AgilentLTE

Concepts of 3GPP LTE
Sonali Sarpotdar
16 Jan 2008
Agenda
LTE Context and Timeline

LTE major features
Overview of the LTE air interface
Agilent LTE design and test solutions
Simulation
Baseband
Sources
Analysis
Integrated mobile test platform

Page 2
Agenda

LTE major features

Page 3
3GPP standards evolution (RAN & GERAN)

Release Commercial Main feature of Release
introduction
1999
2010
Page 4
Rel-99
2003
Basic 3.84 Mcps W-CDMA (FDD &

TDD)
Rel-4
Trials
1.28 Mcps TDD (aka TD-SCDMA)
Rel-5
2006
HSDPA
Rel-6
2007
HSUPA
Rel-7
2008+
HSPA+ (64QAM DL, MIMO 16QAM

UL). Many smaller features plus
LTE & SAE Study items
Rel-8
2009-10?
LTE Work item OFDMA air interface

SAE Work item New IP core network
Edge Evolution, more HSPA+
LTE context and timeline

The many faces of LTE
LTE is the 3GPP project name for the evolution of UMTS
LTE is now linked with the development of a new air interface but the
evolution of UMTS via HSDPA and HSUPA is still happening
The official terminology for the new LTE radio system is:
Evolved UTRA / Evolved UTRAN
Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
Earlier names for this included:

3.9G
HSOPA - Evolution of HSDPA/HSUPA with OFDM
Super 3G
This naming is not standard and may fade out but 3.9G is likely to stick
For this paper LTE is assumed to be E-UTRA & E-UTRAN
SAE System Architecture Evolution refers to the evolved core network

Page 5
Wireless evolution five competing 3.9G systems

2G
IS-95A
cdma
IS-136
TDMA
GSM
PDC
802.11b
802.11a
2.5G
3G
IS-95B
cdma
HSCSD
GPRS
iMode
802.11g
E-GPRS
EDGE
IS-95C
cdma2000
W-CDMA
FDD
W-CDMA
TDD
TD-SCDMA
LCR-TDD
802.11h
802.11n
3.5G
3.9G
1xEV-DO
Release 0
UMB
cf 802.20

Page 6
1xEV-DO
Release A
LTE
E-UTRA
HSDPA
FDD & TDD
1xEV-DO
Release B
EDGE
Evolution
HSPA+
HSUPA
FDD & TDD
802.16e
Mobile
WiMAXTM
802.16d
Fixed
WiMAXTM
WiBRO
LTE in context
LTE is just one of five major new wireless technology developments
3GPP LTE
3GPP HSPA+
3GPP Edge Evolution
3GPP2 UMB (similar to 802.20)
IEEE WiMAX (802.16e / WiBRO)
All five systems share very similar goals in terms of spectral efficiency,
with the wider systems providing the highest single user data rates
Spectral efficiency is primarily achieved through use of less robust
higher order modulation schemes and multi-antenna technology
ranging from basic Tx and Rx diversity through to full MIMO
HSPA+ and Edge Evolution are natural extensions to existing
technologies
LTE, UMB and WiMAX are new OFDM systems with no technical
precedent other than the early implementation of WiBRO which is now
a WiMAX profile.
Page 7
LTE standards development timing

Rel-7 Study Phase
Rel-8 Work Phase
Test Specs
Core specs
drafted
First UE
certification?
Commercial
release?
First Test
Specs
drafted
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
3GPP plan @ Aug 2007; Final specs - Feb 08, Initial Conformance tests - Sept 08
Timeline has slipped about 6 months but still considered a stretch goal by many
Historically, test specs have been much more than 3 months after core specs but the
gap between core specs and conformance is consistently dropping
UE certification not possible until after test implementation and validation
Commercial release is hard to predict but is very unlikely before 2010
Page 8
Agenda

LTE major features

Page 9
LTE major features

Feature
Capability
Access modes
FDD & TDD each with their own frame structure
Variable channel BW
1.4, 3 , 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz

All bandwidths supported by FDD and TDD

Page 10
Baseline UE capability
20 MHz UL/DL, 2 Rx, one Tx antenna
User Data rates
DL 172.8 Mbps / UL 86.4 Mbps @ 20 MHz BW

(2x2 DL SU-MIMO & non-MIMO 64QAM on UL)
Downlink transmission
OFDM using QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
Uplink transmission
SC-FDMA using QPSK,16QAM, 64QAM
DL Spatial diversity
Open loop TX diversity

Single-User MIMO up to 4x4 supportable
UL Spatial diversity
Optional open loop TX diversity, 2x2 MU-MIMO,

Optional 2x2 SU-MIMO
LTE major features

Feature
Capability
Transmission Time Interval 1 ms

Page 11
H-ARQ Retransmission
Time
7 or 8ms* (This is tight and one of the hardest

specs to meet in baseband)
*under negotiation
Frequency reuse
Static & semi-static (reuse per UE)
Frequency hopping
Intra-TTI:
Bearer services
Packet only no circuit switched voice or data

services are supported voice must use VoIP
Unicast Scheduling
schemes
Frequency selective (partial band)

Frequency diversity by frequency hopping
Multicasting
Enhanced MBMS with SFN and cell-specific content
Uplink once per .5ms slot

Downlink once per 66s symbol
Inter-TTI Across retransmissions
Why did 3GPP want LTE?

Much untapped potential in HSDPA + HSUPA (HSPA+)
But some LTE requirements cant be met by HSPA+
LTE goal is to provide further benefits
Spectrum Flexibility
Higher Peak Data Rates with wider 20 MHz channel bandwidth
OFDM Access better suited for Broadcast Services
OFDM enables less complex implementation of Advanced
Antennas/MIMO Technology
Reduced terminal complexity
LTE itself has some less complex aspects

But terminals will have to carry the legacy of GSM, GPRS,
W-CDMA and HSPA which increases overall complexity
Page 12
LTE vs. HSPA+

Attribute
HSPA+ (Rel-8)
LTE targets
Peak Data Rate / 5 MHz sector

in ideal radio conditions
DL 42 Mbps
UL 10 Mbps
DL 43.2 Mbps
UL 21.6 Mbps
Peak Data Rate / 20 MHz sector

in ideal radio conditions
Not possible without

multi-carrier
DL 172.8 Mbps
UL 86.4 Mbps
Cell Edge improvement

compared to HSPA Release 6
Spectral Efficiency (real world)
Evolved HSPA & LTE - DL 3x to 4x; UL 2x to 3x

All solutions will benefit from ongoing improvements to the
radio interface such as UE RX diversity, equalization,
interference cancellation; MIMO, higher order modulation etc.
Latency: End to End Ping Delay
40 ms
Latency: Idle to Active
Currently around 600ms

Goal to reduce to 100 ms
<100 ms
Flexible Bandwidth Utilization?
5 MHz unless multicarrier is developed
1.4 MHz to 20 MHz
Suitability for MIMO extensions
Challenging with CDMA
Much easier with OFDM

Page 13
Logical baseline architecture for 3GPP

TE
GERAN
MT
R
MSC
HLR/AuC*
HSS*
EIR
SMS-GMSC
SMS-IWMSC
SMS-SC
23.882
Figure 4.1-1
Um
Gb, Iu
Rx+ (Rx/Gq)
Gr
Gf
Gs
Gd
Iu
TE
MT
R
Gn
GGSN
Ga
Billing
System*
SGSN
BM-SC
Gi
Gn/Gp
Uu
UE
Gx+ (Go/Gx)
Gmb
Gc
SGSN
UTRAN
AF
PCRF
Ga
Gi
PDN
Mb
Gy Mb
IMSMGW
MRFP
OCS*
Wi
CGF*
Gm
IMS
P-CSCF
CSCF
Mw
CDF
Wf Wf
Wd
3GPP AAA
Proxy
Intranet/
Internet
Wa
WLAN
UE
Wa
WLAN Access
Network
Ww
D/Gr
Dx
Cx
HLR/
AuC*
HSS*
SLF
Wx
Dw
3GPP AAA
Server
Wm
OCS*
Wo Wy
Wg
WAG
PDG
Wp
Wn
Wz
Wu
Traffic and signaling
Signaling
Page 14
**
CGF*
Billing
System*
Note: * Elements duplicated for picture

layout purposes only, they belong to the
same logical entity in the architecture
baseline.
** is a reference point currently missing
The point
here is the
complexity,
gaps and
overheads
in existing
CS/PS
networks
Simplified LTE network elements and interfaces
MME = Mobile
Management
entity
X2
X2
S1
S1
S1
S1
3GPP TS 36.300 Figure 4: Overall Architecture

Page 15
SAE =
System
Architecture
Evolution
Logical high level architecture for evolved system

Evolved IP packet core with multi-RAT integration
GERAN
HSS - Home
subscriber server
Gb
Iu
SGSN
GPRS Core
PCRF
UTRAN
Rx+
S7
S3
S4
HSS
S5a
Evolved RAN
S1
MME
UPE
S5b
3GPP
Anchor
S6
SAE
Anchor
SGi
IASA
Evolved Packet Core
23.882
Figure 4.2-1
WiMAX could
connect here
S2
non 3GPP
IP Access
S2
WLAN
3GPP IP Access
* Color coding: red indicates new functional element / interface

Page 16
Op.
IP
Serv.
(IMS,
PSS,
etc)
IMS - IP
multimedia
subsystem
Inter AS anchor Inter access
system anchor
MME - Mobility
management
entity
Op. IP Serv. Operator IP
service
PCRF - Policy and
charging rule
control function
UPE - User plane
entity
LTE documents from the study phase (Rel-7)

The latest study phase technical documents can be found at:
www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/25-series.htm
23.882 System Architecture Evolution
25.912 Feasibility study for Evolved UTRA and UTRAN
25.913 Requirements for Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA) and Evolved UTRAN
(E-UTRAN)
25.813 Radio interface protocol aspects
25.814 Physical Layer Aspects for Evolved UTRA
Most of these are no longer being kept up to date now the

work has transferred to the 36-series (Rel-8) specifications
However these document still provide a useful overview that
may be difficult to find in the formal specifications

Page 17
LTE 3GPP Specifications (Rel-8)

After the LTE study phase in Rel-7, the LTE specifications
are defined in the 36-series documents of Rel-8
There are six major groups of documents
36.8XX & 36.9XX Technical reports (background information)

36.1XX Radio specifications (and eNB conformance testing)
36.2XX Layer 1 baseband
36.3XX Layer 2/3 air interface signalling
36.4XX Network signalling
36.5XX UE Conformance Testing
The latest versions of these documents can be found at

www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/36-series.htm

Page 18
Agenda

LTE major features

Page 19
LTE Imp
netr
le?
UL RB
k 0 = k RA N scRB N RB
N sc
W0{1234} 2
s (t ) = PRACH
N ZC 1 N ZC 1
sl( p ) (t ) =
x
k =0
DL RB
k = N RB
N sc / 2
2nk
N ZC
j 2 (k + + K (k 0 + 1 2 ))f RA (t TCP )
DL RB
N RB
N sc / 2
j 2kf (t N CP ,l Ts )
j 2kf (t N CP ,l Ts )
( p)
( p)
a () e
+
a
e
k ( + ) ,l
k ,l
UL RB
k = N RB
N sc / 2
u6 = 1 (1 + j )
n =0
k =1
j un ( n +1)
63
e
d u (n) = u ( n +1)( n + 2)
e j
63
UL RB
N RB
N sc / 2 1
sl (t ) =
Page 20
u ,v ( n) e
x (0) (i )
y (0) (i )
M
= W (i ) D (i )U M
2 ( P 1)
x ( 1) (i )
y
(i )
a k ( ) ,l e
j 2 (k +1 2 )f (t N CP ,l Ts )
j (1 + j )
n = 0,1,...,30
n = 31,32,...,61
k
N DL 7 RB
nPRB = RB
for 0 k RB
N sc 1
2
N sc
DL
DL
k N scRB 2
N RB
6 RB
N RB
+ 6 RB
for
nPRB =
N sc 1
sc
RB
2
2
N sc
DL
k
N RB
+ 7 RB
DL
for
nPRB = RB
N sc k N RB
N scRB
2
N sc
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

5 MHz Bandwidth
FFT
Sub-carriers
Guard Intervals
Symbols
Frequency
Time
25.892 Figure 1: Frequency-Time Representation of an OFDM Signal
OFDM is a digital multi-carrier modulation scheme, which uses a large

number of closely-spaced orthogonal sub-carriers. Each sub-carrier is
modulated with a conventional modulation scheme (such as QPSK,
16QAM, 64QAM) at a low symbol rate similar to conventional single-carrier
modulation schemes in the same bandwidth.
Page 21
Why OFDM for the downlink?

OFDM already widely used in non-cellular technologies and was
considered by ETSI for UMTS in 1998
CDMA was favoured since OFDM requires large amounts of baseband
processing which was not commercially viable ten years ago
OFDM advantages
Wide channels are more resistant to fading and OFDM equalizers are much
simpler to implement than CDMA
Almost completely resistant to multi-path due to very long symbols
Ideally suited to MIMO due to easy matching of transmit signals to the
uncorrelated RF channels
OFDM disadvantages
Sensitive to frequency errors and phase noise due to close subcarrier spacing
Sensitive to Doppler shift which creates interference between subcarriers
Pure OFDM creates high PAR which is why SC-FDMA is used on UL
More complex than CDMA for handling inter-cell interference at cell edge

Page 22
CDMA vs. OFDM

CDMA
All transmissions at full system bandwidth
Symbol period is short inverse of system bandwidth
Users separated by orthogonal spreading codes
OFDM
Transmission variable up to system bandwidth
Symbol period is long defined by subcarrier spacing and
independent of system bandwidth
Users separated by FDMA & TDMA on the subcarriers

Page 23
OFDM vs. OFDMA

LTE uses OFDMA a variation of basic OFDM
OFDM = Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
OFDMA = Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
OFDMA = OFDM + TDMA
Subcarriers
User 2
User 3
OFDM
Symbols (Time)
Symbols (Time)
User 1
Subcarriers
OFDMA
OFDMAs dynamic allocation enables better use of the channel for multiple
low-rate users and for the avoidance of narrowband fading & interference.
Page 24
LTE uses SC-FDMA in the uplink

Why SC-FDMA?
SC-FDMA is a new hybrid modulation technique combining the low PAR
single carrier methods of current systems with the frequency allocation
flexibility and long symbol time of OFDM
SC-FDMA is sometimes referred to as Discrete Fourier Transform Spread
OFDM = DFT-SOFDM
Time domain
Frequency domain
Time domain
Coded symbol rate= R
DFT
Sub-carrier
Mapping
IFFT
NTX symbols
Size-NTX
Size-NFFT
TR 25.814 Figure 9.1.1-1 Transmitter structure for SC-FDMA.

Page 25
CP
insertion
Comparing OFDM and SC-FDMA

QPSK example using N=4 subcarriers
The following graphs show
how this sequence of QPSK
symbols is represented in
frequency and time
1, 1
-1,-1
-1, 1
1, -1
1, 1
-1,-1
-1, 1
O
F
sy DM
m A
bo
l
SC
sy -FD
m M
bo A
l
CP
15 kHz
fc
SC
sy -FD
m M
bo A
l
O
F
sy DM
m A
bo
l
Ti
m
CP
e
Ti
m
Frequency
fc
60 kHz
Frequency
OFDMA
SC-FDMA
Data symbols occupy 15 kHz for

one OFDMA symbol period
Data symbols occupy N*15 kHz for

Page 26
1, -1
1/N SC-FDMA symbol periods
OFDM modulation
One OFDMA symbol period
Each of N subcarriers is
encoded with one QPSK
symbol
N subcarriers can
transmit N QPSK
symbols in parallel
-1,1
-1,-1
f0
1,1
1,1
+45
-1,-1
+225
f0 + 15 kHz
-1,1 +135
f0 + 30 kHz
1,-1 +315
1,-1
(F cycles)
(F+1 cycles)
(F+2 cycles)
f0 + 45 kHz
(F+3 cycles)
The amplitude of the combined four

carrier signal varies widely depending
on the symbol data being transmitted
Null created by transmitting

1,1 -1,-1 -1,1 1,-1
Page 27
With many
subcarriers the
waveform
becomes
Gaussian not
sinusoidal
One symbol period
SC-FDMA modulation
To transmit the sequence:
1, 1 -1,-1 -1, 1
-1,1
1,1
1,-1
using SC-FDMA first create a

time domain representation
of the IQ baseband sequence
V(Q)
V(I)
+1
+1
-1
-1
I
-1,-1
1,-1
One SC-FDMA
symbol period
One SC-FDMA
symbol period
V,
V,
Shift the N subcarriers

to the desired
allocation within the
system bandwidth
Perform a DFT of length N

and sample rate N/(symbol
period) to create N FFT bins
spaced by 15 kHz
Frequency
Frequency
-1,1
Perform IFFT to create
time domain signal of the
frequency shifted original
Insert cyclic prefix

between SC-FDMA
symbols and transmit
Important Note: PAR

is same as the original
QPSK modulation
-1,-1

Page 28
1,1
1,-1
The LTE air interface

Consists of two main components signals and channels
Physical signals
These are generated in Layer 1 and are used for system
synchronization, cell identification and radio channel estimation
Physical channels
These carry data from higher layers including control, scheduling and
user payload
The following is a simplified high-level description of the

essential signals and channels.
eMBMS, MIMO and some of the alternative frame and CP
configurations are not covered here for reasons of time

Page 29
Signal definitions
DL Signals
Full name
Purpose
P-SCH
Primary Synchronization Channel
Used for cell search and identification

by the UE. Carries part of the cell ID
(one of 3 orthogonal sequences).
S-SCH
Secondary Synchronization
Channel
Used for cell search and identification

by the UE. Carries the remainder of
the cell ID (one of 170 binary
sequences).
RS
Reference Signal (Pilot)
Used for DL channel estimation.

Exact sequence derived from cell ID,
(one of 3 * 170 = 510).
UL Signals
Full name
Purpose
RS
(Demodulation) Reference Signal
Used for synchronization to the UE

and UL channel estimation

Page 30
Channel definitions
DL Channels Full name
Purpose
PBCH
Physical Broadcast Channel
Carries cell-specific information
PDCCH
Physical Downlink Control Channel
Scheduling, ACK/NACK
PDSCH
Physical Downlink Shared Channel
Payload
UL Channels Full name
Purpose
PRACH
Physical Random Access Channel
Call setup
PUCCH
Physical Uplink Control Channel
Scheduling, ACK/NACK
PUSCH
Physical Uplink Shared Channel
Payload

Page 31
Signal modulation and mapping

DL Signals
Modulation Sequence
Physical Mapping
Power
Primary
Synchronization Signal
(P-SCH)
One of 3 Zadoff-Chu
sequences
72 subcarriers centred
around DC at OFDMA
symbol #6 of slot #0
[+3.0 dB]
Secondary
Synchronization Signal
(S-SCH)
Two 31-bit M-sequences 72 subcarriers centred

(binary) one of 170 Cell around DC at OFDMA
symbol #5 of slot #0
IDs plus other info
Reference Signal (RS)
OS*PRS defined by Cell

ID (P-SCH & S-SCH)
Every 6th subcarrier of

OFDMA symbols #0 & #4
of every slot
UL Signals
Modulation Sequence
Physical Mapping
Reference Signal (RS)
uth root Zadoff-Chu
SC-FDMA symbol #3 of
every slot

Page 32
[+2.5 dB]
Power
Channel modulation and mapping

DL Channels
Modulation Scheme
Physical Mapping
QPSK
72 subcarriers centred around

DC at OFDMA symbol #3 & 4 of
slot #0 and symbol #0 & 1 of slot
#1. Excludes RS subcarriers.
Physical Downlink Control

Channel (PDCCH)
QPSK
OFDMA symbol #0, #1 & #2 of

the first slot of the subframe.
Excludes RS subcarriers.
Physical Downlink Shared

Channel (PDSCH)
QPSK, 16QAM,
64QAM
Any assigned RB
UL Channels
Modulation Scheme
Physical Mapping
Physical Random Access

Channel (PRACH)
QPSK
Not yet defined
Physical Uplink Control

Channel (PUCCH)
BPSK & QPSK
Any assigned RB but not

simultaneous with PUSCH
Physical Uplink Shared

Channel (PUSCH)
QPSK, 16QAM,
64QAM
Any assigned RB but not

simultaneous with PUCCH
Physical Broadcast Channel

(PBCH)

Page 33
Physical Layer definitions TS36.211

Frame Structure
Frame Structure type 1 (FDD/TDD)
One radio frame, Tf = 307200 x Ts = 10 ms
One slot, Tslot = 15360 x Ts = 0.5 ms
#0
#1
#2
#3
#18
#19
One subframe
Subframe 0
Subframe 1
Subframe 9
FDD: Uplink and downlink are transmitted separately

TDD: Subframe 0 and 5 for downlink, others are either downlink or uplink
Ts = 1 / (15000x2048)=32.552nsec
Ts: Time clock unit for definitions

Page 34
Frame Structure Type 1 generic view
m
f- ra
b
Su
#4
#5
Ti
m
#3
NBWRB subcarriers (=12)
#1
#0
1
0. sl o
5
m t=
se
c
Frequency
NBWDL subcarriers
Page 35
The minimum allocation

of resources is one
Resource Block
= 12 adjacent
subcarriers for one
0.5ms slot
#2
Power
io
d
ra
e
m
a
fr
10
c
se
m
00
2
07
3
(
#19
#18
#17
#16
)
Ts
Frame Structure Type 1 (DL)

Slot / Subframe / Frame
NsymbDL OFDM symbols (=7 OFDM symbols @ Normal CP)
160
2048
144
2048
144
2048
144
2048
144
2048
144
2048
1slot = 15360 Ts
144
2048
(x Ts)
1 slot
Cyclic Prefix
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
P-SCH - Primary Synchronization Channel

S-SCH - Secondary Synchronization Channel
1 sub-frame
PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel
#0
#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10
#11
#12
#13
#14
#15
#16
#17
#18
#19
1 frame
Page 36
Agilent Confidential
13 Aug 2007
Frame Structure Type 1 (DL) Physical Mapping

P-SCH - Primary Synchronization Channel
S-SCH - Secondary Synchronization Channel
PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel
PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel
16QAM
64QAM
QPSK
Time
Frequency

Page 37
Frame Structure Type 1 (UL)

Slot / Subframe / Frame
NsymbDL OFDM symbols (=7 OFDM symbols @ Normal CP)
160
2048
144
2048
144
2048
144
2048
144
2048
144
2048
1slot = 15360
144
2048
Cyclic Prefix
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 sub-frame
#0
#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10
#11
#12
#13
Reference Signal (Demodulation)
#14
#15
#16
#17
#18
#19
1 frame
Page 38
(x Ts)
1 slot
Frame Structure Type 1 (UL) Physical Mapping
QPSK
64QAM
16QAM
Reference Signal
(Demodulation)
Time
Frequency

Page 39
Agenda

LTE major features
Simulation
Baseband
Sources
Analysis
Integrated mobile test platform

Page 40
LTE development challenges

Shortened time-plan for development and deployment
Development in parallel with standards refinements
Early requirement for full functional testing

Interoperability testing likely to show up different interpretations of
standards
Mix of FDD- and TDD-based testing
System test for MIMO architecture
Channel bandwidth up to 20MHz / 172.8 Mbps

Component and device capabilities will be greater than network
capability
Huge strain on mobile platform design

Page 41
Crossing the Analogue-Digital divide

Page 42
Tools & Using Them Together

Page 43
Agilents Current Measurement Solutions and

Plans for LTE - Commitment
Agilent will provide design and test tools across the R&D
lifecycle
Support for early R&D in components, base station
equipment and mobile devices with design automation tools
and flexible instrumentation, based on current measurement
platforms
Refine test solutions and introduce tools for product
integration as development progresses to initial functional
prototypes
Be ready with manufacturing test capability for early ramp-up

Page 44
LTE Products
Prototype Versions
2006
2007
2008
3GPP LTE
UL/DL Signals
ADS simulation
SW
Proto VSA
89601A VSA
3GPP LTE UL/DL Analysis
and Demodulation
Demod
Analysis SW
MIPI D_Phy
Logic
Analysis
MXG
Signal
Generation
MXA
Signal
Analysis
Integrated Mobile
Test platform
Page 45
New Platform for

multiple serial lanes
DigRF
Basic
Coded
RT
MIMO capability
Commercial Release
2009
2010
ADS Wireless Library for LTE

Explore and verify your designs
Current Status
Library of simulation components for the Agilent EESof Advanced
Design System (ADS) to facilitate the generation and analysis of
3GPP LTE compliant downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) signals.
First release Oct 2006. Major updates in Feb 07, May 07, Sept 07.
Based on latest physical layer specifications V8.0.0 *Sept 07).
Generated signals are spectrally correct and encoded, and can be
multi-channel, fixed-length, real-time etc. as required.
Signals can be exchanged with alternative simulation platforms, and
can be downloaded to, or uploaded from hardware for real-world
signal generation and analysis.
Received signals can be demodulated and analyzed.
Next Steps
Continue to follow developments in 3GPP specifications. Add/evolve
signal coding and further develop both DL and UL transmitter
measurements (such as EVM, Constellation etc.).
Further commercial releases at regular intervals.
Working on TDD support
Page 46
Advanced Design System Simulation environment
An LTE downlink model in ADS

Page 47
ADS Connected Solutions

Develop library elements for 3GPP LTE in order to build physical layer
models for both transmitter and receiver in software
Links to test equipment for prototype verification
Implement and deliver a design tool while standard
evolves phased implementation in close cooperation
with customer
Download
RF
Component
or DUT
Analyze
Example here is from IEEE 802.11a/g

Page 48
Digital Serial Stimulus / Analysis

Current Status
Introduced DigRF v3 products and solutions

Bridge gaps between simulation, IC evaluation & handset integration.
The N4850A & N4860A digital probes designed for 1Gbps
For LTE digital interfaces that > 1Gbps leverage existing multi GHz
serial technology to support higher speed interfaces.
Agilent is a MIPI member at Adopter level.
N4850A
N4860A
Next Steps
Support digital serial stimulus and analysis for
other RF-IC to BB-IC interfaces, integrated
with RF stimulus/analysis, to provide
comprehensive cross domain solutions.
Review the physical layer specifications for
other (public and vendor-specific) interfaces
between the RF-IC and the BB-IC to guide
LTE specific implementation decisions.
Agilent is committed to providing test tools for
DigRF v4.0.
Page 49
312Mbps DigRF v3 Digital Serial Acquisition Probe

312Mbps DigRF v3 Digital Serial Stimulus Probe
BB/RF Interface Stimulus / Analysis Overview

Two modes of operation
TEST EQPT
Emulation: The stimulus and analysis pods

actively drive and terminate the BB/RF bus, thus
emulating the BB ASIC's interface. The test
equipment provides support for RF ASIC
configuration / control, and drives it with signal
payload data.
(emulation)
BB ASIC
RF ASIC
TEST EQPT
Spying: The analysis pod passively monitors

the bus to collect data for further analysis. The
test equipment parses the traffic and presents
the transactions (XML-based protocol viewer)
and payload (89601A Vector Signal Analyzer).

Page 50
(spying)
BB ASIC
RF ASIC
RF-IC Validation (DigRF example)

Signal Studio Signal Creation Software
MXG Signal Generator
N4860A
Stimulus Probe
Tx
RF-IC
Rx
16900
Logic Analyzer
N4850A
Acquisition Probe
MXA Spectrum Analyzer
89601A Vector Signal Analyzer software

Page 51
RF-IC / BB-IC Integration (DigRF example)
Signal Studio
Signal Creation Software
MXG Signal Generator
DigRF
RF
DSP
BB-IC
uC
DigRF
v3.xx
RF-IC
DigRF
v3.xx
Vis Port
89601A Vector Signal Analyzer

Digital
Logic Analyzer

Page 52
RF
Oscilloscope
Spectrum Analyzer
LTE Signal Generation

Signal Studio Software
User-friendly, parameterized and reconfigurable 3GPP
LTE signal generation software for use in conjunction
with Agilent ESG-C or MXG RF Signal Generators.
Current Status
Spectrally correct version available since April 07
Fully coded version released recently
Now based on TS 36.211 V8.0.0
DL Physical channel framing
Reference signal, Synchronization signal
PDSCH, PDSCH, PDCCH, PBCH
UL Physical channel framing
Reference signal (Demodulation and Sounding)
PUSCH, PUCCH, PRACH
E4438C (ESG(ESG-C)
N5182A (MXG)

Page 53
LTE Signal Generation

N7624B Signal Studio V3.0.0.0 September 2007
Just released Signal
Studio V3.0.0.0.
Build your own
custom LTE signals
Based on the latest
V8.0.0 (Sept 07)
LTE physical layer
specifications
RF playback
requires instrument
license (free 14-day
trial license
available)
Download now at: www.agilent.com/find/signalstudio

Page 54
LTE Parametric Signal Analysis

Analyzes all LTE modulation types: BPSK,
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, CAZAC, and
OSxPRS
Covers all bandwidths: 1.4MHz (6RB) to
20MHz (96/100 RB)
Handles UL and DL, normal and extended
Cyclic Prefix
Advanced analysis of radio frame, subframe,
resource blocks, and channels
Auto detection and demodulation of DL user
bursts
P-SCH, S-SCH, PBCH, PDCCH, RS, PDSCH
and PUSCH analysis
EVM = -50dB (measurement platform
dependent)

Page 55
Agilent Confidential
13 Aug 2007
LTE Signal Analysis

Downlink Capabilities (based on 36.211 V8.0.0)
Synchronisation to ADS 2006U1(or U2).407 Dev 1
generated LTE Downlink signals
Supports Antenna Port 0..3 RS pilot
subcarrier/symbol mappings per TS36.211 OS and
PN9 PRS
Supports latest PSCH using ZC root indices 25, 29,
34 for cell ID Groups 0, 1, 2 respectively.
Auto detect / report RS Orthogonal Sequence
Auto detection of RS PRS
Latest RS subcarrier antenna mappings
PDCCH can occupy the first L OFDM symbols in
first slot of subframe, where L<=3.
User can configure PDCCH symbol allocations on a
subframe-by-subframe resolution.
Demod. user specified Slot# and OFDM symbol#
User definition of up to 6 PDSCH 2D Data Bursts
for EVM analysis (format QPSK, QAM16, QAM64)
Downlink frequency lock range approximately +/22.5kHz
Page 56
Analyzing OFDM impairments using 89601A

This downlink
signals shows a
common OFDM
impairment where
the allocated
subcarriers have
an image
The distortion that
create this image
was 0.1dB IQ gain
imbalance
The lower trace
shows the
increased EVM at
the image
Requirements will
be developed to
limit the image
Page 57
Allocation
Image
EVM by subcarrier
LTE Signal Analysis

Uplink Capabilities (based on 36.211 V8.0.0)
Synchronisation to ADS 2006U1(or U2).407
Dev1 generated LTE Uplink signals
Multiple resource block allocations restricted to
sub carrier DFT sizes which are multiples of 2,
3 and 5 as per current 3GPP working
assumption.
The DM RS Pilot symbol is located in 4th
symbol (i.e. sym=3) of allocated slots.
Demodulation of user specified SC-FDMA
symbol# within a Slot of Radio Frame
Assumes DM RS Pilot symbol contains ZadoffChu Sequence mapped to every subcarrier
within allocated contiguous RB size.
User definition of PUSCH two-dimensional
Data Bursts for EVM analysis (format QPSK,
16QAM, 64QAM)
Supports Half-Subcarrier-Shift = On/Off
Uplink frequency lock range approx. +/- 7.5kHz
Page 58
LTE Signal Analysis - Measurements
Channel EVM table metrics

Sync Correlation
Downlink supports P-SCH, S-SCH,
Freq Error (Hz)
RS Pilot, PBCH, PDCCH, PDSCH
IQ Offset (dB)
01 thru 06 (dB, %rms, %pk, Peak
EVM (%RMS and dB), EVM Peak
Loc'n)
(%pk and sub carrier location)
Uplink supports DM Pilot, PUSCH
Data EVM (%rms and dB), EVM Peak
(dB, %rms, %pk, Peak Loc'n)
Pilot EVM (%rms and dB), EVM Peak Channel Power table metrics
Downlink supports P-SCH, S-SCH,
RS Pilot, PBCH, PDCCH, PDSCH
Common Pilot Error (%rms)
01 thru 06 (dB relative to unSymbol Clock Error (ppm)
boosted reference)
CP Length
Uplink supports DM Pilot, PUSCH
Slot #, Symbol #
(dB relative to un-boosted
reference)

Page 59
LTE Signal Analysis Trace views

Channel Freq Response (Adj. Diff Mag Spectral Flatness,
Magnitude, Phase, Group Delay)
Common Pilot Error (Magnitude, Phase)
Differential Pilot Error (Timing)
EVM Spectrum (composite EVM displayed per Sub-Carrier, or per Resource
Block)
EVM Time (composite EVM displayed per OFDMA/SC-FDMA symbol)
Power Spectrum (composite Power displayed per Sub-Carrier, or per Resource
Block)
Power Time (composite Power displayed per OFDMA/SC-FDMA symbol)
Symbol Demod IQ Constellation/Vector
Symbol Demod Spectrum Magnitude
Symbol Demod Time Magnitude
Symbol Data (Demodulated symbol bits represented as two hexadecimal
characters per sub carrier)

Page 60
Spectrum Analyzer HW platforms
PSA with 40MHz or 80MHz analysis BW

Can be used as RF front end to external PC where
89601A VSA based LTE application is running
MXA with 25MHz analysis BW

Can be used as RF front end to external PC where
89601A VSA based LTE application is running
Since MXA is a windows product, the 89601A software
can run inside the instrument

Page 61
LTE Integrated Mobile Test Platform

initial introduction: Mid-2008
Scalable single box solution

2G/3G/3.9G capable
20MHz BW
2x2 MIMO
2 cells
RF parametric measurements
Signalling Conformance Test
RF Conformance Test
RF conformance test
Pl
ed
n
an
nc
a
nh
t
en
em
s
GSM/GPRS, W-CDMA/HSPA
2x2 MIMO
Protocol conformance test
Full LTE signalling stack
RF parametric measurements
RLC/MAC interface for protocol test

Page 62
In summary Agilent & LTE

Support for early R&D in components, base station equipment, mobile devices
and network deployment with design automation tools and flexible
instrumentation, based on measurement platforms available today
Agilent will refine test
solutions and introduce
tools for product integration
as development progresses
to initial functional
prototypes.
Agilent will be ready with
manufacturing test
capability for early ramp-up
Agilent will provide the
tools needed for Service
Provider deployment
ADS
Software
Demod
Analysis SW
Logic
Analyzer
Signal
Generation
Signal
Analysis
AVAILABLE TODAY
* Used today for LTE development
* Commitment LTE specific features
* Digital VSA tools available Today
AVAILABLE TODAY
* Used today for LTE development
* Commitment LTE specific Features
Integrated mobile
test platform
Protocol
Analysis
Network
Optimization
Page 63
Agilent LTE Brochure

5989-6331EN
www.agilent.com/find/lte

Page 64

AgilentLTE

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Concepts of 3GPP LTE

LTE Context and Timeline

Concepts of 3GPP LTE

LTE Context and Timeline

Concepts of 3GPP LTE

3GPP standards evolution (RAN & GERAN)

Basic 3.84 Mcps W-CDMA (FDD &

1.28 Mcps TDD (aka TD-SCDMA)

HSPA+ (64QAM DL, MIMO 16QAM

LTE Work item OFDMA air interface

LTE context and timeline

Earlier names for this included:

Concepts of 3GPP LTE

Wireless evolution five competing 3.9G systems

Concepts of 3GPP LTE

LTE standards development timing

LTE Context and Timeline

Concepts of 3GPP LTE

LTE major features

FDD & TDD each with their own frame structure

1.4, 3 , 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz

Concepts of 3GPP LTE

20 MHz UL/DL, 2 Rx, one Tx antenna

User Data rates

DL 172.8 Mbps / UL 86.4 Mbps @ 20 MHz BW

OFDM using QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

SC-FDMA using QPSK,16QAM, 64QAM

Open loop TX diversity

Optional open loop TX diversity, 2x2 MU-MIMO,

LTE major features

Transmission Time Interval 1 ms

Concepts of 3GPP LTE

7 or 8ms* (This is tight and one of the hardest

Static & semi-static (reuse per UE)

Packet only no circuit switched voice or data

Frequency selective (partial band)

Enhanced MBMS with SFN and cell-specific content

Uplink once per .5ms slot

Why did 3GPP want LTE?

LTE itself has some less complex aspects

LTE vs. HSPA+

Peak Data Rate / 5 MHz sector

Peak Data Rate / 20 MHz sector

Not possible without

Cell Edge improvement

Evolved HSPA & LTE - DL 3x to 4x; UL 2x to 3x

Latency: End to End Ping Delay

Latency: Idle to Active

Currently around 600ms

Flexible Bandwidth Utilization?

5 MHz unless multicarrier is developed

1.4 MHz to 20 MHz

Suitability for MIMO extensions

Challenging with CDMA

Much easier with OFDM

Concepts of 3GPP LTE

Logical baseline architecture for 3GPP

Note: * Elements duplicated for picture

Simplified LTE network elements and interfaces

3GPP TS 36.300 Figure 4: Overall Architecture

Logical high level architecture for evolved system

Evolved Packet Core

* Color coding: red indicates new functional element / interface