H

( &
)

(Da)

12

14

16

15

31

16

32

2x

, 18 Da
1 mol, 18 g


H
H C H

O H
H
N C C
H
O
H

CH3
H2N C COOH
H

I

, ,

.

10

CH3

H2N C COOH
H

CH3
+

H3N C COO

11

12

.
13



(
),
.

14




.
, mol/L

10-2 10-12 mol/L
15

16

H2N C H2 + H2

2 3 + C2

17

18




, .

,
.
19

pH

pH = -log[H+]

I I
pH 1

I
14
20

pH

21

a+, +, Cl , Ca2+ ,
Mg2+, HCO32,
HPO42
22