118

324
416
20

.................................................................................. 7
............................................................................................................. 11

:
.1 (1.1)
.2 (1.2)

- ............................................ 21
.......................................................... 39

:
.1
.2
.3
B.4

(2.1)
(2.2)
(2.3)
(2.4)

- ............................ 55
............................................... 85
....................................... 101
.................................................... 119

:
.1 (3.1)
.2 (3.2)
.3 (3.3)

1 ............................................................ 137
xv = .................................................................... 161
2 ............................................................ 165

:
.1 (4.1)

1 ............................................................ 209

.2 (4.2)
.3 (4.3)

2 ............................................................ 229
- .................................. 245

 :
.1 (5.2)
.2 (5.3)
E.3 (5.4)

................................................................ 255
................................................................ 275
- ............................................... 291

:
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5

(6.1)
(6.2)
(6.3)
(6.4)
(6.5)

....................................................... 295
........................................... 309
f(x) = x+ ....................................................... 321
- ..................... 335
................................................................ 341

Z:
.1 (7.1)

f x x 2 ....................................... 365

.2 (7.2)

f x

.3 (7.3)

f x x 2 x , 0 ................ 381

......................................... 373

.................................................................. 397

9.

Q , Q,
Q Q.
Q .
, ,
, ( > 0 > 0) + >0

Q , , Q
Q , Q
Q.
Q Q.
( Q Q).
, , =
= + = +

O ()
Q , Q
.
x(x + 2) = 0
x x + 2 ,
x=0x+2=0

()
Q , Q
.
x2 + y2 = 0 x
y , x = 0 y = 0.

10.

-
1) 2 25 0 5
2

( )

2) 3x 3x x 1

( )

3) 3 2 9

( )

4) 16 4

( )

5) 4 2 16

( )
2

6) 0 2 0 4

( )

7)

( )

8) 0 ,

( )

9) = 0

( )

10) < -2 < -3 6

( )

11) =
> 0 > 0
12)

( )

13) x 2 4 x < 0 x = -2

( )

( )

11.

1.
) ;
) , ;
) .
:
) ,
, .
, , .
!
, .
) x , x A x
, x ,

x A .
) : :
:
Q:
R:

12.

2.
;
:
:
i)
, , . .. A {3,5,7} ,
B {1, 2,3,...,20} , {5,10,15,...}
ii)
:
= { x /x }
: A {x N / 2 x 5}
, 2 5.
, ={3,4}

3.
) ;
) ;
:
) ,
. A B .
, : N Z Q R
) :
i) A A, , ( )
ii) A B , , ( )
iii) A B A, B, ()

4.
, ;
:
, .
, : = . = A B .
, = ,
, .

13.

5.
;
:
. {} .
.
: A {x N/ x 1 0} .
x + 1 = 0 x = 1 .

6.
Venn;
:
Venn
. ,
.
Venn :

, :

A B, Venn :

14.

7.
: )
)
)
:
) ,
, .
A B , :
A B {x /x A x B}
) ,

A B :
A B {x /x A x B}

)
.
,
. :
A {x / x A}

:
Venn .

15.

-
1
:
i) ={1,2,3,,}
) A , ) 4 A , ) {1,2} A , ) A
ii) {4}=4 iii) 4 {4}
iv) {}
v)

vi)

:
i) () : .
() : 4
() : { 1, 2} .
() : , .
ii) : .
iii) : O 4 {4}.
iv) : . {
,
v) : .
vi) : .
2
= {1,2,3,4,5,6}, = {1,2,3} B = {3,4,5}.
.
iii) . {3}
i) . , . , .
. {6}
ii) . 1, 2, 4, 5
. 3
. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 . 6
iv) . {3,4,5}
.

. {1,2,3,4,5}
.

. {4,5,6}
. {1,2,3}

:
i) (): .
ii) ():
, .
iii) (): .
iv) (): .

16.

3
.
i) x N / 2 x 6
ii) B x N / x 1 2
iii) x R / x 1 -1
:
i) 2 < x 6 x x = 3 4 5 6. : = {3,4,5,6}.
ii) x 1 2 x 1 2 x 1 2 x 1 x 3
x x = 3 . = {1}.
iii) x 1 0 x R x 1 1 = .
4
: i) A 2, - 1, 0,1, 2
:
i) : A {x Z / | x | 2} : = {x R / (x + 2)(x + 1)x(x 1)(x 2) = 0}
ii) : B x N / 1 x 2 : B x R / x 1x 2 0

ii) B 1, 2

:



.
.

5
2
A B : A {xR / x 1 0}

B {xN / x- 2 1}

:
x2 + 1 = 0 x R.
: x 2 1 1 x 2 1 1 x 3 . : = {2}.
A B .
6
A B, B , = = ..
:
A B B (1)
(2)
(1), (2) = (3)
A B, B A B, B (3), = (4)
(3), (4) : = =

17.

-
1. N () () :

2.

3.

i) {0,2,4,...}={x /x 2, N}

( )

ii) A A B

( )

iii) ( )

( )

iv) () =
v) {0}

( )
( )

:
i) {1,2}{1,2,3}
ii) A A B

( )
( )

iii) 2 {1,2,3}

( )

iv) x {x}

( )

v) {{}}

( )

:
i) {1,2,3}={3,2,1}
ii) A x2 - 1 = 0
={1,1}

( )
( )

iii) A x x 1
={1,0,1}
iv) A ={1,2,3,...,10}, ={1,2,3,4}, ={5,6,...,10} :
AB
A B
AB
AB

( )
(
(
(
(

)
)
)
)

4. :
i) ={1,2,3}, ={3,4} :
) {1,2,3}
) {3,4}
) {1,2,3,3,4}
) {1,2,3,4}
ii) x2 + 1 = 0 x 1 = 0 :
)
) {1}
) {1}
) {0}

18.

iii) x(x2 -4)(x2+4)(x3+8)=0 :

) ={0,2}

) ={-2,0,2)

) A={-2,0)

) ={-2,0, 3 2 }

iv) ={ x R (x 1) 2 3 0 }
:
) (-,1 3 ) (1 3 , )
) ( 3 , 3 )

) (1 3 , 1 3 )
) ( 1 3 , 1 3 )

5. Venn ;
i)

ii)

) A B ,
) A B
) A B
) A B
iii)

6.

) A B ,
) A B
) (A B) ( )
) (A B) A
iv)

) A B ,
) A B
) (A B) (B )

) (A B)

) (A B)

) A

:
) = {x N/x 122334}
)= {x Z/ | x | 3}
)= {x N / 1 x 4}

) (A B)
) A (B )

7.

19.

:
2
) = {x Z / x 9}
4
) = {x Z / x 27x 0}
) = {x N / x 2 1}

8. :
) = {2,1,0,1,2 }
) = {2,2}
) = {0,1,2,3}

9. ;
2
) = {x R / x 3 2x 8}
) = {x R / x 2 3 2x 8}

) = {x R /

3 5x x 1 13x

}
3
2
6

) = {x R /

x x
x
5 5 ( 1)}
3 2
6

10. : ={0,1,2,3}

={2,1,0,1,2,3,4}. :
) .
) A B, A B
)

11. = {1,2,3}
12. , ={1,2), ={,1}