‫ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺭﺏ ‪ :‬ﺼﺭﺍﻉ ﺃﻡ ﺤﻭﺍﺭ ؟ )‪(2‬‬

‫‪‬‬
‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﺻﻘــﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺣﺚ دﻛﺘﻮراه—ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺰﯾﺎ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ‬
‫‪mmdmskhalid2@siswa.utm.my‬‬
‫]‪[1‬‬
‫‪" -‬وﻛﻞ دﺑﯿﺐ اﻟﻄﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺎﺷﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ أرﺑﻊ ﻓﮫﻮ ﻣﻜﺮوه ﻟﻜﻢ" ﺳﻔﺮ اﻟﻼوﻳﯿﻦ ‪20 - 11‬‬
‫‪" -‬وﺑﻌﺪ ھﺬا رأﻳﺖ أرﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻼﺋﻜﺔ واﻗﻔﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ أرﺑﻊ أرﻛﺎن اﻷرض‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺴﻜﯿﻦ أرﺑﻊ رﻳﺎح اﻷرض ﻟﻜﻲ ﻻ ﺗﮫﺐ رﻳﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫]‪[2‬‬
‫اﻷرض‪ ،‬وﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺠﺮة ﻣﺎ" ﺳﻔﺮ اﻟﺮؤﻳﺎ ‪1 - 7‬‬
‫‪" -‬اﻟﺬي أﻣﺴﻜﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ أﻃﺮاف اﻷرض‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ أﻗﻄﺎرھﺎ دﻋﻮﺗﻪ‪ ،‬وﻗﻠﺖ ﻟﻚ‪ :‬أﻧﺖ ﻋﺒﺪي‪ .‬اﺧﺘﺮﺗﻚ وﻟﻢ أرﻓﻀﻚ" ﺳﻔﺮ أﺷﻌﯿﺎء ‪41‬‬
‫]‪[3‬‬
‫‪9-‬‬
‫‪" -‬وﻳﺨﺮج ﻟﯿﻀﻞ اﻷﻣﻢ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ أرﺑﻊ زواﻳﺎ اﻷرض‪ :‬ﺟﻮج وﻣﺎﺟﻮج‪ ،‬ﻟﯿﺠﻤﻌﮫﻢ ﻟﻠﺤﺮب‪ ،‬اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻋﺪدھﻢ ﻣﺜﻞ رﻣﻞ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ"‬
‫]‪[ 4‬‬
‫ﺳﻔﺮ اﻟﺮؤﻳﺎ ‪8 - 20‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ "‬ﻓﯿﺮﺳﻞ ﺣﯿﻨﺌﺬ ﻣﻼﺋﻜﺘﻪ وﻳﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﺎرﻳﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻷرﺑﻊ اﻟﺮﻳﺎح‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﮫﺎﻳﺎت اﻷرض إﻟﻰ ﻧﮫﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﺴﻤﺎء" إﻧﺠﯿﻞ ﻣﺮﻗﺲ‬
‫]‪[5‬‬
‫‪27 - 13‬‬

‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻭﺹ ﺍﻟـﺘﻰ ﻴﻤﺘﻠـﺊ ﺒﻬـﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻗـﻭﺩ ﺍﻟـﺫﻯ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻭﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻴﻤﺘﻠﺊ ﺒﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺃﺸﻌل ﻨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺏ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺒﻴﻴﻥ ﻓـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻤﻥ ﻋﺸﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺒﻴـﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺜﻭﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻭﺠﺩ ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺃﺸﻌل ﻨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺏ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺒﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻰ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺸﺎﻫﺩﺍﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﺘﺠﺎﺭﺒﻬﻡ ‪ -‬ﺃﻥ ﻤﺜل‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻭﺹ ﺘﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗـﻊ ﻭﺃﺒـﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻤﻥ ﻋﺸﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻴﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﻓﻴﺴﺘﺤﻴل ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫"ﺇﻟﻬﻴﺔ" ‪ Devine‬ﺃﻭ "ﻤﻘﺩﺴـﺔ" ‪ Holy‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤـﺎ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺜﻭﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻭﺠﺩ ﻫﺅﻻﺀ‬
‫ﺍﺘﻬﻤﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﺒﺎﻟﻬﺭﻁﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻟﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ‪ -‬ﺇﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺸﺎﻫﺩﺍﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﺘﺠﺎﺭﺒﻬﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻌﺎﻟﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﻨﻜﺎﺭ ﻋﺼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺴﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺒﻭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻁﺒﻊ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺘﻠـﻙ ﺍﻟﺤـﺭﺏ ‪ -‬ﺃﻥ ﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻭﺹ ﺘﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﻟﻴﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘـﺎﻻﺕ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻠﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘـﺏ ﺍﻟﺘـﻰ ﻭﺃﺒﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺼﻠﺕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﺍﻉ ﻭﺒﻴﻨﺕ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﻤﻥ‬
‫]‪[ 7‬‬ ‫] ‪[6‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﺜل ﺠﺎﻟﻴﻠﻴﻭ ﻭﻜﻭﺒﻴﺭﻨﻴﻜﻭﺱ ﻤﺜل ﻜﺘﺏ ﺠﻴﺭﻯ ﺒﺭﻭﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﺠﺎﻙ ﺭﻴﺒﺸﻴﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻜﻴﻑ ﻜـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺭﺩ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻨﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﻌـﺩ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺒﺩﺃ ﺼﻭﺕ ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻴﻌﻠﻭ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺼﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺒﺩﺃ ﺭﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺜﻭﻟﻴﻜﻴﻴﻥ ﻴﻨﻘﺴﻤﻭﻥ ﺒﻴـﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﻴﻥ ﻴﺭﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺤﺭﻕ ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﺀﺍﹰ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺤﺎﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺵ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺤل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺠﻊ ﻟﻺﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺴـﻠﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺤﺩﺙ ﻟﻜﻭﺒﻴﺭﻨﻴﻜﻭﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﺭﻴﻥ ﻴﺭﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤل ﻫﻭ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺼـﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺄﻭﻴـل ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻭﺹ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺍﺘﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺴﺘﺠﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺎﻥ ﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﻬﺯﻤـﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺌﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺜﻭﻟﻴﻙ ﻤﺘﻘﻭﻗﻌﻴﻥ ﺫﺍﺘﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺼﻭﺹ ﺘﻨﺎﻗﺽ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻫﺩﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﺩﻓـﻊ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﻬﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻹﻜﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺨﺘﺭﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻹﻨﺒﻬـﺎﺭ ﺒﻤـﺎﺭﺘﻥ ﻟﻭﺜـﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺩﻋﻭﺘﻪ ﺍﻹﻋﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺔ ‪ Protestantism‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻏﺒﺘﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻓﺼل ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻭﻋـﺯل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻯ]‪.[8‬‬
‫]‪[ 9‬‬
‫ﻴﻘﻭل ﺍﻟﻘﺱ ﺠﻴﻤﺱ ﻤﺎﻜﻔﺭﻯ ﻓﻰ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ "ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺜﻭﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻨﺴﻴﺔ"‬

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‫ﺤﺎﺼﺭﺍﹰ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺃﺩﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ )ﺍﻹﻨﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻰ( ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺒﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺇﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩﻩ ﻨﻔﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺃﺩﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺘﺴﺘﺎﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻜﻌﻘﻴﺩﺓ ﻤﻭﺍﺯﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ‪:‬‬
‫" ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻤﻬﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﻨﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻰ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻟﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ‪ Gallicanism‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ‪ Jansenism‬ﻭﻤﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺘﺒﻌﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺇﻫﺩﺍﺭ ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻗـﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺤﻭل ﻫﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﻥ‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺴﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻌﺒﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺴﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺒﻭﻯ ﻟﻠﺸﻌﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺇﻨﺴﺤﺎﺏ ﺃﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻫﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭﺴﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻹﻜﻠﻴﺭﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺘﻌﺭﻀﺕ ﻟﻪ "ﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﻭﻋﻴﻴﻥ" )‪ Society of Jesus (1‬ﻭﻫـﻡ ﻤـﻥ ﺃﺸـﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻴﺩﻴـﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺅﻤﻨﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻘﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺜﻭﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ"‬
‫ﻭﻴﺴﺘﻁﺭﺩ ﻤﺎﻜﻔﺭﻯ ﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺌﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺒﺔ ﻗﺎﺌﻼ‪" :‬ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜـﺎﻥ ﺇﻨﺘـﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﻴﺔ ‪ rationalist theories‬ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺇﺴﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﻋﻘﺩﺕ ﻓﻰ ﻗﻠﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻬـﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭﻭﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻰ ﺍﻹﻟﻬـﻰ ﻟﻠﺒـﺸﺭ‬ ‫‪ rationalist theories‬ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﺇﺴﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺩ ﻋﻘﺩﺕ ﻓﻰ ﻗﻠﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﺜﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺇﺴﺘﻤﺭﺕ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ‪ ،‬ﺘﺒﻌﺎﹰ ﻟﺘﻌـﺎﻟﻴﻡ ﻤﺎﺭﺘـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻟﻭﺜﺭ ‪ ،‬ﺒﻐﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺃﺼﻭﻟﻴﺎ ﺒﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻌـﺎﻟﻴﻡ ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻋﻴـﺔ ﻹﺨـﻀﺎﻉ‬
‫ﻨﺼﻭﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘـل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭﻭﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻰ ﺍﻹﻟﻬﻰ ﻟﻠﺒﺸﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﺒﺩﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺴـﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺴـﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﺜﻕ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺒﻭﻯ"‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺜﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻭﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﺘﻤﺘﻌﻭﺍ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻟﻴﺠﺯﻤﻭﺍ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴـﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺤﻰ ﺍﷲ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺎﻭﺴـﺘﺱ ﺴـﻭﻜﻴﻨﺱ )‪1604-1539‬‬
‫‪ (AD‬ﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻋﻠﻥ ﺒﻜل ﺼﺭﺍﺤﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﻴﻥ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻨﺎ ﻭﺤﻴﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﷲ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻴـﺎﻥ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻨﺼﻭﺹ ﺘﻨﺎﻗﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻫﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻭﺱ ‪ ،‬ﺒل ﻭﺩﻋﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺫﻑ ﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻭﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺩﻴﻥ ﻭﺇﺒﻘﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺴﻭﺍﻫﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻫﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻘﻰ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻅ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻟﻭﺜﺭ ﻭﺴـﻭﻜﻴﻨﺱ ﺤـﻭل‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺇﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﻰ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻟﻤﺎﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﺇﻨﻜﻠﺘﺭﺍ ﻭﻓﺭﻨﺴﺎ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺁﺫﻥ ﺒﺈﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺒـﻭل‬
‫ﺒﺄﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ )ﺘﺤﺭﺭﺍﹰ( ﻜﻤﺜل ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺴﻭﻜﻴﻨﺱ‪...‬ﺘﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﺯﺍﻉ ﻓﻰ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺒـﺎ ﺒﻴـﻥ‬
‫ﻓﺌﺘﻴﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻜﻼﻫﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﻑ ﻓﻰ ﺘﻀﺎﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺜﻭﻟﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺘﺭﻯ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻬـﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘـﺩﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴـﺩ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺤﻰ ﺍﷲ ﺇﻁﻼﻗﺎﹰ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺒﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻭﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎل ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻼ ﺘﺯﺍل ﺘﻘﺒل ‪ -‬ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺠﻤل ‪ -‬ﺒﺄﻟﻭﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺴﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺩﻴﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺘﻨﻜـﺭ‬
‫ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﺃﻯ ﺴﻠﻁﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺩﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻭﻟﻪ‪...‬ﻓﻰ ﻴﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺘﻁﻭﺭﺕ ﻟﺘﺠﺴﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﻟﺤﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻜﺭ ﻟﻠﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻹﻟﻬﻰ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻁﻭﺭﺕ ﻟﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻜﺭ ﻟﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌل ﺒﺎﻗﺘﺼﺎﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺘﺔ‪...‬‬

‫ﻴﺘﺒﻊ‪...‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
 :‫ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﻤﺵ‬
‫ وﯾﻘﺴﻢ أﻋﻀﺎءھﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬، ‫ واﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﻧﻀﻤﺎم اﻟﺮﺟﺎل ﻓﻘﻂ دون اﻟﻨﺴﺎء ﻟﻌﻀﻮﯾﺘﮭﺎ‬، ‫( إﺣﺪى اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﻟﯿﻜﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﺮﻓﺔ‬1)
‫ ھﺬه اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺘﺮ ﺑﺄﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻢ وﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ اﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﻟﻨﺸﺮ اﻟﻌﻘﯿﺪة اﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﻟﯿﻜﯿﺔ ﺑﺸﺘﻰ‬، ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﯿﺎء ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺳﻰ اﻟﺒﺎﺑﻮى‬
‫ وھﺆﻻء ھﻢ ﻣﻦ‬، ‫ وﺑﻞ وﻓﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﯿﺎن ﻗﺪ ﯾﻘﻮم أﻋﻀﺎء ﻣﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺄﻋﻤﺎل ﻋﻨﻒ وﺗﺨﺮﯾﺐ ﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ اﻟﻜﻨﯿﺴﺔ‬، ‫اﻟﻄﺮق‬
‫ وﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﻓﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﻮل أن ھﺬه اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺮﺧﯿﺺ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻰ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺼﺮ‬، God's Marines "‫ﯾﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﻢ "ﺟﻨﻮد اﻟﺮب‬
!...‫وﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻓﺮوﻋﮭﺎ ﻓﻰ اﻹﺳﻜﻨﺪرﯾﺔ واﻟﻘﺎھﺮة واﻟﻤﺪن اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺷﻤﺎل اﻟﺪﻟﺘﺎ وﻣﺪن اﻟﻘﻨﺎة‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ‬

1. The Old Testament, King James Bible "All fowls that creep, going upon all
four, shall be an abomination unto you." Leviticus 11:20
2. The Old Testament, King James Bible " And after these things I saw four an-
gels standing on the four corners of the earth, holding the four winds of the
earth, that the wind should not blow on the earth, nor on the sea, nor on any
tree." Revelation 7:1
3. The Old Testament, King James Bible " Thou whom I have taken from the ends
of the earth, and called thee from the chief men thereof, and said unto thee,
Thou art my servant; I have chosen thee, and not cast thee away." Isaiah 41:9
4. The Old Testament, International Standard Version " He will go out to deceive
Gog and Magog, the nations at the four corners of the earth, and gather them
for war. They are as numerous as the sands of the seashore." Revelation 20:8
5. The New Testament, International Standard Version " He will send out his an-
gels and gather his elect from the four winds, from the ends of the earth to the
ends of heaven."
6. Brotton, Jerry The Renaissance: A Very Short Introduction ISBN 0-19-
280163-5
7. Repcheck, Jack (2007) Copernicus' secret: how the scientific revolution be-
gan, Simon & Schuster Press.
8. Atkinson, James (1982) Martin Luther and the birth of Protestantism, Marshall
Morgan & Scott Pub.
9. Rev. McCaffrey, James (1914) History of the Catholic Church: From Renais-
sance to the French Revolution, Republished: Forgotten Books 1970