp x l s liu, h thng ny cngg c ni vic h thng iu khin DCS.
H thng kim sat my mc nh thit b theo di hot ng tuc-bin, b iu
khin chng sung v rung ng s theo di s hot ng ca mt s b phn
quan trng ca cc thit b quan trng. Cc tn hiu t cm bin theo di hot
ng s chuyn v h thng gim st my mc (MMS), h thng ny cngg
c ni vi h thng iu khin DCS.
H thng dng khn cp l h thng bit lp, hot ng trn c s ca b
vi x l c tin cy v kh nng tn ti cao, cc thit b c kh nng t kim
tra v t chun an. H thng dng khn cp (ESD) c th hot ng ch
t ng hoc khi ng tay. H thng dng khn cp ch gim st mt s
thng s chn lc ca nh my v s t ng dng nh my hoc thit b trong
trng hp ch hot ng bt bnh thng khng th khi phc li trng thi

108

an ton, ng thi ngn chn vic khi ng my mc thit b khi iu kin hot
ng cha m bo an ton. Chc nng m bo an ton cho nh my mc v
thit b c tch hp trong c h thng DCS v ESD. Tuy nhin, h thng DCS
c s dng bo v my mc, thit b mc thp hn.
H thng phng chng chy (F&G) tch hp nhiu tiu h thng thnh
phn thu hi, x l cc tn hiu v chy n trong ton b nh my. Mt tn
hiu cnh bo, bo ng v chy n s c chuyn ti h thng qun l chy
n ca khu vc v sau chuyn ti phng iu khin trung tm. Tn hiu cnh
bo s c hin th trn mn hnh cnh bo chy n. v mn hnh phng
iu khin trung tm. Cc bng hin th ton cnh v cnh bo chy n cngg
c lp t ti cc trm cu ho c hnh ng ng cu kp thi nu chy
n xy ra. Mt s tn hiu v cnh bo chy n c th khi ng tn hiu
ngt thit b hoc khi ng thit b cha chy. Cc tn hiu cnh bo s lin
tc gi ti h thng DCS.
5.3. H THNG DNG KHN CP
Vic bo m an ton vn hnh l nhim v quan trong hng u ca Nh
my lc ha du. Mt s c gy ra trong nh my c th gy ra tn tht khn
lng c bit l khi xy ra chy n. Ngoi cc h thng an ton cc b c
lp t trn cc thit b v cc phn xng, nh my cn c lp t mt
thng ngng khn cp trong tnh trng mt s thit b hay phn xng trong
tnh trng nguy him khng th khiphc li hot ng bnh thng. H thng
ngng khn cp c nhim v ngng cc phn xng theo mt trnh t nh
sn theo quy trnh an ton m bo an ton cho thit b, hn ch ti a kh
nng gy chy n.
H thng ngng khn cp l mt h thng c lp vi h thng iu khin
DCS, da trn cng ngh PLC.
5.4. CC TIU H THNG IU KHIN THNH PHN
iu khin hot ng nh my, ngoi h thng DCS xem nh l xng
sng ca ton b h thng iu khin, trong nh my cng c rt nhiu cc h
thng iu khin thnh phn c kt ni vi h iu khin chung nh my.
5.4.1. H thng o mc
Trong nh my, mt h thng o mc t ng c trang b o mc tt
c cc b cha trong nh my phc v cho qun l v iu khin hot ng
xut, nhp (nguyn liu, sn phm) v pha trn sn phm. H thng o mc
c trang b mt b x l ring v ni vi h thng iu khin DCS ti phng

109

iu khin trung tm. Ty theo yu cu c th (cho mc ch thng k, tng tr

hay cho mc ch xut hng) m cp chnh xc ca thit b c xc nh ph
hp. Vi mc ch thng k sai s cho php h thng o mc l khng qu
5mm, nu h thng o lng c s dng cho xut hng th sai s khng
vt qu 1mm.
5.4.2. H thng iu khin van vn hnh bng m-t (MOV)
H thng iu khin van vn hnh bng m-t c kim tra, iu khin
nh mt b vi x l ring bit. My tnh trang b cho h thng ny cung cp c
chc nng vn hnh v thit k. H thng ny c kt ni vi h thng iu
khin DCS v cho php iu khin v kim tra t h thng iu khin DCS. Cc
thit b x l thng tin c lp t ti phng iu khin trung tm nh my.
Nhim v ca h thng iu khin van l gim st, iu khin cc van vn hnh
m t theo lnh pht ra t phng iu khin trung tm, m bo cc van ng
m theo ng quy trnh vn hnh.
5.4.3. H thng gim st my mc, thit b
Trong nh my lc ha du c nhiu my mc, thit b c ti trng, cng
sut ln vi nhiu b phn nh cc thy lc, cn phi c theo di
gim st v rung, nhit ..., ngn nga cc s c xy ra. H thng gim
st my mc cngg hot ng da trn b vi x l ring v c kt ni vi h
thng iu khin DCS nhm kim sat cc thng s quan trng ca my mc
thit b, ngn nga s c.
5.5. H THNG PHNG CHNG CHY N
5.5.1. H thng cnh bo
pht hin, ngn chn t u cc ngun chy, n cc v tr nhy cm,
trong nh my lp t cc b cm bin pht hin cc ngun gy chy, n
nh kh r r, cc ngun nhit cao,...
Cc loi cm bin c s dng bao gm:
5.5.1.1. u d khi
Cc u d khi c lp t ch yu ti khu vc nh hnh chnh, nh
kho. Trong khu vc hnh chnh, u d khi c lp t ti cc to nh, hnh
lang, phng lm vic, phng my tnh, trm bin p, kho xc tc ha phm,
xng bo dng, nh kho,... Khi s c xy ra cc u d ny s khi ng h
thng m thanh bo ng v chuyn tn hiu bo ng ti bn theo di v
chng chy n ca khu vc v phng iu khin trung tm. Ty theo mc
quan trng ca khu vc m ngi ta lp t cc u d khi kiu khc nhau,

110

tuy nhin, trong cc nh my lc ha du, thng loi d khi hng ngoi c

s dng tng mc an ton.
5.5.1.2. u d nhit
Ty theo mc nguy him ca tng khu vc m cc u d nhit c
lp t cc v tr khc nhau. i vi khu dch v, cc u d nhit c lp
t ti cc v tr c nguy c chy cao nh khu vc nh bp, nh n. i vi khu
b cha: tt c cc b cha dng mi phao ni u lp t cc u d nhit.
Trong khu vc cc phn xng cng ngh: tt c cc bm vn chuyn
hydrocacbon nhit bng hoc cao hn nhit t nh la ca cht lng
do bm vn chuyn s c gn cc u d nhit. Cc u d ny s a tn
hiu bo ng ti bn iu khin cnh bo chy n v/hoc chuyn tn hiu khi
ng h thng cha chy c nh.
5.5.1.3. u d la
u d la c lp t ti cc khu vc nhy cm, d b r r cht gy
chy v nu xy ra chy n s gy ra thm ho ln. Cc khu vc c lp cc
u d la bao gm khu bn xut sn phm, cc bm vn chuyn hydrocacbon
khu b cha sn phm v khu cng ngh. Khi cc u d pht hin thy
ngun la s pht tn hiu khi ng h thng bo ng bng m thanh
hoc chuyn tn hiu khi ng h thng chng chy (c thit k ty thuc
vo mi khu vc trong nh my).
5.5.1.4. u d kh
Cc u d kh chy c lp t cc v tr c nguy c cao v r r
ngun kh nh khu vc xut sn phm, cc bm vn chuyn sn phm khu
vc b cha sn phm v trong cc phn xng cng ngh. Cc u d kh
chy cngg c lp t ti cc ca ly gi ca h thng iu ho trung tm
m bo an ton sc kho cho con ngi cngg nh an ton cho cc thit b
lp t trong cc to nh ( c bit l cc nh cha thit b o lng iu
khin).
Ngoi cc u d kh chy, trong nh my cn lp t cc u d cc
ngun kh c hi sn sinh trong nh my nh kh H 2S. Cc u d kh H2S
c lp t ti cc khu vc c nguy c nhim kh H 2S cao v ti cc ca ly
gi ca h thng iu ho trung tm ca cc to nh. Cc u d s chuyn tn
hiu bo ng v bng cnh bo chy n cc b v bn iu khin. Tn hiu
cnh bo cngg c chuyn ti phng iu khin trung tm. Trong mt s
trng hp cc cm bin ny ng thi cngg truyn tn hiu t ng khi
ng h thng chng chy (cc van chy trn, u phun nc,..).
111

5.5.2. H thng chng chy

Trong nh my lc ha du, h thng chng chy c thit k m
bo c th dp c mt m chy ln nht c th xy ra trong nh my
(thng l khu b cha) m khng cn n s h tr t cc phng tin cu
ho bn ngoi nh my.
Cc phng tin cha chy lu ng nh xe cu ho, xe ch bt tip cn
c h thng i hi phi mt thi gian, do vy, cc h thng cha chy c
nh ( tr nc, lng phun, hp cu ho, h thng van trn v cc bnh cha
chy bng tay) phi c thit k v lp t kh nng dp tt ngun la
ngay t khi khi pht. Cc thnh phn chnh h thng chng chy trong nh
my bao gm:
5.5.2.1. H thng nc cu ho
H thng nc cu ho bao gm cc thnh phn chnh sau:
a. Mng ng ng nc cu ho
H thng ng nc cu ho trong nh my c phn b thnh mng
li m bo cp nc cha chy ti v tr xa nht ca nh my p sut
cn thit. Kch thc ca ng ng c xc nh p ng c nhu cu
nc cp cho vic cha chy v tc nc trong ng ng ph hp vi cc
tiu chun v phng chng chy.
b. Tr nuc cu ho
Cc tr nc cu ho c b tr trong tt c cc khu cng ngh ca nh
my, khong cch gia cc tr nc ph thuc vo tng khu vc trong nh
my. Mi tr nc cu ho ti thiu phi c t hai n bn hng nc. Kch
thc v tiu chun ni ca cc hng nc v cc phng tin cha chy phi
c tiu chun ha v ng nht trong ton b nh my m bo kt ni
chun xc, d dng khi xy ra s c.
c. Bm nc cu ho
Bm nc cu ho c lp t c hai loi dn ng bng ng c diesel
v m t in phng s c mt in ton b nh my khi chy xy ra
nhng h thng bm cu ho vn c th hot ng bnh thng. Tuy nhin
bm cu ho ch c khi ng khi s c ho hon xy ra. Bnh thng,
mng ng ng nc cu ho vn c duy tr p sut nht nh m
bo khi chy xy ra ngay tc thi c th cp nc cho h thng cha chy t
ng p sut thch hp. p sut ca h thng c duy tr bng cc bm b
p. Cc bm duy tr p sut mng ng gi l bm b p. Cc bm ny s
ngng hot ng khi bm cu ho khi ng.
112

5.5.2.2. H thng bt cha chy

Trong nh my lc ha du, chng cc m chy xng du thng
phi dng cc loi bt c bit m khng th s dng nc cha chy.
Nc ch c s dng lm gim bc x nhit t m chy sang cc ngun
chy khc. Ty theo tiu chun phng chng chy ca tng quc gia m h
thng cha chy bng bt c thit k c nh hay bn c nh. Vi h thng
bt c nh tt c bnh cha bt v ng ng nc trn bt c lp c nh
ti cc v tr cn thit. Vi h thng bt bn c nh ch cc ng ng c lp
c nh, khi c s c xy ra cc xe ch bt s tip cn cc im ni cp bt
vo h thng. Mi h thng c u nhc im ring.
5.5.2.3. H thng cha chy xch tay v di ng
Ngoi h thng cha chy k trn trong Nh my cn trang b cc thit b
cha chy bng tay v di ng. l cc bnh bt, bnh cha kh CO 2.
5.6. CU HI V BI TP
1. Trnh by cc h thng h thng iu khin, an ton trong nh my lc du,
chc nng nhim v ca cc H thng ny.
2. Trnh by cc tiu h thng iu khin thnh phn, chc nng nguyn l hot
ng.

113

CC BI TP M RNG, NNG CAO V GII QUYT VN

1. Hy tnh dung tch cn thit cho b cha xng ca Nh my khi bit mt s
thng s sau y: Sn lng xng l 5000 tn/ngy, phng tin vn
chuyn s dng tu c ti trng ti a l 20000 DWT, thi gian d phng l
5 ngy. Cho bit khi lng ring xng ca Nh my sn xut ra l
740Kg/m3
2. Hy tnh dung tch cn thit cho b cha du diesel ca nh my khi bit
mt s thng s sau y: Sn lng diesel l 7000 tn/ngy, phng tin
vn chuyn s dng tu c ti trng ti a l 30000 DWT, thi gian d
phng l 10 ngy. Cho bit khi lng ring ca diesel do nh my sn xut
ra l 830 Kg/m3.
3. Hy tnh dung tch cn thit cho b cha du th ca nh my khi bit mt
s thng s sau y: Cng sut nh my 15000 tn/ngy, phng tin vn
chuyn s dng tu c ti trng ti a l 150000 DWT, thi gian d phng
l 15 ngy. Cho bit khi lng ring ca du th l 850 Kg/m3.
4. Tnh tan cht lng xng pha trn t cc thnh phn cu t sau: Butane,
Reformat, Naphtha nh v xng cracking da trn tnh cht v lu lng
cc cu t cho bng di y:
Bng 1. Thnh phn cc cu t pha trn xng
Butane

Naphtha
nh

Reformat

Xng
Cracking

tn/ngy

250

320.8

1123.8

3166

Barrel/ngy

2646

3100

8630

27244

RON

99.5

60.0

100

90.0

MON

90.1

60.0

90.0

79.0

Cc cu t
Lu lng

Hm lng
lu hynh

wt%

0.001

0.001

Khi lng
ring

kg/m3

594

651

819

731

RVP

kPa

420.0

76

23

37

Olefins

Vol%

50.0

32

114

Cc cu t

5.

Butane

Naphtha
nh

Reformat

Xng
Cracking

Benzene

Vol%

Aromactics

Vol%

7.8

68

26

Tnh tan cht lng ca du diesel c pha trn t du nh (LGO),

du nng (HGO), kerosene v phn on diesel nh t phn xng
RFCC (LCO),da trn thnh phn v lu lng dng cc cu t cho
bng di y:
Bng 2. Thnh phn cc cu t pha trn du Diesel
Cc cu t pha trn
Lu lng

Kerosene

Du nh

Du nng

Du nh

(LGO)

(HGO)

cracking

tn/ngy

30

2568

1032

928

Barrel/ngy

242

19722

7824

6457

Khi lng
ring

kg/m3

780

815

835

900

Hm lng
lu hynh

wt%

0.005

0.02

0.029

0.004

53

62.7

64.1

32

Ch s X
tan (Cetane
Index)

115

TR LI CC CU HI V BI TP
I. CU HI V BI TP NNG CAO
1. xc nh c tng th tch yu cu khu b cha xng ca Nh my
trc ht phi xc nh c th tch ca tu cha ln nht s dng vn
chuyn xng v th tch ca lng xng tng ng s ngy vn hnh cn d
tr. Tng th tch ca tu vn chuyn c ti trng ln nht v th tch d phng
cho hot ng lin tc l th tch b cha cn thit m bo s hot ng
sn xut v xut sn phm ca h my.
Th tch sn phm tng ng vi ti trng ln nht ca tu ch c xc nh:
V tu = Ti trng tu/ khi lng ring ca sn phm.
Th tch ny c tnh tan bng 27027m3
Th tch b cha cn thit cho s ngy d phng c xc nh bng:
V d phng = Sn lng x s ngy d phng/ khi lng ring ca sn phm.
Th tch b cha d phng c xc nh bng 33784m3.
Da trn cc c s phn tch v tnh tan trn, dung tch thit ca cc b cha
du Diesel ca nh my c xc nh ti thiu l 60811 m 3. Tm tt cc tnh
tan c a ra bng 3 di y.
Bng 3. Tnh tan th tch b cha Xng
Sn
phm
Xng

lng
(tn/ngy)

Khi
lng
ring
(kg/m3)

Ti
trng
tu
(tn)

Ngy
d
phng
(ngy)

5000

740

20000

Sn

Th tch
theo tu
(m3)
27027

Th tch
d
phng
(m3)

Tng th
tch

33784

60811

2. xc nh c tng th tch ca khu b cha du diesel cho nh my,

trc ht phi xc nh c th tch ca tu cha ln nht c s dng
vn chuyn diesel v th tch ca lng du diesel tng ng s ngy vn
hnh cn d phng. Tng th tch ca tu vn chuyn c ti trng ln nht v
th tch cn d tr l th tch b cha cn thit m bo vn hnh bnh
thng ca nh my v qu trnh xut sn phm.
Th tch sn phm tng ng vi ti trng ln nht ca tu ch c xc nh:
V tu = Ti trng tu/ khi lng ring ca sn phm.
Th tch ny c tnh tan bng 36144 m3
Th tch b cha cn thit cho s ngy d phng c xc nh bng:
116

V d phng = Sn lng x s ngy d phng/ khi lng ring ca sn phm.

Th tch b cha d phng c xc nh bng 84337 m3.
Da trn cc c s phn tch v tnh tan trn, dung tch thit ca cc b cha
du diesel ca nh my c xc nh ti thiu l 120481 m 3. Tm tt cc tnh
tan c a ra bng 4 di y.
Bng 4. Tnh tan th tch b cha Diesel
Sn
phm

Sn lng
(tn/ngy)

Khi
lng
ring

Ti trng
tu (tn)

(kg/m3)
Diesel

7000

830

30000

Ngy

Th

Th

d
phng

tch
tu

tch d
phng

(ngy)

(m3)

(m3)

10

36144

84337

Tng th
tch

120481

3. xc nh c tng th tch khu b cha du th nh my, trc ht phi

xc nh c th tch ca tu cha ln nht c s dng vn chuyn du
th v th tch ca lng du du th tng ng s ngy vn hnh cn d
phng. Tng th tch ca tu vn chuyn c ti trng ln nht v th tch cn
d tr l th tch b cha cn thit m bo vn hnh bnh thng ca nh
my v qu trnh xut sn phm.
Th tch sn phm tng ng vi ti trng ln nht ca tu ch c xc nh:
V tu = Ti trng tu/ khi lng ring ca du th.
Th tch ny c tnh tan bng 176470,6 m3
Th tch b cha cn thit cho s ngy d phng c xc nh bng:
V d phng = Sn lng x s ngy d phng/ khi lng ring ca du th.
Th tch b cha d phng c xc nh bng 264705,9 m3.
Da trn cc c s phn tch v tnh tan trn, dung tch thit ca cc b cha
du du th ca nh my c xc nh ti thiu l 441176,5 m3.
Tm tt cc tnh tan c a ra bng 5 di y.
Bng 5. Tnh tan th tch b cha Du th
Khi
lng

Ti
trng

Ngy
d

Th tch
d

Sn

Sn lng

phm

(tn/ngy)

ring
(kg/m3)

tu
(tn)

phng
(ngy)

tu (m3)

phng
(m3)

Du th

15000

850.0

150000

15.0

176470.6

264705.9

Th tch

Tng th
tch (m3)

4411765

117

4. Tnh cht lng xng pha trn t cc thnh phn cu t sau: Butane,
Reformat, Naphtha nh v xng Cracking. Kt qu tnh tan c a ra
bng di y da trn tnh cht v lu lng cc cu t cho bng di y:
Bng 6. Kt qu tnh tan pha trn xng
Cc cu t
Lu

Butane

Naphtha

Reforma

Xng

Xng

nh

Cracking

pha trn

tn/ngy

250

320.8

1123.8

3166

4860.6

Barrel/ngy

2646

3100

8630

27244

41620

RON

99.5

60.0

100

90.0

90.4

MON

90.1

60.0

90.0

79.0

80.6

wt%

0.001

0.001

0.001

kg/m3

594

651

819

731

734.6

kPa

420.0

76

23

37

71.5

Olefins

Vol%

50.0

32

25.6

Benzene

Vol%

2.5

Aromactic
s

Vol%

7.8

68

26

31.7

lng

Hm
lng lu
hynh
Khi
lng
ring
RVP

5. Tnh cht lng ca du diesel c pha trn t du nh (LGO), Du nng

(HGO),Kerosene v phn on Diesel nh t phn xng RFCC (LCO). Kt
qu tnh tan a ra bng di y:
Bng 7. Kt qu tnh tan pha trn du Diesel.
Cc cu t pha trn
Lu lng

Khi lng ring

Kerosen
e

Du

Du

Du nh

nh
(LGO)

nng(H
GO)

cracking
(LCO)

Sn
phm

tn/ngy

30

2568

1032

928

4558

Barel/ngy

242

19722

7824

6457

34245

kg/m3

780

815

835

900

835.3

118

Cc cu t pha trn
Hm lng lu
hynh
Ch s X tan
(Cetane Index)

wt%

Kerosen
e

Du
nh
(LGO)

Du
nng(H
GO)

Du nh
cracking
(LCO)

Sn
phm

0.005

0.02

0.029

0.004

0.019

53

62.7

64.1

32

57.2

II. CC CU HI BI TP TRONG BI.

Bi 1
1. a phn cc nh my lc du u xa cc m du, du th phi nhp t rt
xa (ch yu t Trung ng, Chu phi v bin bc), v vy, phng tin vn
chuyn c chi ph thp nht v kh thi nht l s dng ng bin. Cc nh
my lc du t cnh bin c iu kin t nhin tt tip nhn cc tu du
ln s to iu kin nhp du th nguyn liu d dng vi chi ph thp hn so
vi cc nh my t su trong t lin. Ngoi ra, mt lng ln sn phm
(tng ng vi lng nguyn liu nhp vo) cn phi xut ra khi nh my,
nu s dng cc phng tin vn chuyn ng b v ng thy vi cng
sut bn nh th quy m bn xut rt ln dn n hiu qu hot ng thp.
Nu nh my t cnh bin c cng nc su th vic xut hng ha t nh
my cngg thun li v hiu qu hn do c th s dng c cc tu vn
chuyn c ti trng ln.
2. Khu b cha du th c nhim v tn tr du th cho nh my, m bo
cng sut cho nh my hot ng bnh thng gia cc ln nhp hng v c
kh nng d tr c mt lng du th d phng cho nh my trong mt gia
on nht nh. B cha du th cng c nhim v tch s b nc t do ln
trong du th, duy tr nhit du ph hp cho qu trnh vn chuyn.
3. Cu hnh cng ngh ca nh my lc du c quyt nh bi nhiu yu t,
song cc yu t quyt nh l: Chng loi v cht lng sn phm nh my cn
sn xut, nguyn liu s dng v tiu chun v mi trng.
Hin nay, theo tnh cht ca du th c th tm thi chia ra ba s cng
ngh in hnh ch bin du nh, du nng v s cng ngh trung gian
ch bin du trung bnh. Cc s trnh by nh trong hnh H-2, H-3 v H-4
trong gio trnh.

119

4. Mt nh my lc du in hnh bao gm cc hng mc chnh:

-

Cc phn xng cng ngh;

Phn xng v hng mc nng lng, ph tr;

Cc hng mc cng trnh ngoi vi;

- Cng trnh chung.

Cc phn xng cng ngh: Cc phn xng cng ngh c nhim v ch
bin du th bng cc phong php vt l, ha hc thu c sn phm t
tiu chun theo yu cu thit k.
Cc phn xng v hng mc nng lng ph tr: Cng trnh nng lng
v ph tr c nhim v cung cp nng lng v tin ch phc v cho nhu cu
ca cc phn xng cng ngh v ton nh my nh in, hi nc, kh
nn,...
Cc cng trnh ngoi vi: Cng trnh ngoi vi c nhim v h tr cho s hot
ng ca cc phn xng cng ngh trong mi ch hot ng (khi ng,
hot ng bnh thng v khi gp s c), m bo sn phm thu c ng
tiu chun, cc ngun thi p g tiu chun mi trng.
Cng trnh chung: Cc hng mc cng trnh chung c nhim v phc cho
nhu cu chung ca nh my h tr cho cng tc qun l, vn hnh, iu khin
nh my v m bo tiu chun v mi trng lm vic cho cc b nhn vin.
Bi 2
1. Cc nh my lc du hin nay thng c cng sut ch bin ln (thng ln
hn 7 triu tn/nm), v vy, chi ph vn chuyn du th c nh hng khng
nh ti hiu qu kinh t ca nh my. Do , phng tin vn chuyn du th
l vn ht sc quan tm. gim chi ph vn chuyn, cc tu du c ti
trng ln thng c la chn. tip nhn cc tu du c ti trng ln th
kh c ni no c iu kin t nhin p ng c kh nng tip nhn c
cc tu du ny vi cc cng cng thng thng, v vy, phng n tip nhn
du th qua cng SPM c xem l kh thi nht.
Nguyn l hot ng ca bn nhp SPM rt n gin: Sau khi cp bn,
neo u, tu ch du c ni vi h thng ng ng nhp ngm di bin
qua ng ng ni mm. Du th c bm t tu du ln b cha du th
nh bm trn tu du. gim thiu tn tht nhit qua ng ng trong qua
trnh nhp, ng ng ngm di bin c bo n. Du th c gai nhit
trn tu ti nhit thch hp thun li cho vic vn chuyn bng bm v
nhit lng b vo tn tht trong qu trnh vn chuyn. chng hin

120

tng ng c du th trong ng ng sau mi ln nhp, ngi ta s cc

bin php cng ngh thch hp nh gia nhit hoc s dng du thay th.
2. trnh hin tng du th c nhit ng c cao ng c trong ng
ng vn chuyn sau mi ln nhp, ngi ta p dng cc gii php cng ngh
sau:
-

Phng php dng du thay th;

Phng php gia nhit bng in;

Phng php b sung ph gia vo du th nng cao nhit im

ng c.

Nguyn l hot ng ca phng php dng du thay th nh sau: Sau

mi ln nhp du th ngi ta s dng du c nhit ng c thp (du ra
-flushing oil) thay th ton b lng du th cha trong ng ng. Trc
khi nhp du th chuyn tip theo, ngi ta tin hnh gia nhit v tun hon
du ra trong h thng ng ng nng nhit ca tun b h thng ti
nhit thch hp. Sau khi cng tc gia nhit tuyn ng hon thnh, du th
c bm t du vo h thng ng ng, du th s y du ra cha trong
tuyn ng v mt b cha du ra ring bit. Nh u cm bin pht hin v tr
giao din gia du th/du ra, h thng iu khin s ng m cc van iu
khin t ng thch hp du th c dn v khu b cha v sao cho du
th khng ln vo du ra. Sau khi nhp xong, ngi ta li tin hnh thay th
du th trong ng bng du ra hon thnh mt chu trnh nhp du, qu trnh
c nh vy tip din.
3. Nguyn l hot ng ca phng php gia nhit bng dng in b mt cao
p l da vo nguyn l pht sinh dng in trn b mt ng kim loi khi c
dng in cao p chy trong lng ng (tng t nh dng in cao tn). Do
dng in b mt s lm ng nng ln lm ngun nhit gia nhit ng ng.
Tn dng hin tng ny, ngi ta hn dc ng ng dn du th nhng ng
kim loi (ng gia nhit) bn trong lp cc dy dn dng in cao p. Khi c
dng in cao p i qua cc dy dn ny, s xut hin dng in trn b mt
ca ng gia nhit. Dng in b mt s lm nng ng gia nhit v do lm
nng ng dn du th.
Phng php gia nhit ng ng ny c nhiu u im: Khi p dng
gia nhit cho tuyn du th th ch cn mt ng ng do gim c vn
u t ng k, tin cy vn hnh cao, khi xy ra s c c th khi phc li
gn nh hon ton trng thi ban u ca tuyn ng (nu dng phng php

121

dng du thay th, khi du th ng c trong ng th khng th khi phc

li tuyn ng). Tuy nhin, phng php ny c nhc im l ch ph vn hnh
cao hn so phng php dng du thay th.
Bi 3
1. S hot ng lin tc v n nh ca Nh my lc ha du c ngha quan
trng i vi hiu qu kinh t v an ton vn hnh. Nu Nh my phi dng v
s c s gy tn tht ln v kinh t v cc sn phm trong khi dng Nh my s
khng t cht lng phi ch bin li. Vic khi ng cc phn xng rt
phc tp, mt nhiu cng sc lm tng chi ph vn hnh. Mt khc, ng v
kha cnh an ton vn hnh, vo thi im dng nh my l thi im nhy
cm d xy ra cc su c do s bin i t ngt v p sut, nhit cc thit
b phi tun th theo quy trnh dng thit b nu khng rt d xy ra s c chy
n. Trong thi gian ngng khn cp nhiu sn phm hydrocacbon phi a ra
ct uc, iu ny khng ch gy tn tht v kinh t m cng gy nhim mi
trng. hn ch nguyn nhn ngng nh my ngoi k hoch do ngun
in, a s cc nh my lc du trn Th gii xy dng ring mt phn xng
pht in trong Nh my, ngoi tr cc quc gia pht trin c ngun in n
nh gi r (nh vng Trung ng). Vic xy dng phn xng pht in trong
Nh lc du, v mt kinh t cho php s dng ngun in gi r hn do tn
dng c ngun nhin liu d tha sn sinh trong nh my ( kh nhin liu v
du thi).
Vic xy dng phn xng pht in trong Nh my c nhiu u im
nh: Ch ng ngun nng lng, tng ngun nng lng in d phng, tn
dng c ngun kh nhin liu v du thi trong Nh my. iu c bit quan
trng l trong Nh my lc ha du s dng nhiu hi nc cc cp p sut
khc nhau, tuy nhin, lng hi sn xut trong cc phn xng cng ngh (
tn dng nhit) i khi khng p ng c nhu cu ni ti ca Nh my.
Trong trng hp ny phn xng in (dng tuc bin hi) c xem nh mt
ngun b sung hi quan trng iu tit cung cu hi trong ton b nh my.
2. V nguyn tc cc t my pht in trong phn xng pht in ca Nh
my lc du c th s dng cc tuc bin kh. Tuy nhin, nh trnh by,
lng kh nhin liu trong Nh my khng cung cp 100% cho nhu cu
pht in, v vy, du nhin liu c s dng b sung. nng cao hiu qu
kinh t du s dng cho nhu cu pht in thng c cht lng thp, p
ng c yu cu l nhin liu cho cc tuc bin kh th cn phi u t thit b
x l du nhin liu lm tng chi ph u t v chi ph vn hnh. Mt khc nh
122

 bit, phn xng in pht in khng ch c chc nng cung cp in nng

cho Nh my m cng c nhim v cung cp hi cho nhu cu ca Nh my, v
vy, cu hnh ni hi kt hp vi tuc bin hi l thch hp cho phn xng in
trong Nh my lc du.
3. Trong Nh my lc ha du c rt nhiu ngun nhit cao nh cc dng sn
phm, sn phm trung gian i ra t cc phn xng ch bin, cc dng kh t
cc l t, l ti sinh xc tc (in hnh l l ti sinh xc tc phn xng
cracking). Cc dng cng ngh c nhit cao v cc dng kh thi c nhit
cao ny thng phi c lm mt ti nhit thch hp trc khi a v b
cha hay thi vo mi trng. Nh vy, nu khng c gii php thch hp th
cc ngun nhit ny khng nhng c tn dng m cng phi chi thm nng
lng, thit b gim nhit cc ngun nhit p ng yu cu cng ngh v
tiu chun mi trng. Chnh v vy, vic tn dng cc ngun nhit cao c
quan tm v khng ch mang li hiu qu kinh t m cng c ngha bo v mi
trng do gim c tiu hao nng lng chung.
i vi cc dng cng ngh c nhit cao phng thc tn dng nhit
ph bin l cho cc dng cng ngh c nhit cao trao i nhit vi cc dng
cng ngh c nhit thp cn phi nng cao nhit (nguyn liu vo cc l
gia nhit). S cng ngh tn dng dng cng ngh c nhit cao c th
minh ho nh hnh H-12A ca gio trnh.
i vi cc ngun kh thi c nhit cao (mt s dng cng cha cc
cu t c nhit lng chy cao nh kh thi t l ti sinh xc tc phn xng
cracking) thng dng cc tuc bin kh v cc l hi tn dng nhit tha.
Cc ngun kh thi c nhit cao ny trc ht c a qua tua bin kh
(dng dn ng ng c hoc my pht in), sau a vo l t ca ni
hi tn dng nhit. Kh thi sau c x l ri a ra ng khi chung ca
Nh my. S tn dng ngun kh c nhit cao cn minh ho nh hnh H12B trong gio trnh.
4. H thng kh nn c vai tr quan trng trong hot ng ca ca nh my ch
bin du kh. Kh nn cung cp cho h thng iu khin t ng nh my (ch
yu l cc van iu khin bng kh nn), ng lc cho mt s dng c sa
cha. Cc cm kh nn cc b cng cung cp dng cng ngh quan trng cho
mt s qu trnh (t coke,...).
5. S cng ngh h thng kh nn trnh by nh hnh v H-13. Theo s
ny, khng kh c cc my nn nn ti p sut thch hp (thng thng t

123

7-11 Kg/cm2), c lm mt ri a ti bnh cha kh t. Mt phn hi nc

trong khng kh c ngng t v tch ra. Lng hi nc trong khng kh nn
yu cu rt thp, v vy, cn phi tip tc tch hi m ra khi kh nn cho ti khi
t yu cu v m cho php. Khng kh c a ti bnh sy kh, ti y
hi nc tip tc c tch ra khi khng kh nn ti gii hn yu cu. Cc ht
rn ln trong khng kh cngg c tch ra y trong thit b sy. Khng kh
sau khi ra khi thit b sy kh c a ti bnh cha kh nn. Bnh cha kh
nn c chc nng bnh n p sut cung cp cho cc h tiu th v l ngun d
tr kh nn trong trng hp cc my nn gp s c hoc h thng phi ngng
hot ng hon ton do mt in.
6. H thng kh nn trong nh my ch bin du kh thng s dng hai loi
my nn l: my nn ly tm v my nn kiu trc vt. Thng thng my nn
kiu trc vt c s dng cho h thng kh nn nu cng sut yu cu nm
trong di cng sut cc my nn trc vt thng dng ca cc nh sn xut. So
vi cc my nn khc nh my nn pt -tng v my nn ly tm my nn trc
vt c nhiu u im:
So vi my trn kiu pittong:
-

Khng c b phn chu tc dng ca ng sut mi do phi hot ng

lin tc (xc mng pt-tng, van), do vy t phi bo dng.

Khng c b phn giao ng lch tm, v vy my t rung ng hn

nh chi ph cho nn mng cngg t hn.

Kh nng phc v cao t ti 99%.
So vi my trn kiu ly tm:

Kh nn c th cha bi (cho php ti 300 mg/m3) hoc git lng (iu

m my nn khc dng nh khng cho php);
Vn tc u ra thp v vy cho php a cht lng vo dng vi mc
ch lm mt hoc ra sch;
Lu lng th tch ca ht my dng nh khng i khi t s nn
thay i do vy khng gy ra hin tng sung;
C p ng rt tt gia mc ti v nng sut tiu th: 50% lu lng
tng ng 50% vn tc v tiu th nng lng bng 50%;
Hot ng di vn tc cng hng th nht ca trc quay, v
vy, khng gy ra hin tng rung ng nguy him khi my vt qua
vn tc cng hng ny.

124

Tuy nhin, my nn trc vt c nhc im l gi thnh ch to thng

cao hn so cc loi my nn ly tm, pt-tng v di cng sut ca my
nn trc vt thng thp hn so my nn ly tm.

7. Kh ni-t c vai tr quan trng trong vic m bo vn hnh an ton nh my

ch bin du kh. Ni-t c s dng vi t cch l mt kh tr cch ly cc
mi trng m khi tip xc vi nhau s gy ra nguy c chy n. Ni-t cng c
tch dng bo v cc cht d b -xy ha bng cch to ra mt mi trng
ngn cch (trong cc b cha nhin liu v cc sn phm trung gian d b -xy
ha). Ngoi ra ni-t cng c s dng ui khng kh ra khi thit b trong
giai on chun b chy th v trong qu trnh bo dng my mc, thit b.
8. H thng cung cp ni-t bao gm cc b phn chnh sau:
-

B phn sn xut kh ni-t tinh khit;

B phn tng tr;
B phn phn phi.

B phn sn xut Ni-t bao gm cc thit b chnh: My nn kh vi h

thng lm mt, thp hp ph phn t, thit b trao i nhit v thp siu lnh.
B phn ny c chc nng sn xut ra Ni-t hai dng lng v kh m bo
ng cht lng yu cu ( thnh phn, p sut,...)
B phn tng tr v bay hi: B phn ny bao gm bnh cha v thit b
bay hi c nhim v tng tr ngun Ni-t lng d phng v cung cp Ni-t cho
h thng phn phi trong trng hp nhu cu s dng ni-t tng ln t bin
so vi lng Ni-t dng kh ca h thng cung cp.
H thng phn phi: H thng ny c chc nng a kh Ni-t ti cc h
tiu th trong nh my ng p sut yu cu. m bo an ton cung cp cho
cc h tiu th c bit.
9. Trong Nh my lc ha du nhu cu v nhin liu tng i ln cho cc l
t trong cc phn xng cng ngh v phn xng in. H thng nhin liu
trong Nh my lc ha du c nhng c th ring do bn thn ni ti nh my
sn sinh ra mt ngun ln kh nhin liu v du nhin liu. Kh nhin liu
nu khng c s dng thng a i t ti ct uc, v vy, h thng kh
ngoi ngha cung cp nhu cu nhin liu cng c ngha nng cao hiu qu
kinh t ca Nh my v bo v mi trng. H thng nhin liu trong Nh my
c chia thnh hai h thng ring bit nhng c mi quan h mt thit vi

125

nhau l h thng kh nhin liu v h thng du nhin liu. H thng du nhin

liu cho php tn dng cc ngun du cht lng thp trong Nh my.
10. Trong Nh my lc du s dng c hai ngun nhin liu kh v du do
ngun kh nhin liu khng th p ng nhu cu ni ti ca Nh my. Ngun
kh lun lun c u tin s dng trc, phn thiu ht s c b p bng
du nhin liu do kh nhin liu sch hn t nh hng ti mi trng khi chy.
Mt khc, kh nhin liu khng s dng cngg b t b ct uc.
Do ngun kh khng p ng c nhu cu v nhin liu ca Nh my nn mt
s l t c cng sut ln (nh l gia nhit trong phn xng chng ct, l t
trong phn xng in) phi c thit k s dng c ng thi c kh
v du nhin liu nhm m bo linh ng vn hnh. Vi cc l t ny c
th s dng 100% kh nhin liu hoc 100% du nhin liu. Tuy nhin, trong
vn hnh, ngun kh c s dng trc, phn thiu ht c b sung bng
du nhin liu.
11. Trong Nh my lc ha du nhiu dng cng ngh cn phi c lm mt
xung nhit thch hp theo yu cu cng ngh v an ton vn hnh. Ngoi
ra, nhiu thit b cn nhu cu lm mt nh thit b ngng t ca tuc bin hi,...
Yu cu v lm mt v ngng t trong nhiu trng hp khng th s dng
cc phng php lm mt bng khng kh do gii hn v cng ngh, k thut.
Phng thc ph bin nht l s dng nc lnh lm cht ti nhit (nc lm
mt). H thng nc lm mt c lp t cung cp nhu cu v cht ti
nhit cho cc thit thit b lm ngui, ngng t gin tip s dng nc lnh.
Trong cc phn xng cng ngh, cc thit b trao i nhit lm mt cc
dng cng ngh thng s dng cht ti nhit l nc ngt v nu s dng
nc bin lm mt trc tip s tim n ri ro nhim bn nc bin vo cc
dng cng ngh khi xy ra s c r r thit b. Vic ln nc bin (cha nhiu
tp cht) vo hydrocacbon gy kh khn cho vic ti ch hn so vi s c
nhim bn nc ngt vo du (trong trng hp ny th s dng phng php
n gin nh trit, lng x l).
12. Nguyn l hot ng chung ca h thng lm mt bng nc l tun hon
khp kn nc lm mt, hn ch ti a s dng c lm mt mt ln. H thng
lm vic theo nguyn tc h thng trung tm. Nc lm mt s dng l nc
ngt. Qu trnh hot ng ca h thng c th tm tt s lc: Nc lm mt
sau khi trao i nhit c nhit cao s c thu gom li ri sau c lm
lnh ti nhit thch hp cho cht ti nhit. Sau khi hiu chnh cht lng,
nc lm mt li bm ti h thng phn phi ti cc h tiu th hon thnh chu
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trnh khp kn. Cc s cng ngh h thng nclm mt v c bn ch

khc nhau mt im s dng phng php no lm mt nc c nhit
cao sau khi trao i nhit.
Cn c vo phng php lm lnh nc lm mt hin nay c hai s cng
nghnnc lm mt c bn: S nc lm mt bng nc bin v s
nc lm mt s dng thp bay hi. Phng php lm mt bng nc bin
ch p dng c cho cc Nh my c v tr gn vi b bin. Phng php s
dng thp lm mt c th s dng mi ni m ngun nc ngt cung cp
cho cc nhu cu trong c nc lm mt b sung. Phng php lm mt
bng nc bin c mt s u im sau:
- Gim c chi ph u t thit b trao i nhit do tit kim c din
-

trao i nhit
( nhit nc lm mt thp hn 4-60C);
Chi ph vn hnh thp;
t b nh hng nhiu bi iu kin kh hu;
Cng ngh thn thin vi mi trng do ha cht s dng t hn v h
thng kn;
Tit kim c nc ngt b sung;
Sn c ngun nc bin cho php s dng mt s qu trnh ngng t
cng sut ln trc tip bng nc bin nh nng cao hiu sut trao
i nhit, gim kch thc thit b.

Bi 4
1. Cc dng b cha thng s dng trong cc Nh my lc du l b cha
hnh cu, b cha dng hnh vin n, b cha tr mi c nh, b cha tr
mi ni. Cc b cha hnh cu v hnh vin n c s dng cha cc kh
ha lng c p sut cao nh LPG, propylene. Cc b cha tr mi c nh
c s dng cha cc sn phm lng c bay hi thp nh du t l,
cc loi du cn nng. B cha mi ni c s dng cha cc sn phm
lng c bay hi cao nh du ho/nhin liu phn lc, xng, du diesel.
Trong qu trnh tng tr, cc sn phm lng c bay hi ln s bay hi vo
phn khng gian trong b cha, phn khng gian cng ln th lng sn phm
bay hi cng nhiu v do vy lng sn phm b hao ht trong qu trnh tng
tr cng ln. hn ch khng gian bay hi (nh gim c hao ht)
ngi ta thit k b cha mi ni c kh nng duy chuyn tng ng vi b
mt cht lng trong b cha. Cc b cha mi ni ngoi mc ch gim c
hao ht trong tng tr cng gim nguy c chy n cho cc b cha.

127

2. s lin kt gia cc phn xng cng ngh trong nh my lc du cht

ch nhng c tnh linh ng trong mi iu kin hot ng ca nh my, c
bit l khi xy ra s c hoc khi khi ng, ngi ta b tr cc b cha trung
gian trong nh my. Bcha trung gian v c bn c chia lm hai loi: B
cha m v b cha cu t pha trn.
B cha m: L cc b cha c b tr gia cc phn xng cng ngh.
Nhim v ca cc b cha m l d tr nguyn liu hoc tng tr sn phm
ca mt phn xng cng ngh khi xy ra s c ca phn xng pha trc
hoc pha sau nhm duy tr hot ng lin tc ca nh my trnh ngng nh
my khng c k hoch gy thit hi v kinh t v nguy c mt an ton. Ty
theo tng c im cng ngh ca tng phn xng, yu cu an ton vn
hnh m b cha m trng thi y (khi gi vai tr d tr) hoc trng thi
rng (khi gi vai tr cha d phng). Dung tch ca cc b cha ny c xc
nh m bo vn hnh phn xng 3-4 ngy 100% cng sut thit k.
B cha cu t pha trn: qu trnh pha trn sn phm nh my c linh
ng, a dng ha cc loi sn phm v iu quan trng l cht lng sn
phm c m bo n nh cc cu t pha trn c tng tr trong cc b
cha trc kh em i pha trn.
3. Trong thc t hin nay s dng hai phng php pha trn sn phm chnh:
phng php pha trn truyn thng bng b pha trn v phng php pha trn
trc tip trn ng ng. Hai phng php pha trn ny v c bn khc nhau
phng php pha trn v h thng iu khin.
Phng php pha trn bng b ho trn: Theo phng php ny cc cu t
pha trn c bm ti b ho trn theo t l xc nh theo cng thc pha trn
tnh trc. Cc cu t pha trn c khuy trn ng nht, kim tra cht lng
sn phm ( thng xc nh trong phng th nghim). Nu sn phm t yu
cu s c chuyn ti b cha sn phm, sn phm khng t yu cu s
c hiu chnh cho ti khi t cht lng. Trng hp khng th iu chnh
c cht lng, sn phm hng s c a v b cha du thi ch
bin li. Phng php pha trn ny khng lin tc, v vy, ngi ta thng lp
t t nht hai b ho trn cho mt loi sn phm mt b thc hin qu trnh
pha trn, b khc ang trong giai on kim tra hiu chnh v chuyn sn ra
khi b ho trn. Phng php ny c u im l vn hnh n gin, cht
lng sn phm c kim tra chc chn trc khi chuyn ti b cha sn
phm. Tuy nhin, phng php ho trn ny phi u t rt nhiu b pha trn

128

trong nh my, mc t ng ha sn xut khng cao. S cng ngh ca

phng pha trn bng b cn trnh by nh hnh H-25 A ca gio trnh.
Phng php pha trn trc tip trong ng ng: Theo phng php ny, cc
cu t pha trn c bm theo lu lng tng ng t l pha trn theo cng
thc tnh tan sn trong chng trnh iu khin. Cc cu t c pha trn
trc tip trong ng ng li dng nng lng cc dng cu t v thit b trn
tnh lp trong ng ng. Sn phm pha trn c a thng ti b cha sn
phm. Cht lng sn phm pha trn c kim sat bng cc u o trc
tuyn v truyn tn hiu v trung tm iu khin. Sn phm khng t yu cu
s c chuyn v b cha du thi ch bin li. Phng php ny c u
im l qu trnh pha trn hon ton t ng, khng phi u t cc b cha
ho trn tit kim chi ph u t v mt bng, cht lng sn phm c kim
sat cht ch bng cc thit b o lng iu khin. Tuy nhin, phng php
ny c nhc im l u t cho h thng thit b o lng iu khin trc
tuyn ln, vic cn chnh vn hnh ban u mt nhiu cng sc. Tuy nhin do
c nhiu u im a s cc nh my lc du hin nay s dng phng php
pha trn ny. S cng ngh ca phng pha trn trc tip trong ng ng
cn trnh by nh hnh H -25 B ca gio trnh.
4. Cc ngun nc thi chnh trong nh my lc du l: Nc nhim du b
mt, nc nhim du v ngun nc nhim cc cht c hi (phenol) v nc
thi sinh hot. Cc ngun nc thi ny c thu gom v s l s b ring
trc kh a ti h thng x l chung. Mc ch vic thu gom v x l s b
nhm nng cao hiu qu qu trnh x l v gim chi ph vn hnh. Mi dng
nc thi c tnh cht ring cn phi c bin php x l s b ring bit thch
hp trc khi ho trung vo h thng.
5. Mc ch ca qu trnh tuyn ni l tch du t do v du dng nh tng
trong nc thi v cc cht rn cng ln trong nc thi nhm p ng yu
cu gia on x l bng sinh hc tip theo.
Nc thi sau khi c b sung ha cht s hnh thnh lp kt ta, du phn
tn v nh tng c tch ra dng du t do. B tuyn ni c nhim v lm
cc pha cha du t do v cht rn ni ln pha b mt lng d dng tch ra
khi pha lng nhm mc ch thu c nc ph hp cho qu trnh x l sinh
hc giai on tip theo. Thit b tuyn ni thng l thit b kiu nm ngang,
c chia thnh nhiu ngn ni tip nhau, ngn cui cng c lp bm tun
hon nhm tng cng hiu qu qu trnh phn tch pha. Phn cui thit b c

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lp mng thu lp ni pha trn mt nc v a v b cha du thi m.

Nc qua x l tuyn ni s c a ti thit b x l sinh hc.
Bi 5
1. Trong nh my lc ha du c cc h thng iu khin v an ton chnh sau:
-

H thng iu khin t ng qu trnh;

H thng dng khn cp (ESD);

- H thng cnh bo v phng chng chy n (F&G).

H thng iu khin qu trnh: H thng iu khin qu trnh hin nay ang
s dng l h thng iu khin phn tn (DCS). H thng ny c nhim v
gim st, iu khin hot ng ca ton b nh my. thc hin nhim v
ny, h thng iu khin kt ni vi nhiu h thng iu khin thnh phn trong
nh my nh h thng o mc, h thng gim st my mc, h thng iu
khin van t ng, h thng thu thp x l s liu t cc u o phn tch,... H
thng DCS cng c chc nng bo m an ton my mc thit b mc thp.
H thng dng khn cp (ESD): H thng dng khn cp c nhim v gim st
mt s thng s cng ngh c la chn ca nh my quyt nh n vn hnh
an ton ton. H thng s dng khn cp phn xng hay nh my khi c s
c vt ra ngoi gii hn cho php c th khi phc li hot ng bnh thng.
H thng ny cng c nhim v ngn chn s khi ng ca my mc, phn
xng khi iu kin vn hnh cha v ch cho php. H thng dng khn
cp c th hot ng t ng hoc khi ng trc tip bng tay t phng iu
khin trung tm.
H thng cnh bo v phng, chng chy n (F&G): H thng cnh bo v
phng chng chy n c nhim v thu thp cc thng tin v nguy c chy n (
nng cc cht trong khng kh, nhit ,...) a ra cnh bo sm, bo
ng ti phng iu khin trung tm v cc trm cu ho trong nh my. Trong
mt s trng hp, cc tn hiu t h thng ny s khi ng trc tip cc thit
b cha chy hoc dng hot ng ca my mc, thit b.
2. Trong nh my lc ha du thc hin nhim v gim st iu khin, h
thng iu khin qu trnh c kt ni vi nhiu h thng iu khin thnh
phn nh: H thng iu khin van vn hnh bng m t, h thng o mc b
cha, h thng gim st hot ng ca my mc, thit b, h thng xut nhp
sn phm, nguyn liu t ng,...
- H thng o mc:Trong nh my mt h thng o mc t ng c
trang b o mc tt c cc b cha trong nh my phc v cho qun l v

130

iu khin hot ng xut, nhp ( nguyn liu, sn phm) v pha trn sn

phm. H thng o mc c trang b mt b vi x l ring v ni vi h thng
iu khin DCS ti phng iu khin trung tm. Ty theo yu cu m c th
(cho mc ch thng k, tng tr hay cho mc ch xut hng) m cp chnh
xc ca thit b c xc nh ph hp. Vi mc ch thng k sai s cho php
l 5mm, nu h thng o lng c s dng cho xut hng th sai s
khng vt qu 1mm.
- H thng iu khin van vn hnh bng m-t (MOV): H thng iu
khin van vn hnh bng m-t c kim tra, iu khin nh mt b vi x l
ring bit. My tnh trang b cho h thng ny cung cp c chc nng vn hnh
v thit k. H thng ny oc kt ni vi h thng DCS v cho php iu
khin v kim tra t h thng iu khin DCS. Cc thit b x l thng tin c
lp t ti phng iu khin trung tm nh my. H thng ny c nhim v thc
hin iu khin cc van vn hnh theo lnh t phng iu khin trung tm, m
bo cc van ng m theo ng quy trnh vn hnh.
- H thng gim st my mc, thit b: H thng gim st my mc thit b
c nhim v gim st ch hot ng mt s b phn lm vic nng ti ca
mt s thit b quan trng c cng sut, ti trng ln trong nh my nh tuc
bin cc my nn trong phn xng cracking, cc my bm cng sut ln. Cc
b phn cn c theo di l cc thy lc. rung, nhit ,... ca cc
b phn ny c chuyn v h thng x l v phng iu khin trung tm
kp thi hiu chnh ch hot ng hoc a ra cc gii php cn thit
ngn nga cc s c xy ra. H thng gim st my mc cngg c trang b
b vi x l ring v c kt ni vi h thng iu khin DCS gim st.

131

CC THUT NG CHUYN MN.

H thng iu khin phn tn (DCS): Distributed Control System.

H thng ngng khn cp (ESD): Emergency Shutdown
LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas): Kh ha lng

132

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. James H. Gary, Glenn E. Handwerk
Petroleum Refining Technology and Economy, Markcel Dekker, Inc. New York,
2001.
[2]. Max S. Peters, Klaus D. Timmerhaus, Ronald E West, Uninersity of
Colorado
[3]. Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers, McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc, 2003.
[4]. Handbook of Petroleum Refining Processes, Robert A. Meyers, PhD,
McGraw-Hill Book Companies, Inc, 1986.
[5]. PGS.TS inh Th Ng - Ha hc du m & kh, Nh xut bn khoa hc k
thut, H ni 2001.

1.

Chuyn gia t vn ni dung

PGS.TS inh Th Ng

2.

Chuyn gia pht trin sch

Trn Ngc Chuyn

3.

Trng tiu ban CDC Ha du:

L Th Thanh Hng

4.

Gio vin bin son sch

L Th Thanh Hng

cng nht tr cu trc bi v mu nh dng ny.

Chuyn gia pht

Chuyn gia t vn ni

Trng tiu ban

Gio vin bin son

trin sch

dung

CDC

sch

Trn Ngc Chuyn

PGS.TS inh Th Ng

L Th Thanh Hng

L Xun Huyn

133