2.

____________________________ 48
________________________________________________________ 48
2.1. ____________________________________________ 50
2.2. _________________________________________ 53
2 . 3 . _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 8
2.4. ___________________________________________________ 60
2 . 5 . , , _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 2
2 . 6 . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 7
2.7. ___________________________________________________ 71

47

2.

, . ,
,
( )
( . . ) ,

, , ( . .

,
. . . ) .


,
, . .

( )
Galileo. Galilei

( 1 5 6 4 - 1 6 4 2 ) ,

.
.
, ,
,

.
, ,
,
. , ,

.

48


.
,
,
, .
.
.

,
.

,
,
.

,
.


, , ,
.
,

,
,
, ,
.


,

49

2.1.

xyz

S
. .

. t
.

r ( t ) = x (t ) x o + y (t ) y o + z (t ) z o

(1)

x = x ( t ) , y = y ( t ) , z = z ( t ) .
t ( x, y, z )
t = t + t
r

( x + x, y+ y, z + z )

t, s ,
S .
:

r (t + t) - r (t )
t

, ,
t.

( ) , ,
. r(t) , u (t) , (t), x (t)
. . . r , u , , x

. . .

50

 . t 0

M M '

r
. d s = | d

ds d r
, d s .
=
dt
dt

r ( t )

r d
=
=
t dt

= lim

t0

(2)

( ( .)

) . ( 1 ) ( 2 ) :

x x + y yo + z

r = s o

(3)

,
.
( 3 )
x, y, z .

x =

dx
=x
dt

y =

dy
=y
dt

z =

dz
=z
dt

(4)

:
Ux2 + Uy 2 + Uz2 =

s =

ds
dt

(5)

= s

(6)

51

Ux
,
U

Uy
,
U

Uz
,
U

( U, x o ) =
( U, y o ) =
( U, zo ) =

Ux

= x o = .1
= y o = . 1

Uy

o = .1
Uz = z

( U,x$ o ) ,
$

( U,y$ o ) ,
$

( U,z$ o ) ,

(6)

.
.



, . () , () (),

, n o , .

52


:
cm
sec

) CGS

) SA

1 m /s e c

1 m /s e c

1 ft/sec

2 . 2 .

S
U t
U

t + t

:
=

U
t

(7)

U = U - U

U t U
t + t. t 0 ( 7 )
t
.
U dU
= =
o
=
=
dt
t 0 t

dr
d dt
d2 r
= 2
dt
dt

( 8)

= r = x x o + y y o + z zo

( 9)

x=

d2 x
dt 2

= x,

y =

d2 y
dt 2

= y,

z=

d2 z
dt 2

= z

53

(10)

 2x + 2y + 2z

( 11)

( x o ) = x ,

( y o ) =

( z o ) =

. :

U=

d r d r ds )
=
. = s
dt
ds dt

(12)

, , t 0

. |d r |= ds.

H :

)
d U d 2s )
ds d
= 2 o +
=
dt
dt
dt dt

( 13)

)
)
) d ds ) 2 d
= s + s
= s + s
ds dt
ds

( 14)

ds

C .

,A

R. To C

54

CA=R

.
:
ds = R.d
(14)

2
)
)
s d o
= s + .
R d

( 15)

x,
C

)
= (90 + ) x o + (90 + ) y o

(16)

)
= x o + y o

(16)

(16 ) :

d
= ( x o + y o ) = r o
d

( 17)

( 1 7 ) ,
.
. .

o .
s n
(15) :
=

)
s )
s + . o
R

(18)

d U ) U2 )
+ no
dt
R

(19)

( )

55

( ).
R =
. .

[ ]=

[d U] [U ]
=
= L.T 2
[dt ]
[t ]

:
SA

1m . s ec - 2

CGS

1c m . s ec - 2

T..

1m . sec - 2

1foot . sec - 2

1 ) . x = 3t 3 m, y=4t 2 , z= 6t 2 .

t = 2

sec.
:

56

Ux =

dx
= 9 t2 m / s, Ux = 36 m / s
dt

Uy =

dy
= 8 t,
dt

"

Uy = 16 m / s

Uz =

dz
= 12t,
dt

"

Uz = 24 m / s

U = U2 x + U2 y + U2 z = (9 t 2 )2 + (8 t)2 + (12t)2

t = 2

U = 46 . 13m/s.

.
.

Ux
36
(U x o ) =
=
= 0,78
U
46.13

(U x$ o ) = 38 o.708

Uy

16
(U y o ) =
=
= 0,3468
U
46.13

(U zo )=

(U

y$ o ) = 69o.706

Uz
24
=
= 0,52020
U
46.13

(U z$ o )= 58o .54

: ,
, :
Uy

Ux

16 4
=
36 9

4
9

Uz
24
=
46
.13
2
2
2
U x +U y +U z

= =

24
4613
.

)
.
:
x =

y =

d Ux d2 x
= 2 = 18 t m / s 2
dt
dt
d Uy
dt

d2 y
dt 2

= 8 t m/s 2

t=2

t=2

x = 36m / s 2
y = 8m /s 2

57

z =

d Uz d2 z
= 2 = 12 t m / s 2
dt
dt

t=2

z = 12m / s 2

2 x + 2 y + 2 z = (18 t) 2 + 8 2 + 12 2

t=2 =38.78 m/s 2

36
= 0.92
( x o ) =
38.78

( y o ) =

8
= 0.206
38.78

( z o ) =

12
= 0.302
38.78

( x o ) = 21o.83

( y o ) = 78o.09

( z o ) = 71o.97

2 . 3 .

,
. = f (t), ,

.
:

U ( t ) = f (t)dt + c

( 20 )

U x (t ) = f x (t )dt + c1x ,

U y (t ) = fy (t )dt + c1y ,

U z (t ) = fz (t )dt + c1z
( 20)

U x (t ) = Fx (t ) + c1x ,

U y (t ) = Fy (t ) + c1y ,

U z (t ) = Fz (t ) + c1z

c 1 x , c 1 y , c 1 z

.
x(t) = U x (t)dt + c 2 x ,

y(t) = U y (t)dt + c 2 y

z ( t) = U z (t)dt + c 2 z

( 20 )

(20 ) :
x(t) = F x (t)dt + c 1 x t + c 2 x .

58

y(t) = F y (t)dt + c 1 y t + c 2 y .

( 20)

z ( t ) = F z (t)dt + c 1 z t + c 2 z .
1:

t = 3s ec ,
2

x = 2 m/sec , y = t m/sec 2 , z =

1 m/sec 2 , t
= 0

U o x = 3 m/sec,

U o y = 4 m/sec,

U o z = 2 m/s e c

x o = 3m , y o = 2m , z o = 4m.
:

.
U x ( t ) = 2dt + c 1 x

U x (t) = 2t + c 1 x

U y ( t ) = tdt + c 1 y

Uy(t) =

U z ( t ) = dt + c 1 z

Uz(t) = t + c1z

1 2
t + c1y
2

()

t = 0 U o x = 3, U o y = 4, U o z = 2 ( )

c 1 x = 3, c 1 y = 4,

c1z = 2
:
U x (t) = 2t + 3
Uy(t) =

1 2
t + 4
2

( )

U z (t) = t + 2
( ) t = 3
U x = 9 m/sec, U y =

17
m/sec, U z = 5 m/s e c
2

( )

x(t) = t 2 + 3t + c 2 x

x(t) = (2t +3) dt + c 2 x

y(t) =

1 2
t + 4)dt + c 2 y
2

z ( t ) = (t+2) dt + c 2 z

y(t) =

t3
+ 4t + c 2 y
6

z(t) =

()

t2
+ 2t + c 2 z
2

t = 0 x o = 3, y o = 2, z o = 4 ( ) c 2 x
= 3, c 2 y , c 2 z = 4 :
x(t) = t 2 + 3t + 3
y(t) =

t3
+ 4t + 2
6

( )

59

z(t) =

t2
+ 2t + 4
2

( ) t = 3 :
x= 21 m ,
z=

y=

27
37
+12 + 2 =
= 18,5 m,
6
2

29
9
+ 6 + 4 = q
= 14,5 m.
2
2

2:

= 12t m/sec x
. t = 2sec 6 m/sec.
x . t = 3sec

50m 0 x. .
:

d2 x
dt 2

d Ux
= = -12t
dt

U x = (12t )dt + c1 + = 6t 2 + c1
t=2

(1)

U x = 6 /sec ( 1 ) :

c 1 = 6 + 6.4 = 30 m/sec
( 1 )
Ux = 6t 2 + 30

( 2)

( 2 )
x = (-6t 2 30)dt + c 2

x= - 2t 3 + 30t + c 2

(3)

t = 3 x = 50m ( 3 ) :
c 2 = 50 + 2.27 - 30.3 = 14m
( 3 ) :
x = - 2t 3 + 30 + 14.
2 . 4 .

.
.

r (t) = x (t) x o + y(t) y o

(21)

x = x ( t) , y = y ( t) , .
:

60

= r = x (t ) x o + y (t ) y o

= r = x (t) x o + y(t) y o

(23)

y = ( x)

.
:

r$

, $ , z$

)
= z

z = 0 ,

r ( r ,
).

10

:
x = r
r = x2 + y 2

y = r

y
x

r o = x + y o

( 24 )

= - x o + y o

( 24)

61

, :

)
r o = ( x o + y o ) = o

( 25 )

)
= (- x o - x o ) = - r o

( 25)

:
r = r (t)

= ( t )

r = r ( ).
,
:

r = r ro :

= r = r ro + r ro

( 26 )

= r r o + r o

( 26)

:
2

U = U2r + U2 = r 2 + r 2

, :

)
)
&&
o + r o
= & = r r o + r r o + r + r

2

)
= ( r r ) r o + ( 2 r + r ) o

( 27)

2 . 5 . , ,

.

R

11

, ,
,

62

d
=
dt

( 27 )

,
.

& = d

dt

= o

( 27 )

d d d d
=
.
=

dt
d d t d

(27 )

d = d

.
:
[ ] rad
=
= sec 1 , s e c
[ t ] sec

[] =

-1

[]

=
sec - 2 .
2
[t]
[ t ]

& ] =
[

.
:

.
: ( )

. f. :

v=
||

. 1
=
= T 1
T

-1

, sec - 2 .

2
= 2.

.
,
.

63

o
o =

ro = - n o

r = R x o + y o
-

r = Rr o

( ..)
( ..)

r = R n o

/ ( ..)

= t :

U = R t. x o + Rt . y o =

(28 )

= R (-t x o + t y o )

U = R = s o

(28 )

U = R r o = R = R o = s o . / (28 )

r = Rr$o :

x r = z o xR r o = R o = R o = U

( 28)

& = U = R.
s

:

dU
= R (-t x o + t y o ) + R2 (-t x o - t y o )
dt

= R o + R 2 n

(29 )

dU
= R - R2 r o
dt

( 29)

(28 ).

64

d
d
(xr ) = ( z o x R r o ) = R z o x r o + R z o x r o
dt
dt

( 2 9 )

& R o - 2R r o
= R o + 2R z o x o=

&R
=

U2
R

. = 2 R =

.
=

2 + 2

= 0 . ,
.

k = x xr ,

ro

2R

= x r

12

(25 , )

r o = o

r o = o

65

ro = x ro

& = - r

o = - ro

= x

r$o $ o
.

.
,
,
.

( , , .. .) .

= x

:
:

= 2 = .

d = 0

: d =0 d

. ,

13

.
d .
:

d
o ( 2 ), o .
dt

d = ds

d ds
d
=
=
o
dt
dt
dt

( 3) ,

= x ( 3 )
:

d d
=
x ( ) = x
d t dt

66

2 . 6 .

U =
.
x

.
= t +

14

x = R ( t + )

( 31 )

U x = x = - R ( t + )

( 3 1)

x = x = -R 2 ( t + ) = - 2 x

( 31 )

.

R .

x = - 2 x

( 31)

.
= . > 0.
.
, :
x = t + t

( 31)

.
:

+B
2

= -

B
A +B
2

(31 )

67

A 2 + B 2 :

x=

A 2 + B2

A 2 + B2

t -

A 2 + B2

x = A 2 + B2

(t - t)

xo =

A 2 + B2

xo = xo (t + )

.

y
y = y o ( t + )
:

. .
.
:

,


.

( y)
( x)
,

.

15

U x.
:
U o x = U o

Uoy = Uo

68


y
g = - g y o

( 1)

x y.
t
U x = U o

( 2)

U y = -g dt + c 2 = -gt + U o
( t = 0 U y = c 2 = U o )
x y
t ( 2 ) t = 0 x
= 0, y = 0.
x= U o dt + c 1 = U o t

y = (-gt + U o ) dt + c 2 = U o t -

1 2
gt
2

(3)

(3).
y = x -

g
1
x2
2 U2 o 2

( 4)

( 4 ) .
:

( 4 ) y = 0

x . .
y = 0
x ( -

g
2 U 2 o 2

x) = 0

: x =0
x=

2U 2 2 U 2 o
=
2
g
g

2U 2o

,
, x =
g
2

=
<

.
4

: ( - )
4
2

2 = ( - 2).

69

 2 :

r = 2 r c m
rad. = t 2 rad

= 60 o .

) ) .
:

= t r = 2 = 2t 2 .

U r = r = 4t

U = r = 2.2t = 4t 3

16

: =

t =
3

1,023sec.
:

U = r r o + r o = 4(1,023) ro + 2(1,047) 2(1,023) o

U = 4,09 ro + 4,28 o
U =

(4,09) 2 + (4,28) 2 = 5,92cm / sec

) :
x = r = 2 ( t 2 ) = 2 t 2 ( t 2 )
y = r

= 2 (t 2 ) = 2 t 2 (t 2 )

U x = x = 4t ( t 2 ) - 2 t 3 (t 2 ) = -1,66 cm/sec

U y = y = 4t (t 2 ) + 4 t 3 ( t 2 ) = +5,68 cm/sec
:

U = U2 x + U2 y = ( 166
, )2 + (5,68)2 = 5,92cm / sec

70

 3 :

x = 0,5 t.
, , .
:

x = ( t + o )

t = 0

x = 0,5 0 = 0

= 0.

0,5 .
=

2
= 2 sec.

U = x = 0,5 t

= x = -0,5 2 t = - 2 x

4 :

= 32
( 4 + 30 ) m/s e c 2 . , , ,
, t = 0 U = 4 3 .
:

(1) U = dt = 8 (4t + 30 o ) + c 1
(2) x = Udt = 2 (4t 30 o ) + c 1 t + c 2
t = 0 4

3 = 8 30 + c 1 c 1 = 0 ( 1 )
1 = 2 30 + c 2

c 2 = 0 ( 2 )

x = 2 (4t + 30 o )
H = 30 o 2,
=

4
2
=
= c / sec
2 2

2
= sec .

2 . 7 .

, ,
.

, .

71

 ,
,
.

,
.
,
, ,
.
, ,
,
.
, , ,
:
( 1 )

( x o , y o , z o ) ( 2 ) ( x 1 , y 1 , z 1 )

( 1 ) (
).

72

17

18

( 2 ) ,
( x o , y o , z o ),
R , ( x 1 , y 1 ,
z 1 ) r.
( 2 ) ( 1 )
R .

73

 ( 1 )

(1).

U =

dR
dt

d 2R
dt 2

( 36 )

r (2).

U =

dr
= x1 x1+ y1 y1+ z1 z1
dt

( 36)

( x 1 , y 1 , z 1 ), r

( x 1 , y 1 , z 1 )

r
(2).
=

d2 r
dt 2

= x 1 x1 + y 1 y 1 + z 1 z1

( 36 )

R = Ro + r
R = R +

x1 x1+ y1 y1+ z1 z1

( 37 )

R = Ro + x1 x1+ y1 y1+ z1 z1 + x1 x1+ y1 y1+ z1 z1

( 37)

,

.

x1 = xx$ 1

y1 = xy$ 1

z1 = xz$ 1

( 37 )

(37 )
U = Uo + U + x( x1x$ 1 + y1y$ 1 + z1z$ 1)

(37 )

U = Uo + U + xr

(37 )

74

Uo

x r

( 2 ) ( 1 )

( 2 ) . :
U = Uo + x r

( 2 ) . :
U = U +U

( 3 7 )

,
.
, ( 3 7 )

= R + ( x 1 x 1 + y 1 y 1 + z1 z1 ) + ( x1 x 1 + y1 y 1 z1 z1 ) +

+ x ( x1 x 1 + y1 y 1 + z1 z1 ) + x ( x1 x1 + y1 y1 z1 z1 ) +

(38)

+ x ( x1 x 1 + y1 y 1 + z1 z1 ).

= o + + x( x1 x1+ y1 y1+ z1 z1)+ xr +

+ x( x1 x1 + y1 y 1 + z1 z1) + xx( x1 x1 + y1 y 1 + z1 z1)

(38 )

= o + + xr + 2xU

( 3 8 )

( 2 )
( 1 ) ,

& xr

(2).

x xr

( 2 ) ,
.

( 2 )
.

. = o + xr + xxr
2 x U

( 3 8 )

75

 : ) ( 2 ) . =
0, ) ( 2 ) . U = 0 )
.
:
= + + o

( 3 8)

, o
( C o r i o l i s ) .
:

,
,
,
.

.
.
)
. ,
,
g.
g
,
,

.

7.10

-5

( ) =

rad/sec.
,

, ,
, .
. ,
r
,

76

g=

GM
r2

(G

=
r =
)

19

(
x,y,z ) . ( x, y , z )
g.

.
g o = g + 2 x U + x x r

(1)

. ,

g = g o - 2 x U - x x r

(2)

z
2 x U = 0 2 || U

x x r = 0 ||r.

g o = g.
g o

( , , . .. )
Coriolis

.
( 1 ) ( 2 )

g o = g + x x r

( 1 )

x x r

(2)

g = go

.


, (
)

- x x r

77

) .
,

, C o r i o l i s - 2 x U.

( 18).

.
) Foucault
C o r i o l i s , ,
.
,
.
, (

Coriolis

2 x U

( 18 ) .
1 8 5 1 J e a n L e o n F o u c a u l t ( 1 8 1 9 1868)

67m

. .

11

15

.
C o r i o l i s .
:

)

0.
,
.
:

0: 0 0xy

0x

0 .

78

U =

dx
x o = x xo
dt

20

U = U o + x r = ( o )x( x x o ) = x y o

U=0

U = U + U

U = x x o + x y o

: = x x o
:

= o + xr + xxr = x o x x o + 2 x( z o x z o x x o )

= 0

= x y o 2 x x o

o = 2xU = 2x( x xo ) = 2 x y o

= ( x 2 x) x o + ( x + 2 x) y o

0
R.

79

 .
:

0xy.

21

.
:

U = Uo + x r

Uo = R y o

x r =

U =

U = U + U = R y o + ( + ) o
:

d

2

d U d ( )
=
=
= +
= - r o
dt
dt
dt

= o + x r + x x r

=0

x r = 0

o = x x R = 2R x o

xx r = 2 r o

. = 2Rx o 2 r o
:

80

0xy

o = 2 x U = 2 x = 2 r o
:
= + + o

= - r o - 2R x o - 2 r o - 2 r o =

= o - 2R x o - ( + 2 + 2 ) r o =

= o - 2R x o - ( + )2 r o

81