Brick Masonary Structures

Chapter 7
MASONRYSTRUCTURES
7.1
INTRODUCTION
7.1.1 Scope
ThischapteroftheCodecoversthedesign,constructionandqualitycontrolofmasonrystructures.
7.1.2 SymbolsandNotation
Thefollowingunitsshallbegenerallyimplicitinthischapterforthecorrespondingquantities:
Lengths
m m
Areas
mm2
Momentofinertia
mm4
Force
Moment,torsion
Nmm
Stress,strength
N/mm2
a = depthofequivalentrectangularstressblockforstrengthdesign
Ab = crosssectionalareaofanchorbolt
Ae = effectiveareaofmasonry
Ag = grossareaofwall
Amv= netareaofmasonrysectionboundedbywallthicknessandlengthofsectioninthedirectionof
shearforceconsidered
Ap = area of tension (pullout) cone of an embedded anchor bolt projected into the surface of
masonry
As = effectivecrosssectionalareaofreinforcementinaflexuralmember
Av = areaofsteelrequiredforshearreinforcementperpendiculartothelongitudinalreinforcement
As = effectivecrosssectionalareaofcompressionreinforcementinaflexuralmember
b = effectivewidthofrectangularmemberorwidthofflangeforTandIsection
bt = computedtensionforceonanchorbolt
bv = allowableshearforceonanchorbolt
bw = widthofwebinTandImember
Bt = allowabletensionforceonanchorbolt
Bv = computedshearforceonanchorbolt
c
= distancefromtheneutralaxistoextremefibre
Cd = masonryshearstrengthcoefficient
d = distancefromthecompressionfaceofaflexuralmembertothecentroidoflongitudinaltensile
reinforcement
db = diameterofthereinforcingbar,diameterofbolt
e
= eccentricityofPu
emu = maximumusablecompressivestrainofmasonry
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Em = modulusofelasticityofmasonry
Es = modulusofelasticityofsteel
fa = computedaxialcompressivestressduetodesignaxialload
fb = computedflexuralstressintheextremefibreduetodesignbendingloadonly
fmd = computedcompressivestressinmasonryduetodeadloadonly
fr = modulusofrupture
fs = computedstressinreinforcementduetodesignload
fy = tensileyieldstressofreinforcement
fv = computedshearstressduetodesignload
fm

= specifiedcompressivestrengthofmasonryattheageof28days
= loadsduetoweightandpressureoffluidsorrelatedmomentsandforces
Fa = allowableaverageaxialcompressivestressforcentroidallyappliedaxialloadonly
Fb = allowableflexuralcompressivestressifmemberswerecarryingbendingloadonly
Fbr = allowablebearingstress
Fs = allowablestressinreinforcement
Fsc = allowablecompressivestressincolumnreinforcement
Ft = allowableflexuraltensilestressinmasonry
Fv = allowableshearstressinmasonry
G = shearmodulusofmasonry
h = heightofwallbetweenpointsofsupport
h = effectiveheightofawallorcolumn
H = actualheightbetweenlateralsupports
H' = heightofopening
I
= momentofinertiaabouttheneutralaxisofthecrosssectionalarea
Ig,Icr= gross,crackedmomentofinertiaofthewallcrosssection
j = ratioordistancebetweencentroidofflexuralcompressiveforceandcentroidoftensileforces
to
depth,d
k
= ratioofdepthofthecompressionzoneinflexuralmembertodepth,d;stiffeningcoefficient
l = lengthofawallorsegment
lb = embedmentdepthofanchorbolt
lbe = anchorboltedgedistance,theleastlengthmeasuredfromtheedgeofmasonrytothesurface
of
theanchorbolt
ld = requireddevelopmentlengthofreinforcement
L
= actuallengthofwall
M = designmoment
Mc = moment capacity of the compression steel in a flexural member about the centroid of the
tensile
force
Mcr = crackingmomentstrengthofthemasonrywall
Mm = themomentofthecompressiveforceinthemasonryaboutthecentroidofthetensileforcein
thereinforcement
Mn = nominalmomentstrengthofthemasonrywall
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Ms = themomentofthetensileforceinthereinforcementaboutthecentroidofthecompressive
forceinthemasonry
Mser = servicemomentatthemidheightofthepanel,includingPDeltaeffects
Mu = factoredmoment
n = modularratio=Es/Em
P = designaxialload
Pa = allowablecentroidalaxialloadforreinforcedmasonrycolumns
Pb = nominalbalanceddesignaxialstrength
Pf = loadfromtributaryfloororroofarea
Po = nominalaxialloadstrengthwithbending
Pu = factoredaxialload
Puf = factoredloadfromtributaryfloororroofloads
Puw = factoredweightofthewalltributarytothesectionunderconsideration
Pw = weightofthewalltributarytothesectionunderconsideration
rb = ratiooftheareaofbarscutofftothetotalareaofbarsatthesection
s
= spacingofstirrupsorbentbarsinadirectionparalleltothatofthemainreinforcement
= sectionmodulus
= effectivethicknessofawythe,wallorcolumn
u = bondstressperunitofsurfaceareaofbar
V = totaldesignshearforce
Vn = nominalshearstrength
Vm = nominalshearstrengthprovidedbymasonry
Vs = nominalshearstrengthprovidedbyshearreinforcement
u = horizontaldeflectionatmidheightunderfactoredload;PDeltaeffectsshallbeincludedin
deflectioncalculation
= steelratio=As/bd
n = ratioofdistributedshearreinforcementonaplaneperpendiculartotheplaneofAmv
o = sumoftheperimetersofallthelongitudinalreinforcement
= strengthreductionfactor.
7.1.3 Definitions
Forthepurposeofthischapter,thefollowingdefinitionsshallbeapplicable.
BEDBLOCK:Ablockbeddedonawall,columnorpiertodisperseaconcentratedloadonamasonry
element.
BEDJOINT:Ahorizontalmortarjointuponwhichmasonryunitsareplaced.
BOND : Arrangement of masonry units in successive courses to tie the masonry together both
longitudinallyandtransversely;thearrangementisusuallyworkedouttoensurethatnoverticaljointof
onecourseisexactlyovertheoneinthenextcourseaboveorbelowitandthereismaximumpossible
amountoflap.
BONDBEAM:Ahorizontalgroutedelementwithinmasonryinwhichreinforcementisembedded.
BUTTRESS : A pier of masonry built as an integral part of wall and projecting from either or both
surfaces, decreasing in crosssectional area from base to top and conforming to the requirement of
Sec4.3.3(c)(ii).
CAVITYWALL:Awallcomprisingtwolimbseachbuiltupassingleormultiwytheunitsandseparated
bya50115mmwidecavity.Thelimbsaretiedtogetherbymetaltiesorbondingunitsforstructural
integrity.
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StructuralDesign
CELL:Avoidspacehavingagrosscrosssectionalareagreaterthan1000mm2.
COLUMN:Anisolatedverticalloadbearingmemberthewidthofwhichdoesnotexceedthreetimesthe
thickness.
CROSSJOINT:Averticaljointnormaltothefaceofthewall.
CROSSSECTIONAL AREA OF MASONRY UNIT: Net crosssectional area of masonry unit is the gross
crosssectionalareaminustheareaofcellularspace.
CURTAINWALL:Anonloadbearingselfsupportingwallsubjecttotransverselateralloads,andlaterally
supportedbyverticalorhorizontalstructuralmemberwherenecessary.
DIMENSIONS:
Actualdimensionsthemeasureddimensionsofadesignateditem;suchasadesignatedmasonryunit
or wall used in the structures. The actual dimension shall not vary from the specified dimension by
morethantheamountallowedintheappropriatestandardmentionedinSec2.2.4ofPart5.
Nominaldimensions;specifieddimensionsplusthethicknessofthejointwithwhichtheunitislaid.
Specified dimensions the dimensions specified for the manufacture or construction of masonry,
masonryunits,jointsoranyothercomponentsofastructure.Unlessotherwisestated,allcalculations
shallbemadeusingorbasedonspecifieddimensions.
FACED WALL: A wall in which facing and backing of two different materials are bonded together to
ensurecommonactionunderload.
GROUT : A mixture of cementitious materials and aggregate to which water is added such that the
mixturewillflowwithoutsegregationoftheconstituents.
GROUTEDMASONRY:
Groutedhollowunitmasonrythatformofgroutedmasonryconstructioninwhichcertaindesignated
cellsofhollowunitsarecontinuouslyfilledwithgrout.
Groutedmultiwythemasonrythatformofgroutedmasonryconstructioninwhichthespacebetween
thewythesissolidlyorperiodicallyfilledwithgrout.
HOLLOW UNIT: A masonry unit of which net crosssectional area in any plane parallel to the bearing
surfaceislessthan75percentofitsgrosscrosssectionalareameasuredinthesameplane.
JAMB:Sideofanopeninginwall.
JOINTS:
Bedjoints;themortarjointthatishorizontalatthetimethemasonryunitsareplaced.
Collarjoint;thevertical,longitudinal,mortarorgroutedjoints.
Headjoint;themortarjointhavingaverticaltransverseplane.
LATERALSUPPORT:Asupportwhichenablesamasonryelementtoresistlateralloadand/orrestrains
lateraldeflectionofamasonryelementatthepointofsupport.
LIMB:Innerorouterportionofacavitywall.
LOADBEARINGWALL:Awalldesignedtocarryanimposedverticalloadinadditiontoitsownweight,
togetherwithanylateralload.
MASONRY:Anassemblageofmasonryunitsproperlybondedtogetherwithmortar.
MASONRY UNIT : Individual units, such as brick, tile, stone or concrete block, which are bonded
togetherwithmortartoformamasonryelementsuchaswalls,columns,piers,buttress,etc.
PANEL WALL : An exterior non load bearing wall in framed structure, supported at each storey but
subjecttolateralloads.
PARTITIONWALL:Aninteriornonloadbearingwall,onestoreyorpartstoreyinheight.
PIER : A projection from either or both sides of a wall forming an integral part of the wall and
conformingtotherequirementofSec4.4.3.3.c(ii).
PILASTER : A thickened section forming integral part of a wall placed at intervals along the wall, to
increase the stiffness of the wall or to carry a vertical concentrated load. Thickness of a pier is the
overall thickness including the thickness of the wall or, when bounded into a limb of cavity wall, the
thicknessobtainedbytreatingthatlimbasanindependentwall.
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PRISM : An assemblage of masonry units bonded by mortar with or without grout used as a test
specimenfordeterminingpropertiesofmasonry.
REINFORCEDMASONRY:Themasonryconstruction,inwhichreinforcementactinginconjunctionwith
themasonryisusedtoresistforcesandisdesignedinaccordancewithSec4.6.
SHEARWALL : Aload bearing wall designed to carry horizontal forces acting initsown plane with or
withoutverticalimposedloads.
SOLIDUNIT:Amasonryunitwhosenetcrosssectionalareainanyplaneparalleltothebearingsurface
is75percentormoreofthegrosscrosssectionalareainthesameplane.
STACKBOND:Abondinbearingandnonbearingwalls,exceptveneeredwalls,inwhichlessthan75per
centof theunitsinanytransverseverticalplanelaptheendsoftheunitsbelowadistancelessthan
onehalftheheightoftheunit,orlessthanonefourththelengthoftheunit.
VENEEREDWALL:Awallinwhichthefacingisattachedtothebackingbutnotsobondedastoresultin
acommonactionunderload.
WALLJOINT:Averticaljointparalleltothefaceofthewall.
WALLTIE:Ametalfastenerwhichconnectswythesofmasonrytoeachotherortoothermaterials.
WYTHE:Portionofawallwhichisonemasonryunitinthickness.
7.2
Materials
7.2.1 General
AllmaterialsusedinmasonryconstructionshallconformtotherequirementsspecifiedinPart5ofthisCode.If
norequirementsarespecifiedforamaterial,qualityshallbebasedongenerallyacceptedgoodpractice,subject
totheapprovalofthebuildingofficial.
7.2.2 MasonryUnits
ThefollowingtypesofmasonryunitswhichconformtothestandardsmentionedinSec2.2.4ofPart5maybe
usedinmasonryconstruction:
(a) Commonbuildingclaybricks
(b) Burntclayhollowbricks
(c) Burntclayfacingbricks
(d) Hollowconcreteblocks
OthertypesofmasonryunitsconformingtoSec2.2.4ofPart5mayalsobeused.
7.2.3
MortarandGrout
Mortar and grout for masonry construction shall conform to the requirements specified in Part 5. Mix
proportionsandcompressivestrengthofsomecommonlyusedmortarsaregiveninTable6.7.1.
7.3
AllowableSTRESSES
7.3.1 General
Stressesinmasonryshall notexceed the valuesgivenin this section. Allallowable stresses forworkingstress
designmaybeincreasedonethirdwhenconsideringwindorearthquakeforceseitheractingaloneorcombined
withverticalloads.Noincreaseshallbeallowedforverticalloadsactingalone.
7.3.2 SpecifiedCompressiveStrengthofMasonry, f m
Theallowablestressesformasonryconstructionshallbebasedonthevalueof f m asdeterminedbySec7.3.3
below.
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Table6.7.1:MixProportionandStrengthofCommonlyusedMortars
Gradeof
Mortar
MixProportionbyVolume1,2
MinimumCompressive
Strengthat28days,
N/mm2
Cement
Sand
M1
10
M2
7.5
M3
M4
M5
M6
1.Sandandcementshallbemeasuredinloosevolumeandsandshallbewellgradedwitha
minimumF.M.of1.2.
2.Limetoamaximumof 1 thpartbyvolumeofcementmaybeusedtoincreaseworkability.
4
7.3.3 Compliancewith
Compliancewiththerequirementsforthespecifiedcompressivestrengthofmasonry, f m shallbeinaccordance
withthefollowing:
7.3.3.1
Masonry Prism Testing : The compressive strength of masonry based on tests at 28 days in
accordancewith"StandardTestMethodforCompressiveStrengthofMasonryPrisms",(ASTME447)
.Verificationbymasonryprismtestingshallmeetthe
foreachsetofprismsshallequalorexceed f m
following:
(a)
Testing Prior to Construction: A set of five masonry prisms shall be built and tested in
accordancewithASTME447priortothestartofconstruction.Materialsusedforprisms
shallbesameasusedintheproject.Prismsshallbeconstructedundertheobservationof
theengineeroranapprovedagencyandtestedbyanapprovedagency.
(b)
Testing During Construction: When full allowable stresses are used in design, a set of
threeprismsshallbebuiltandtestedduringconstructioninaccordancewith(ASTME447)
for each 500 square meters of wall area, but not less than one set of three masonry
prismsforanyproject.Notestingduringconstructionshallberequiredwhen50%ofthe
allowablestressesareusedindesign.
7.3.4 QualityControl
Qualitycontrolshallinclude,butnotbelimitedtoassurethat:
(a) Masonry units, reinforcement, cement, lime, aggregate and all other materials meet the
requirements of the applicable standard of quality and that they are properly stored and
preparedforuse.
(b) Mortarandgroutareproperlymixedusingspecifiedproportionsofingredients.Themethodof
measuring materials for mortar and grout shall be such that proportions of materials are
controlled.
(c) Construction details, procedures and workmanship are in accordance with the plans and
specification.
(d) Placement,splicesandbardiametersareinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthischapterand
theplansandspecifications.
7.3.5 AllowableStressesinMasonry
When the quality control provisions specified in Sec 7.3.4 above do not include requirements for special
inspection,theallowabledesignstressesinthissectionshallbereducedby50percent.
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i) Unreinforcedmasonrywalls,columnsandreinforcedmasonrywall
Fa =
3
f m h
1
5 42t
(7.3.1)
ii) Reinforcedmasonrycolumns
3
f m
h
As
Fa = +
Fsc 1
5 1.5 Ae
42t
(7.3.2)
(b) CompressiveStress,Flexural
Fb = 0.33 f m
10N mm 2
(7.3.3)
(c) TensileStressforWalls,Flexure
The allowable tensile stress for walls in flexure of masonry structures without tensile
reinforcementusingmortarTypeM1orM2 shallnotexceedthevaluesspecifiedinTables
6.7.2and6.7.3.ForTypeM3andM4mortar,thevalueshallbereducedby25percent.
Notensionisallowedacrossheadjointsinstackbondmasonry.Valuesfortensionnormal
toheadjointsareforrunningbond.Thesevaluesshallnotbeusedforhorizontalflexural
memberssuchasbeams,girdersorlintels.
Table6.7.2:FlexuralTension,Ft
Masonry
NormaltoBedJoints
N/mm2
NormaltoHeadJoints
N/mm2
SolidUnits
0.20
0.40
HollowUnits
0.12
0.25
Table6.7.3:TensionNormaltoHeadJoints,Ft
Masonry
ClayUnits
ConcreteUnits
N/mm2
N/mm2
SolidUnits
0.35
0.40
HollowUnits
0.22
0.25
(d) ReinforcingBondStress,u
PlainBars 0.30N/mm2
DeformedBars 1.0N/mm2
(e) ShearStressforFlexuralMembers,Fv
i) Whennoshearreinforcementisused
Fv = 0.083 f m 0.25
N/mm2
(7.3.4)
ii) Whenshearreinforcementisdesignedtotakeentireshearforce
Fv = 0.25 f m 0.75
(f) ShearStressforShearWalls,Fv
N/mm2
(7.3.5)
i) Unreinforcedmasonry
Forclayunits:
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StructuralDesign
Fv = 0.025 f m 0.40
N/mm2
Forconcreteunits:
M1orM2Mortar0.20N/mm2
M3Mortar 0.12N/mm2
(7.3.6)
ii) TheallowableshearstressforreinforcedmasonryshearwallsshallbeaccordingtoTable6.7.4.
7.3.6 AllowableStressesinReinforcement
(a) TensileStress
i Deformedbars,
Fs = 0.5 f y , 165
N/mm2
(7.3.7)
ii)Ties,anchorsandplainbars,
Fs = 0.4 f y , 135
N/mm2
(7.3.8)
Table6.7.4:AllowableShearStressforReinforcedMasonryShearWalls,Fv
Fv,N/mm2
M/Vd
MaximumAllowable
N/mm2
Masonry
<1
M
1
f m
4
Vd
36
0.083 f m
0.4 0.2
Vd
takingall
shear
0.17
Reinforceme
nttakingall
<1
1
M
4
f m
Vd
24
0.125 f m
0.6 0.2
Vd
shear
(b) CompressiveStress
0.37
i) Deformedbarsincolumnsandshearwalls,
Fsc = 0.4 f y 165
N/mm2
(7.3.9)
ii) Deformedbarsinflexuralmembers
Fsc = 0.5 f y 165
N/mm2
(7.3.10)
7.3.7 CombinedCompressiveStress
Members subject to combined axial and flexural stresses shall be designed in accordance with accepted
principlesofmechanicsorinaccordancewiththefollowingformula:
fa
f
+ b 1
Fa Fb
(7.3.11)
7.3.8 ModulusofElasticity
The modulus of elasticity of masonry shall be determined by the secant method. The slope of the line
connectingthepoints0.05 f m and0.33 f m onthestressstraincurveshallbetakenasthemodulusofelasticity
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ofmasonry.Ifrequired,actualvaluesshallbeestablishedbytests.Thesevaluesarenottobereducedby50
percentasspecifiedinSec7.3.5(a).
(a) ModulusofElasticityforMasonry
E m =750 f m 15,000
N/mm2
(7.3.12)
(b) ModulusofElasticityforSteel
Es = 200,000
N/mm2
(7.3.13)
(7.3.14)
(c) ShearModulusofMasonry
G = 0.4 Em
7.3.9 ShearandTensiononEmbeddedAnchorBolts
7.3.9.1
Allowable loads and placement requirements for anchor bolts shall be in accordance with the
following:
(a)
Bentbaranchorboltsshallhaveahookwitha90degreebendwithaninsidediameterof3db
plusanextensionof1.5dbatthefreeend.
(b)
Headedanchorboltsshallhaveastandardbolthead.
(c)
Plateanchorboltsshallhaveaplateweldedtotheshanktoprovideanchorageequivalentto
headedanchorbolts.
7.3.9.2
The effective embedment length, l b for bent bar anchors shall be the length of embedment
measured perpendicular from the surface of the masonry to the bearing surface of the bent end
minus one anchor bolt diameter. For plate or headed anchor bolts l b shall be the length of
embedmentmeasuredperpendicularfromthesurfaceofthemasonrytothebearingsurfaceofthe
plate or head of the anchorage. All bolts shall be grouted in place with at least 25 mm of grout
between the bolt and the masonry except that 6 mm diameter bolts may be placed in bed joints
whichareatleasttwiceasthickasthediameterofthebolt.
7.3.9.3
AllowableShearForce
Allowable loads in shear shall be according to Table 6.7.5 or lesser of the value obtained from the
followingformulae:
Bv = 1070( f m Ab )
(7.3.15)
Bv = 0.12 Ab f y
(7.3.16)
1/ 4
Whenthedistance l beislessthan12db,thevalueofBvinEq(7.3.15)shallbereducedtozeroata
distance l be equal to 40 mm. Where adjacent anchors are spaced closer than 8db, the allowable
shear of the adjacent anchors determined by Eq (7.3.15) shall be reduced by interpolation to 0.75
timestheallowableshearvalueatacentretocentrespacingof4db.
Table6.7.5:AllowableShear,BvforEmbeddedAnchorBoltsforMasonry,kN*
BentBarAnchorBoltDiameter,mm
fm

N/mm2
10
12
16
20
22
25
28
10
2.0
3.7
5.9
7.9
8.5
9.1
9.6
12
2.0
3.7
5.9
8.2
8.3
9.5
10.1
13
2.0
3.7
5.9
8.5
9.2
9.8
10.4
17
2.0
3.7
5.9
8.5
9.7
10.3
11.0
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StructuralDesign
fm

N/mm2
10
12
16
20
22
25
28
20
2.0
3.7
5.9
8.5
10.1
10.8
11.5
27
2.0
3.7
5.9
8.5
10.9
11.6
12.3
*ValuesareforboltsofatleastASTMA307quality.BoltsshallbethosespecifiedinSec
4.3.9.1.
7.3.9.4
AllowableTension
Allowable tension shall be the lesser value selected from Table 6.7.6 and Table 6.7.7 or shall be
determinedfromlesserofthevaluesobtainedfromthefollowingformulae:
Bt = 0.04 A p
Bt = 0.2 Ab f y
f m
(7.3.17)
(7.3.18)
The area Ap shall be the lesser of the area obtained from Eq (7.3.17) and (7.3.18) and where the
projectedareasofadjacentanchorboltsoverlap,Apofeachanchorboltshallbereducedby50per
centoftheoverlappingarea.
A p = l b
(7.3.19)
A p = l be
(7.3.20)
Table6.7.6:AllowableTension,BtforEmbeddedAnchorBoltsforMasonry,kN1,2
EmbedmentLength,lb,orEdgeDistance,lbe,mm
fm

N/mm2
50
75
100
125
150
200
250
10
1.0
2.4
4.3
6.7
9.7
17.3
27.0
12
1.2
2.6
4.7
7.4
10.6
18.9
29.6
13
1.2
2.8
5.0
7.8
11.2
20.0
31.2
17
1.3
3.1
5.6
8.7
12.6
22.4
35.0
20
1.5
3.4
6.7
9.5
13.8
24.5
38.2
27
1.7
3.9
7.0
11.0
15.9
28.3
44.1
Theallowabletensionvaluesarebasedoncompressivestrengthofmasonryassemblages.Whereyield
strengthofanchorboltsteelgoverns,theallowabletensionisgiveninTable6.7.7.
2
ValuesareforboltsofatleastASTMA307quality.BoltsshallbethosespecifiedinSec7.3.9.1.
Table6.7.7:AllowableTension,BtforEmbeddedAnchorBoltsforMasonry,kN1
6
10
12
16
20
22
25
28
1.5
3.5
6.2
9.8
14.1
19.2
25.1
31.8
7.3.9.5
ValuesareforboltsofatleastASTMA307quality.BoltsshallbethosespecifiedinSec7.3.9.
CombinedShearandTension
Anchor bolts subjected to combined shear and tension shall be designed in accordance with the
formulagivenbelow:
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bt bv
+
1.00
Bt Bv
7.3.9.6
Chapter7
7.3.22
MinimumEdgeDistance, l be
Theminimumvalueof l bemeasuredfromtheedgeofthemasonryparalleltotheanchorbolttothe
surfaceoftheanchorboltshallbe40mm.
7.3.9.7
MinimumEmbedmentDepth, l b
Theminimumembedmentdepth l bshallbe4dbbutnotlessthan50mm.
7.3.9.8
MinimumSpacingBetweenBolts
Theminimumcentretocentrespacingbetweenanchorsshallbe4db.
7.3.10 LoadTest
Forloadtest,themembershallbesubjecttoasuperimposedloadequaltotwicethedesignliveloadplusone
halfofthedeadload.Thisloadshallbemaintainedforaperiodof24hours.If,duringthetestoruponremoval
oftheload,themembershowsevidenceoffailure,suchchangesormodificationsasarenecessarytomakethe
structureadequatefortheratedcapacityshallbemade;orwherepossible,alowerratingshallbeestablished.A
flexural member shall be considered to have passed the test if the maximum deflection at the end of the 24
2
hourperiodneitherexceeds0.005 l nor0.00025 l t andthebeamandslabsshowarecoveryofatleast75per

centoftheobserveddeflectionwithin24hoursafterremovaloftheload.
7.3.11 ReuseofMasonryUnits
Masonryunitsmaybereusedwhenclean,unbrokenandconformstotherequirementsofPart5.Allstructural
propertiesofmasonryofreclaimedunits,especiallyadhesionbond,shallbedeterminedbyapprovedtest.The
allowable working stress shall not exceed 50 per cent of that permitted for new masonry units of the same
properties.
7.4
BASICDESIGNREQUIREMENTS
7.4.1 General
Masonrystructuresshallbedesignedaccordingtotheprovisionsofthissection.Therequireddesignstrengths
ofmasonrymaterialsandanyspecialrequirementsshallbespecifiedintheplansubmittedforapproval.
7.4.2 DesignConsiderations
7.4.2.1
Masonry structures shall be designed based on working stress and linear stressstrain distribution.
Requirements for working stress design of unreinforced and reinforced masonry structures are
providedinSec4.5and4.6respectively.Inlieuoftheworkingstressdesignmethod,slenderwallsand
shearwallsmaybedesignedbythestrengthdesignmethodspecifiedinSec7.7.
Thestructureshall be proportionedsuchthat eccentricityof loadingon themembers isas small as
possible.Eccentricloadingshallpreferablybeavoidedbyproviding:
(a) adequatebearingoffloor/roofonthewalls
(b) adequatestiffnessinslabs,and
(c) fixityatthesupports.
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7.4.2.2
EffectiveHeight
(a)
Wall : The effective height of a wall shall be taken as the clear height between the lateral
supportsattopandbottominadirectionnormaltotheaxisconsidered.Formembersnot
supportedatthetopnormaltotheaxisconsidered,theeffectiveheightistwicetheheightof
the member above the support. Effective height less than the clear height may be used if
justified.
(b)
Column:Effectiveheightofthecolumnshallbetakenasactualheightforthedirectionitis
laterallysupportedandtwicetheactualheightforthedirectionitisnotlaterallysupported
atthetopnormaltotheaxisconsidered.
(c)
OpeninginWall:Whenopeningsoccurinawallsuchthatmasonrybetweentheopeningsis
bydefinitionacolumn,effectiveheightofmasonrybetweentheopeningsshallbeobtained
asfollows:
i)
When wall has full restraint at the top, effective height for the direction
perpendicular to the plane of wall equals 0.75H plus 0.25H', where H is the
distance between supports and H' is the height of the taller opening; and
effectiveheightforthedirectionparalleltothewallequalsH.
ii) When wallhaspartial restraintat the topandbottom, effective height for the
direction perpendicular to the plane of wall equals H when height of neither
openingexceeds0.5Handitisequalto2Hwhenheightofanyopeningexceeds
0.5H; and effective height for the direction parallel to the plane of the wall
equals2H.
7.4.2.3
EffectiveLength
EffectivelengthofawallfordifferentsupportconditionsshallbeasgiveninTable6.7.8.
7.4.2.4
EffectiveThickness
Theeffectivethicknessofwallsandcolumnsforuseinthecalculationofslendernessratio,shallbe
definedasfollows:
(a)
SolidWalls:Theeffectivethicknessofsolidwalls,facedwallsorgroutedwallsshallbethe
specifiedthicknessofthewall.
(b)
Solid Walls with Raked Mortar Joints: The effective thickness of solid walls with raked
mortarjointsshallbetheminimumthicknessmeasuredatthejoint.
(c)
Cavity Walls: When both limbs of a cavity wall are axially loaded, each limb shall be
consideredindependentlyandtheeffectivethicknessofeachlimbshallbedeterminedasin
(a)or(b)above.Ifoneofthelimbsisaxiallyloaded,theeffectivethicknessofthecavitywall
shallbetakenasthesquarerootofthesumofthesquaresoftheeffectivethicknessesof
thelimbs.
(d)
WallsStiffenedbyPilasters:Whensolidorcavitywallsarestiffenedbypilastersatintervals,
the effective thickness to be used for the calculation of h'/t ratio shall be determined as
follows:
i)
Solid Walls: For stiffened solid walls the effective thickness shall be the specified
thicknessmultipliedbythestiffeningcoefficient,k,valuesofwhicharegivenbelow:
l p wp
6376
StiffeningCoefficient,k*
t p tw
1.0
1.4
2.0
1.0
1.3
1.7
10
1.0
1.2
1.4
15
1.0
1.1
1.2
20ormore
1.0
1.0
1.0
Vol.2
MasonryStructures
Chapter7
*Linearinterpolationispermittedforobtainingintermediatevaluesofk
where, l p = centretocentrespacingofpilasters
ii)
tp = thicknessofpilasterincludingthewall
tw = specifiedthicknessofmainwall
wp = widthofpilasterinthedirectionofwall
Cavity Walls: When one or both limbs of a cavity wall are adequately bonded into
pilasters at intervals, the effective thickness of each limb shall be determined
separatelyasin(a),(b)ord(i)aboveandtheeffectivethicknessofthestiffenedcavity
wallshallbedeterminedinaccordancewith(c)above.
Where slenderness ratio of the wall is based on the effective length, the effective
thicknessshallbethesameasthatwithoutpilasters.
(e)
Columns: The effective thickness for rectangular columns in the direction considered is the
actualthicknessprovidedinthatdirection.Theeffectivethicknessfornonrectangularcolumns
is the thickness of a square column with the same moment of inertia about its axis as that
abouttheaxisconsideredintheactualcolumn.
Table6.7.8:EffectiveLengthofWalls
SupportCondition
EffectiveLength
Whereawalliscontinuousandissupportedbycrosswallandthere
isnoopeningwithinadistanceofH/8fromthefaceofcrosswall,
0.8L
Or
Whereawalliscontinuousandissupportedbypier/buttresses
conformingtoSec7.4.3.3(c)(ii).
Whereawallissupportedbycrosswallatoneendandcontinuous
withcrosswallatotherend,
0.9L
Or
Whereawallissupportedbypier/buttressesatoneendand
continuouswithpier/buttressesatotherendconformingto
Sec7.4.3.3(c)(ii).
Whereawallissupportedateachendbycrosswall,
Or
1.0L
Whereawallissupportedateachendbypier/buttresses
conformingtoSec7.4.3.3(c)(ii).
Whereawallisfreeatoneendandcontinuouswithacrosswallat
theotherend,
1.5L
Or
Whereawallisfreeatoneendandcontinuouswitha
pier/buttressesattheotherendconformingtoSec7.4.3.3(c)(ii).
Whereawallisfreeatoneendandsupportedattheotherendby
acrosswall,
2.0L
Or
Whereawallisfreeatoneendandsupportedattheotherendbya
pier/buttressesconformingtoSec7.4.3.3(c)(ii).
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StructuralDesign
7.4.2.5
7.4.2.6
SlendernessRatio
(a)
Walls: For a wall, slenderness ratio shall be the ratio of effective height to effective
thickness or effective length to effective thickness whichever less is. In case of a load
bearingwall,slendernessratioshallnotexceed20.
(b)
Column: For a column, slenderness ratio shall be taken to be the greater of the ratio of
effective heights to the respective effective thickness in the two principal directions.
Slendernessratioforaloadbearingcolumnshallnotexceed12.
EffectiveArea
Theeffectivecrosssectionalareashallbebasedontheminimumbeddedareaofthehollowunits,or
the gross area of solid units plus any grouted area. If hollow units are used perpendicular to the
direction of stress, the effective area shall be lesser of the minimum bedded area or the minimum
crosssectional area. If bed joints are raked, the effective area shall be correspondingly reduced.
Effectiveareasforcavitywallsshallbethatoftheloadedwythes.
7.4.2.7
FlexuralResistanceofCavityWalls
For computing the flexural resistance, lateral loads perpendicular to the plane of the wall shall be
distributedtothewythesaccordingtotheirrespectiveflexuralrigidities.
7.4.2.8
EffectiveWidthofIntersectingWalls
Whereashearwallisanchoredtoanintersectingwallorwalls,thewidthoftheoverhangingflange
formedbytheintersectedwallsoneithersideoftheshearwallshallnotexceed6timesthethickness
of the intersected wall. Limits of the effective flange may be waived if justified. Only the effective
areaofthewallparalleltotheshearforcesmaybeassumedtocarryhorizontalshear.
7.4.3 Supports
7.4.3.1
VerticalSupport
Structural members providing verticalsupport of masonryshall provide a bearingsurfaceon which
theinitialbedjointshallnotbelessthan6mmormorethan25mmandshallbeofnoncombustible
materials,exceptwheremasonryisanonstructuraldecorativefeatureorwearingsurface.
7.4.3.2
VerticalDeflection
Elements supporting masonry shall be designed so that their vertical deflection does not exceed
1/600oftheclearspanundertotalloads.Lintelsshallbesupportedoneachendsuchthatallowable
stressesinthesupportingmasonryarenotexceeded.Theminimumbearinglengthshallbe100mm.
7.4.3.3
LateralSupport
(a)
Lateralsupportofmasonrymaybeprovidedbycrosswalls,columns,piers,counterfortsor
buttresses when spanning horizontally or by floors, beams or roofs when spanning
vertically.
(b)
Lateral supports for a masonry element such as load bearing wall or column shall be
providedto
i) limit the slenderness of a masonry element so as to prevent or reduce possibility of
bucklingofthememberduetoverticalloads;and
ii)
(c)
resist the horizontal components of forces so as to ensure stability of a structure

againstoverturning.
From consideration of slenderness (i.e. requirement b(i) above), masonry elements may be
consideredtobelaterallysupportedif
i) incaseofawall,whereslendernessratioisbasedoneffectiveheight,floor/roofslab
(orbeamsandslab)irrespectiveofthedirectionofspan,bearsonthesupportedwall
aswellascrosswalls,totheextentofatleast100mm;
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Chapter7
ii) in case of a wall, when slenderness ratio is based on its effective length, a cross
wall/pier/buttress of thickness equal to or more than half the thickness of the
supported wall or 125 mm, whichever is more and average length equal to or more
thanonefifthoftheheightofthewall,isbuiltatrightangletothewallandproperly
bonded;
iii) in case of a column, an RC or timber beam/R S joist/roof truss, is supported on the
column.Inthiscase,thecolumnwillnotbeconsideredtobelaterallysupportedinthe
directionatrightangletoit;and
iv) in case of a column, an RC beam forming a part of beam and slab construction, is
supported on the column, and the slab adequately bears on stiffening walls. This
construction will provide lateral support to the column, in the direction of both
horizontalaxes.
7.4.4 Stability
A wall or column subject to vertical and lateral loads may be considered to provide adequate lateral support
from consideration of stability, if the construction providing the support is capable of resisting the following
forces:
7.4.4.1
(a)
Simplestaticreactionsatthepointoflateralsupporttoallthelateralloads;plus
(b)
A lateral load equal to 2.5% of the total vertical load that the wall or column is
designatedtocarryatthepointoflateralsupport.
Incaseofloadbearingbuildingsuptofivestoreys,stabilityrequirementsmaybeconsideredtohave
beensatisfiedifthefollowingconditionsaremet.
(a)
Heighttowidthratioofbuildingdoesnotexceed2.
(b)
Crosswallsactingasstiffeningwallscontinuousfromouterwalltoouterwallorouterwalltoa
loadbearinginnerwall,andofthicknessandspacingasgiveninTable6.7.9areprovided.
Note:Ifstiffeningwallorwallsthatareinaline,areinterruptedbyopenings,lengthofsolidwallorwallsinthezoneofthe
wallthatistobestiffenedshallbeatleastonefifthoftheheightoftheopening.
(c)
Floorsandroofeitherbearoncrosswallsorareproperlyanchoredtothosewallssuchthatall
lateralloadsaresafelytransmittedtothosewallsandthroughthemtothefoundation.
(d)
Crosswallsarebuiltjointlywiththebearingwallsandjointlymortared,orinterconnectedby
toothing.
Note:Cross walls may be anchored to walls to be supported by ties of noncorrosive metal of minimum section 6 x 35 mm and
length60mmwithendsbentatleast50mm,maximumverticalspacingoftiesbeing1.2m.
Table6.7.9:ThicknessandSpacingofStiffeningWalls
Thicknessof
StoreyHeight
Load
not
BearingWallto
be
toExceed
Stiffened
(mm)
(m)
StiffeningWall*
Thicknessnotlessthan
Maximum
spacing
1to3
storeys
4and5
storeys
(mm)
(mm)
(m)
100
3.2
100
4.5
200
3.2
100
200
6.0
300
3.4
100
200
8.0
above300
5.0
100
200
8.0
*Storeyheightandmaximumspacingasgivenarecentretocentredimensions.
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7.4.4.2
Incaseofwallsexceeding8.0minlength,safetyandadequacyoflateralsupportsshallalwaysbe
checkedbystructuralanalysis.
7.4.4.3
Atrussedroofingmaynotprovidelateralsupportunlessspecialmeasuresareadoptedtobraceand
anchortheroofing.However,incaseofresidentialandsimilarbuildingsofconventionaldesignwith
trussedroofinghavingcrosswalls,itmaybeassumedthatstabilityrequirementsaremetbythecross
wallsandstructuralanalysisforstabilitymaybedispensedwith.
7.4.4.4
Incaseofwallsexceeding8.0minlength,safetyandadequacyoflateralsupportsshallalwaysbe
checkedbystructuralanalysis.
7.4.4.5
Atrussedroofingmaynotprovidelateralsupportunlessspecialmeasuresareadoptedtobraceand
anchortheroofing.However,incaseofresidentialandsimilarbuildingsofconventionaldesignwith
trussedroofinghavingcrosswalls,itmaybeassumedthatstabilityrequirementsaremetbythecross
wallsandstructuralanalysisforstabilitymaybedispensedwith.
7.4.4.6
In case of external walls of basement and plinth, stability requirements of Sec 7.4.4 may be
consideredtobesatisfiedif:
(a)
Bricksusedinbasementandplinthhaveaminimumcrushingstrengthof5N/mm2 andmortar
usedinmasonryisofTypeM3orbetter,
(b)
Clearheightofceilinginbasementdoesnotexceed2.6m,
(c)
Inthezoneofactionofsoilpressureonbasementwalls,trafficloadexcludinganysurcharge
duetoadjoiningbuildingsdoesnotexceed5kN/m2,
(d)
MinimumthicknessofbasementwallsisinaccordancewithTable6.7.10.
In case there is surcharge on basement walls from adjoining buildings, thickness of basement walls
shallbebasedonstructuralanalysis.
Table6.7.10:MinimumThicknessofBasementWall
MinimumThicknessof
HeightoftheGroundaboveBasement
BasementWall
FloorLevelwithWallLoading
(Nominal),mm
(PermanentLoad),m
Lessthan50kN/m
Morethan50kN/m
375
2.0
2.5
250
1.4
1.8
7.4.4.7
FreeStandingWall
Free standing walls, subject to wind pressure or seismic forces shall be designed on the basis of
permissible tensile stress in masonry or stability consideration. However in Seismic Zones 1 and 2,
free standing walls may be proportioned without making any design calculations with the help of
Table6.7.11providedthemortarusedisoftypenotleanerthanM3.ForparapetwallseeSec7.4.9.4.
7.4.5 StructuralContinuity
Intersectingstructuralelementsintendedtoactasaunitshallbeanchoredtogethertoresistthedesignforces.
Wallsshallbeanchoredtogethertoallfloors,roofsorotherelementswhichprovidelateralsupportforthewall.
Wherefloorsorroofsaredesignedtotransmithorizontalforcestowalls,theanchoragestothewallsshallbe
designedtoresistthehorizontalforces.
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Chapter7
Table6.7.11:HeighttoThicknessRatioofFreeStandingWall
DesignWindPressure,N/m2
HeighttoThicknessRatio
Upto300
10
600
900
1100
Note:
Heightistobetakenfrom150mmbelowgroundlevelortopoffooting/foundation
block,whicheverishigher,anduptothetopedgeofthewall.
7.4.5.1
MultiwytheWalls
All wythes shall be bonded by grout or tied together by corrosion resistant wall ties or joint
reinforcementasfollows:
(a)
Wall Ties in Cavity Wall Construction: Wall ties shall be of sufficient length to engage all
wythes. The portion of the wall ties within the wythe shall be completely embedded in
mortar or grout. The ends of the wall ties shall be bent to 90 degree angles with an
extensionnotlessthan50mmlong.Walltiesnotcompletelyembeddedinmortarorgrout
betweenwythesshallbeasinglepiecewitheachendengagedineachwythe.
Thereshallbeatleastone6mmdiameterwalltieforeach0.45m2ofwallarea.Forcavity
wallsinwhichthewidthofthecavityisgreaterthan75mm,butnotmorethan115mm,at
leastone6mmdiameterwalltieforeach0.3m2ofwallareashallbeprovided.
Ties in alternate courses shall be staggered. The vertical distance between ties shall not
exceed600mm.Thehorizontaldistancebetweentiesshallnotexceed900mm.
Additional ties spaced not more than 900 mm apart shall be provided around and within
300mmoftheopening.
Wall ties of different size and spacing may be used if they provide equivalent strength
betweenwythes.
(b)
WallTiesforGroutedMultiwytheConstruction:Thetwowythesshallbebondedtogether
withatleast6mmdiametersteelwalltiesforeach0.20m2 ofarea.Walltiesofdifferent
sizeandspacingmaybeusediftheyprovideequivalentstrengthbetweenwythes.
(c)
Joint Reinforcement: Prefabricated joint reinforcement for masonry walls shall have a
minimumofonecrosswireofatleast3mmdiametersteelforeach0.2m2ofwallarea.The
verticalspacingofthejointreinforcementshallnotexceed400mm.Thelongitudinalwires
shallbethoroughlyembeddedinthebedjointmortar.Thejointreinforcementshallengage
allwythes.
Wherethespacebetweentiedwythesisfilledwithgroutormortar,theallowablestresses
and other provisions for masonry bonded walls shall apply. Where the space is not filled,
tiedwallsshallconformtotheallowablestress,lateralsupport,thickness(excludingcavity),
heightandtierequirementsofcavitywalls.
7.4.6 JointReinforcementandProtectionofTies
The minimum mortar cover between ties or joint reinforcement and any exposed face shall be 15 mm. The
thicknessofgroutormortarbetweenmasonryunitsandjointreinforcementshallnotbelessthan6mm,except
thatsmallerdiameterreinforcementorboltsmaybeplacedinbedjointswhichareatleasttwiceasthickasthe
diameterofthereinforcement.
7.4.7 PipesandConduits
Pipeorconduitshallnotbeembeddedinanymasonrysoastoreducethecapacitytolessthanthatnecessary
forrequiredstabilityorrequiredfireprotection,exceptthefollowing:
(a) Rigid electrical conduit may be embedded in structural masonry when their location has been
detailedontheapprovedplan.
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Part6
StructuralDesign
(b) Anypipeorconduitmaypassverticallyorhorizontallythroughanymasonrybymeansofasleeve
atleastlargeenoughtopassanyhuborcouplingonthepipeline.Suchsleevesshallnotbeplaced
closer than three diameters, centre to centre, nor shall they unduly impair the strength of
construction.
(c) Placementofpipesorconduitsinunfilledcoresofhollowunitmasonryshallnotbeconsideredas
embedment.
7.4.8 LoadsandLoadCombination
7.4.8.1
DesignLoads
Alldesignloadsandotherforcestobetakenforthedesignofmasonrystructuresshallconformto
Chapter2,Loads.
7.4.8.2
LoadDispersion
Theangleofdispersionofverticalloadonwallsshallbetakenasnotmorethan30ofromthevertical.
7.4.8.3
DistributionofConcentratedVerticalLoadsinWalls
The length of wall, laid up in running bond, which may be considered capable of working at the
maximumallowablecompressivestressestoresistverticalconcentratedloads,shallnotexceedthe
centretocentredistancebetweensuchloads,northewidthofbearingareaplusfourtimesthewall
thickness. Concentrated vertical loads shall not be assumed distributed across continuous vertical
mortar or control joints unless elements designed to distribute the concentrated vertical loads are
employed.
7.4.8.4
LoadsonNonbearingWall
Masonrywallsusedasinteriorpartitionorasexteriorsurfacesofbuildingwhichdonotcarryvertical
loadsimposedbyotherelementsofthebuildingshallbedesignedtocarrytheirownweightplusany
superimposedfinishandlateralforces.Bondingoranchorageofnonbearingwallsshallbeadequate
tosupportthewallsandtotransferlateralforcestothesupportingstructures.
7.4.8.5
LoadCombinations
LoadcombinationfordesignofmasonrystructuresshallconformtotherequirementsofSec2.7.5.1.
7.4.9 MinimumDesignDimensions
7.4.9.1
MinimumThicknessofLoadBearingWalls
Thenominalthicknessofmasonrybearingwallsinbuildingshallnotbelessthan250mm.
Exception:
Stiffenedsolidmasonrybearingwallsinonestoreybuildingsmayhaveaminimumeffectivethicknessof165mmwhennot
over3minheight,providedthatwhengableconstructionisusedanadditional1.5mheightmaybepermittedatthepeakof
thegable.
7.4.9.2
VariationinThickness
Whenachangeinthicknessduetominimumthicknessrequirementsoccursbetweenfloorlevels,the
greaterthicknessshallbecarrieduptothehigherfloorlevel.
7.4.9.3
DecreaseinThickness
Whenwallsofmasonryofhollowunitsormasonrybondedhollowwallsaredecreasedinthickness,a
courseorcoursesofsolidmasonryshallbeconstructedbetweenthewallsbelowandthethinnerwall
above,orspecialunitsorconstructionshallbeusedtotransmittheloadsfromwythestothewalls
below.
7.4.9.4
ParapetWall
Parapetwallsshallbeatleast200mmthickandheightshallnotexceed4timesthethickness.The
parapetwallshallnotbethinnerthanthewallbelow.
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7.5
Chapter7
DESIGNOFUNREINFORCEDMASONRY
7.5.1 General
The requirements of this section are applicable to unreinforced masonry in addition to the requirements of
Sec7.4.
7.5.2 DesignofMembersSubjectedtoAxialCompression
The stresses due to compressive forces applied at the centroid of any load bearing wall, column and pilaster
maybecomputedbyEq(7.5.1)belowassuminguniformdistributionovertheeffectivearea.
fa =
7.5.3
P
Ae
7.5.1
DesignofMembersSubjectedtoCombinedBendingandAxialCompression
(a)
Compressive stresses dueto combined bendingand axial load shallsatisfy the requirements of
Sec7.3.5.
(b)
Resultant tensilestressduetocombinedbendingandaxialloadshallnotexceedtheallowable
flexuraltensilestress,FtasspecifiedinSec7.3.
7.5.4 DesignofMembersSubjectedtoFlexure
StressesduetoflexurecalculatedbyEq(7.5.2)belowshallnotexceedthevaluesgiveninSec7.3.5.
fb =
Mc
I
7.5.2
7.5.5 DesignofMembersSubjectedtoShear
ShearcalculationsinflexuralmembersandshearwallsshallbebasedonEq(7.5.3)below.
fv =
V
Ae
7.5.3
7.5.6 DesignofArches
Geometrical form and the crosssectional dimensions of masonry arch shall be selected such that the line of
thrustatanysectionofthearchiskeptwithinthemiddlethirdofthesectionofthearchrib.Theelastictheory
of arches shall be permitted for the analysis of unreinforced masonry arches. All supports of arches shall be
capableofdevelopingtherequiredhorizontalthrustwithoutsufferingunacceptabledisplacements.Everyarch
mustbedesignedtoresistthestressesduetothefollowingloads:
(a) GravityLoads:
i. Deadloadsshallbeplacedinconformitywiththeiractualdistribution.
ii. Liveloadsshallbepositionedtocoverentirespanorpartofthespanasnecessaryto
produce the maximum stresses at the crown, springing and all other sections of the
archrib.
(b) Loadsduetotemperaturechange.
(c) Shrinkageloadduetosettingandhardening.
(d) Shorteningofarchribunderthrustcausedbyloads.
7.5.7 FootingsandCorbels
Theslopeoffootingandcorbelling(measuredfromthehorizontaltothefaceofthecorbelledsurface)shallnot
belessthan60degrees.
The maximum horizontal projection of corbelling from the plane of the wall shall be such that stress at any
sectiondoesnotexceedtheallowablevalue.
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7.6
DESIGNOFREINFORCEDMASONRY
7.6.1 General
TherequirementsofthissectionareinadditiontothosespecifiedinSec7.4andareapplicabletoreinforced
masonry.Plainbarslargerthan6mmindiametershallnotbeused.
7.6.1.1
Assumptions
Thefollowingassumptionsshallbeapplicableforthissection.
(a)
Masonrycarriesnotensilestress.
(b)
Reinforcementiscompletelysurroundedbyandbondedtomasonrymaterialsothattheywork
togetherasahomogeneousmaterialwithintherangeofworkingstresses.
7.6.2 DesignofMembersSubjectedtoAxialCompression
Stresses due to compressive forces applied at the centroid of load bearing wall, column and pilaster may be
computed assuming uniform distribution over the effective area. Stress shall be calculated from Eq(7.6.1)
below:
fa =
P
Ae
7.6.1
7.6.3 DesignofMembersSubjectedtoCombinedBendingandAxialCompression
StressduetocombinedbendingandaxialloadsshallsatisfytherequirementsofSec7.3.5.Columnsandwalls
subjectedtobendingwithorwithoutaxialloadsshallmeetallapplicablerequirementsforflexuraldesign.
Thedesignofwallswithan(h//t)ratiolargerthan30shallbebasedonforcesandmomentsdeterminedfrom
analysis of structure. Such analysis shall take into account influence of axial loads and variable moment of
inertia on member stiffness and fixed end moments, effect of deflections on moments and forces, and the
effectsofdurationofloads.
7.6.4 DesignofMembersSubjectedtoShearForce
Shearingstressesinflexuralmembersandshearwallsshallbecomputedby
fv =
V
bjd
7.6.2
When the computed shear stress exceeds the allowable value, web reinforcement shall be provided and
designedtocarrythetotalshearforce.Bothverticalandhorizontalshearstressesshallbeconsidered.Thearea
requiredforshearreinforcementplacedperpendiculartothelongitudinalreinforcementshallbecomputedby
Eq(7.6.3)below:
Av =
sV
Fs d
7.6.3
Spacing of vertical shear reinforcement shall not exceed d/2, nor 600 mm. Inclined shearreinforcement shall
have a maximum spacing of 0.375 d (1+ cot ), but not greater than 600 mm, where is the acute angle
betweeninclinedbarandthehorizontal.
7.6.5 DesignofMembersSubjectedtoFlexuralStress
7.6.5.1
RectangularElements
Rectangularflexuralelementsshallbedesignedinaccordancewiththefollowingequationsorother
methodsbasedonthesimplifiedassumptions.
(a)
Compressivestressinthemasonry:
fb =
6384
M 2

bd 2 jk
7.6.4
Vol.2
MasonryStructures
(b)
Tensilestressinthelongitudinalreinforcement:
fs =
(c)
M
As jd
7.6.5
Designcoefficients:
k = (np ) + 2np
Chapter7
1/ 2
np
7.6.6
or
k=
1+
fs
nf b
k
j = 1
3
7.6.5.2
7.6.7
7.6.8
NonrectangularSections
Flexural elements of nonrectangular crosssection shall be designed in accordance with the
assumptionsgiveninSec7.4.2.1and7.6.1.1.
7.6.5.3
LateralSupport
Thecleardistancebetweenlateralsupportsofabeamshallnotexceed32timestheleastdepthof
compressionarea.
7.6.5.4
EffectiveWidth
Incomputingflexuralstressesinwallswherereinforcementoccurs,theeffectivewidthassumedfor
running bond masonry shall not exceed 6 times the nominal wall thickness or the centre to centre
distancebetweenreinforcement.Wherestackbondisused,theeffectivewidthshallnotexceed3
times the nominal wall thickness or the centre to centre distance between reinforcement or the
lengthofoneunit,unlessgroutedsolidusingopenendedjoints.
7.6.5.5
Bond
In flexural members in which tensile reinforcement is parallel to the compressive face, the bond
stressshallbecomputedbytheformula:
u=
jd
7.6.9
7.6.6 ReinforcementRequirementsandDetails
7.6.6.1
ColumnReinforcement
(a)
VerticalReinforcement: The areaofvertical reinforcement shallnot be less than 0.005 Ae

andnotmorethan0.04Ae.Atleastfour10mm barsshallbeprovided.
(b)
Lateral Ties: All longitudinal bars for columns shall be enclosed by lateral ties. Lateral
supportshallbeprovidedtothelongitudinalbarsbythecornerofacompletetiehavingan
includedangleofnotmorethan135degreesorbyahookattheendofatie.Thecorner
bars shall have such support provided by a complete tie enclosing the longitudinal bars.
Alternatelongitudinalbarsshallhavesuchlateralsupportprovidedbytiesandnobarshall
befartherthan150mmfromsuchalaterallysupportedbar.
Lateral ties and longitudinal bars shallbe placed not less than 40 mm and not more than
125mm,fromthesurfaceofthecolumn.Lateraltiesmaybeagainstthelongitudinalbarsor
placedinthehorizontalbedjointiftherequirementsofSec4.4.6aremet.Spacingofties
shallnotbemorethan16timeslongitudinalbardiameter,48timestiebardiameterorthe
leastdimensionofthecolumnbutnotmorethan450mm.
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Tiesshallbeatleast6mmindiameterfor22mmdiameterorsmallerlongitudinalbarsand
10mm indiameterfor larger longitudinal bars.Tieslessthan 10 mm in diameter may be
usedforlongitudinalbarslargerthan22mmindiameter,providedthetotalcrosssectional
areaofsuchsmallertiescrossingalongitudinalplaneisequalto thatofthelargertiesat
theirrequiredspacing.
(c)
7.6.6.2
AnchorBoltTies:Additionaltiesshallbeprovidedaroundanchorboltswhicharesetinthe
top of the column. Such ties shall engage at least four bolts or, alternatively at least four
verticalcolumnbarsoracombinationofboltsandbarstotalingfourinnumber.Suchties
shall be located within the top 125 mm of the column and shall provide a total of 250
squaremillimetersormoreincrosssectionalarea.Theuppermosttiesshallbewithin50
mmofthetopofthecolumn.
MaximumReinforcementSize
Themaximumsizeofreinforcingbarsshallbe35mm.Maximumsteelareaincellshallbe6percent
ofthecellareawithoutsplicesand12percentofcellareawithsplices.
7.6.6.3
SpacingofLongitudinalReinforcement
The clear distance between parallel bars, except in columns, shall not be less than the nominal
diameter of the bars or 25 mm, except that bars in a splice may be in contact. This clear distance
requirementappliestothecleardistancebetweenacontactspliceandadjacentsplicesorbars.The
minimum clear distance between parallel bars in columns shall be two and onehalf times the bar
diameter.
Theclear distance betweenthe surface of abar and anysurfaceofa masonry unit shallnot be less
than 6 mm for fine grout and 12 mm for coarse grout. Cross webs of hollow units may be used as
supportforhorizontalreinforcement.
All reinforcing bars, except joint reinforcing, shall be completely embedded in mortar or grout and
haveaminimumcover,includingthemasonryunit,asspecifiedbelow:
(a) 20mmwhennotexposedtoweather
(b) 40mmwhenexposedtoweather
(c) 50mmwhenexposedtosoil
7.6.6.4
AnchorageofFlexuralReinforcement
(a)
The tension or compression in any bar at any section must be developed on each side of
thatsectionbytherequireddevelopmentlength.Thedevelopmentlengthofthebarmay
be achieved by a combination of an embedment length, anchorage or, for tension only,
hooks.
Therequireddevelopmentlengthfordeformedbarsordeformedwiresshallbecalculated
by:
ld
= 0.29db f s forbarsintension
(7.6.10)
ld
= 0.22db f s forbarsincompression
(7.6.11)
Developmentlengthforplainbarsshallbe2.0timesthelengthcalculatedbyEq(7.6.10).
(b)
Exceptatsupports,oratthefreeendofcantilevers,everyreinforcingbarshallbeextended
beyondthepointatwhichitisnolongerneededtoresisttensilestressforadistanceequal
to12bardiametersorthedepthoftheflexuralmember,whicheverisgreater.Noflexural
barsshallbeterminatedinatensilezoneunlessoneofthefollowingconditionsissatisfied:
i) The shear is not over onehalf of that permitted, including allowance for shear
reinforcement,ifany.
ii) Additional shear reinforcement in excess of that required is provided each way
fromthecutoffadistanceequaltothedepthofthebeam.Theshearreinforcement
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Chapter7
spacingshallnotexceedd/8rb,whererbistheratiooftheareaofbarscutofftothe
totalareaofbarsatthesection.
iii) The continuing bars provide double the area required for flexure at that point or
doubletheperimeterrequiredforreinforcingbond.
7.6.6.5
(c)
Atleastonethirdofthetotalreinforcementprovidedfornegativemomentatthesupport
shall be extended beyond the extreme position of the point of inflection a distance
sufficient to develop one half the allowable stress in the bar, one sixteenth of the clear
span,orthedepthdofthemember,whicheverisgreater.
(d)
Tensile reinforcement of negative moment in any span of a continuous restrained or

cantilever beam, or in any member of a rigid frame, shall be adequately anchored by
reinforcingbond,hooksormechanicalanchorsinorthroughthesupportingmember.
(e)
Atleastonethirdoftherequiredpositivemomentreinforcementinsimplebeamsoratthe
freely supported end of continuous beams shall extend along the same face of the beam
into the support at least 150 mm. At least one fourth of the required positive moment
reinforcementatthecontinuousendofcontinuousbeamsshallextendalongthesameface
ofthebeamintothesupportatleast150mm.
(f)
Compression reinforcement in flexural members shall be anchored by ties or stirrups not

less than 6 mm in diameter, spaced not farther apart than 16 bar diameters or 48 tie
diameterswhicheverissmaller.Suchtiesorstirrupsshallbeusedthroughoutthedistance
wherecompressionsteelisrequired.
(g)
Inregionsofmomentwherethedesigntensilestressesinthesteelaregreaterthan80per
centoftheallowablesteeltensilestress(Fs),thelaplengthofsplicesshallbeincreasednot
less than 50 per cent of the minimum required length. Other equivalent means of stress
transfertoaccomplishthesame50percentincreasemaybeused.
AnchorageofShearReinforcement
(a)
Singleseparatebarsusedasshearreinforcementshallbeanchoredateachendbyoneofthe
followingmethods:
i)
Hookingtightlyaroundthelongitudinalreinforcementthrough180degrees.
ii) Embedment above or below the middepth of the beam on the compression side a
distancesufficienttodevelopthestressinthebarforplaneordeformedbars.
iii) Byastandardhook(seeSec4.6.6.6)consideredasdeveloping50N/mm2,plusembedment
sufficient to develop the remainder of the stress to which the bars are subject. The
effectiveembeddedlengthshallnotbeassumedtoexceedthedistancebetweenthemid
depthofthebeamandthetangentofthehook.
7.6.6.6
(b)
The ends of bars forming single U or multiple U stirrups shall be anchored by one of the
methods specified above or shall be bent through an angle of at least 90 degrees tightly
aroundalongitudinalreinforcingbarnotlessindiameterthanthestirrupbar,andshallproject
beyondthebendatleast12diametersofthestirrup.
(c)
TheloopsorclosedendsofsingleUormultipleUstirrupsshallbeanchoredbybendingaround
thelongitudinalreinforcementthroughanangleofatleast90degreesandprojectbeyondthe
endofthebendatleast12diametersofthestirrup.
Hooks
(a)
Theterm"standardhook"shallmeanoneofthefollowing:
i. A180degreeturnplusanextensionof atleast4bardiametersbutnotlessthan65
mmatthefreeendofthebar.
ii. 90 degree turn plus an extension of at least 12 bar diameters at the free end of the
bar.
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StructuralDesign
iii. For stirrup and tie anchorage only either a 90 degree or a 135 degree turn, plus an
extensionofatleast6bardiametersbutnotlessthan65mmatthefreeendofthe
bar.
(b)
Thediameterofbendmeasuredontheinsideofthebarotherthanstirrupsandties,shall
notbelessthanthatsetforthinTable6.4.12.
(c)
Inside diameter of bend for 12 mm diameter or smaller stirrups and ties shall not be less
than4bardiameters.Insidediameterofbendfor16mmdiameterorlargerstirrupsandties
shallnotbelessthanthatgiveninTable6.4.12.
(d)
Hooks shall not be permitted in the tension portion of any beam, except at the ends of
simple or cantilever beams or at the freely supported ends of continuous or restrained
beams.
Table6.4.12:MinimumDiameterofBend
BarDiameter
7.6.6.7
MinimumDiameterofBend
6mmthrough25mm
6bardiameters
8mm through35mm
8bardiameters
(e)
Hooksshallnotbeassumedtocarryaloadwhichwouldproduceatensilestressinthebar
greaterthan50N/mm2.
(f)
Hooksshallnotbeconsideredeffectiveinaddingtothecompressiveresistanceofbars.
(g)
Anymechanicaldevicecapableofdevelopingthestrengthofthebarwithoutdamagetothe
masonrymaybeusedinlieuofahook.Datamustbepresentedtoshowtheadequacyof
suchdevices.
Splices
The amount of lap of lapped splices shall be sufficient to transfer the allowable stress of the
reinforcementasinSec4.6.6.4.Innocaseshallthelengthofthelappedsplicebelessthan30bar
diametersforcompressionand40bardiametersfortension.
Weldedormechanicalconnectionsshalldevelop125percentofthespecifiedyieldstrengthofthe
barintension,exceptforconnectionsofcompressionbarsincolumnsthatarenotpartoftheseismic
systemandarenotsubjecttoflexure,wherethecompressivestrengthonlyneedbedeveloped.
When adjacent splices in grouted masonry areseparated by 75 mm or less, the lap length shall be
increasedby30percentorthesplicemaybestaggeredatleast24bardiameterswithnoincreasein
laplength.
7.7
StrengthDesignofSlenderWallsandShearWalls
7.7.1 DesignofSlenderWalls
In lieu of the procedure set forth in Sec 4.6, the procedures prescribed in this section, which consider the
slenderness of walls by representing effects of axial forces and deflection in calculation of moments, may be
usedwhentheverticalloadstressatthelocationofmaximummomentcomputedbyEq(7.7.1)doesnotexceed
0.04 f m .Thevalueof f m
shallnotexceed40N/mm2.
Pw + Pf
Ag
0.04 f m
7.7.1
Slendermasonrywallsshallhaveaminimumnominalthicknessof150mm.
7.7.1.1
SlenderWallDesignProcedure
(a)
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Maximum Reinforcement: The reinforcement ratio shall not exceed 0.5b, where b is the
balancedsteelratio.
Vol.2
MasonryStructures
(b)
7.7.1.2
Chapter7
Moment and Deflection Calculation: All moments and deflections of slender walls shall be
calculatedbasedonsimplesupportconditionsattopandbottom.Forothersupportandfixity
conditions, moments and deflections shall be calculated using established principles of
mechanics.
StrengthDesign
(a)
Loads:FactoredloadsshallbedeterminedinaccordancewithChapter2,Loads.
(b) RequiredMoment:Requiredmomentandaxialforceshallbedeterminedatthemidheight
ofthewallandshallbeusedfordesign.Thefactoredmoment,Mu,atthemidheightofthe
wallshallbedeterminedbyEq(7.7.2).
wu h2
e
+ Pu + (Puw + Puf ) u
8
2
Mu =
where:
u
horizontal deflectionatmidheightunderfactoredload;P Deltaeffectsshallbeincluded

indeflectioncalculation.
eccentricityofPu
Pu

(7.7.2)
axialloadatmidheightofwall,includingtributarywallweight.
Puw + Puf
(c) DesignStrength:Designstrengthinflexureisthenominalmomentstrength,Mn,multiplied
bythestrengthreductionfactor,andshallequalorexceedthefactoredmoment,Mu.
M u M n

7.7.3
where:
Mn= nominalmomentstrength
Ase = effectiveareaofsteel
a = depthofstressblockduetofactoredloads.
Ase f y (d a 2 )
As f y + Pu
=
fy
, and
Pu + As f y

0.85 f m b
Thestrengthreductionfactorforflexureshallbe0.80.
(d) DesignAssumptions:Thefollowingarethedesignassumptionsforcalculationof nominal
strength.
i)
Nominal strength of singly reinforced masonry wall crosssections subject to

combined flexure and axial load shall be based on applicable conditions of
equilibriumandcompatibilityofstrains.
ii)
Straininreinforcementandmasonrywallsshallbeassumeddirectlyproportionalto
thedistancefromtheneutralaxis.
iii)
Maximum usable strain at extreme masonry compression fibre shall be assumed

equalto0.003.
iv) StressinreinforcementbelowspecifiedyieldstrengthfyshallbetakenasEstimessteel
strain. Forstrains greater thanthat correspondingto fy, stress inreinforcement shall
beconsideredindependentofstrainandequaltofy.
v) Tensilestrengthofmasonrywallsshallbeneglectedinflexuralcalculationsofstrength,
exceptfordeflectioncalculation.
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StructuralDesign
vi) Relationship between masonry compressive stress and masonry strain may be
assumedtoberectangularasdefinedbythefollowing:
7.7.1.3
1.
Masonry stress of 0.85 f m shall be assumed uniformly distributed over an

equivalent compression zone bounded by edges of the crosssection and a
straightlinelocatedparalleltotheneutralaxisatadistancea=0.85cfromthe
fibreofmaximumcompressivestrain.
2.
Distancecfromfibreofmaximumstraintotheneutralaxisshallbemeasured
inadirectionperpendiculartothataxis.
DeflectionCalculation
Themidheightdeflection,s,underservicelateralandverticalloads(withoutloadfactors)shallbe
limitedto:
s 0.007h
7.7.4
Themidheightdeflectionshallbecomputedby:
s =
5M s h 2
48E m I g
whenMserMcr
(7.7.5)
s =
(M M cr )h 2
5M cr h 2
+ 5 ser
48E m I g
48E m I cr
when M cr < M ser < M n
(7.7.6)
ThecrackingmomentstrengthofthewallMcrshallbedeterminedby:
Mcr = Sf r
7.7.7
Themodulusofrupture,fr,shallbedeterminedformTable6.7.13.
Table6.7.13:ValuesoftheModulusofRupture,r
TypeofMasonry
SolidMasonry
FullyGrouted
0.17 f m 0.65
HollowUnitMasonry
N/mm2
PartiallyGrouted
Notallowed
0.33 f m 1.2 N/mm2
0.21 f m 0.65 N/mm2
7.7.2 DesignofShearWalls
Based on ultimate strength design, the procedures described below may be used as an alternative to the
procedure specified in Sec 4.6 for the design of reinforced hollow unit masonry shear walls. Provisions for
qualitycontrolduringconstructionoftheshearwallarespecifiedinSec7.3.4
7.7.2.1
RequiredStrength
The required strength to resist different combinations of loads shall be determined in accordance
withSec2.7.5.1.
7.7.2.2
DesignStrength
Shearwallsshallbeproportionedsuchthatthedesignstrengthexceedstherequiredstrength.Design
strength in terms of axial force, shear force and moment provided by the shear wall shall be
computedasthenominalstrengthmultipliedbythestrengthreductionfactor.
Strengthreductionfactorshallbeasfollows:
(a) =0.65foraxialloadandaxialloadwithflexure
Formemberswithfylessthan410N/mm2andwithsymmetricalreinforcement,may
beincreasedlinearlyto0.85asPndecreasesfrom 0.10 f m Aeor0.25Pbtozero.
6390
ForsolidgroutedwallsPbmaybecalculatedby
Vol.2
MasonryStructures
Chapter7
Pb = 0.85 f mbab
where
ab = 0.85[emu (emu + f y
7.7.8
Es ) d
(b) =0.60forshear
Theshearstrengthreductionfactormaybe0.80foranyshearwallwhenitsnominal
shearstrengthexceedstheshearcorrespondingtodevelopmentofitsnominalflexural
strengthforthefactoredloadcombination.
7.7.2.3
DesignAssumptionsforNominalStrength
(a)
Nominal strength of shear wall crosssections shall be based on assumptions specified in

Sec7.7.1.2(d).
(b)
Themaximumusablestrainemu ,attheextrememasonrycompressionfibreshallnotexceed
0.003.
fm
shallnotbelessthan7N/mm2orgreaterthan20N/mm2.
(c)
7.7.2.4
AxialStrength
ThenominalaxialstrengthofshearwallssupportingaxialloadsonlyshallbecalculatedbyEq(7.7.9)
Po = 0.85 f m ( Ae As ) + f y As
(7.7.9)
TheshearwallshallbedesignedfortheaxialstrengthPu,suchthat
Pu (0.80)Po
7.7.2.5
7.7.10
ShearStrength
(a)
Thenominalshearstrengthshallbedeterminedbytheprovisionsasspecifiedin(b)or
(c)below.ThemaximumnominalshearstrengthvaluesaregiveninTable6.7.14.
Table6.7.14:MaximumNominalShearStrengthValues
M*
Vd
Vn
Ae
f m
0.25
72.0
1.00
48.0
MisthemaximumbendingmomentthatoccurssimultaneouslywiththeshearloadVatthe
sectionunderconsideration.InterpolationmaybebystraightlineforM/Vdvaluesbetween0.25
and1.00.
(b) Thenominalshearstrengthofshearwallsexceptforshearwallsspecifiedin(c)below
shallbedeterminedbyEq(7.7.11).
where:
Vn = Vm + V s
(7.7.11)
Vm = 0.083C d Amv
( f m )
(7.7.12)
ThevalueofCdinEq(7.7.12)isgivenas:
M
0.25
Vd
M
= 1.2for 1.0
Vd
C d = 2.4for
and
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Part6
StructuralDesign
Vs = Amv n f y
(c)
(7.7.13)
For a shear wall whose nominal shear strength exceeds the shear corresponding to
developmentofitsnominalflexuralstrength,twoshearregionsexist.
i)
Forallcrosssectionswithintheregiondefinedbythebaseoftheshearwall
and a plane at a distance Lw above the base of the shear wall, the nominal
shearstrengthshallbedeterminedbyEq(7.7.14)
Vn = Amv n f y
(7.7.14)
The required shear strength for this region shall be calculated at a distance
Lw/2 above the base of the shear wall but not to exceed onehalf storey
height.
ii)
7.7.2.6
For the other region, the nominal shear strength of the shear wall shall be
determinedbyEq(7.7.11).
Reinforcement
Reinforcementshallbeinaccordancewiththefollowing:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
7.7.2.7
MinimumreinforcementshallbeprovidedinaccordancewithSec7.8.5.1forallseismicareas
usingthismethodofanalysis.
Whentheshearwallfailuremodeisinflexure,thenominalflexuralstrengthoftheshearwall
shallbeatleast1.8timesthecrackingmomentstrengthofafullygroutedwallor3.0timesthe
crackingmomentstrengthofapartiallygroutedwallasobtainedfromEq(7.7.7).
AllcontinuousreinforcementshallbeanchoredorsplicedinaccordancewithSec7.6.6.4with
fs=0.5fy
Verticalreinforcementshallnotbelessthan50percentofthehorizontalreinforcement.
SpacingofhorizontalreinforcementwithintheregiondefinedinSec7.7.2.5(c)shallnotexceed
threetimesthenominalwallthicknessor600mm,whicheverissmaller.
BoundaryMember
Boundarymembersshallbeasfollows:
7.8
(a)
The need for boundary members at boundaries of shear wall shall be determined using the
provisionssetforthin(b)or(c)below.
(b)
Boundary members shall be provided when the failure mode is flexure and the maximum
extreme fibre stress exceeds 0.2 f m . The boundary members may be discontinued where the
calculated compressive stresses are less than 0.15 f m . Stresses may be calculated for the
factoredforcesusingalinearlyelasticmodelandgrosssectionproperties.
(c)
When the failure mode is flexure, boundary member shall be provided to confine all vertical
reinforcementwhosecorrespondingmasonrycompressivestressexceeds0.4 f m .
(d)
Theminimumlengthoftheboundarymembershallbe3timesthethicknessofthewall.
(e)
Boundarymembersshallbeconfinedwithminimumof10mmdiameterbarsatamaximumof
200mmspacingorequivalentwithinthegroutedcoreandwithintheregiondefinedbythebase
oftheshearwallandaplaneatadistanceLwabovethebaseoftheshearwall.
EarthquakeResistantDesign
7.8.1 General
All masonry structures constructed in the Seismic Zones 2, 3 and 4 shown in Fig 2.5.1 shall be designed in
accordancewiththeprovisionsofthisSection.
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MasonryStructures
Chapter7
7.8.2 Loads
SeismicforcesonmasonrystructuresshallbedeterminedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofSec2.5ofthis
Part.
7.8.3 Materials
(a)
Well burnt clay bricks and concrete hollow blocks having a crushing strength not less than
12N/mm2shallbeused.
(b)
MortarnotleanerthanM3shallbeusedformasonryconstructions.
7.8.4 ProvisionsforSeismicZone2and3
7.8.4.1
WallReinforcement
Verticalreinforcementofatleast12mm shallbeprovidedcontinuouslyfromsupporttosupportat
eachcorner,ateachsideofeachopening,attheendsofwallsandatamaximumspacingof1.2m
horizontallythroughoutthewall.Horizontalreinforcementnotlessthan12mmshallbeprovided:
7.8.4.2
(a)
at the bottom and top of wall openings and shall extend at least 40 bar diameters, with a
minimumof600mm,pasttheopening,
(b)
continuouslyatstructurallyconnectedroofandfloorlevelsandatthetopofwalls,
(c)
atthebottomofthewallorinthetopofthefoundationswhendowelledtothewall,
(d)
at maximum spacing of 3.0 m unless uniformly distributed joint reinforcement is provided.

Reinforcementatthetopandbottomofopeningswhencontinuousinthewallmaybeusedin
determiningthemaximumspacingspecifiedinitem(a)above.
StackBond
Wherestackbondisused,theminimumhorizontalreinforcementratioshallbe0.0007bt.Thisratio
shallbesatisfiedbyuniformlydistributedjointreinforcementorbyhorizontalreinforcementspaced
notmorethan1.2mandfullyembeddedingroutormortar.
7.8.4.3
Columns
ColumnsshallbereinforcedasspecifiedinSec7.6.6.1.
7.8.5 ProvisionsforSeismicZone4
All masonry structures built in Seismic Zone 4 shall be designed and constructed in accordance with
requirementsforSeismicZone2andwiththefollowingadditionalrequirementsandlimitations.
Reinforcedhollowunitstackbondconstructionwhichispartoftheseismicresistingsystemshalluseopenend
unitssothatallheadjointsaremadesolid,shallusebondbeamunitstofacilitatetheflowofgroutandshallbe
groutedsolid.
7.8.5.1
WallReinforcement
Reinforced masonry walls shall be reinforced with both vertical and horizontal reinforcement. The
sumoftheareasofhorizontalandverticalreinforcementshallbeatleast0.002timesthegrosscross
sectional area of the wall and the area of reinforcement in either direction shall not be less than
0.0007timesthegrosscrosssectionalareaofthewall.Thespacingofreinforcementshallnotexceed
1.20m.Thediameterofreinforcingbarshallnotbelessthan10mmexceptthatjointreinforcement
may be considered as part of all of the requirements for minimum reinforcement. Reinforcement
shall be continuous around wall corners and through intersections. Only reinforcement which is
continuous in the wall or element shall be considered in computing the minimum area of
reinforcement. Reinforcement with splices conforming to Sec 7.6.6.7 shall be considered as
continuousreinforcement.
7.8.5.2
ColumnReinforcement
Thespacingofcolumntiesshallbenotmorethan225mmforthefullheightofcolumnsstressedby
tensileorcompressiveaxialoverturningforcesduetotheseismicloads,and225mmforthetopsand
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Part6
StructuralDesign
bottomsofallothercolumnsforadistanceofonesixthoftheclearcolumnheight,butnotlessthan
450 mm or maximum column dimension. Tie spacing for the remaining column height shall be not
morethan16bardiameters,48tiediametersortheleastcolumndimension,butnotmorethan450
mm.
7.8.5.3
StackBond
Wherestackbondisused,theminimumhorizontalreinforcementratioshallbe0.0015bt.Ifopenend
unitsareusedandgroutedsolid,theminimumhorizontalreinforcementratioshallbe0.0007bt.
7.8.5.4
7.8.5.5
MinimumDimension
(a)
BearingWalls:Thenominalthicknessofreinforcedmasonrybearingwallsshallbenotlessthan
150mmexcept thatnominal 100 mm thick loadbearingreinforced hollowclayunitmasonry
wallsmaybeused,providednetareaunitstrengthexceeds55N/mm2,unitsarelaidinrunning
bond,barsizesdonotexceed12mmwithnomorethantwobarsoronespliceinacell,and
jointsareflushcut,concaveoraprotrudingVsection.
(b)
Columns: The least nominal dimension of a reinforced masonry column shall be 375 mm
exceptthatiftheallowablestressesarereducedto50percentofthevaluesgiveninSec4.3,
theminimumnominaldimensionshallbe250mm.
ShearWall
(a)
When calculating shear or diagonal tension stresses, shear walls which resist seismic forces
shallbedesignedtoresist1.5timestheforcesspecifiedinChapter2,Loads.
(b)
The portion of the reinforcement required to resist shear shall be uniformly distributed and
shall be joint reinforcing,deformedbars,or a combinationthereof. The maximumspacing of
reinforcement in each direction shall be not less than the smaller of onehalf the length or
heightoftheelementormorethan1.20m.
Joint reinforcement used in exterior walls and considered in the determination of the shear
strengthofthemembershallconformtotherequirement"JointReinforcementforMasonry"
(UBC Standard No. 2415) or "Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Plain, for Concrete
Reinforcement",(ASTM,A82).
Reinforcement required to resist inplane shear shall be terminated with a standard hook or
withanextensionofproperembedmentlengthbeyondthereinforcingattheendofthewall
section. The hook or extension may be turned up, down or horizontally. Provisions shall be
madenot to obstructgroutplacement. Wallreinforcementterminatingin columnsor beams
shallbefullyanchoredintotheseelements.
(c)
7.8.5.6
Multiwythegroutedmasonryshearwallsshallbedesignedwithconsiderationoftheadhesion
bond strength between the grout and masonry units. When bond strengths are not known
fromprevioustests,thebondstrengthshallbedeterminedbytest.
Hook
Thestandardhookfortieanchorageshallhaveaminimumturnof135degreesplusanextensionof
atleast 6bar diameters,but not less than100mmat the free endofthe bar.Wherethe ties are
placedinthehorizontalbedjoints,thehookshallconsistofa90degreebendhavingaradiusofnot
lessthan4tiediametersplusanextensionof32tiediameters.
7.8.5.7
MortarJointsBetweenMasonryandConcrete
Concreteabuttingstructuralmasonrysuchasatstartercoursesoratwallintersectionsnotdesigned
astrueseparationjointsshallberoughenedtoafullamplitudeof`1.5mmandshallbebondedtothe
masonryaspertherequirementsofthissectionasifitweremasonry.
7.8.6 AdditionalRequirements
7.8.6.1
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OpeninginBearingWalls
Vol.2
MasonryStructures
7.8.6.2
Chapter7
(a)
Tops of all openings in a storey shall preferably be at the same level so that a continuous
bandcouldbeprovidedoverthem,includingthelintelsthroughoutthebuilding.
(b)
The total width of the openings shall not be more than half of the length of the walls
betweentheadjacentcrosswalls,exceptasprovidedin(f)below.
(c)
Theopeningshallpreferablybelocatedawayfromthecornerbyacleardistanceequaltoat
leastoneeighthoftheheightoftheopeningforSeismicZone2and3andonefourthofthe
heightforSeismicZone4.
(d)
Thehorizontaldistancebetweentwoopeningsshallnotbelessthanonefourthoftheheight
oftheshorteropeningforSeismicZone2and3andonehalfoftheheightforSeismicZone4.
(e)
Theverticaldistancebetweenopeningsoneabovetheothershallbenotlessthan600mm.
(f)
Where openings do not comply with the requirements of (b) and (c) above, they shall be
strengthenedinaccordancewithSec7.8.6.5.
(g)
Ifawindoworventilatoristobeprojectedout,theprojectionshallbeinreinforcedmasonry
orconcreteandwellanchored.
(h)
Ifanopeningistallsay,forthefullheightofwall,dividingthewallintotwoportions,these
portions shall be reinforced with horizontal reinforcement of 6 mm diameter bars at not
morethan600 mm intervals, oneon innerandone on outerface,properly tied to vertical
steelatjambsandcornersorjunctionsofwallswhereused.
(i)
The use of arches to span over the openings is a source of weakness and shall be avoided
unlesssteeltiesareprovided.
StrengtheningArrangements
AllmasonrybuildingsshallbestrengthenedbythemethodsspecifiedinTable6.7.15.
Table6.7.15:StrengtheningofMasonryBuildingsforEarthquake
SeismicZones
No.of
Storey
StrengtheningArrangementstobe
Provided.
Upto4
a)MasonrymortarshallnotbeleanerthanM3
Upto2with
a) Masonry mortar shall not be leaner than
pitchedroof
M3
b) Bylintelandroofband(Sec7.8.6.3)
c) By vertical reinforcement at corners and
junctionsofwalls(Sec7.8.6.4)
d) Bracinginplanattielevelforpitchedroof*
3to4

M3
c)
By vertical reinforcement at corners and
d) Verticalreinforcementatjambsofopenings
(Sec7.8.6.5)
e) Bracinginplanattielevelforpitchedroof*
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StructuralDesign
M3
c) By vertical reinforcement at corners and
d) Verticalreinforcementatjambsofopenings
(Sec7.8.6.5)
e) Bracinginplanattielevelforpitchedroof*
Attielevelallthetrussesandthegableendshallbeprovidedwithdiagonal
bracinginplansoastotransmitthelateralshearduetoearthquakeforceto
thegablewallsactingasshearwallsattheends.
7.8.6.3
Upto4
Bands
Roof band need not be provided underneath reinforced concrete or brickwork slabs resting on
bearing walls, provided the slabs are continuous over parts between crumple sections, if any, and
coverthewidthofendwallsfully.
The band shall be made of reinforced concrete with f c not less than 20 N/mm2 or reinforced
brickworkincementmortarnotleanerthan1:4.Thebandsshallbetothefullwidthofthewalland
not less than 75 mm in depth and shall be reinforced as indicated in Table 6.7.16. In case of
reinforcedbrickwork,thethicknessofjointscontainingsteelbarsshallbeincreasedsoastohavea
minimummortarcoverof6mmaroundthebar.Inbandsofreinforcedbrickwork,theareaofsteel
providedshallbeequaltothatspecifiedaboveforreinforcedconcretebands.
Table6.7.16:BandReinforcement
Seismic
Zones
2
Reinforcement
PlainMildSteel
Bars
HighStrength
DeformedBars
Links
212mm,oneon
210mm,oneoneach
6mmdia,
eachfaceofthewall
faceofthewallwith
150mmc/c
withsuitablecover
suitablecover
7.8.6.4
216mm,oneon
212mm,oneoneach
6mmdia,
eachfaceofthewall
faceofthewallwith
150mmc/c
withsuitablecover
suitablecover
StrengtheningofCornerandJunctions
Vertical steel at corners and junctions of walls which are up to one and a half bricks thick shall be
provided either with mild steel or high strength deformed bars as specified in Table 6.7.17. For
thickerwalls,reinforcementshallbeincreasedproportionately.Thereinforcementshallbeproperly
embeddedintheplinthmasonryoffoundationsandroofslaborroofbandsoastodevelopitstensile
strengthinbondandpassingthroughthelintelbandsinallstoreys.Barsindifferentstoreysmaybe
weldedorsuitablylapped.
(a) Typicaldetailsofverticalsteelinbrickworkandhollowblockatcorners,Tjunctionsandjambs
ofopeningareshowninFig6.7.1andFig6.7.2.
(b) Details of vertical reinforcement given in Table 6.7.17 are applicable to brick masonry and
hollowblockmasonry.
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Fig.6.7.1:Typicaldetailsofverticalreinforcementinbrickmasonry
6397
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StructuralDesign
Fig.6.7.2:Typicaldetailsofverticalreinforcementinhollowblockmasonry
Table6.7.17:VerticalReinforcementforBrickandHollowBlockMasonry
No.of
Storeys
DiameterofSingleBar
Storeys orEquivalentAreaofPlain orEquivalentAreaofHigh

MildSteelBartobe
StrengthDeformedBarto
Provided
DiameterofSingleBar
beProvided
Zone2&3
Zone4
Zone2&3
Zone4
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
nil
12
nil
10
Top
nil
12
nil
10
Bottom
nil
16
nil
12
Top
12
12
10
10
Middle
12
16
10
12
Bottom
16
16
12
12
Top
12
12
10
10
Third
12
16
10
12
Second
16
20
12
16
Bottom
16
25
12
20
7.8.6.5
StrengtheningofJambsofOpenings
Openingsinbearingwallsshallbestrengthened,wherenecessary,byprovidingreinforcedconcrete
membersorreinforcingthebrickworkaroundthemasshowninFig6.7.3.
7.8.6.6
WallsAdjoiningStructuralFraming
Wherewallsaredependentonthestructuralframeforlateralsupporttheyshallbeanchoredtothe
structuralmemberswithmetaltiesorkeyedtothestructuralmembers.Horizontaltiesshallconsist
of6mmdiameterUbarsspacedatamaximumof450mmoncentreandembeddedatleast250mm
intothemasonryandproperlytiedtotheverticalsteelofthesamemember.
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2&3
4)
Fig.6.7.3:MinimumreinforcementinwallsandaroundopeningsinSeismicZones2,3and4
7.9
PROVISIONSFORHIGHWINDREGIONS
7.9.1 General
Theprovisionsofthissectionshallapplytomasonrystructureslocatedatregionswherethebasicwindspeedis
greaterthan200km/h.
7.9.2 Materials
MaterialsformasonrystructuresshallgenerallycomplywiththeprovisionsofPart5;however,therearesome
specialrequirementsformasonryconstructioninhighwindregions,whicharegivenbelow:
(a)
Burntclaybricksshallhaveacompressivestrengthnotlessthan15N/mm2,
(b)
Groutshallhaveaminimumcompressivestrengthof12.5N/mm2,
(c)
(d)
MortarforexteriorwallsandinteriorshearwallsshallbetypeM1orM2,
Unburntclaymasonryunitsshallnotbeused.
7.9.3 ConstructionRequirements
MasonryconstructionshallcomplywiththeprovisionsofSec7.10.
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7.9.4 Foundation
Footingsshallhaveathicknessofnotlessthan375mmandshallbeextended450mmbelowtheundisturbed
groundsurface.Foundationstemwallshallhavethesamewidthandreinforcementasthewallitsupports.
7.9.5 Drainage
Wallsretainingmorethan1mofearthandenclosinginteriorspacesorfloorsbelowgradeshallhaveminimum
100mmdiameterfootingdrain.Aslopeof1:50awayfromthebuildingshallbeprovidedaroundthebuilding.
7.9.6 WallConstruction
7.9.6.1
MinimumthicknessofdifferenttypesofwallshallbeasgiveninTable6.7.18.
Table6.7.18:MinimumthicknessofWallsinHighWindRegion
TypeofWall
MinimumThickness
(mm)
Unreinforcedgroutedbrickwall
250
Reinforcedexteriorbearingwall
200
Unreinforcedhollowandsolidmasonrywall
200
Interiornonbearingwall
150
7.9.6.2
All walls shall be laterally supported at the top and bottom. The maximum unsupported height of
bearingwallsorothermasonrywallsshallbe3.5m.Gableendwallsmaybe4.5mhighattheirpeak.
7.9.6.3
The span of lintels over openings shall not exceed 3.5 m. All lintels shall be reinforced and the
reinforcement bars shall extend not less than 600 mm beyond the edge of opening and into lintel
supports.
7.9.6.4
Wallsshallbeadequatelyreinforced.
7.9.6.5
Anchors between walls and floors or roofs shall be embedded in grouted cells or cavities and shall
conformtoSec7.9.7below.
7.9.7 FloorandRoofSystems
Floorsandroofsofallmasonrystructuresshallbeadequatelyanchoredwiththewallitsupportstoresistlateral
andupliftforcesduetowindspecifiedinSec2.4ofthisPart.
7.9.8 LateralForceResistance
7.9.8.1
Strapping, approved framing anchors and mechanical fasteners, bond beams and vertical
reinforcement shall be installed to provide a continuous tie from the roof to foundation system as
showninFig6.7.4.Inaddition,roofandfloorsystems,masonryshearwalls,ormasonryorwoodcross
wallsshallbeprovidedforlateralstability.
7.9.8.2
Floor and roof diaphragms shall be properly connected to masonry walls. Gable and sloped roof
membersnotsupportedattheridgeshallbetiedbytheceilingjoistorequivalentlateraltieslocated
asclosetowheretheroofmembersbearonthewallaspracticallypossibleandnotatmorethan1.2
moncenters.Collartiesshallnotbeusedfortheselateralties.
7.9.8.3
Masonry walls shall be provided around all sides of floor and roof systems in accordance with
Fig6.7.5.Thecumulativelengthofexteriormasonrywallsalongeachsideofthefloororroofsystems
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shallbeatleast20percentoftheparalleldimension.Requiredelementsshallbewithoutopenings
andshallnotbelessthat1.25minwidth.
Interiorcrosswallsatrightanglestobearingwallsshallbeprovidedwhenthelengthofthebuilding
perpendiculartothespanofthefloorofroofframingexceedstwicethedistancebetweenshearwalls
or10m,whicheverisgreater.
7.9.8.4
Whenrequiredinteriorcrosswall shallbe at least1.8mlong and reinforcedwith2 mm wirejoint

reinforcementspacednotmorethan400mmoncentre.
Fig.6.7.4:Continuoustiefromrooftofoundationofmasonrystructure
Fig.6.7.5:Masonrywallsrequiredinhighwindregions
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7.10
CONSTRUCTION
7.10.1 General
Masonryshallbeconstructedaccordingtotheprovisionsofthissection.
7.10.2 StorageandPreparationofConstructionMaterials
Storage,handlingandpreparationatthesiteshallconformtothefollowing:
7.10.3
(a)
Masonrymaterialsshallbestoredinsuchawaythatatthetimeofusethematerialsareclean
andstructurallysuitablefortheintendeduse.
(b)
b) Allmetalreinforcementshallbefreefromlooserustandothercoatingsthatwouldinhibit
reinforcingbond.
(c)
Burntclayunitsshallhavearateofabsorptionperminutenotexceedingonelitrepersquare
metre at the time of lying. In the absorption test the surface of the unit shall be held 3 mm
belowthesurfaceofthewater.
(d)
Burntclayunitsshallbethoroughlywettedbeforeplacing.Concretemasonryunitsshallnotbe
wettedunlessotherwiseapproved.
(e)
Materialsshallbestoredinsuchamannerthatdeteriorationorintrusionofforeignmaterialsis
preventedandatthetimeofmixingthematerialconformstotheapplicablerequirements.
(f)
Themethodofmeasuringmaterialsformortarandgroutshallbesuchthatproportionsofthe
materialscanbeeasilycontrolled.
(g)
Mortarorgroutmixedatthejobsiteshallbemixedforaperiodoftimenotlessthan3minutes
ormorethan10minutesinamechanicalmixerwiththeamountofwaterrequiredtoprovide
thedesiredworkability.Handmixingofsmallamountsofmortarispermitted.Mortarmaybe
retempered.Mortarorgroutwhichhashardenedorstiffenedduetohydrationofthecement
shallnot be used, but under no caseshallmortarbeused twoandonehalf hours, nor grout
used one and onehalf hours, after the initial mixing water has been added to the dry
ingredientsatthejobsite.
PlacingMasonryUnits
(a)
Themortarshallbesufficientlyplasticandunitsshallbeplacedwithsufficientpressureto
extrude mortar from the joint and produce a tight joint. Deep furrowing which produces
voidsshallnotbeused.
Theinitialbedjointthicknessshallnotbelessthan5mmormorethan25mm;subsequent
bedjointsshallbenotlessthan5mmormorethan15mminthickness.
(b)
Allsurfacesincontactwithmortarorgroutshallbecleanandfreeofdeleteriousmaterials.
(c)
Solidmasonryunitsshallhavefullheadandbedjoints.
(d)
Allheadandbedjointsshallbefilledsolidlywithmortarforadistancefromthefaceofthe
unitnotlessthanthethicknessoftheshell.
Headjointsofopenendunitswithbeveledendsneednotbemortared.Thebeveledends
shallformagroutkeywhichpermitsgroutwithin16mmofthefaceoftheunit.Theunits
shallbetightlybuttedtopreventleakageofgrout.
7.10.4 VerticalityandAlignment
Allmasonryshallbebuilttrueandplumbwithinthetolerancesprescribedbelow.Careshallbetakentokeep
theperpendsproperlyaligned.
(a) Deviationfromverticalwithinastoreyshallnotexceed6mmper3mheight.
(b) Deviation in verticality in total height of any wall of a building more than one storey in
heightshallnotexceed12mm.
(c) Deviationfrompositionshownonplanofanybrickworkshallnotexceed12mm.
(d) Relative displacement between load bearing walls in adjacent storeys intended to be in
verticalalignmentshallnotexceed6mm.
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(e) Deviationofbedjointfromhorizontalinalengthof12mshallnotexceed6mmsubjecttoa
maximumdeviationof12mm.
(f) Deviation from the specified thickness of bed joints, cross joints and perpends shall not
exceedonefifthofthespecifiedthickness.
7.10.5 ReinforcementPlacing
Reinforcing details shall conform to the requirements of Sec 4.6.6. Metal reinforcement shall be located in
accordance with the plans and specifications. Reinforcement shall be secured against displacement prior to
groutingbywirepositionersorothersuitabledevicesatintervalsnotexceeding20bardiameters.
Tolerancesfortheplacementofsteelinwallsandflexuralelementsshallbe12mmford200mm,25mm
for200mmd600mmand30mmford>600mm.Toleranceforlongitudinallocationofreinforcement
shallbe50mm.
7.10.6 GroutedMasonry
Groutedmasonryshallbeconstructedinsuchamannerthatallelementsacttogetherasastructuralelement.
Space to be filled with grout shall be clean and shall not contain any foreign materials. Grout materials and
watercontentshallbecontrolledtoprovideadequateworkabilityandshallbemixedthoroughly.Thegrouting
ofanysectionofwallshallbecompletedinonedaywithnointerruptionsgreaterthanonehour.
SizeandheightlimitationsofthegroutspaceorcellshallnotbelessthanthoseshowninTable6.7.19.Higher
groutpoursorsmallercavitywidthsorcellsizethanshowninTable6.7.19maybeusedwhenapproved,ifitcan
bedemonstratedthatgroutspacesareproperlyfilled.
Cleanoutsarerequiredforallgroutpoursover1.5minheight.Whenrequired,cleanoutsshallbeprovidedin
thebottomcourseateveryverticalbarbutshallnotbespacedmorethan800mmoncentreforsolidlygrouted
masonry. When cleanouts are required, they shall be sealed after inspection and before grouting. When
cleanoutsarenotprovided,specialprovisionsmustbemadetokeepthebottomandsidesofthegroutspaces,
aswellastheminimumtotalclearareaasrequiredbyTable6.7.19,cleanandclearpriortogrouting.
Table6.7.19:GroutingLimitations
GroutType
Groutpour
Maximum
MinimumDimensionsoftheTotalClear
AreaswithinGroutSpacesandCells
Height(m)
Multiwythe
HollowUnit
Masonry(m m )
Masonry
(mm)
Fine
0.30
20
40 50
Fine
1.50
40
40 50
Fine
2.40
40
40 75
Fine
3.65
40
45 75
Fine
7.30
50
75 75
Coarse
0.30
40
40 75
Coarse
1.50
50
60 75
Coarse
2.40
50
75 75
Coarse
3.65
60
75 75
Coarse
7.30
75
75 100
7.10.7 Chases,RecessesandHoles
(a) Chases,recessesandholesmaybepermittedinmasonryprovidedeithertheyareconsidered
in thestructuraldesignor they are not cutintowalls made of hollow orperforatedunits, or
verticalchasesareplannedinsteadofhorizontalchases.
6403
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(b) Depth of vertical and horizontal chases in load bearing walls shall not exceed onethird and
onesixthofthewallthicknessrespectively.
(c) Vertical chases shall not be closer than 2 m in any stretch of wall and shall not be located
within350mmofanopeningorwithin230mmofacrosswallthatservesasstiffeningwallfor
stability.Widthofaverticalchaseshallnotexceedthethicknessofwallinwhichitoccurs.
(d) Horizontal chases shall be located in the upper or lower middle third height of wall at a
distance not less than 600 mm from lateral support. No horizontal chase shall exceed one
metreinlengthandthereshallnotbemorethan2chasesinanyonewall.Horizontalchases
shallhaveminimummutualseparationdistanceof500mm.Sumoflengthsofallchasesand
recessesinanyhorizontalplaneshallnotexceedonefourththelengthofthewall.
(e) Lintelshallnotbeusedtosupportmasonrydirectlyabovearecessoraholewiderthan300
mm.Nolintelhowever,isnecessaryincaseofacircularrecessorholeexceeding300mmin
diameterprovidedupperhalfoftherecessorholeisbuiltasasemicirculararchofadequate
thickness and there is adequate length of masonry on the sides of openings to resist the
horizontalthrust.
(f) Recesses and holes in masonry shall be kept at the time of construction so as to avoid
subsequent cutting.Ifcuttingis necessary,it shallbedone using sharp tools without causing
heavyimpactanddamagetothesurroundingareas.
(g) No chase, recess or hole shall be provided in halfbrick load bearing wall, excepting the
minimumnumberofholesneededforscaffolding.
7.11
CONFINEDMASONRY
7.11.1 General
Confinedmasonryconstructionconsistsofmasonrywalls(madeeitherofclaybrickorconcreteblockunits)and
horizontalandverticalRCconfiningmembersbuiltonallfoursidesofamasonrywallpanel.Verticalmembers,
calledtiecolumnsorpracticalcolumns,resemblecolumnsinRCframeconstructionexceptthattheytendtobe
offarsmallercrosssection.Horizontalelements,calledtiebeams,resemblebeamsinRCframeconstruction.
Toemphasizethatconfiningelementsarenotbeamsandcolumns,alternativetermshorizontaltiesandvertical
tiescouldbeusedinsteadoftiebeamsandtiecolumns.
Theconfiningmembersareeffectivein
(a) Enhancing the stabilityand integrity of masonrywalls for inplaneand outofplane earthquakeloads
(confiningmemberscaneffectivelycontaindamagedmasonrywalls),
(b) Enhancingthestrength(resistance)ofmasonrywallsunderlateralearthquakeloads,and
(c) Reducing the brittleness of masonry walls under earthquake loads and hence improving their
earthquakeperformance.
Thestructuralcomponentsofaconfinedmasonrybuildingare(seeFigure6.7.6):
(a) Masonrywallstransmitthegravityloadfromtheslab(s)abovedowntothefoundation.Thewallsact
as bracing panels, which resist horizontal earthquake forces. The walls must be confined by concrete
tiebeamsandtiecolumnstoensuresatisfactoryearthquakeperformance.
(b) Confiningelements(tiecolumnsandtiebeams)providerestrainttomasonrywallsandprotectthem
fromcompletedisintegrationeveninmajorearthquakes.
These elements resist gravity loads and have important role in ensuring vertical stability of a building in an
earthquake.
(a) Floor and roof slabs transmit both gravity and lateral loads to the walls. In an earthquake, slabs
behavelikehorizontalbeamsandarecalleddiaphragms.
(b) Plinth band transmits the load from the walls down to the foundation. It also protects the ground
floorwallsfromexcessivesettlementinsoftsoilconditions.
(c) Foundationtransmitstheloadsfromthestructuretotheground.
6404
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Chapter7
The design of confined masonry members shall be based on similar assumptions to those set out for
unreinforced and for reinforced masonry members. Confined masonry shall be constructed according to the
provisionsofthissection.
Fig.6.7.6:Atypicalconfinedmasonrybuilding
7.11.2 DifferenceofConfinedMasonryfromRCFrameConstruction
TheappearanceofafinishedconfinedmasonryconstructionandaRCframeconstructionwithmasonryinfills
may look alike, however these two construction systems are substantially different. The main differences are
related to the construction sequence, as well as to the manner in which these structures resist gravity and
lateralloads.ThesedifferencesaresummarizedinTable6.7.20andareillustratedbydiagramsinFigure6.7.7.
Inconfinedmasonryconstruction,confiningelementsarenotdesignedtoactasamomentresistingframe;asa
result, detailing of reinforcement is simple. In general, confining elements have smaller crosssectional
dimensionsthanthecorrespondingbeamsandcolumnsinaRCframebuilding.Itshouldbenotedthatthemost
importantdifferencebetweentheconfinedmasonrywallsandinfillwallsisthatinfillwallsarenotloadbearing
walls,whilethewallsinaconfinedmasonrybuildingare.
AtransitionfromRCframetoconfinedmasonryconstructioninmostcasesleadstosavingsrelatedtoconcrete
cost,sinceconfiningelementsaresmallerinsizethanthecorrespondingRCframemembers.
Table6.7.20.AcomparisonbetweentheconfinedmasonryandRCframeconstruction
Confined masonry
Gravityand
Masonrywallsarethemain
RC frame construction
RCframesresistboth
lateralload
loadbearingelementsandare gravityandlateralloads
resisting
expectedtoresistbothgravity throughtheirrelatively
system
andlateralloads.Confining
largebeams,columns,and
elements(tiebeamsandtie
theirconnections.
columns)aresignificantly
Masonryinfillsarenotload
smaller in size than RC beams
bearing walls
Foundation
Stripfootingbeneaththewall
Isolatedfootingbeneath
construction
andtheRCplinthband
eachcolumn
6405
Partt6
Stru
ucturalDesign
Confin
ned masonry
Superstructurre 1.Masonrywallsare
RC fram
me construction
1.Thefram
meis
construction
constructed
dfirst.
constructeedfirst.
sequence
2.Subsequeently,tiecolumn
ns
2.Masonrrywallsare
arecastinp
place.
constructeedatalater
3.Finally,tieebeamsare
stageandarenot
constructed
dontopofthe
bondedto
otheframe
walls,simulttaneouslywithtthe members;thesewallsare
floor/roofsllabconstruction
n.
nonstructu
ural,thatis,non
n
Fig.6.7.7:RC
Cframeconstruction(top)andconfinedmason
nryconstruction
n(bottom)
7.1
11.3 Mecha
anismofRe
esistingEarrthquakeEffects
A confined
c
maso
onry building subjected to earthquake gground shakin
ng can be mo
odeled as a veertical truss, as
sho
own in Figure 6.7.8 (left). Masonry
M
wallss act as diago
onal struts subjected to co
ompression, while
w
reinforceed
con
ncrete confiniing memberss act in tenssion and/or ccompression, depending o
on the direcction of laterral
earthquake forcees. This mode
el is appropriaate before the cracking in the walls takkes place. Sub
bsequently, th
he
entratedatthegroundfloo
orlevelandsiggnificantlaterraldeformatio
onstakeplacee.Undersevere
cracckingisconce
earthquakegroundshaking,th
hecollapseof
f confinedmassonrybuildinggsmaytakeplaceduetoso
oftstoreyeffeect
sim
milartotheoneeobservedinRCframeswitthmasonryin
nfills,asshowninFigure6.77.8(right).
The
efollowingfailuremodesarrecharacteristticofconfined
dmasonrywalls:
(a) Sheaarfailuremod
de,and
(b) Flexuralfailuremode.
MasonryStructures
Chapter7
Note that, in confined masonry structures, shear failure mode develops due to inplane seismic loads (acting
alongintheplaneofthewall),whereasflexuralfailuremodemaydevelopeitherduetoinplaneoroutofplane
loads(actingperpendiculartothewallplane).
Fig.6.7.8:Confinedmasonrybuilding:verticaltrussmodel
(left)andcollapseatthegroundfloorlevel(right)
Shearfailuremodeischaracterizedbydistributeddiagonalcrackinginthewall.Thesecrackspropagateintothe
tiecolumnsathigherloadlevels,asshowninFigure6.7.9.Initially,amasonrywallpanelresiststheeffectsof
lateral earthquake loads by itself while the confining elements (tiecolumns) do not play a significant role.
However, once the cracking takes place, the wall pushes the tiecolumns sideways. At that stage, vertical
reinforcement in tiecolumns becomes engaged in resisting tension and compression stresses. Damage in the
tiecolumnsattheultimateloadlevelisconcentratedatthetopandthebottomofthepanel.Theselocations,
characterized by extensive crushing of concrete and yielding of steel reinforcement, are called plastic hinges
(Figure 6.7.10). Note that the term plastic hinge has a different meaning in the context of confined masonry
componentsthanthatreferredtoinrelationtoRCbeamsandcolumns,wherethesehingesformduetoflexure
andaxialloads.Inconfinedmasonryconstruction,tiebeamsandtiecolumnsresistaxialloads.Shearfailurecan
leadtoseveredamageinthemasonrywallandthetopandbottomofthetiecolumns.
Fig.6.7.9:Shearfailureofconfinedmasonrywalls
Fig.6.7.10:Plastichingedevelopedinaconfinedmasonrywall
Flexuralfailurecausedbyinplanelateralloadsischaracterizedbyhorizontalcrackinginthemortarbedjoints
on the tension side of the wall, as shown in Figure 6.7.11. Extensive horizontal cracking, which usually takes
placeintiecolumns,aswellasshearcrackingcanbeobserved.
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Fig.6.7.11:Flexuralfailureofconfinedmasonrywalls
Irrespectiveofthefailuremechanism,tiecolumnsresistthemajorportionofgravityloadwhenmasonrywalls
sufferseveredamage(thisisduetotheirhighaxialstiffnessandloadresistance).Thefailureofatiecolumn
usually takes place when cracks propagate from the masonry wall into the tiecolumn and shear it off.
Subsequently,theverticalstabilityoftheentirewalliscompromised.Verticalstrainsintheconfinedmasonry
walls decrease at an increased damage level, thereby indicating that a major portion of the gravity load is
resisted by tiecolumns. This finding confirms the notion that tie columns have a critical role in resisting the
gravityloadindamagedconfinedmasonrybuildingsandensuringtheirverticalstability.
7.11.4 KeyFactorsInfluencingSeismicResistance
7.11.4.1 WallDensity
Wall density is believed to be one of the key parameters influencing the seismic performance of
confined masonry buildings. It can be determined as the transverse area of walls in each principal
directiondividedbythetotalfloorareaofthebuilding.
7.11.4.2 MasonryUnitsandMortar
The lateral load resistance of confined masonry walls strongly depends on the strength of the
masonry units and the mortar used. The walls built using lowstrength bricks or un grouted hollow
blockunitshadtheloweststrengthwhiletheonesbuiltusinggroutedorsolidunitshadthelargest
strength. However, the use of grouted and solid units results in an increase both in wall mass and
seismicloads.Also,theweakerthemortarthelowerthemasonrystrength(duetotheunitmortar
interaction, the masonry strength is always lower than the unit strength). There is no significant
difference in strength between unreinforced and confined masonry wall specimens with the same
geometryandmaterialproperties.
7.11.4.3 TieColumns
Tiecolumnssignificantlyinfluencetheductilityandstabilityofcrackedconfinedmasonrywalls.The
provisionofcloselyspacedtransversereinforcement(ties)atthetopandbottomendsoftiecolumns
resultsinimprovedwallstabilityandductilityinthepostcrackingstage.
7.11.4.4 HorizontalWallReinforcement
Horizontal reinforcement has a beneficial effect on wall ductility. Specimens with horizontal
reinforcement showed a more uniform distribution of inclined shear cracks than the unreinforced
specimens. Horizontal re bars should be anchored into the tiecolumns; the anchorage should be
provided with 900 hooks at the far end of the tiecolumn (see Figure 6.7.12). The hooks should be
embedded in the concrete within the tiecolumn (note that the tiecolumn reinforcement was
omittedfromthefigure).Thebardiametershouldbelargerthan3.5mmandlessthanthejoint
thickness.
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Fig.6.7.12:Horizontalreinforcementinconfinedmasonrywalls
7.11.4.5 Openings
When the opening area is less than approximately 10% of the total wall area, the wall lateral load
resistance is not significantly reduced as compared to a solid wall (i.e. wall without openings). The
walls with larger openingsdevelopdiagonalcracks (same assolidwalls),except thatthe cracksare
formedinthepiersbetweentheopenings;thus,diagonalstrutsforminthepiers,asshowninFigure
6.7.13.
Fig.6.7.13:Failuremodesintheconfinedmasonrywallswithopenings
7.11.5 VerificationofMembers
7.11.5.1 In the verification of confined masonry members subjected to bending and/or axial loading, the
assumptionsforreinforcedmasonrymembersshouldbeadopted.Indeterminingthedesignvalueof
themomentofresistanceofasectionarectangularstressdistributionmaybeassumed,basedonthe
strengthofthemasonry,only.Reinforcementincompressionshouldalsobeignored.
7.11.5.2 In theverification of confined masonrymemberssubjectedto shearloading the shearresistanceof
themembershouldbetakenasthesumoftheshearresistanceofthemasonryandoftheconcreteof
theconfiningelements.Incalculatingtheshearresistanceofthemasonrytherulesforunreinforced
masonry walls subjected to shear loading should be used, considering the length of the masonry
element.Reinforcementofconfiningelementsshouldnotbetakenintoaccount.
7.11.5.3 Intheverificationofconfinedmasonrymemberssubjectedtolateralloading,theassumptionssetout
forunreinforcedandreinforcedmasonrywallsshouldbeused.Thecontributionofthereinforcement
oftheconfiningelementsshouldbeconsidered.
7.11.6 ConfinedMasonryMembers
7.11.6.1 Confined masonry members shall not exhibit flexural cracking nor deflect excessively under
serviceabilityloadingconditions.
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7.11.6.2 Theverificationofconfinedmasonrymembersattheserviceabilitylimitstatesshallbebasedonthe
assumptionsgivenforunreinforcedmasonrymembers.
7.11.7 ArchitecturalGuideline
7.11.7.1 BuildingLayout
(a) The building shouldnotbe excessivelylong relative toitswidth; ideally,the lengthtowidth

ratioshouldnotexceed4.
(b) Thewallsshouldbecontinuousupthebuildingheight.
(c)
Openings(doorsandwindows)shouldbeplacedinthesamepositionupthebuildingheight.
7.11.7.2 Walls
(a) Atleasttwofullyconfinedwallsshouldbeprovidedineachdirection.
(b) ForSeismicZone1and2,walldensityofatleast2%ineachoftwoorthogonaldirectionsis
requiredtoensuregoodearthquakeperformanceofconfinedmasonryconstruction.Thewall
densityforSeismicZones3and4shouldbeatleast4%and5%respectively.Walldensitycan
bedefinedasthetotalcrosssectionalareaofallwallsinonedirectiondividedbythesumof
thefloorplanareasforallfloorsinabuilding.
7.11.7.3 BuildingHeight
Confinedmasonryissuitableforlowtomediumrisebuildingconstruction.Confinedmasonrybuildingswillbe
subjecttothefollowingheightrestrictions:
(a) Upto4storeyhighforSeismicZone1and2
(b) Upto3storeyhighforSeismicZone3
(c)
Upto2storeyhighforSeismicZone4
7.11.8 ConfinedMasonryDetails
7.11.8.1 Confined masonry walls shall be provided with vertical and horizontal reinforced concrete or
reinforcedmasonryconfiningelementssothattheyacttogetherasasinglestructuralmember.
7.11.8.2 Topandsidesconfiningelementsshallbecastafterthemasonryhasbeenbuiltsothattheywillbe
dulyanchoredtogether.
7.11.8.3
Verticalconfiningelementsshouldbeplaced:
(a) atthefreeedgesofeachstructuralwallelement;
(b) atbothsidesofanywallopeningwithanareaofmorethan1.5m2;
(c)
within the wall if necessary in order not to exceed a spacing of 5 m between the confining
elements;
(d) attheintersectionsofstructuralwalls,wherevertheconfiningelementsimposedbytheabove
rulesareatadistancelargerthan1.5m.
7.11.8.4 Horizontalconfiningelementsshallbeplacedintheplaneofthewallateveryfloorlevelandinany
casewithaverticalspacingofnotmorethan4m.
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7.11.8.5 Confining elements should have a crosssectional area not less than 0.02 m2, with a minimum
dimensionof150mmintheplanofthewall.Indoubleleafwallsthethicknessofconfiningelements
shouldassuretheconnectionofthetwoleavesandtheireffectiveconfinement.
7.11.8.6 The longitudinal reinforcement of confining elements may not have a crosssectional area less than
300 mm2, nor than 1% of the crosssectional area of the confining element. The detailing of the
reinforcementsshouldbeinaccordancewithChapter8.
7.11.8.7 Stirrups not less than 6 mm in diameter and spaced not more than 300 mm should be provided
aroundthelongitudinalreinforcement.Columntiesshouldpreferablyhave135hooks theuseof
90hooksisnotrecommended.Ataminimum,6mmtiesat200mmspacing(6mm@200mm)should
beprovided.Itisrecommendedtouse6mmtiesat100mmspacing(6mm@100mm)inthecolumn
endzones(topandbottom).
7.11.8.8 Toensuretheeffectivenessoftiebeamsinresistingearthquakeloads,longitudinalbarsshouldhavea
90hookedanchorageattheintersections,asshowninFigure6.7.14.Thehooklengthshouldbeat
least500mm.
a)
b)
Fig.6.4.14:Tiebeamconstruction:a)wallintersections;
b)hookedanchoragetolongitudinalreinforcement
7.11.8.9 Proper detailing of the tiebeamtotiecolumn connections is a must for satisfactory earthquake
performanceoftheentirebuilding.Reinforcingbarsmustbeproperlyanchored.Atypicalconnection
detailattherooflevelisshowninFigure6.7.15.Notethatthetiecolumnreinforcementneedstobe
extendedintothetiebeamasmuchaspossible,preferablyuptotheundersideofthetoptiebeam
reinforcement.Ahookedanchorageneedstobeprovided(90hooks)bothforthetiecolumnandtie
beamreinforcement.
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StructuralDesign
Fig.6.7.15:Detailingrequirementforthetiebeamtotiecolumn
connection
7.11.8.10 Special lintel beams may be required across larger openings having a width exceeding 1.5 m.
Additionalreinforcementbarsneedtobeprovided.Lintelbeamscanbeintegratedwiththetiebeams
atthefloorlevel.
7.11.8.11 Lapsplicesmaynotbelessthan60bardiametersor500mminlength.Splicingshouldtakeplaceat
columnmidheight,exceptforthegroundfloorlevel(wheresplicingisnotpermitted).
7.11.8.12 Theminimumwallthicknessshouldnotbelessthan100mm.Thewallheight/thicknessratioshould
notexceed30.
7.11.8.13 Toothededgesshouldbeleftoneachsideofthewall,asshowninFigure6.7.16a.Toothededgesare
essentialforadequatewallconfinement,whichcontributestosatisfactoryearthquakeperformance.
Alternatively, when the interface between the masonry wall and the concrete tiecolumn needs to
remainsmoothforappearancessake,steeldowelsshouldbeprovidedinmortarbedjointstoensure
interactionbetweenthemasonryandtheconcreteduringanearthquake(Figure6.7.16b).
a)
b)
Fig. 6.7.16: a) Toothed wall construction; b) horizontal dowels at the

walltocolumninterface
7.11.8.14 Concrete in the tiecolumns can be poured once the desired wall height has been reached. The
masonry walls provide formwork for the tiecolumns on two sides; however the formworkmust be
placedontheremainingtwosides.
7.11.9 FoundationandPlinthConstruction
Thefoundationshouldbeconstructedasintraditionalbrickmasonryconstruction.Eitheranuncoursedrandom
rubblestonemasonryfootingoraRCstripfootingcanbeused.ARCplinthbandshouldbeconstructedontop
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Chapter7
ofthefoundation.Inconfinedmasonryconstruction,plinthbandisessentialforpreventingbuildingsettlements
insoftsoilareas.AnalternativefoundationsolutionwithRCstripfootingisalsoillustratedinFigure6.7.17.
a)
b)
Fig.6.7.17:Foundationconstruction:a)RCplinthbandandstone
masonryfoundation;b)RCstripfooting
6413

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Chapter 7

Fsc = 0.4 f y 165

Fsc = 0.5 f y 165

hourperiodneitherexceeds0.005 l nor0.00025 l t andthebeamandslabsshowarecoveryofatleast75per

resist the horizontal components of forces so as to ensure stability of a structure

VerticalReinforcement: The areaofvertical reinforcement shallnot be less than 0.005 Ae

Tensile reinforcement of negative moment in any span of a continuous restrained or

Compression reinforcement in flexural members shall be anchored by ties or stirrups not

horizontal deflectionatmidheightunderfactoredload;P Deltaeffectsshallbeincluded

Nominal strength of singly reinforced masonry wall crosssections subject to

Maximum usable strain at extreme masonry compression fibre shall be assumed

Masonry stress of 0.85 f m shall be assumed uniformly distributed over an

when M cr < M ser < M n

0.33 f m 1.2 N/mm2

0.21 f m 0.65 N/mm2

Nominal strength of shear wall crosssections shall be based on assumptions specified in

at maximum spacing of 3.0 m unless uniformly distributed joint reinforcement is provided.

a) Masonry mortar shall not be leaner than

a) Masonry mortar shall not be leaner than

By vertical reinforcement at corners and

a) Masonry mortar shall not be leaner than

c) By vertical reinforcement at corners and

Storeys orEquivalentAreaofPlain orEquivalentAreaofHigh

Whenrequiredinteriorcrosswall shallbe at least1.8mlong and reinforcedwith2 mm wirejoint

smaller in size than RC beams

(a) The building shouldnotbe excessivelylong relative toitswidth; ideally,the lengthtowidth

Fig. 6.7.16: a) Toothed wall construction; b) horizontal dowels at the

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