: i BS 812 : Part 1: 1975 9c (625707-62021: 62011 t a Methods for Sampling and testing of mineral aggregates, sands and fillers Part 1. Sampling, size, shape and classification Gr 7 British Standards Institution‘This Brcsh Standard, having been approved by the Road Engineering Indusity Standards Committe, was published und the authority of the Executive Board on 29 August 1975. ‘© British Standards Institution, 1975 [BS 812 first published October 1938 and revised in 1943, 1951, 1960 and 1967 BS $12:Part I fist published August 197 ISN: 058008768 1 Copyright Users of British Standards are reminded that copyright subsist in all BSI publications. 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All other publications may be purchased direct from Sales Department, Enquiries concerning subscribing membership, which has considerable advantages, wil bo welcomed, and should bbe made to Subscriptions Department, Both departments are located at 101 Pentonville Road, London NI ND (Telephone 01-837 8801 ; Telex 23218). “The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard Commitice reference RDE|S Draft for comment 72/4377 DC Co-operating organizations ‘The Road Engineering Industry Standards Commitee, under whose supervision this British Standard was prepared, consists of representatives from the following Government departments and scenic and industrial organizations *Greater London Council ‘Asphalt and Coated Macadam Asscciation ‘Astociation of Consulting Engineers *Beiish Quarrying and Slag Federation ‘British Tar Industry Association Cement and Concrete Association ‘Concrete Society (Design and Development Divisional ‘Commitice) Contractors’ Plant Association County Surveyors’ Society ‘Department ofthe Environment ‘Department of the Environment, Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Federation of Civil Engineering Contractors Federation of Manufacturers of Construction Equipment ‘and Crance Institute of Petroleum Institute of Quarrying snstitution of Civil Enginsers Institution of Highway Engineers “Institution of Municipal Engineers Institution of Steuetral Enginsers Ministry of Defence Refined Bitumen Association Limited Road Emulsion Association Limited Road Surface Dressing Association ind and Gravel Association Limited Society of Chemical Industry ‘The organizations marked with an asterisk inthe above list, together withthe following, were dicctly represented on the committee entrusted with the preparation ofthe British Standard Association of London Borough Engineers and Surveyors Department of the Enviconment (Building Research Establishment) Natural Environment Research Council~fnstitute of Geolosical Science 7809-24-B«| BS 812: Part 1: 1975 oe 16252207: 620.11 62011 os Methods for Sampling and testing of mineral aggregates, sands and fillers ‘ __ Part 1. Sampling, size, shape and classification Amendments issued since publication Amd. No, Date of issue | Text ilfected British Standards Institution - 2 Park Street - London W1A 2BS Telephone 01-629 8000 Telex 266993,BS 812 : Part 1: 1975 Contents Page Co-operating organizations Inside front cover Foreword 2 Methods 1. Scope 2. References 3. Reporting 3.1 General 2 Certificate of sampling 4, Significance of the results 5. Sampling and submission of samples 5.1 General 5.2 Sampling of course and fine aggregates 5.3 Sampling of lump material and solid rock 5.4 Sampling of fillers 5.5 Despatch of samples 6. Description and classification 6.1 General 6.2 Sampling 6.3 Description 6.4 Group classification of aggregates 6 6.5 Glossary of rock and mineral names, terms of origin and textural terms 7 6.6 Particle shape and surface texture of aggregate 9 7. Determination of partiele size and shape 10 71 Sieve analysis to 7.2 Determination of clay. silt and dust in fine or coarse aggregates “4 Foreword This British Standard has been prepared, under the authority of the Road Engineering Industry Standards Committee, using metric dimensions as part of the national policy to change to the metric system. BS 812 was first published in 1938 and subsequently revised in 1943, 1951, 1960 and 1967 ‘The standard has been rearranged and is now published in Parts, issued separately as follows: Part | covers sampling, size, shape and petrological classification, Part 2 covers physical properties: relative density, water absorption, bulk density (mass per unit, volume). voids, bulking and moisture content, Part 3 covers mechanical properties: aggregate impact value, aggrevate crushing value, ten per ‘cent fines value, aggregate abrasion value and polished-stone value, ‘The 1967 edition of BS 812 is superseded by these Parts and has in consequence been withdrawn, Experience with the test for organic impurities, included in the 1967 edition, has revealed difficulties ‘which cannot readily be resolved. Further consideration is being given to this test and to other chemical tests on aggregates, These may be Pape 7.3 Determination of flakiness index 0 74 Determination of elongation index 18 7.5 Determination of angularity number iv Appendix A. Repeatability and reproducibility of test results 2 Tables 1. Minimum mass of main sample 4 2. Particle shape 9 3. Surface texture 10 4. Particulars of sieves for sieve analysis 10 5. Minimum mass of sample for sieve analysis 10 6. Maximum mass to be retained at the completion of sieving B 7. Mass of sample for sedimentation method 15 8. Mass of sample for decantation method 16 9. Dimensions of thickness and length gauges 1? 10, Estimates of the repeatability and reproducibility ofa number of tests for aggregates R Figures L. Typical riffle box 4 2. Typical particle shapes " 3. Chart for recording sieve analysis results 14 4. Sedimentation apparatus for determination of clay, fine silt and fine dust content Is 5. Thickness gauge 18 6. Lengtit gauge 19 issued as an additional Part of the standard in due course. Estimates of repeatability and reproducibility with definitions of these terms are given in appendix A. In this Part of the standard major changes have been made to the methods of test for sieve analysis, for the determination of flakiness index, elongation index and angularity number, These have been ‘occasioned by the revision of BS 410Test sieves? in 1969 and the recommendations of a working group (WG 330) set up to select metric test sieves related to the aggregate industry Other changes have been introduced to the group classification of aggregates, Information on any other methods of test that are thought suitable for extensive use, or suggestions for improvement of the specified methods, are welcomed and will be considered when it becomes desirable again to revise the standard. Attention is drawn to the companion standard BS 3681 “Methods for the sampling and testing of lightweight aggregates for concrete’ 2~ BS 812: Part1:1975 ee British Standard Methods for Sampling and testing of mineral aggregates, sands and fillers Part 1. Sampling, size, shape and classification _]— 1, Scope ‘This Pact ofthis standard specilies methods for ‘obtaining samples For tests specified in thisand other British Standards and for such purposes as research, production control and the assessment of variation. ‘Test methods are also specilied for the determin ion of the properties ef size and shape of mineral aggregates including clay. silt and dust aid an aggregate classification is given to allow identifies tion of samples by petrographical examination, 2. References The titles of the British Standards referred to in this standard are listed on the inside back cover. 3. Reporting 3A General. The report shall alfirm that the tests ‘were done in accardance with this standard, ‘Any departure from the specitied tes! procedure shall be described with reasons for the departure and, if possible, estimates of ts elfect on the test results, The report shall Iso include details of any special processing of the sumple, other than shat required hy the test methods, earried out in the laboratory. For example. crushing to provide larg quantities of smaller sizes or the separation of constituents from an asdug gravel 3.2 Certificate of sampling. The report shall alliem that a certificate of sumpling was reveived with the saraple and shall deckire all the information given on the certificate. IPa gertificate was not received this shall be stated in the report. 4, Significance of the results The distribution of the esults of any test on any material stems trom a number of contibuting factors. In assessing the signitieance of the results, the repeatability and the reproducibility ofthe test should be recognized, Estimates of these are given in appendis A and should be used in sess test results 5, Sampling and submission of samples 5.1 General, Clause 5 of the standard specifies methods of taking samples, packing them and Forwarding them for esamination and testing. These operations require great care because the accuracy swith whieh the results of any tests ean relleet the characteristis of the bulk material will be limited to the extent to which the samples are representative, Two procedures are deseribed. The first is the standard method of obtaining a sample which is. representative ofa clearly defined bulk quantity of material such asa lorry load or a stockpile or of production over a given period, and. unless other wise agreed, isthe method to be used for taking a sample for test done to obtain assurance that the rmaiterial complies with British Standard requirements [NOIP. The navn quantity of 4 nse wie she tna fepesent si be state the tale speeitic tho forthe materia The second method is less specific, the details being lett co the judgement of the sampler to suit the purpose for which the sample is required. and is intended for assessing the variability of a material ‘of for routine testing associated with quality control ‘methods on material froma particular source. Methods for sampling lump material and solid rock are also included Tor use where prepared. aggregates are not available, The results of t varegate produced [rom these materials in 2 laboratory, for example by hand breaking and laboratory sieving, may not be comparable with aggregates those obsitined on normal commercis produced from the same material ‘The wo procedures specified for sampling fillers Tualll the same purpose as those for sampling aggregates, 5,2 Sampling of coarse and fine aggregates 5.2.1 Apparatus, The following apparatus is required. 5.2.1.1 A sconp. of width not ess than four times the masimum particle size of the material to be handled, for use in sampling aggregates from the consignment 241.2 Clean mn-absorbent containers, such as buckets, far collecting the increments of a sample, 5.2.1.3 Clean impervious containers, such as polythene bays, least 100 pm thick or, where the dust or moisture content of the sample is not important, other suitable containers, for sending samples to kiboratories 5.2.14 A suanple divider of size appropriate to the maximum particle size to be handled. e.g. a riffle box. which consists ofan even number of rectangular chutes discharving alternately on lonposite sides of the box (a suitable form is shown, in figure 1)NOTE, Three receivers are normally provided, Figure 1. Typical riffle box 52.1.5 (Asan alternative to 5:21.) a lat shovel and a clean, flat and hard surface, e.g. a metal tray, for use in quartering. 5.2.2 Procedure 1. The bulk quantity of material to be represented by the sample shall be clearly defined and the sample shall be taken by a responsible and experienced person. Obtain a main sample by collecting in the clean containers at least 10 increments, drawn, by means of the scoop, from different parts ofthe bulk quantity in such a way as to represent, as far as possible, the average quality. The size ofthe increments shall be such that the mass of the main sample shall be not less than the minimum mass of sample given in table 1. Combine all the increments and either despatch the main sample or reduce it toa smaller representative sample, acceptable to the tester, by the procedure described in 5.2.4 and then despatch this smaller sample for testing. Because ofthe wide variety of conditions under which sampling may have to be done it snot possible to describe detailed procedures for obtaining the increments under all circumstances and often the sampler will have o be guided by his experience, It may be necessary to take more increments than the minimum number specified. ‘When the sample has to be taken from stationary ‘material care shall be taken to avoid segregated material and material exposed at the surface. Material which has been sandwich-loaded cannot be satisfactorily sampled unless it has been thoroughly mixed. Aggregate | 28mmand larger | 50 ‘Smaller than 28 mm and larger than 25 5mm Smmorsmaller | 13 Filler s 5 NOTE. Where itis known which texts are ta be carried out on ‘asample, the sample quantity may be calculated fram the data given in the elevant clauses, provided! ths dacs not esl in quanaiiessmallor shan these required BS tablet. In Addition, larger samples may be required if ial mixes are 19 bbe made withthe material or where the material to be sampled consists ofa wide range of sizes, peticlarly when ‘the mechanical properties ate to be determined. 5.2.3 Procedure 2. Follow the principles and details of sampling outlined in procedure | (5.2.2) as far as is appropriate to the purpose for which the results are required. Where information is required about the variability of the material several samples shall be taken and packed separately: each shall represent a particular part of a bulk quantity (e.g. a limited period of production) and where necessary shall consist of a number of increments drawn from that part of the bulk quantity. Where samples are required for quality control testing a single increment of sufficient quantity for the tests may be all that is needed for some tests such as the determination of particle size or of clay, silt et. 5.2.4 Sample reduction, Reduce the whole sample for each test to the appropriate mass by one of the following methods. (a) Using a sample divider. When the aggregate contains material finer than Smmn it shall be surface-dry. Thoroughly mix and then pass it through the sample divider. Retain one portion; pass it through again and repeat the process as often as necessary to reduce the original sample toan appropriate mass. (b) Quarrering. The main sample shall be damp: if necessary, add clean water to achieve this condition. Thoroughly mix the sample by heaping it on a clean, flat and hard surface to form a cone, and turning this over with the shovel to form a new cone, the operation being carried out three times. Form each conical heap by depositing each shovelful of the material on the apex of the cone so that the portions which slide down the sides are distributed as evenly as possible, and so that the centre of the cone is not displaced,Flatten the third cone by repeated vertical Insertion of the shovel across the apex of the cone, lifting the shovel clear of the material after each, insertion. Then quarter the flattened heap, which shall be uniform in thickness and diameter, along ‘ovo diameters intersecting at right angles, Discard one pair of diagonally opposite quarters and shovel the remainder into a heap. Repeat the process of mixing and reduction until the required mass of sample is obtained. $8.3 Sampling of lump material and solid rock 5.3.1 Sampling of lump rock or slag. When aggregates are not available and the samples for test have to be obtained from lump rock or slag, special care shall be taken to ensure that they are representative ‘The sampling procedure shall in general be similar to that for sampling ageregates, but the ‘mass of each inerement and the number of increments required will be greater than those given in §.2 and gan only be decided by the person taking the samples, who will have to take account of the variability of the material and the purposes for which the samples are required. The mass of the sample despatched for testing shall be at least four times the mass given in table 1, to allow for loss in crushing to the sizes of aggregate required for test 8.3.2 Sampling of solid rock. When sampling rock direct from a natural outcrop or quarry face, special care shall be taken to ensure that the samples are truly representative of the range of variation met with in the vein or bed to be sampled. Where there are obvious differences in the colour and texture of the rock, separate samples shall be taken, each sample consisting of not less than six approximately 100 mm cubes of rock of the same colour and texture, Where there are no obvious differences in colour or texture to be considered, not less than six approximately 100 mm cubes shall be taken from places spaced at approximately equal intervals ‘over the height of the outcrop and along the length of the exposure, Each specimen shall be labelled as spreified in $.5.2 and all the specimens shall be despatched to the laboratory. Unless otherwise required they shall be of fresh (previously unexposed) rock, 5.4 Sampling of fillers S..1 Apparatus. The following apparatus is required, S411 A small scoop for use in sampling the increments making up a main sample. $41.2. An airtight container (or containers) for collecting and despatching the main sample. SALL3. A sample divider, such as a small rifle box, ‘or the grid type as described in BS 3406:Pact I $4.2 Procedure SA.2.1 General, So far ass practical, the procedure to be used for the sampling of fillers and the subdividing of the sample shall follow the principles and methods given in BS 3406:Part 1. Ifa filler is BS 812: Part1:1975 likely to deteriorate during storage, the sampling shall be completed within one week of delivery of the material and the testing completed within four weeks of delivery. Whenever possible, the main sample shall be taken in an enclosed space free from draughts or air currents 5.4.2.2 Procedure 1. Where the sample is to be representative of a clearly described bulk quantity of material, draw a main sample of at least 5 kg, by ‘means of Scoop, in atleast 10 increments from different parts of the bulk quantity in such a way as to represent, as far as possible, the average quality, and collect it in one or more airtight containers, Take care to ensure that the increments are not drawn from parts of the consignment known to be subject to segregation during transport prior to sampling. Where the filer is supplied in bulk, take the increments during the filling or emptying of containers. Where itis supplied in bags, drums or other packages, take no more than one inerement from any one bag, etc. 5.4.2.3 Procedure 2. Where the sample is required for purposes other than to obtain assurance that a particular bulk quantity of filler complies with, speeified requirements, the initial sample shall be taken by a procedure appropriate to the purpose for which the test results are required. 54.2.4 Reduction of sample. Subdivide the main sample in an enclosed space free from draughts and air currents by the sample divider to obtain samples of a mass appropriate to the particular tests to be made. Ifthe grid ype sample divider is used the procedure shall be as described in BS 3406:Part 1 5,5. Despatch of samples 8.5.1 Packing samples of aggregates and fillers. ‘The samples shall be transferred completely to the specified container which shall then be sealed for despatch. Where necessary, particularly where the aggregate contains crushed particles of the larger sizes, the bags shall be protected against damage in transit by casing in suitable containers. Individual packages should preferably not exceed 30 kg. 5.8.2 Information to be sent with samples. Each package shall contain a card, suitably protected from damage by moisture and abrasion, giving the name and address of the sender and his description, of the material 8.8.3 Certificate of sampling. Each sample shall be ‘accompanied by a certificate from the person responsible for taking the sample that sampling ‘was carried out in accordance with this British Standard. The certificate shail include as much as is “appropriate of the following information. (a) General (1) Name and location of source. (2) Nominal description of the material (b) Agerecates and fillers (1) Deiinition of bulk quantity sampled.BS 812 : Part 1:1975 (2) Details of place and method of sampling including dates and times at which increments ‘were obtained. (©) Lump material and solid rock (2) Exact location of individual pieces of samples Q) Any relevant comments about the rock sampled. 6. Description and classification 6.1 General. This clause ofthe standard contains data necessary for the description and classification of samples of aggregate. Classification requires petrographical examination fora placing within a listof groups, ‘The numbering ofthe groups is arbitrary but is included for uniformity of reference by other British Standards 6.2 Sampling. The sample for examination shall be taken in accordance with clause § ofthis Part of this standard. 6.3 Description. The description of the material shall be given under the following general headings. (a) Petrological group classification, e.g. granite, limestone, ee. (see 6.4. (b) Petrological name and description. The correct petrological name (see 6.5), accompanied by a brief description of such properties as hardness, colour, grain size, imperfections, etc. (©) Description of the bulk. The degree of cleanness, e.g. freedom from dust, and reference to the presence of any pieces not representative of the bulk (@ Description of particle shape and surface texture (see 6.6). 64 Group classification of aggregates. For the purposes of this standard it is convenient to classify and group aggregates according to their petrological characteristics Other classifications may be convenient for other purposes, for example description by physical properties such as “heavy” (e.g. barytes). It is recognized that traditional names are in use for escribing certain rocks; ifsuch terms are used, the rock in question shall also be described by the appropriate name from the group classification, ‘The petrological classification does not take account of suitability for any particular purpose, which should be determined in accordance with the appropriate British Standard, The petrological ‘group name shall always be stated; the group ‘umber has been used to facilitate cross reference 1065. The petrological group classification shall be: 1. Artificial, 2. Basalt, 3. Flint, 4. Gabbro, 5. Granite, 6. Gritstone, 7. Hornfels, 8, Limestone, 9. Porphyry, 10, Quartzite, 11. Schist. Naturally cemented coarse fragmental rocks, 8. conglomerate, breccia and agglomerate, shall be classified on a percentage basis by means of the constituent rock types related to the relevant groups. For example a conglomerate containing 60% quartzite, 20% chert, 15% dolomite pebbles, the remainder being matrix plus cement, would be classified under the quartzite, fint and limestone groups. The correct identification of a rock and its placing under the appropriate group shall be made by the Institute of Geological Sciences, or by a qualified geologist. ‘The main rock types in common use are listed below in the group classification, A more comprehensive glossary of rock names and constituent minerals is given in 6.5. 1. Artificial group 6. Gritstone group rushed brick Cieloding sigs fragmetal vole calcined bauxite rocks) Synthetic anaregaces arkose 2. Basalt srowp Breywacke andesite sandstone basalt san basic porphyrite a diabase 1. Hornfels group contact-altered rocks of all kinds except marble 8. Limestone group dolerites of all kinds including theralite and teschenite lamprophyre dolomite em ms spilite marble o Dury tou 3. Pim gro tole a sue ae wan Eoplyre * carom note bese nice gabbro. Porphyry hornblende-rock quartz-porphyrite nore ryote ed aeons 10, Quartzte group ort serpentinite quartzitic sandstones: S.cratesrp eee one usd ‘granodiorite phyllite pranulite schist Sonat ‘ine Ter ce at ery sheted eat te6.5 Glossary of rock and mineral names, terms of origin and textural terms 65.1 Terms of origin igneous rocks. Rocks formed by the cooling and consolidation of magma, a fluid melt of rock material. Three categories are recognized. (a) Plutonic, consolidated in large masses at great depths in the earth's crust. (b) Hypabyssal, intruded in the form of small bodies such as dykes, sills and bosses. (© Volcanic, extruded at the surface or under the sea as lava, or the products of volcanic explosions. The rocks are divided, according to silica content, into four classes of which the approximate limits areas follows. (a) Acid, containing more than 66% silica. (b), Intermediate, containing between 52% and 66% silica. (©) Basic, containing between 45% and 52: silica (@) Ultrabasic, containing tess than 459% silica, sedimentary rocks. Deposits which were originally laid down as sediments under water or air. metamorphic rocks. Rocks derived from pre- existing solid rock masses by the action of heat, pressure or chemical fluids acting separately or together producing distinctive new types. 658.2 Textural terms (see 6.6) exyptocrystalline, So finely crystalline as to be recognizable only under a microscope. holocrystalline. Wholly crystalline, containing no lass. ophitic. The texture produced by the enclosure of Jaths of plagioclase in pyroxene crystals phanerocrystallin, Coarse equigeanular crystallization porphyritic. Containing larger erystals (phenocrysts?) set in a finer groundmass. 65.3 Names ofrocks and artificial materials NOTE. The group clasiction number (se 6), where appropriate. follows the name ol the material. agglomerate. A naturally cemented unstratified mass of coarse angular volcanic fragments andesite (2). A voleanie rock, generally porphysitic, consisting of intermediate plagioclase together with biotite, hornblende or pyroxene, usually without olivine. aplite (9) A fine grained granitic rock, non- porphyritic, consisting of quartz and feldspar, usually with litle or n0 mia. arkose (6). A feldspathic sandstone or grit, medium to.coarse grained and containing over 25% feldspar basalt (2). A dark coloured, sine grained basic igneous rock composed essentially ofealcic plagioclase, augite and iron/titanium oxides, usually with olivine. Some basalts are voleanic, others are hypabyssl basic porphyrite (2). A porphyrite without quartz, but rich in fecromagnesian minerals. Hypabyssal BS 812: Part 1: 1975 bauxite. An aluminous lateritic rock in which aluminium hydroxides, amorphous or erystalline, predominate breccia, A rock consisting of broken, angular, unworn rock fragments, held together by a natural cement. calcined bauxite (1). Bauxite subjected to high temperatures (cither in nature through thermal metamorphism, or artificially in furnaces) Corundum (A1;0s) isa major constituent, with cristobalite(Si03), mullite (Alz0, 2Si02) and hematite (alpha-Fes03). chert (3). A more or less pure siliceous rock, composed mainly of chalcedony, havinga splintery rather than a conchoidal fracture conglomerate. A rock consisting of rounded pebbles haeld together by natural cement, dacite (9), A variety of andesite containing essential primary quartz. Volcanic Aiabase (2), An altered dolerite or basalt containing such minerals as chlorite and calcite, produced by the decomposition of original augite, olivine and feldspar. Aiorte (4). A coarsely crystalline plutonic rock consisting essentially of intermediate plagioclase together with hornblende, augite or biotite. dolerites ofall kinds, including theralite and teschenite (2). Dolerites have the same composition as basalts and may contain olivine in addition to plagioclase, augite and ironjtitanium oxides. They are more coarsely crystalline than the basalts, the average grain size exceeding 0.5 mm, and may have ‘an ophitic texture. Theralite and teschenite are dolertes containing respectively nepheline and analcime as essential minerals dolomite (8). A cock composed mainly of the mineral dolomite, the double carbonate of calcium and magnesium, epidiorite 2). A variety of diabasein whet hornblende has arisen from the decomposition or alteration of augite and feldspar. felsite (9). A fine grained igneous rock consisting of an intimate mixture of feldspar and quartz Hypabyssal flint (3). A more or less pure siliceous rock originating as nodular masses or layers oF veins in the chalk and having a conchoidal fracture. The silica isa very finely crystalline (cryptocrystalline) form. gabbro (4). coarsely crystalline basie plutonic rock consisting essentially of labradorite and pyroxene, and sometimes olivine. ganister (10). A compact highly siliceous, sedimentary rock. often containing plant remains. gneiss (5). A bandied or folitted metamorphic rock. granite (5) A coarse grained plutonic rock, composed of quartz, K-feldspar, subordinate Nacplgioclase feldspar, mica or hornblende, and accessories. granodiorite (5). An acid plutonic rock in which Nacplagioclase feldspar predominates over K-feldspar.BS 812 : Part 1: 1975 sgranophyre (9). A fine grained acid igncous rock, consisting dominantly ofa graphic intergrowth of quartz and K-feldspar. Plutonic or hypabyssal. granulite (5). A fine to medium grained granular metamorphic rock, consisting principally of quartz and feldspar with some biotite, et. areywacke (6). A coarse grained impure grit or sandstone composed of fragments of quartz and other minerals or rocks, the coarser grains usually being strongly cemented in a fine matrix. grit (6). A sandstone, with angular and usually coarse grains. hhornblende-rock (4). A rock consisting of hornblende, with small proportions of feldspar, biotite epidote, etc. hornblende-schist (11). A foliated metamorphic rock consisting of hornblende, with various proportions of feldspar, biotite, epidote, et. hornfels(7). A fine grained. compact, thermally ‘metamorphosed rock, generally an original sediment or lava the original texture of which has been partly or wholly obliterated. keratophyre (9). A porphyritic lava containing sodic plagioclase phenocrysts in a trachytic textured matrix of sodic plagioclase laths. Jamprophyre (2). An igneous rock, rich in ferromagnesian minerals such as biotite and hornblende which usually form conspicuous crystals. Hypabyssal. limestone (8). A commonly bedded rock consisting essentially of calcium carbonate marble (8). A granular limestone recrystallized by heat or pressure. NOTE. The name marble is often used for any calearcous rook of similar harUness that can be polished and used for ‘rnamenal purposes. rmierogranite (9). A finely crystalline variety of granite, norite (4). A coarse grained plutonic rock allied to gabbro and consisting essentially of hypersthene and calcic plagioclase, and sometimes with olivine or quartz. oolite (8). A limestone characterized by abundant small spheroidal calcareous grains. pegmatite (5). A very coarsely crystalline vein rock consisting of minerals such as quartz, feldspar, mica or tourmaline, cc. peridotite (4). An ulteabasic (non-feldspathic) igneous rock composed chielly of olivine with or without other dark minerals. phylite (11), A foliated, fine grained metamorphosed sediment, rich in mica pierite (4). An ultrabasic igneous rock consisting of olivine, and augite or hornblende, with alittle feldspar. Plutonic or hypabyssal. porphyrite (9). A porphyritic rock, composed of sodic plagioclase with hornblende or biotite: with or without quartz. Hypabyssal porphyry 9). An igneous rock characterized by comparatively large crystals or phenocrysts in finer groundmass of feldspar, quartz, etc. Hypabyssal quartz-diorite (5). A diorite containing essential quartz, quartz-dolerite (2). A variety of dolerite containing essential interstitial quartz or micropegmatie. Olivine is absent. Hypabyssal quartzite (10). A rock composed almost entirely of closely fitting quartz grains, naturally cemented by secondary quartz. ‘quartzitic sandstone (10). A bedded rock composed of grains of sand, predominantly of quartz, largely ‘cemented together by quartz. recrystallized quartzite (10). A granular metamorphic rock consisting predominantly of ‘quartz and representing a recrystallized sandstone. rhyolite (9). A fine grained volcanic rock of acid composition containing K-feldspar and quartz forming a felsiticintergrowth, with or without phenocrysts of these minerals. ‘sandstone (6). A bedded rock composed of grains of sand, predominantly of quartz, naturally cemented together. schist (1), A foliated metamorphic rock in which the minerals are arranged in nearly parallel bands or streaks and in which platy minerals such as raica are prevalent serpentinite (4). A rock composed mainly of the mineral serpentine. slag (1). Fused or partly fused compounds of silica in combination with lime or other bases, resulting from the reduction of metallic ores. slate (11). A rock derived from argillaceous sediments or fine grained volcanic ashes by metamorphism, and characterized by cleavage along planes usually independent of the original bedding. spilite (2). An albitized basalt, commonly showing, pillow structure, syenite (5). A coarsely crystalline plutonic igneous rock, consisting principally of alkali-feldspar, with hornblende, biotite or ausite, teschenite (2), See ‘dolerite’ theralite (2). Sce ‘dolerite’, tholeiite (2). A basaltic rock composed of plagioclase and pyroxene with patches of glass or devitrified glass between crystals, tonalite (5). A quartz-diorite with hornblende and biotite as the chief ferromagnesian minerals. trachyte (9). A volcanic rock, characterized by alkali-feldspar, without quartz but usually with biotite, augite, etc.,and having typical flow-structure, tuff (6). A consolidated voleanic ash. 65.4 Mineral names albite. Sodic end-member of plagioclase series (feldspar group). analcime. Hydrous sodium aluminium silicate, Na (AI Si}, Og.H:0, \desine. Intermediate member of plagioclase series (feldspar group). anorthite. Calcie end-member of plagioclase series (feldspar group).antigorite. Hydrous magnesium silicate (serpentine group). MgsSi:0.(OH) 4 augite. (Pyroxene group). A silicate of calcium, magnesium, iron and aluminium Ca Me,Fe,Al) (ALSi) 305, barytes. Barium sulphate, BaSO bastite. Coarse variety of antigorite replacing pyroxene, biotite, Hydrous alumino-silicate of potassium, ‘magnesium and iron black mica’) Mg, Fe) (AISI) O19 (OH) bytownite. A calcic member of plagioclase series (feldspar group). jte. Calcium carbonate, CaCO. ine. (colestite). Strontium sulphate, SSO 4, chalcedony. Cryptocrystalline silica, SiO; chlorite. A series of hydrous alumino-silicates of iron and magnesium. withthe general formula Al,Fe3 *)spSig-.019(OH) wesium carbonate, CaMg(COs)s. epidote, Hydrous silicate of calcium, aluminium and iron, with the general formula Caz (AL.Fe) (SiO) (OH). A group of rock-forming alumino-silicates sium, sodium or calcium. feldspathoids. A group of minerals chemically related to feldspars but with less silica glauconite. Hydrous silicate of iron and potassium with magnesium and aluminium. gypsum. Hydrated calcium sulphate, CaSO, 2H hematite. Iron oxide, FeO, hornblende. (Amphibole group). Complex isomorphous series of silicates of calcium. iron, magnesium and other metals, with the general formula (Ca,Na, K)2. (Mg, Fe? *Fe3 “Al s(SiAI)sO3.(OH)> hypersthene. (Pyroxene group). A silicate of iron and magnesium (Mg,Fe)SiO 3 ilmenite. Oxide of iron and titanium, FeTiO iron ores. General term covering magnetite (FeO), hematite (FeO,) and ilmenite (FeTiO) K feldspar. Potassium aluminium silicate KAISi Os, Inciudes orthoclase, microcline (low temperature forms), and sanidine (high temperature form), labradorite. Calcie member of plagioclase series (feldspar group) limonite. Hydrated iron oxide. fe. Magnetic iron oxide, Fe: A group of hydrous alumino-silicates of iron, magnesium, potassium, etc., characterized by a perfect cleavage enabling them to be split into thin sheets muscovite, Potash mica (‘white mica’), KAL:Six00.(OH)>. nepheline. Sodiurn-potassium aluminium silicate. (Na.K)(ALSi):0¢ ligoclase. Intermediate member of plagioclase series (Teldspar group) magi BS 812: Part 1: 1975 olivine, Silicate of magnesium and iron (MaF2):Si0 opal. Hydrated amorphous silica orthoelase. Potassium aluminium silicate (Feldspar group) KAI SisOs plagioclase. An isomorphous series of sodium- calcium feldspars, NaAl Sis03—CaAl;Sin0y (feldspar group). Pyrite. A sulphide of icon, FeSs pyroxene. A series of complex silicates of calcium, iron, magnesium, ec. with the general formula (Ca,Na)j-p (Ma,Fe,Al.Mn,Ni,Ti.Cr)1 9 (SLAD206 ‘quartz. Crystalline silica, SiO». Serpentine, A group of complex hydrous magnesium silicates including antigorite tourmaline. Complex borosilicate of aluminium together with other elements, Na(Mg,Fe.Mn,Li,Al)l[Sig01s](BO3);-(OH,FDy 6.6 Particle shape and surface texture of aggregate, ‘The important external characteristics of the particles of mineral aggregates include their shape and surface texture. To avoid lengthy descriptions, it is convenient to classify these properties under a ‘number of simple headings. The system shown in tables 2 and 3 has been devised for this purpose. Table2. Particle shape CCassitication | Description Rounded | Fully water-worn or completely shaped by attrition Irregular | Naturally irregular, or partly shaped byautritionand havingroundededges Angular | Possessing well defined edges formed at the intersection of roughly planar faces Flaky Material of which the thickness is small relative to the other two dimensions Material, usually angular, in which the length is considerably larger than the other ewo dimensions Material having the length considerably larger than the width, and the width considerably larger than the thickness Flaky and elongated Characteristic specimens are illustrated in figure 2and tests for obtaining quantitative assessments of particle shape are given in 7.3 and 7.4.BS 812 : Part 1: 1975 Table3. Surface texture Surface texte Characteristics Glassy Conchoidal fracture - Smooth Water-worn, or smooth due to fracture of laminated or fine-grained rock Granular | Fracture showing more ot less uniform rounded grains Rough Rough fracture offine- or medium-grained rock containing no easily visible crystalline constituents Crystalline | Containing easily visible crystalline constituents Honeycombed | With visible pores and cavities NOTE, Surface texture has been deserbed above under six headings. This grouping is broad, being based on the Impression which would be gxined bya visual examination of hand specimens. Itdacs not purport to be w reese Detrosraphical classification (ee 65.2, Diflerent specimens ofthe same rock type may not fll Into the same group in table 3 7. Determination of particle size and shape 7.1 Sieve analysis TAA General, This subclause,7.1, covers the determination of the particle size distribution of samples of aggregates and filler using full tolerance sieves: ‘The normal methods may not be suitable ifthe sample, particularly a sample of fine aggregate, contains clay or other material which causes aggregation of the particles. For this type of sample modified method, involving decantation, is specified in 7.1.6. 741.2 Sainpling. The sample for sieve analysis shall be taken in accordance with clause $ of this Part of this standard. 743. Apparatus. The following apparatus is required, TABA Test sieves of the sizes given in tabled complying with the requirements of BS 410, full tolerance, T4382 A balance accurate 10 0.5%, of the mass of the test sample. TAA Normal test procedure for coarse or fine aggregates. The sample for test shall comply with the appropriate minimum mass given in table 5, and be taken from the original sample received at the laboratory either by quartering or by means ofa sample divider, as described in §.2.4, Bring it toa dry condition before weighing and sieving. This may be achieved either by drying at room temperature or by heating ata temperature not exceeding 110°C. “The sieves shall be dry and clean before use. Weigh the dry sample and sieve it successively on the appropriate sieves, starting with the coarsest. In order to prevent blinding of the sieve apertures by overloading, place an amount of aggregate on each sieve such that the mass of ageregate retained fn the sieve at completion of the operation is not greater than the value given for that sieve in table 6, Some sample masses given in table $ will thus ‘normally require several operations on each sieve, Table 4, Particulars of sieves for sieve analysis Nominal aperture sizes Wire cloth Square hole perforated plate 200 ri diameter 450 mai or 300 mm dlameter mm 75.0 63.0 50.0 375 28.0 200 140 100 6.30 5.00 NOTE. The 3.35 mm sizemay be 200 mm diameter. Table 5. Minimum mass of sample for sieve analysis Nominal size | Minimum mass of material” | of sample mm ke 6 50 50 35 40 15 28 5 20 2 i 1 10 os 6 02 5 02 3 02 <3 on Shake each sieve separately over a clean tray or receiver until not more than a trace passes, but in any case for a period of not less than 2 min, Do the shaking with a varied motion, backwards and Forwards. left to right, circular, clockwise and anti-clockwise, and with frequent jarring so that 10BS 812 : Part 1: 1975page 12 blank aoBS 812: Part 1 um mass to be retained at the completion of sieving Maxitmam mass Maximum mass BS test sominal BS test sieve nominal Aperture 4450 mm diameter | 300 rum diameter |] aperture size 200 mm diameter she sieves ‘eves sieves mm kg kg mm um 8 50.0 10 43 236 “ 200 315 8 35 170 - 100 Lis - 100 28.0 6 25 850 15 200 4 20 - 600 3 140 3 1s = 25 5 100 2 10 - 300 50 6.30 Ls 0.75 212 50 5.00 Lo 05 = 150 40 3.35 = 03 - 15 25 the material is kept moving over the sieve surface in frequently changing directions. Materials shall not be forced through the sieve by hand pressure but placing of particles is permitied. Lumps of the ‘material, if present, may be broken by gentle pressure with the fingers against the side of the sieve, Light brushing with a soft brush on the underside of the sieve may be used to clear sieve ‘openings. Light brushing with a fine camel-hair brush may be used on the 150 um and 73 jim BS sieves to prevent aggregation of the powder and blinding of the apertures: do not apply pressure to the surface of the sieve to force particles through the mesh, Do not use stiff or worn-down brushes for this purpose. Weigh the material retained on each sieve, together with any material cleaned from the mesh, ‘on completion of sieving on that sieve, NOTE |. Samples containing dust should be sieved intoa receiver fo prevent los, NOTE 2. For many routine purposes mcchanicat sieving is advantageous, butif this methods used, care should be taken to ensure that sieving is complet, The following alternative procedure is permissible where itis required to determine only the cumulative percentage figure (sce 7.1.8(4)) Pass the weighed sample through the coarsest of the appropriate sieves as described above. Weigh the traction which passes this sieve and then pass it through the next finer sieve: weigh the fraction, which passes, and so on. Calculate the cumulative mass passing each sieve asa percentage of the total sample mass. TAS Normal rest procedure for all-in aggregates Prepare the sample for sieving as described in 7.1.4 except that if filler is present take special precautions to ensure that the filler is dry. 13 In some cases the sieve analysis of all-in aggregate can be carried out in accordance with the procedure in 7.1.4. Frequently, however, this will result in heavy overloading of the finer sieves, In such cases it will be necessary to make a preliminary separation of the all-in aggregate into two fractions, coarse and fine, using For this purpose a convenient sieve as, for example, a 3.35 mm or 5.00 mm BS test sieve, Ifthe amount of either the coarse or the fine aggrewate obtained as above is substantially less that required for testing in accordance with table 5, take another sample which is sufficiently large to produce an adequate sample of both the coarse and the fine aggregate. Ifthe amount of either the course or the fine aggregate thus obtained is substantially greater than that required for testing, reduce it by quartering or by means of & sample divider, as described in 8.2.4. 7.1.6 Test procedure where aggregates contain ‘material which cause aggregation of particles. When. an aggregate contains clay or other material which causes aggregation of the particles, the normal methods of sieve analysis described in 7.1.4 and 7.1.8 may give an inaccurate assessment of the grading. ILis not possible to specify the limit for clay content when the modified procedure should be carried out, but visual examination of the residue on cach sieve during a normal sieve analysis test will usually confirm when appreciable aggregation of the particles is occurring The modified procedure shall be as follows: Remove the clay, silt and dust by the decantation method described in 7.2.4 and carry out the sieve lysis on the portion retained on the 75 jim BS lest Sieveas in 7.1.4 or 7.1.5. Include the mass of Finer than the 75 um BS test sieve as,BS 812: Part 1: 1975 determined by the method of 7.2.4 in the sieve analysis result for the aggregate. TAT Test procedure for fillers. The general procedure for the sieve analysis of fillers shall be asin 7.1.4 above, using the appropriate size of sample given in table 5, and such test sieves given in table 4 as are stipulated by the specification with which the filler is required to comply. Dry the sample at a temperature not exceeding 110°C. With some types of filler the time required to complete sieving may be considerably longer than the 2 min indicated in 7.14. NOTE. Inorder to avoid significant loss during this test itis recommended that the sample be sieved on the 75 wm test sieve rst before using any other sieves. 7A Reporting of results. The results shall be calculated and reported as either: (2) the cumulative percentage of the mass of the total sample passing each of the sieves, to the nearest whole number; oF (b) the percentage of the mass of the total sample passing one sieve and retained on the next smaller sieve, to the nearest whole number. ‘The report shall state whether the normal or modified procedure was used. ‘A specimen chart for illustrating the results of reporting method (a) graphically is shown in figure 3 109) Percentage passing 8 8B 8 7.2 Determination of clay, silt and dust in fine or coarse aggregates 4.24 Introduction. Three methods are described. The fist by sedimentation detects material finer than 20 um, the second by decantation detects materials finer than 75 ym, The third method is field settling method forming a guide only to the presence of clay and silt in sand. 7.2.2 Sampling. The sample for these tests shall be taken in accordance with clause § ofthis Part of this standard, 7.23 Sedimentation method 7.2.3.1 General. This is a gravimetric method for determining the clay fine silt and fine dust, which includes particles up to 20 ym. Differences inthe nature and density of materials orin the temperature at the time of testing may vary the separation point. 7.232 Apparatus and solution. The following is required. 723.24 A watertight screw-topped glass jar of dimensions similar to a1 kg fruit preserving jar (for fine aggregate only) 7.23.22 A device for rotating the jar about its long axis, with this axis horizontal, ata speed of 80 + 20,ev/min (or fine aggregate only) so Percentage passing — Ho a I e288 $8 82 2s 8 $F 8 F 2 BFS 38 7 a Nomis aperture size of 85 test sieve Figure 3. Chart forrecording sieve analysis results 147.23.23 A fixed depth sedimentation pipette generally as described in BS 3406:Paet 2, of Approximately 25 ml capacity and of the general form indicated in figure 4. This consists mainly of a pipette (A) ited at the top with a two-way tap (B) and held rigidly ina clamp which can be raised or lowered as eequired, and which is ited with a seale (D) from which the changes in height of the pipette can be ead The volume of the pipette (A) including the connecting bore ofthe tap (B), is determined by filling with distilled water, reversing the tap so that the water is run out into a bottle, weighing and caleulating the volume. _-1000 Scale graduated M900 0 800 pe oni SG Figure 4. Sedimentation apparatus for determination of clay, fine silt and fine dust content _- Sliding panel 1000 mt measuring cylinder 723.24 A 1000 ml measuring eylinder complying with the requirements of BS 604, 72.328 A scale or balance of capacity not less than 10 kg, accurate to | g 7.2.3.2.6 A scale or balance of capacity not less than 160 g, accurate to 0.001 15 BS 812: Part 1: 1975 72.32.17 A well ventilated oven, thermostatically controlled to maintain a temperature of 105 72.3.2.8 Distilled (ur deionized) water, Theough- UL this method when reference is made to distilled water deionized water may be used instead 1.2.3.2.9 A solution containing 8 g of sodium oxalate ‘per litre of distilled water. For use, this stock solution is diluted with distilled water to one tenth. (i.e. 100 ml diluted with distilled water to Litre. 7.2.3.3 Test sample. The sample for test shall comply with the appropriate minimum mass given in table 7 and be taken fram the original sample received at the laboratory either by quartering or by means of a sample divider, as described in 8.2.4, It shall be brought to an air-dry condition by drying at room temperature or by heating ata temperature not exceeding 110 °C. c, Table 7. Mass of sample for sedimentation method (Minioum mass of sample Nominal sie 6310 28 2010 14 10t06 Sor smaller Allin aggregates shall be separated into fine and ‘coarse fractions by sieving on a 5.00 mm BS test sieve and the two samples so obtained shall be tested separately. 72.3.4 Test procedure. The test procedure shall be as follows, (a) Method for fine aggregate. Weigh approxi- mately 0.3 kg of the sample in the dry condition passing the 5.00 mm BS test sieve and place it in the serew-topped glass jar, together with 300 ml of the diluted sodium oxalate solution, Fix the rubber washer and cap, taking care to ensure watertighiness, Then rotate the jar about its long axis, with this axis horizontal, ata speed of 80 == 20 rev/min fora period of 15 min, Atthe end of 15 min pour the suspension into the 1000 ml measuring cylinder and wash the residue by gentle swirling and decantation of successive 150 ml portions of diluted sodium oxalate solution, the washings being added to the measuring eylinder unt the volume is made up. to 1000 ml. Complete the determination as described in 7.2.3.4(c) (b) Method for coarse aggregate. Place the ‘weighed sample ina suitable container, cover it «with a measured volume of diluted sodium ‘oxalate solution, agitate it vigorously to remove all adherent ine material and transfer the liquid suspension to the 1000 ml measuring cylinder, Repeat this process as necessary until all clayey ‘material has been transferred to the measuringBS 812: Part 1: 1975 cylinder. Make up the volume to 1000 ml with the diluted sodium oxalate solution and complete the determination as described in 7.2.3.4(c). (©) Final procedure, Thoroughly mix the suspension in the measuring cylinder by inversion and immediately place the cylinder and contents in position under the pipette. Then gently lower the pipette (A) until the tip touches the surface of the liquid, and then lower ita further 100 mm into the liquid. 4 min after placing the measuring cylinder in position fill the pipette (A) and the bore of tap (B) by opening (B) and applying gentle suction at (C). A small surplus may be 20 kg/m} Aggregate impact value 3 10 20 ‘Aggregate crushing value 3 08 15 Ten per cent fines value 3 TKN ISkN Aggregate abrasion value 3 1s* 3.08 Polished-stone value 3 49 60* * wased on the 1967 revision of the test; modifications in the present revision should lower these isu. 22BSI publications referred to in this standard This standard makes reference tothe fllowing British Standards: BS 410 Test sieves BS 604 Graduated measuring cylinders BS 2846 ‘The reduction and presentation of experimental results BS 3406 Methods for the determination of particle size of powders Part 1 Sub-division of gross sample down to 0.2 ml Part 2 Liquid sedimentation methods ISBN: 0580 087441BS 812 : Part 1: 1975 ISBN: 0 580 08744 1 GL6L: 1 Med: 718 S8