X

.
A

 (G)

G = G G

G < 0 G < G
:

G > 0 G > G
:

G = 0 G = G

 (G)

.

(G)
,
1 mol/L.
G:
pH 7.

Mo
(kcal)
H 1 kg 1 C
(14,5 15,5 C)
1 kcal = 4184 Joule



(Adenosine triphosphate, )

ATP

ATP + H2O

ADP + Pi + H+

()

G = 7,3 kcal/mol

ATP + H2O

AMP + PPi + H+

Mo

()

G = 10,9 kcal/mol
ATP:

G = 10 kcal

ADP + Pi ATP + H2O

G = 7,3 kcal

+ ADP + Pi + ATP + H2O

G = 2,7 kcal

G = 10 kcal

ATP + H2O ADP + Pi

G = 7,3 kcal

+ ATP + H2O + ADP + Pi

G = +2,7 kcal

G = 10 kcal

2 ATP + 2 H2O 2 ADP + 2 Pi G = 14,6 kcal

+ 2 ATP + 2 H2O + 2 ADP + 2 Pi
G = 4,6 kcal

,
.


(),


, .
, .
.
,
( ).


;

.
-- (D)
_

NAD

NAD +
+

-- (FD)
FAD + 2

FAD2


NAD +
+

FAD + 2

O

NAD
FAD2

NAD+ FAD
.
2.

NADH FADH2

 TOY KATABO

..

&

e
2
P

2
DP

C2