system can be considered a type of technical shorthand. ‘The use ofthese symbols tends to make circuits diagrams Jess complicated and easier to read and understand. {In motor control systems, symbols and related lines show how the parts of a circuit are connected to one another. Unfortunately, nt all electrical and electronic symbols are standardized. You will fin slightly dif- ferent symbols used by different manufacturers. Also, symbols sometimes look nothing like the eal thing, so you have to learn what the symbols mean. Figure 2-1 shows some of the typical symbols used in motor cir- cuit diagrams. Abbreviations for Motor Terms ‘An abbreviation i the shortened foun of a word o plse. Uppercase letters are used for most abbreviations. The following is alist of some ofthe abbreviations commonly used in motor circuit diagrams. pilot tight 4agg7 22s 4g4 gE 5c eg gee RI 0g5 5 ge G push button REC rectifier REV reverse RH theostat ssw safety switch SEC secondary 1PH single-phase sol. solenoid sw switch T1,12,T3 motor terminal connections PH three-phase 1D time delay TRANS transformer Motor Ladder Diagrams Moice contol drawings provide information on circuit insrucions. Symbols used to represent switches const of node points (places where circuit devices attach to each ‘the cmc ar andthe specifi yma that ens that parole typeof sith, as illotatd in Figure 22. [ANinagh a cone dae wny on ces et ‘contacts, only the contacts used in the circuit are repre- sented on control drawings. "A vainy of cond Crgrae ad devings re wood to instal, maintain, and troubleshoot motor conta sy tems. These include ladder diagrams, wiring diagrams, fine dingrams aed block Gagrem. Ander agra” (Considered by some a2 form of a schematic diagram) focuses on the clerical operation of cit ot the pigs cation fa device Far etanple, te sp ph butions may te piyscally at oppsite ends of lng con- ‘eyo, but electrically side by side inthe ladder diagram. Tatuce diagram, sah a te one sown fn igure 23, are drawn with two vera line and any number of bor Zontal lines. The vertical ins (called rails) comect to the power source and are (denied as ine | (LI) and Tine (L2). The horizontal ines (called rungs) are con- nected across Ll and L2 and contain the contol circuitry. {Cader diagrams are designed to be read Kea BOOK, starting atthe tp let and reading from left wo ight and top to botiom. cue laderdagrams ar easertoread, thy ae fen sed in tracing thragh the operation ofa cet. Most Programmable logic conta (PLCS) se the Inder CGagramaning concept a the bess for thei programming language. Mos addr diagrams iltsrat oly the single-phase control cut conoged to Ll and L2, and no the