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npoirne|(r{noron:1989
AolrepneKriBoron:1995

ISBN SET960 - 7007- 00 - x

tsBN T3 960 - 7007- 03 - 4

Aiepo040
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ANAPEA
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26* 10681AOHNA
* TdL 33.0j.26535.A1.2s2
* fax.33.01.2s2

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Aenvolo!tuoq1995
Aoyy614q
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:rn gvnpn
rou poonponKo0
Miln Xooroirn,
noueKELdorqKe
on6 rouq lro;\.ooq
To 1943

EtBAtOrPAOrA
o) tl'lNrri

grBlloygogao

Aoivo1967
I. TAAAN
EH
Y:.:
"AoxiosLc Avoldpuv l{oenuor LK6v"
2. rEoP|ANofloYAoY
r.: ">roLXELql.loonlorLKiqAvqlioeors",T6uocB
(EK6doELr
oooqtrovLKn
1985
Aqol KuoLoKr:6n
)
3- AA>XAA0fl0YA0Y
A. "Avd,tepo
Aoivd1987
uontmLkdIII"
(EKbdoeLs:uuadrv)

KAnn0Y
A. I
5. I.1I:0YAH
8.:
N P I KM
q .:
7 . NETPENONTH
:..
ZAXAPIAAH
O. KAAAIIJIAA
N. .

Aeivq 1967
Agivo1986
A0rlvq1950

AovLo!6q",Trixocl '
"AnErpoo[Lx6c
"iloonuorLKiAvdluonB"'

lihgnuorLKdv
III"
" oeitoro TEvLKriv
Kqr :uvoptno!oxi
"TvLKiTorotrovad

A8ivd 1988

oAPI4AKH
B.I
8 . NETPENONTH
:. .
AovLsudc",T6!oq I
TI0T0n0YAov
>."AneLpoorL(6(
TIAI{AKOYAIA
E.:
NToKA
A.I
"Mooiloro Klooor.(iiqqvdltoroc"

Aoivo1988

Aoivo 1973

T O U oIL K o [ I I
nAfiAflnT0n0YloY
10.
A.:":rorxELu An!poorLKot
Aoy[o!0|,
(EKbdo
rq KopounEp6nouJ\ou
)

Aorlvo1986
Aeivo 1977

ll.

:IPBEIAE. |
"li,henloiLKd"
12. T:AIKAf.:
l.loonlsrtKdII"
"Avdrrpo
eooolovlKn1986
- Ar1vo
T:lItA
l.:
13.
liloonlorLr(6v"rdu.II
1985
"Mo8iloro TvLK(irv
14. o^YTZANH
H.:
Aoyloudq
IIo/:uvoprioe[C
floitrdrv
!E"libgtlorLKoq
ro0lnr6v" (Unjversity Studio Press)
eeooolovr:Kq
1985
-Aeivo
15. XAI H I.:
llooqlorL(rirv"roU.B
"Ildeduoro Avm6O0Jv
1984
l,:
15. XPY:ooAK'i
17. XPY:0Y^A
A.r
18. XPEB.:

":!o[Xlo 0io(lnpr,rrl(oi AoyLot]o0"

r'0lorlno0)IL(6c
AoyLou6e"
II
AoyLo!6C"
r6!oc B'
"0loKtrnp{dr(6c

A8ivo 1975
Aoivo 1965
Aoivo 1966

8) :avn BLB roypoef'a

I. ASPLUN
E .D:
2 . A Y R EFS. :

Ne$York 1966
"A First Coursein Integration"
and
lntegral
Cal
cul
us"
"Differential
(Schaum's
outl ine series)

3 . B A L IN . P . :

"Integral Calculus"
(Laxni Publications)

l{ewYork 1963
liewDelhi 1985

4. Bl'fl N. P.:

t{e{ Delhi 1985

"Engineeringfiathenatics"
(ln.:"Problems
5. BARANET{KoV
G.
in MathenaticalAnalysis"
( lR)
liloscow
1976

6. BENGT
KLEFSJ|':
7. BERI{AN
G.:
8. ERAND
L.:
9. BURKILL
C,:

material till ANALYS

III'
"Tentamest
'rA Problembook in }lathenatical
Analysis" (ltllR)

Lund 1970

Moscow1980
MErdqrpqcn
E.l4.E. Aoivo 1984
"lloonuqrlKiAvdiuon"
"A First Coursein l{athenaticalAnalysis"
(Cambrldge
University Press)
1970

10. DEMIDoVICH
B.:

"Problmsin llathefiatical Analysis"

(l'llR Publi shers)

Moscow
1976

l l . E F I M oA
V. :

" l { a t h e m a t i cA
a ln a l y s i s "
(t4lRPublishers)

l4osco$r
1980

1 2 . T L L I SR . :

" C a l c uul s "

(HarcourtSraceJovanovichlnc.)

flewYork 1978

13- (LAFA.:

"Ca]culusRefresher"
(DoverPublications)

Ne|.lYork 1950

l{. I1ALIC
S. |
15. pARZYNSKI
.:
16- TRA0AFIRR.:
H.r
17. IiJEISBECKER
18.9lILLIrrl4SoJ.:
19, ZAANEN
C.:
m. 0IVINATZ
A.:
2 1 . G I B S oG
fi.A.:
22. HARTI4AN
S. and I
i4IKYSINSKI
J.r I
23. HAIKIS T,:
24. KURAT0I,ISXI
K.:
25. LANG
S.r

"MatheflaticalAnalysis"
(t{iley EasternLmt.)
Eombay
1985
"lntroduction to M.thematicalAnalysis"
(International 5t!dent Edition)
Londont982
"f'lateflatici superioare"
(Editura Faclal
"The Calcllus ProblemSolver"
"tebesquelntegration"
"lntegration"
"Advancd
Calculus"
(Holt Rinehartand l{inston)
" A d v a n c eCda l c l l u s "
(St. l.lartin's Press)

Bucuregtl 1976
fieu York 1985
et{ York 1962
Aftsterdam
1967
NewYork 1968
Ne$ York 1958

Measureand Integration',
"The Theoryof Lebesque
york 1961
(Percamon
Press)
oxfod-London-New
Theoryof Integration,'
"Lebesque
(University of UisconsinPress)
liladison 1970
"lntroduction to Calcutus,'
(Pergamon
Press)

Massachussets
1969

" A n a l y s i s "I , I I
{Addisonlesley Publishing Conpany)Reading1968

25. LANGS.:
27. CSHA
E t,J.:
28. SI|T,|0NS
G.F.:
29.

Coursein Calculus"
"A Second
(Addison
UesleyPublishingConpany) Reading1969
" Integration"
(oxFordljnjversity Press)
London196l
rrlntroduction
andModemAnalysis"
to Topology
(llccrdn-Hil1 BookConpanylnc. )
1963

ATANSoI,i
LP. :

"Thoryof Functionsof Real V6riables" Vol. 1,

(Frederic UngerPublishing comany) NeyrYork 1955

30. litKoLsKY
s. .:

"A Courseof l.latheoaticalAnalysis" I,Il

(||1I
R Publishers)
l4oscow
1977
'A Courseof Analysi s"
(Cambridge
ljniversity Press)
Canbridge1960

3 1 . P H I L L I PES. c .r
32. PISKUNoV
N. I
33. PROTTER
}1. H. &
| o R R EC
Y. 8.:
34. ROYDE
HN
. L.:

"Differential 6nd lntegral Calculus"

(l4lRPublishers)

Moscow1959

Analysis"
"Uodeml.1athenatical
(Addisonl{esley Publishing Company) Rading1972
"Real Analysis" (2nd Edition)

(Thel4acmil
lan Company)

35. RUOI il. :

36. RUDIN
!i. :
3 7 . J E F F E RL Y
.:
34. HAYES
A.:
39. DIEUD0
Nf J,:
4 0 . H A R DGY. :

NewYork i968
"Principl es of llathsnatical Analysis"
(l4ccravr-Hil
I gook Company
l{el{York 1954
Inc.)
(
2
n
d
Edition)
" R e a la n d C o m p l eAxn a l y s i s "
(Mccraw-HillEookCompany
lnc.)
ew York 1974
"The Theory of Functions of t\,{o
Real Variables"

Toronto 1953
"Problemsin }lathenatical Analysis" l{. Jersey 1962
"Foundationsof llodem Analysis"
(Academic
Press)
NewYort 1960
"A Courseof Pure Mathematics"
(Cambridge
llniversity Prss)
Canbridqe1952

4 I . D E M I D O V IA
T .C: H "Problensin MathenaticalAnalysis"
42. 5|,{0(o|,{SKl
E. I
"calculus"
43. KUROSH
A,:
"Coursd' Algdbre superieure"
44. STERNEERG
M.:
" T i l l A n a l y sI I "
45. TITCH}4ARSH
E.:
"The Theoryof Functions'r(oUR)

l,loscow
1977
T o r o n t o1 9 8 0
Iloscor 1973
tund 1970
1939

NEPIEXOMENA
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A6cLoro rcL ooLd}:rro olorlip0,E uus 6r.curouctr.ris duldptndns: Oedporiretn 6uavuoucrurri
o'r'xip"1oa
i1t)=1tt)iro(t)J+z(t)i, t [o,Bl. ro odo L o f o 1 0 - r o o o L o t r c v o { o r r l o o u c d r o l d , F l , 1 4 s r o o L ( o v t a Lo n a t L E L o 6 tlles o!.Lorouxo:
t,
I
1- rt
1- Ir
L
d) l!( ! )d!: llx(t )dr i+ll,!(!)d!lj+llz(r)dLl;
)utJttll

11

urJtt"r*=
[Ju,r'r".]t-[Jir.r".]t-[fa"rc]t.
[!ranicnor r
Av 6i,,)c',i(r)+(t),

t e [d,B], rdre .tunu

Jitttat*ttl*.

*u

o>it"r.
J1t"ru"=*t
F) Ar.owoFrrrrl ouvdt nq 6uo rEr4lrE&,

(tre rrdvco!{rdotero tou

R.)
MLoduvdprEni: EEI' + rR!, pe i(u,r)=1(u,rL)i+u,(u,r.r)J+z(u,o)l,rr,c
rdoe (u,!)eE, 6!ou x(u,u), 0(u,v), z(uru) tper,t npoyucrr,risourcprrioer,s
ftr! leta9lnrd! u, u owldBercr, 6r,cnoowrr,ri duuioinon 6uo !.rdF^nrdv xau

ouuBorirerq',
i=i(u,u).
y) Ar4uq|arlrl orrldgutq tpr6v rEtq9rndv (!G !(6vGcolovdo|Ita
too Xt I
t|-a oo\,dctncni: Eln3 +

n!' !e:

itu,u,r).x(u,u,r)i+(u,u,r)j+z(u,u,v)fi
y!o rdte (u,u,l') E, drou x(u,u,v), $(u,u,v), z(u,u,r) erlvcr,tpar,s roc.rlcrr.ris ouvcptrloer,srr,i\,trraBhrdv u, u, r ovoudaetou6r,cvuowrurrl orxiornor rpLd\, le.aplnrdv xdr, d!.ruFoligrc!i--i1u,r:,r). Av oL lrerdBhr'ls
\rcr,x, 0' z, tdte n ouvdprnolropr,otdvercr,
xar,te:

?+(x,0,2).p(x,{,,2)i+a(r,{,,)3+R(x,{,,2
)t, (x,,t,,2)Ern!.
Avdlotc opiaovrcu ou ou*o",jo"us,

't
t

i, h,Blra -n.,
i: asn. +8,,

i: asa! +Itn
i.i(u'u2,.,,,

'

u ei = i t t l = x t t t i + r ( t l i .
uei=i( u,o)=r(u,u)i+o(u,u)i
('1l=?(x,,1,).P(x,,t)i*q(x,o)j).
(n,!r{i),

uE:
)=xr(u1,u2,.,.,u1)i1+x"(u'u2,..,,uo)i"+.,.+
,

,+xD(\,ur,...,un)iD.

9'1-

EqrEEoLr6EL ef|.tptrd vLvtlrgvo 6uo dldyrrotErrrsv ourrwailoovtoin,

(U elr6vq oldvto|lEo roo n3 )
!!oFt{dv
eeoooiue
rLs 6uau:owruxds
ouvoprioeus:
F e r t y , o , . ) i + q r { 1 , + , " ) j + n , ( 1 , 0 , 2 ) i i, = P ? ( x , , t),i,+2a ,( x , 4 , 2 ) j + n , ( 1 , 0 , 2 ) i
i,f, opieovtcr,
To eootepurrj
os eEris
rr,vrjuevo
rr,r6u.,oF.frxo" ro EEdtepLNd
(rpcrrctr,xrlouwptnortpqiv ueloBrntliv).
c) i'fr=Pr!r+41q,+BrR,

lrp, i

t) Ffr.l

lt,

n,

e,

( 6La\)uolatLri quwprron rpuriv l]erdBrnt{iv).

n' ^,
6 T A O OI (POI

TEAE'TE>

c) nisn ouldprrFas: e6oroi|l 14! rpc.rlotuxri ouvriptqan f(x,il,,z):A+lB

( A E a : ) , r o u e i v a u o ' - r v e x r i sx o u d r e r , o u v e x e i < r : e p u r i s r o p q v r i r o u sq ' t d e o v o u d g e r q Lx l i o n t i s

f 4 6lalududrlri

ouvdprndn:

Jr _ a{," az"'
I.l rlidn

duuBoli(EroL lle tr,t i Slsdl.

'rrdu

Eilql,l

rr=s,"ar.
ff i* :i i- i: r
o rereotis f:

l-

i
rrq i tIedris ro! fluilton.

j-

(1).

ti o"oudcerou6LcoooLrd<
r.redri< ovd6e-

ouvdotnons:'Ecro ?=?(x,q,,z)=P(x,4,2)ir
B) Ar6rILon 6r.cvuoucturrls
'a(x,{,,2)jrR(r,0,2)i !os 66!ud!dlLi,i ouvdptnon(tperiv !rdBlrruiv), yLd
trv onoic urooltouue6tu undpxouvou ucp,ris ropri.r.vou

,:3 ,g *"
ff
eivcr owexei<oro AslFr. oloud(erd! crrirtr,q tns ? rcr, oupeorieeroL !e
dirl ,i dfon n rporuorer'1ouv,iptnon:
AP AQ AR
ar'a,!'az

t3
IdxJ.L

o),v(graorr: -:. + --- + ----:.

ax'
a0'
Az'

6t!:

rLd ro roonyo'ilelo ,iopouorcxprlor,lronor,orlle

rd! ?ous ovlgorr,ouo'Js V'?r
'i af.

."r"*,i.

r#.#

ovoudseraL
6Laoop,.xds
terE-

*
olris tou Laplace.
y) rtpood

(r1 repr,orpooi)

SeupoilE rrt 6lavudlarlxi

or,avuourtr,xris oouiptrrolc
ouuiprroa:

f=f11,,1,,"y=e11,,p,21i+q(x,rt,,z)J+R(x,0,2)l
or, ueprrls ncpdrorouo' t<iteuJs
rr,c rrv oroio ulositoule dtL unrioxouv
r{.v
P, Q, B )iaL eava! oulexels.
o!o!{i.tcL dtpoe'i (i raL ipLorpoo{)trrs ? ncu or.rugotirerc!rot? (i
cud? i it? ri v:?) r or,cruouctr,ri o,.rvriprro,r,

- fi)r
il.r=""i?=(;i
#)"(* - s*)r.(;?

(1),

t&caflicnor:

ti
I
o riros (1) rpriqercLxci, !otf=
I Ei

I0;t

t^

tc cvorliooouue ttv opigouso

' !e trl! ropcripncn 6-

rc oror,xEiatns rpdrns rpcuuris.

Albotor rdm! u figFprrodc telert(

t.

tr=e""ar=
ff l. ff i- jf r

2.

sletl(a+b)=srade+sradb

3.

slsd(tlr)=!sradf,

?(e*h)=0q*?b.

(rra) +

g!adc=d, (c otcsep,i) p

ic=d.,.

srsd(eb)=osradh+bslsda e
ErealJ
-

\b/

\_ hsEd4-esadh +
h2

?(uf)=!ir.

i( ol )=oir,*uio .
?f_q\=
\b/

hvo-ovb
b?

7,

e' i=pl*cj*Fl,

trjte ro orjrroorol?

'cpr,ctriv"e tor rereorri:

F e : P a x + Cr U :+ R ;

s.

iV)F+( Fv)v <+ v( Fi)=Fx(vrv)+vx(9\F)+

crad( Fr)=Fx!oL,+ex!otF+(
+ ( i v ) F + ( F V) v .

9.

lnrearl=',/
| i!d x , |/ +l !id ' ! / | +l {r
I
'dz,/

,/,/.^\,

/!\,

/"-\,

10.

tra;"r-fr.S-$

11.

div(uf)=!divF,

12.

div(F+fr)=divF+divfi

13.

iliv(fF)=Fsradf+filivF +

9(fF)=(9f )F f(VF)

1q.

div(Fxl)=flrctF-Floru +

9(ft9):$(VIF)-F(g:tr)

1s.

aivi=o

16.

div(sladf)=9(9f)=V'f:

(6rou FPi+Qi+Rk)

(lla)

tr(F+f)=E-f+fi

(i cldoEpd 6!d!uqro)
('

ao2

222

1?.

..,i=il.r=(#
#)r,(;: :+)r.(* #)n

18.

rot(!F)=!ro!1,

19.

lot(F+!l):lotFrrotl,{

20.

rot(tT)=frolF-F,(Bradf)

21.

rot(sr8df)=0

22.

div(!otF):0

23.

rot {.otl )=srsd(divfi)-?,1 <+ i, (i,l)=i(il)-i"F

(drou F=Pi+Qi+Bk)

(! ea)
va(F+l,l)=vxF+VxD

94Ff(gxF)-FxVf

9x(vf):0
9(9xF):0

2a. lor(F fi)-fdivfi-fiai'F*tfiilF-tl?ti+ t'ri'fi l=FrSfi

l-firff)r(f$)f-(fi)fi
,'.

;f

# . , - : f " , - # , , - ( i s ) i , ; - u i . r , , , r " , n , ) ,l o v a 6 L o6iuoi v u 4 a

ILo tn! rcsludrLri

vuolcrrxri

dlr!.ipr4q f(x,q,): A +]B

oov<ipt4on l+(x,d)=p(r

o) sradf=
t

(AcAr)

,0 )i{e(x ,0)}.

i+

ii!=

(rriorr rqs f)

rcL rB

rr!

6!a-

15

6) divi=# + #

(c,dx^!on
rns l)

') -"f=#

( r e o u o r p or qn .sil )

I p o d o x i ! H r e p L d r p o o , ir L d t n 6 L o ! , ) d u d r L r i o u v , i p " n o nl = p i + q i

oeu

6!a!u('r,drLri suvdprqon, alld npdyudr!rh suvoplrroq.

ldpdrqos

mrd 6oEJ0u!d't dto n'?r!!

S E o O o r j l Et n o u l d p r r o n f :

oro nl

d +lR,6rou

r\sn2 xou tn 6*vus!or!x'i

'do. io*r],..j.

o v o u d r e r a L r d o d . r o y o sr i s f o t o o n l e i o t r ( x , 0 )
6Lcliuvol a0 sq! oulEoliaetaL =.:-i1 . ro 6oLo:
doo

Ndtd

ff=*t*"+*
"r"."
ff .#.,-#". *lfftt*l

uorn

(1)

ILa rn ouvdptnon f:

;,=",i-".j+",i,

oriqEtqL

A +n.

\2)

ll. AEE3 xaL yLd rn 6dvuoirdrLni

!o!d6o

ndodyoyos tns I o t o o n ! . [ o M ( x , 0 , 2 ) x a r d t a 6 L -

,-uvdn do roL oulBo\a(crdL r.

r"
dq"

g!1!_t

)-f(x,4,,2)

( 3)

al(,M)
= !!.!!.1
o,r lllrl ",
a x ",*

('r)

6L6topoL oplo|rot

8ool.Irrt6
|re6l,o (i Apr0|l'|rrK6rE6[o)
o v o l d c E t d L B d i r s r d r i c o o o u n t u x r ir : 6 i o , i v a r - r r o o r j v o r A
o touA3 (dvldo l o L X ar o u l R , ) , o e x t l o e o n l e j o I t ( x ) 0 , 2 ) ( d w i o r o l x q M ( x , 4 , ) ) , r o u o l o i o u
(q\,ridroLovruorouxei n rLui f(u) r,ucs 'rpcruoru i< ouvdprions f(x,0,2)
H r p d y r r d r L r i o l l d p r n o n f , o p u o u d r r to e x d g e o n ! 6 i o u t o u A , o !o!da.rdL Bo0!6ti ('i corsunrL'i) ouvriptnor ri rau Bceuor6 (i ap',!!ru6

rd f(x,0)).

^Lovuolorl|(6 n6[o
ololdseroL 66ruorrsrLr,5 reoio lw
n'),
x.i

o. rd! onleio n(x,,t,,2)

urooJvoro A roual

(ovriorolxo u(x,0)),

,r r"u,i ltM) uLds 6w!uo!arlris

(ovtiotouxo rcu

rou oroio! dvtloro!-

o,*io-nons i(x,0,")

(cvriotouxc

t6
i(x,,1)), H 6LovrrdrdrlriisuvdprtonI opLolrdvrse ridoor!io u rou A,
loud(erdL

o-

rdL 6Lalusldrr,16 rE6Lo.

Aor960alo6Lovu(rl[r !x6 n6lo

'Evo

6Lqvuouollxd
F=ei.qj'Ri riyerqL qdtpd0ulo, cv oe rtioc onueio rou ei'"u rotf=d. ".0i"
trlrlvoslbcc 6lqvuotor!(6 re6[o
'rvc olcvuolcrLtj ns6io
l=pi+oj+Rt, rou oe ntise oqyeio rou ejvcu
aivFo ovosdCetcLool$,oer6;s.
Arqvuqlrlrd
rE6ao rco rpodo(dt! ord 6ulrqrrr6
'rrla
6udlluqrarLrd
i=pi+ej+ri riee 6rr, rpolp1etcr, cr,j
""0i"
cv rxripxer,!r,o rpsyuaruci ouldprndnf(r,O,z), titouq rou:

ovwrr"r,i

lf =etx,,r,,"r'
# =n(x'+',r
lf =ot',+,"r,
H ouvrirrnoqf(x,O,z) ovoudrEtor,
rdre 5urruurli tor.rouovuoucruxorj
reoiou f,
H uxqvriricuqwvxcio ouvsrixr,,jsre to 6uovuouct,,xd
reoio F vo rpodpxetcu arrj owcrrrrri eir",, rotfi=d. I ouvouurriouuiprnon otnv reoinroon cuax
l{
tz
r i o l v e t o uc r d r o v r J r o f ( x , 0 , 2 ) = l P ( i , 0 , 2 ) d t + l a ( d , t , z ) d t + l R ( q , 6 , i ) d t ,
'g

ld

,Y

r c o r u e i o( q , B , y ) e d v o i "d v o r u r c j o o r r u e i o t o u r e o r j o o p r , o l o r jr n < i .

llntd olord4gd|[E 6rltvuotrr !(drv ouvooElo.r'ry

(T-cn?) +A?.

0 e o p o i y e r r t 6 u o v r . r o u c t u ro
r lu u i p r n o n i :

*
llFdrdil,,r o u e i w r

dra 6Ld!ud!c ro!rR,,

opiretau qr,j tr!

To olorlipqrla I
r,ddtnro:

6rou ii eivcr avd dldTepd 6!.ivuo!o roulR2.

fpLrdtd olo(lnC|lm

6lowot dtrriv

out@dloarv

S e o p o r i u et n 6 L o l u d l d r L r i o u u i p r n o r i :

(o<]R1) +]n3.

To olorripdud:

III
,lJId'd+dz,

1 0 . c i v o L a v a 6 - d v u o u d ' o J F r o o J q e r d La 1 d 1 n v L o 6 t n r a :

tt ouvriprnon ;i

od! .d,.eou6

e ivcu lruc rocyrrorlxri ouv<iotnon.

yLvdlevo 6uo 6r.cuouaturriv

ouvoptioeuv,

17

;JfJr.,.*",-ffla***
00
,ir"r;

"i,",,

ivc qtcsepd 6Ldvudld rouar

II.
-

ol lqrtfrt

KIIIIYAE'.ENI.IIEIE

{ rdto rotfid,|nc

ovoudrerorr

rdlr'jh

( i r d L r 6 t o r o l r , i r a < ) r o u x d p o ul F t r t o o r j v o l or o

orleio! to!n!
i o u o L o u u r a y u a v e s r o u s e i v o L o l v a p T l i o E L <! ! d s ! r a F l n 'Eto!
ris.
o r , 6 L g d o e uxs= r ( t ) , 0 = { ( t ) ,
z : z ( ! ) r o p u o t t i v o u v! r q r q ! r i I n
ro! x6pouE!, H uEroBlnri t olordt.tdL rcpriretoos. [E xdoE tuli tns
p d ri r p o D t q r r j d v o o r , r i o r r u o h , e l o v r e s r o ' , x e i ; v q o n l e i o M ( x , U , z )
e o r r r i t r n s . M r , or d l i \ i l n
vdotnon i(t)=x(t)i+,1(t

rdrns

c ioulF: rcooortivercs raL !. !!a 6L,avuolatLsl ou)j+z(t )fi ( ouov'jouorcri egiooon rns rcur0,rns).

A v o L o u v a p t i o r , sx ( i ) ,

t(i),

z(t).ivqL

o u v x . i s o t o o u < i o r n u o[ o , B ]

r r j r e n r o u n r i r n r r i y e t c u o u v e x r i so r o [ o , 9 ] .
, \ v d l o r q o p i ! e t o e I x a l r i l f r o u x l l p o ul R ' z . o ! . t l o o i d E L s x : x ( t ) ,

0=0(t)

rqpLotdvouv pr,c xcurrirr rou]n'?. H 6LoluoldrLrri etiaoon rrts xqrrritrqsotnv

r e o i n t o o na u r r i e d l d L i ( t ) = x ( t ) i + ( , ( t ) j ,

te [.,p],

Apxrr6Ko! !c.lrr6 on|laosv6c r6tou c

8eoporjrero t6to rruosxor:rirrs c, u eidooni=i(t), te [r,O] .r. 'n!io x(i(o)) Iiretor oprr,r,'otleio (op)('i)ro! t66ou c, evri to onrrei,o
N ( i ( 6 ) ) r a y . r o " t e r u r 6 o n u e i o ( r i p c s ) t o u r 6 E o !c , A v i r . l = i t s l ,
""a'"
It=tt, trjte I rc!nirq c li.retoL xrelori.

*
i,

EriqsnLo cuorqp,js opuo!6s eivor o eeis: 'Ed.o !6

e<n +n3,
to dJvoro i(A)
r,e i=ittl,
v"o rdse tel,

ro!n!,
liilr
! 6@!uo!oiurii ropopetpu i giooo'r;=;(t).
raL uLq rautrll! .o! A?.
2

ouldorndn:
ovoetisetcu rcAvd^oyo opi!-

18
AIAOMI

OPI'OI

s e o p o , j u eu u q r c u r i l n

c, lre 6r,svuouctLri.eior,,oni=ittl,

te[d,9].'o-

t c v n t c p r i l E r p o s t d u d l e r o ! o r d r o c o t o 8 , r o o n l e i o I t { n s x d r i r J t r q so r o
o r o i o c v r r o t o r , x e i t o 6 L d v ! , o u oo ; o o s i ( t )

xureiroL eri rrs ro!trilns c d(

t
=
8). 'EroLopiCeou uuq rood
to onle;o 8,
(crrj ro A rpos to B). A! ro on!io M rwritd! (e-

(t=o);os

16 ro onueioA

6 w - r p o o r i st n s r o u t , i r n s

n i t n s c ) , c r r i t o o n u e i o B t r o s t o o n y e i o A , l d r E d x o , J r et ' r r c v t i g r t r o o p t ! o u o r p c o r i sr o v o f r e i o v t f s c .
M L a x d v o v ! , x r ir " u n i l r

c r o c i r e r n o o p < it n s l ; y E t a L 6 p d r o s . A ! !
6
L
o
y
o
d
o

r
o
r
r
,
"
r
,
i
rn,poxi qr6 ro A oro B, o 6p6!os du!6orilera!
uiiln
c, orlv ovrig.rn nep;rroon ou!9oli6ErdL ue -c,
H rp6ri

oopd rou oprlocr:e ovoldqetq!

ouui9ds osri,ri

xd!E

roc.i n 6e &,rn (n

avrig.in

t n ! i p d l n s ) o r o r d l E r a L c r v n t o r t l e o o d . M l q x q u t r i l n o v o r d < e r c uv o o o \ ) o , o l r d r a \ ) n 6 r d v d x e ! r d 9 o o L , o o E ri r o e t u x i ( r i I c p v r r t u x i ) e o p < it n s .
'lw

o ' r u e i o l . 1 ou u c s r c r r r j l r s c ( o r o o r o r j o d v r r , o r g r , x E t :
i(to)
n tLui to rns idpdldroou t) ld.yerae oucli q! !'rdpx.L n top,iv"ros
.

"."

Oldli

rdwilr:

.i,." itt"X6.r"
l.l!o rdui'iln

"C"n"

itt"l=d, rrjre to onueiono rd.retcuovducro-

c iou 6Ic rq onrreic rqs eivou ouard rlyetqL

oplrl

uur$-

lt,

rurexrlsrclrttn; Mla rcurirr c !e egioooni=i(t), te[c,e],

(ilR?) dloL oulExis.
owexris qv n o,oiprnsn i, [.,s] *n.

rdretcr,

4{a rd!r6li: MLqxorn6tn c !e eiqoo4;;(!),

t [o,a],rir*cr rBic
cv r.rrripxeu
,op,ivrro<
i(t)
rou
eivce
o,.rvex'is
*"
n
,"o
t ,el *" ir"lrd,
r d o et e [ c , p ] .
Ar uoq rqutitrn qrorereiro! ond 6!q6oxLrdr6ao (retrEpaoudld
ro rlilos) leid! xduri^o\,, trjte rdretou xcrciruiyot" reL".
.

A i nurJU: llr,c xcufiirr ue eCiooorri=i(tl,

^dyroL atri dla! 6e!xeu onueioourorouris,6ala6i a! n ouxiotnoni=i(t), t [d,8] eivor ,,1-r',
dro 6Ldotnla

(a,B).

xautljln JoFitas: uLa xlLsfli

Jord& av i!q!

"o

rou a'? i 10! E3 llYraL

rduriln

ouvexis roc cnrri,

xotc6Loio eronou.uLrri

i=ittl,

,rdurilf

or,dvusuc
i=

Ouivuorc:

'Eoro

-*t.*.,
ffi

c lLa lEio rourirn

tl. idddn

r,ow6r-io erdrrouevu*i6ldr,u-

19
oF

rns c 610 d'lrio i(t).

B) filldrellc

ErLod!.uo: o!o!rir.ra',* err,rriura ro oirolo rov snredo'v(x,0,!)

a' rou lravoroLo6vrlc E[ldoidntns uopqis:
(1).

{!c eil,edvLarepulpdretcr,i olj utr.giooon rns lopeis (1) i !6 uuq

repuoodtepes
E!o6dELS
lnS !oporis:

rla roirr trito5os 1us trlv i.olypoori ur,c! eruq.i\reudseivcr, I ropolEtor,nri

rqpddtadn,6nld5rlI erLed\)ELd
npL.lpdo.tdL
!e tpELs .Elodoels ro! lropd4ou! rq r!{,,2 oulapr{o.o 6uo rapa!arp0r\,,6nla6'1{,rdr,:

x=r(u,r'), 0:0(u,u)r z:z(u,u)

) a, (acn,),
! (u,u
T;Ios dv oeopioooutr 6r,rvuorctr,xrlorriw i, lrE aoxi to on!io
0(0,0,0) )rdr,r6ods ro ruxar:oon!i,o(x,0,2) ur,oserr,oriver,cs,
.xourc trjte
rn 6oqvusuctr,xti
rapauEtpLr{egisuJon
rns enr,griver,os,
rov elwr, nr

i(u,u)=x(u,uli+otu,ulj+z(u,u)i
( u , u ) A , ( A E a . ) .
o to\r{i. ert d!E'd: uLa rLodleLc touIR!, ue eglooor i=i(u,u) ,(u,u )e4
(AEnz) layror, ouusxis d\, n ouvdornoai: 6 ---+nt ivao duv.xris.
.

Arti Eroedv.!a: MLd.nr,odv.Lo a, ur Eiourdnitu,u)=r(u,'.r)ir+(u,u)i+

*z(u,u)i, (u,u) A, aEIz, llycra! crrrl ritcv rr ouvdotroni(u,u) etvcr,
'r-1'r dro ottrolo A.
.
ler:c rledvELar t{@ erLo,i\jlaI ye egioooni=i(u,n), (u,u7 ea,
(rcn'?) rdlEtar rECa av urrioxouv or, uepr,rdsrcpdyoyocio, i'
erlcu
r|creis ,tro A xc! crdrc
a

fs\rovlxi erunivErz: uLs erLodleLd I lftrdL rd\,olr,xil cv e[vor,

'E!c.

ou-

onrri

roo cuornp,is opuouriseivor, o eis: Seorcorjue

tr owrioqon
i: 6gn" -nt.,
r,e i=ifu;u), y@ rdes (u,u) A, ro oilolo B:i(a) raye tcu errotiveuc rou:n!, rle 6!cv!d!d1r,nri nopcuetpurl i"p,isrcnt i"i(o,\r).

20

X.Ie',nri to.dl,Er,sl M L ca r r i e r L a ' i v . w ,u e e t i d d d n ; i ( u , u ) ,

(u,u)ea

ov ro dn!o^o i(oa) .ivqL uovouelis (na .ivoL io ouvooo

r6ytqo *!dri

'Eoao x:(x,0,2) avooiALrivuouaolideoa .vd. orueioo rrcs err"oriveos:

ovoudl.rqL 6Ldvudla
s. Tdr ro 6dvuouo o+tt(r,,1,,2)
ueio uros eruqdveuos
g.
Sdoeostou onreiou t{ irs ErlqdvLos
.

lpooa\Erolisuue!

i oirlelrEs

erLriivELes: MLa EilodleLd

l6vetce

roo_

6!E U p n , < i t c r a u v o r i u e v o ro, u v i x e u c o ' o u t i 6 E ! e i l d !

g
1
!
!
drlr xopis wou!ot6v va !Erogo\r!. oerj rr ruc 6{,n r'ts (rl.upd rns)
'EtoL
,"rrvrrioo',r,eto s'3vop,j*tns i xopis va rn! trurriooure.
tx. n rL,rcveLo

cgvnrolioL$n i 6i

cv6s ruuoqoupioueivqL uLo 6itrEUp4 .rlgdvLo.

Y r d p x o u ! 6 ! o s x q u e r u q d v e u e si o u 6 e v ; x o u ! t n !

rponyoJ!.!q u6Ldtnto,

n x . n r o u v i c r o u l , l 6 b i r B . o L e r L 9 d v e L e sc L r t d s o v o t < i r o v t s r ,l o ! 6 d a u p e s

ut rcoarnrolior,uea.

- epvFrrrl 6{i u('s cruodveus:

i rcL, to cvtisetd rou
or"<ivuslo
- i o " o o r r , " i oM ( x , 0 , 2 )u L a sE -

oetlri

9er,rporjueto rdoeto uovd6@iott

opiqoulEddv oer|,ri don rn<

eilodvelds S

(0s rpos to

6!.i-

urop f,1, -n, dirn rou BpldxtdL

rpos rn 6L.inulorT xaL rn
.ou i.

bop(i

ooiqo,p. oov opvnri,li 6-

0 n t n s e r L e d v L o sS t n ! o l t i g e r n r q s r o o ! - r o , j ! e v n sd { , n , 6 n r d 6 i
t'rv rj0r roo Bpioreror, tpos
o L e u o u v o na a L r r r o o o dt o u
u'iowros -i.

tnv
5La-

tlpoda\rarolLdrE\rn
Er!.d!E: MLq.rLQdleLc latrdL rpoocrcrolrrudvn (o;
rpos io 6Ldwola i), 6.ou,jx., rioopuo+ein orLx,i(i n cpunrLx'l)du,ltnc

(B^d'te Epq&i!6

otrilc).

op.ou6s tou ouv,iooD 6iv.rdL

rolovLxd

rd5to lolo6uaio

oln dl[6u
6Ldvudld

21.

(Brdre

oxetrrri

ota tdueva)

21
To oLdvuouci orrodreur, 5uirluop rgooalctorlouo'3, rr,o rrN arrodveltl

.
8r!po6ue!!a crrri err.oriveLds, ve egior,roni=i(u,u)
r0voro Ir.li!e|!s:
(u,u) 4, aslR2. Yroi;rouu 'irt n rcurrlrrnta eivdr. 10 oivopo tou xtlciot)
(Brete ox{'
a, tdre n rcurrirn i=i(sa) ouou,ir..cc oilopo rns 1!0d!e6s
!c noonro'irrevnsoelri6cs).
.
Ioooo\rcrorLdlds tou suvdcou ur3s erladveEs: oeuporlr,crnv enuoivero
g xa! ro rdoeto uow6r,cio 6r,dvuorq
f, o"o onlelo tn. M(x,0,2). gq l;u 'i(os rpos
tr, ro o'lvoooC rns erLodvelasI .lva! gtux4 tpodavarotrud!6\ro
ro 6r,ivrJorail, ;.ou 3xour," xaiopdogL do! oopd sravpaorlstou oov6poutnv
evds rcpctrprtr{, o oroios nuveircu natti uixos tou olv'ipou
oop,i rr,vrioer,rs
rcrd tritoeo rprjro, iore i 'eosl''l rou vo 6cixveu tr ootd rot, rr 6LE'Jouvon
ro,r i rar, 'r Err'odveld s vd pploiera', dwaxelc opodretd tou.
'orav ro oivooo tns err,rdveuds 6 6lclpriattaL xofli rq oetuiri oopd' drlrs trlv opiocle rpolrouliu,rs, tdte I op0rl rpoBoli to! g'rv,6pouoto erire60 ors, rou et\,cr, r xarrrt1rl oa' 6laypd0rcL xatd ropc ovtigetr tns roptis
rov 66!,rrri! rou polorr,orl (Flire oxrlus roomottuE\,nsdeli6dE).

fo e.!cl.!6ec

6utwq[tlr6

v.r,6r8lo

tnv elr,odvELas ! 6!avir6!orl,ri 6Eiooor.

Ser,rporlrre

tu,u)e a'
i(u,u)=x(,r,u)i+,t(u,'r)j+z(u,u)t,
tc ouou,louo-o
io=xui+o,.J*,8 (i
seqrpo,sue

^!i

;f l- :t J- * r)

(,r$=95r";gr-gr).
ovo!dEErcu gEu.rLd6ss 6ldltrotctr,xri

. - lo"

'l*l'

YL\,6Pevo!ro 6uduud!.r

::l"l::
ll-

'ullzu

11

'J

r(

i,.i,=l x, o" ""

lxu

ou

zi.,

(2)

(1)

22
:- u; - u= lGsI t.
i
- D(z.x)t+ DLx.{,)
D(u,u)

D ( u , u )"

D(u,'r)--

( 3)

rrioeto 6r,&rtududo' 4r,n onreio lrr,cs erw,ivelos:

eopo'iue uuq erradaco

S r o u l R l . Y r o o d r o u u r j t u n s e i w u r e i o d r o d n u i o l , ( x , 0 , 2 ) . T o ( u n ! n 6.!!rd)

6Ldwouo &(6,,6,,6,)
rou x,ioounJ, rou ei!c! rdefio oto eocrttiEriroo
tns
eruorirer,cs
oto dnuEio u ovou,ireror rdseto 6uiwotE
rns
uvo
erledveuo. oro dnuEio U.

Ipod6r,oplqrdsrou raoirou 6wu'Jqcros

d ) A ! n e r L o d v E u S j x e r , 6 r , c v u o r r o t r " r ir c p o g e t o L r i e { i o o o n
=x(u,u)iro( u,u)jtz(u,,.r)1, rrite ro 6r,<ivuoyc:

edlaL;w

it",rt=

r4(;(u,u)).

r d o r o 6 ! d ! u o u a r n s : r u q d v e u c ss r o o i ! . i o

6) Av 'l erLedleLo s ixL .Eiauon z.z(x,1,\, idre ro 6Ldvuold:

3=(*i . ;i . ')* * &-* r-;i.i'r.

xd0.to 6Ldvuqlrd rns rruorireuo.oro onuio u(r,0,2(x,{,)).
I)

A! n erlqdleLd S drEL

*/ar

u=\

Ar

eiodqnf(x,0,z)=0, tdle ro 6udluolal

rr\nn

a ,r+- , i; /

rr+ ar? ari

6=;; i+ !0-i- izk,

e i v c r d v q x t i s e t o 6 r , t i w o u o t n s e r u o < i v e u a so t o o n r r e i o l t ( r , r ! , 2 ) .

T o K i o . t o 6 d v u o l d d r o s o p i o t n n e o t c s r p o i y o i u e v e s r e p r , r t r i o e r " so ,
r u o y o v o r r i a e r o L x a v o l L ) t dx < i e . t o 6 L d v u q u o .
uold6ldio

xcvovu6

xo tou 6!c!$ordros i,

Ilq

qrloJdtEuda

"i. o v r i o t o u x o
fi,

xrigeto 6r,rivuoya: ro rrold6Loio 6Ldvloua

(trou ivdL

onrcori ro ou<iu.royc

ldv

@uEoILolriv,ouuFori(ou!ovri

{ rcu z*,

tla

qnloicreldn

f[,

f;,

10!

qvtioro,.xo,i

,,afaf
turrEo^Lslur!,
ovlr
xaL fx,

fq,, fz,

ro d!ri:i-e-

;i

, -[

dliioroLro.

af

az az
ar ' a{,

oudo-

23
pono ipos ro 31, ororrdretc,, !o!a6',aio ra\,6r,!,iri ridieto 6Ld!uo!a rns
ori\rEldss oro orueio I.
'EroL rolrd!
owloro re to rk

repr"to,ioercuI err,rriler,c ro

ir,-

6uivrrou!

a) A! n sioocrt rts r!ed!sLdr edw,, i(u,o)=x(u,'-r)i+0(u,'r)i+z(u,'r)i,

+
-

1
= / n { 0 . " } p { ! . r l -' p { r . d ,\l
otu,ur D(u,u) D(u,u)/
\
liux?l,l
li",i"|
i"f,

9) Av !.qidoo!
+/

rt. err.oriueraselvcr, t:t(x'0),

4:1

" \
fr*1-17*-;;!.

,4,

(2).

tdte:

ri

ti

!-l
-

t6is:

ti;i47,-w

r) A\) a eioooo qs err,rdver,csei\)cr !(x'0"):0'

(r).

\ rr{n-rfl'-;rr?"' rcXn1dr4v5-'/cj)-41"Ttr-]-?7)r

Erat|lprFl 1:
i ncr, tr,s
A! d, I' r e!\,aL ou tr,rvies rou oplgovtar, or,i to 6r,rivuorro
6uolucucrr, ds uoudo.s l, J, I, avtrloto',rc, trite or" ourercy!;ves tou 6!ou0oproc i dror.r.trlrou. (1), (2) rdu (3) .riopdaouvio 6tu!'ivovro ou!4uirovo ouvo, duvB, duwr cu.is.o,,xo tou i.
bcar{rrdr

2:
E,i!o!e rponyou!6!0rsdtr, to 6udvuolo i eils,, o!6cporo

or," t. re

",ioe

deo,soscld otusio ur,csrrr,rd-

!.u6a g lndpxou\, 6uo sovo6r{ic,idoet6 aL6uJouctc, ro !r,c i. ue tnv rcte'lewon .og 6 (ouriopororpos .o 6) rcu ro dno i, uE rtv owioerl ncterlsuwl (cvripporo rpos to 6).'r-

rcr.:i*" i.=
' -!- ,"";"=' i

-t6t

t6l

. o, **.

tcvudvestou 'ir 5ivovrauord rous iurous (1)

(2) d (3). o! quvteter!3ves rou
4 E'i,.,ar, oL
cvrieetes tov o,rv.e."v!3vou rou ir.

rl"**"Ii"tr,1.ffi

* r*"Gr#iST=dft.

24
E:orEourd
.r!od!eLa s

gero 6uivuoud rl.Lorri< ereoriveuas: Seopo'5ueu6

rleoorri
( r o u d r o i I d r d L q n d r u s c * r E s x d L ) . e i e s r L a d v c L e ss r , S r ,

...,

s r ) . E o p o J r e r o u o v o 6 L c i o o u d r u o y oi , r o u e i r l c u x d s e t o 6 ! d v u o ! d r E
e r u q c i r e r o sS i , i = ! , 2 , 3 , . . . , N o t o d r t u . d ot n s ( x , O , z ) r d L j x e o p o p d r p o st o
.otpLxd rns rlLnis

t r L o d v e L a sS . T o 6 L d l u o u a i o v o s l e e t c u e t c c c r , r r j

,td9Ero 6ui\,uoln rns err.edvelqs si.

KEOAAAIO
II

ENIKAMNYAIA OAOKAHPOMATA
A ! E nLK a t n r i lL d o l o x t r n p d U d r oo r t 6 o u q

'Eoroc
IR3,u 6tqvuouortKi
nqurq IeLq xol oflli Kq!flriln*rou xdjpou
pourpLKi
qlsoort
Ei(t)=x(t)i*q(t)i'z(t)t,
t c lq,0l. Eoroor6uq
F(x,{,2)
llpoytqrLKi
ouvdotqon
r(outvoLopLo!6vq
oTnvxounl,\nc**. H
tl!o ouvexnq
=
F
[
x
(
t
)
,
1
!
(
t
)
,
2
(
(
ouvdprno
Fn[ i ( t ) ]
t ) ] i v c Lo u v x i q d p oK a Lo r o K t r n p 6 o
) L!n
oro ls,B] oqv o0veonouvEx6vouvopdoov.op|:(ouUe***
oov n|.xcunolloolorlrll|||a o (6ot,crnq ouvdprnonc
F(x,r!,2) KordliKoc rnq KqunLltrnq
c KoL
ouuBoii(ouu
E
o o p r o ! d voot r o < l ' l p ufubor i ( t ) l ; ' ( t ) d t . E rI "r 1 r , , 1 , , r 1 a r ,
J^
r o L l o L n d v 6 L v oL :

J"

l9

rro,r,u*,*-l*

F( X , $ , :)ds=l

,l

] J"t r*,,r,'Io.=J-t1rr,),0(t ),z(t )I {t--ltT.T['Ttf-[z (t lr dt

.

To ds lvoL ro onLpoorduiKoq rnq (oun0lnc c, ! llo0tonE;(t).Ei.v o L d s = [ i ' ( t ) ] d t d s = / l x( t ) l ' . [ u ( t ) ] u + [ z ' ( t ) ] , d t .

'

F[ i ( t ) ] e L v o Ln npoyuqrLKi ouvdprnonnou npoKlnreL ov ornv F( x , ' f z, )

Bdloule 6nou x ro x ( t ) , d n o uU r o v ( t ) K d L6 n o uz r o z ( t ) .

norEipnol 1:
To nLKo!r0,\Lo
oloKlip{,rud
o L6ous
ouuBolLCtqL
oKdloue:
H xa}ltrirn c lropei ro.ivcu

xau xlero i xaL 6e! axeu o'rr,coic o roo-

raldrol!opds rns.
rr H F lioo.i rc eivcu opuo!irf rou oro oJvclod, (^sn3),

ror nepulxeu

- * * o o p u o u d sr o ! r L r d ! t r J r u o ! o l o r l f o d u d t o s o ' e j O o r - r s
oivetoe roc ue rn
i o i 9 L c u L d s 6 L o ! 6 p l o r s1 f s i o ! t r J r n s c .

26
I ras, )I" r(p)as, (P=(x,U,z)),I ras, {iiBEr:volavo16{0uLoqxounilnc

).

c mo onoLooocaersL
n F). I Fds.
J+

napdrimon 2:
1.1
ovd;\ovoaKplgi! rpdnoopl(EroLro EnL(qtnu^Lo
oJ\or(J\ipr,4/a
o'c(iqiq
KqrduiKos uLqqtrLqq(o! onliq xoUn0trnc
c rou IR, (oL vLo lLo ouvdpqol
F(x,0), nou eLvqLopLou6vn
KoLouvExdq
ornv Kounljlnc. Irnv nepLrE0,on
ou
Ill dxouleovd oyoucorJUoo^LogoUe:
ltll

l F ( x . u / ) d s .l F d s . l F ( p ) d s . ( P = ( x . 0 ) ) . I F d s .
_c

-43

nopor{pndl 3:
Av n Kotn(]^n
KoLo ou!9olLo!6q:
elvoLKleLori,rdre xpnowoloLLro!
1T\F,1.
--'

YnoAoyLo!6C
urv nlxoUnulalrv
o' El6ouc
o,\orlnp0u&rov
-

I. >rov x6poRt

eopo(iuE
tn ouvdpnonF(x,U,z),nouavcLouvxiqKdrdtrilKoq
rou,\Lout6louc iounr. T6Ti
c) Av oL nqpoueroLKdc
ElLoboELc
xo! x6lou c avoLX:x(t), U:U(t), z=
= z ( t ) , t t q , g ] , L c r X i oLr 0 n o e :

olrr.r,ur,zr l,{i1t[4
J rt*,,r,,,t*.f

p'iii] -[z'G)]; at

( 1) .

oovnopdusrpo
ro uiKocrd[ou s qs c KqLX=x(s),0=
B) Av e{,,OrioouuE
= U ( s ) ,z = z ( s ) ,u E s [ 0 , x ] i v c Lo L n o p o t i r p L eKdLqo d o Er Lo qu r 6 E o u , 1 6 rE LoxiLo rdnoq:
(2).
J rrx,,t,,.la.=
Jtr;xt.t,U(s),2(s)lds

(r, elvoLro ut(oe Inq c).

27
-

II. :ro )oho n'?

oEr,lpotlE
rn ouvdpanon
F{x,U), nou elvo! ouvxiqKordliKoq rou J\eaou
r6lou c rou n'z. T6re:
roOdlerOLKEq
o) Av ro 16{0 c CXeL
qLqioLc
X=X(t),GU(t}, t [o,S]
[oxtE! o rdnoq:
t(B

t ) , ' 1 , ( t /)Ll x {' t ) | ? rl U { t ) l ' d t

J.F{x,U)ds-J"Flx(
i

(3).

oov nopduErpo
ro liKoq rd[ou s T n q c K o L
B) Av oedpioouu
=U(s), u s lO,t.l elvouoL nopotlrpLK6(
lou rdlou, tor Lsxuat!o6oeLq
(4)

eL o r0noq:

(6nour (vo! ro liroc tnq c).

y) Av ro rdqo c opL(etoLond rnv ell'ooon'lF9(x), x [o,B] (oL otDiooutroov nopdletpoto x, 16r Lox0Lo rfuro(:

tr,t-

(s).
r'
I J"rtx,,t,to.=J.rtx.,t*1t"1'_
l1,I

p=p(e),e [ e , , 0 , ] ,(6nla6i
6) Av ro 1610c opa(eroL
ondrnv ELooon
opacrqL
dn6 uLoELooorl
o nolL(6qouvretqyltvec),
r6re Loxlel 0 t6noc:
t

tE,

lp
l F( x , , ! ) d sl =F l p o u v e , o n u o l / pl '':zd' e

16).

I6!6qte( t v enuolnulatv oAorl4g4rdavd' eaoouc

_

I. :ro Xd'po
n3
loxriouvoL ErI6uEvq
[6!6Tntq:

l - A v l r , t r z , . . . , I ! e i v o ro l o o aKqd [o L o u v q p r i o L qF l , F r , . . . ,
F!* Eival o/\oKlqpri,oLueq
KordUlxoqrou rdaouc , 1 6 r L o x 0 Lo r d n o q :
To nli9os .ilou nenepoouivo.

28

J l ^ , t ,r * t * ^ " t , t * t . . . . + ^ ! F u ( K ) l dFsr=( ^Kr)l d s + . . . + r u J " F u ( K ) d s

(K ehoL dvo oluElo rne KoUn0Inq
c),
2. Av ro 16{0 c eiw! 6voonr!,v 6to6oxLK(irv
r6fuv c!, cr, ..., clit(r[
F
a[vo[
otro(Inpdio[Un
Koxd
ourri'v,
r6rE !O(!eL o r0noc:
4
liKoq t(v t6tov

. ' {I x ) d s
I r t * l a . [= r t x r a . - [F ( K ) d s + . . F
3. Av e[vo! F(K):o xdL n F Elvor oloKlnod|ortnKdrd ui(oq rou rdlou c
iore Lox0e!:
4. Av q F EtvoLoloKlngioLlnrcrd lri(oq ro! rdEouc, rdr |(o[ n
(md liKoc rou td{ou c Ko! LoxtLl
elwr oAoKlnpd,olu

lF]

tr,*,
ro.
lI r,*,0.1'I
l-c

-c

5. Av n F E(vo!ouvexicr(ordui(oq rou r6ournc ol\oKr\ior,ronc

c xor,x
eavoL
ro ui(oqtou, rdr ondpxL
6voolue(oA roo c, tfroLonou:

iF(K)ds-F(^)r
6- To snlKqrn|ll|'oolorl{gqrd o' [6oucecvor dveqdptnroon6 rov [pooovototrLoy6
rou t6Eou{B Inq oloddpoionq.&tro6i lvo!:
F{K)ds
J^'r*r*=J^

7. To IllKoundlLo
olordioGryo
KorduilKocavdcKALo[o0
rdtou c = 66D
qn6
eLvqLoveldprnro rnv ceeqoLornc otroK^{poonq,
Antrd6ielvoL:
I

(pF(K)ds(p^ F(xlds=Q^ F(K)ds

'c
-ABIA
'BIAI

8. Av xaxduixoctou r6{ou c eavoLF(x,{,,2)4(x,U,z)l<olo[ F, G s[i o 1 1 6 0 0 < i w L r e r e o c o u j r o .

29
vor oioKlndroluEe Kord lixoc rou c, T6T loXrlEL:

lF(x)dsslG(K)ds
9. To n[(oun0^LooloKldgiuqo' El6oues[voL ovetoolnrodrld lnv nopourprKinopdoroon
tnq Koln0^nq,
-

II. IIo )doon.

IoX0ouvorcLzuCoL dvdloyEqLOLdrnxq.

thpodpior | |
To EnLKosflrl^Lo
oloKlipotn I F(x,0)ds 6xrrnv etl1cyoouerprK|1
epunJc

veLo:
nopLoidvel
ro U9o66v
0 lnq rulLv6pl(4qnLQdvaLoq
nou 6xe[ o6nyd KogniJ\qoro enlneEo0X{ ro r6qo c Kor
yev6lorpSnoodllnleq trpoq mv dEovo
z'z Kd! rnc ololoq ro onleto erqlnge0ouv rnv ovLodlnro
0525F(x,U).
'ErdLtrolrdvLwu:

liliiil
iilliil

lbfrftatqtdt 2l
nuKv6xnro
Av c E[voLULoulrKi Vpoturlle V00UULKrl
6(X,0,2), r6re oL
(av!9ou
ypoluliC
suvreroYlaveqrou
6avovrolsn6 rouc r0ud<oeInq uILnlC
rrouc:

X.=

Jxo(x,U,z)as

6(x,U,z)ds

Jz6(x,{,2)ds

J"

otx,,t,,'ta,

(1)

:tnv np(.fltrdon
nou n ufuKi vpougil;avoL Erlane6n
u vpoulLKinuKv6rnro 6(x,0), l6re oL ouvrErovuave
tou Kavxpouu6<oqdlvovrol on6 rouq rdTOUE:

30

ffi
| ,"=t'-,
I

a-,.

{2).

J"o(x'uta' l" ",:t,1 l

:rqv fiptnr0ron
nou n UILKi ypoUli eiw! otoyEviq (6 amgep6), rdte
otou( IponYoiUevouq
r[nouqTo 6 flopolElhroL.
0 flopovolooricorouc rinouq (1) i orouq iiflouc (2) rcplot6vel q !d<o m Inq ul|.(|lq Vpa!!ic. EroL ea\rol:

----i

'-r

m = 1 6 ( x , U r , z )fd s f l F l 6 { x , U ) d s
|
'q

(3).

11,-

nqlqrifiorl 3:
To ui(oc ! rou rdEou ii 6tveror. on6 rov rino:

Ildpdrip{oe rC - Irago6do!c
orov unoloy!0|16 'trrclnlllov
olotlnpoud1ov

q'

a6ouq

L fLo w ulotrovloouu
6vo nlKounllLootrotaldpogo
n96nEr.
trdvm va
yv{r9((ouuetLC nopolerplKaqEELo(FeLC
rou rdlou c.
2. fLq vo ulloloyaooutre6w enLkolr0trro olorligrr|m d' E(6ouc qqp!6couuErous r0narc1-6,!r, oetrLoo!26,27, i ro't rtno rou opLouo0uI

lElvtlE
l. th unotrotroaa
ro anlkourdllo olofM,t||! (o' l6ouq)

J"tr.oro,,

6nouc e(var xo rdto u Efl.d,nl tz=1, I e [o,z].

tulql
0L noFgrpLKdqetlodssrq rnq Kolnolnqavol x=t, 'lFt,, t [0,2'].

'EToL
6 avo!:

3t

J"n-o ra.{'t*e r{FF;liFl'jr at=l'ozt/i*Fatz

={Jotr*t"rrarr*t,r-{rr-rer
+]'. .r .
4
[{
2. lb uaolovlooea
rc atrlxqurolloolorldpojts(o' e[6ouc)

J"x0zds,6nou c I r.o|ldlrt trr b]dvuo|[rlal mpqu8tplrd Eatrn l(t) t'l+zd+tntl,

"
t [t,z].
/idqt:
o rdvource0qOIoV{
routonou 11;,9,2laoj',
lit u] [i.t.t]0,, ,r*,
J

i'rtr+tT.zj**t * 1t'ttt1"y/+t,*Q =y/(z"r

Elwl xqrl

-zr-|.

F[i(t)].trzflnt.

'oo, *u*r.J'rzu
rnrl(zr.{)ur=J"o*r"tat+J'zt"r
ntatr
J
.r[{ t.rnt-! t"l'.zf{ 1'1n1-.!-.,1'=.^n.
5, J, t,
tr' J,
3. h utolorldE! !o arrqrrdllo

ofodnfll

I"*,

*"

c eaF!

ro

rdo!s cla@r Fz,f. t e [t,5].

,ldql:

& rdvouueeoqprcV|l
rou r0rcu (S). Eavo!:
tt5

t;w* rr-,*l)* /;{ d !,rn *.[irwo,=

I
ff
"r,"J',r*
tt
,
f ^
r'l'
-'|
i]."*
ztr.'rro,.
r
r
[r,*,+1i={ [r+-z+1.
[z* "r

. ri*"J"*r.tat=J(#)
**= #.*_i#

-/$*=;*--"-d,r,*'.

** =#-"_

32
4.

o uno^ovLdE{ ro onLxollt0ALooloKhlg q I x0ds, dnou c tw!

16g0 lnq d^lel'l'lq

I + !* -1, o'8, rlou owlororl(

g"
o"

ro

oEnv npdq yav.q Ev

al6urv,
iidt:
OLnopourplKaq
ELoioELc
rou r6!ou LwL x=oouvt,{,=Bqpt,orts+
60 Kdvouue
eeopuoyf
ro0 r0nou(3), EavoL:

aa
I =J x u d s =xJ( t ) U ( t ) / [ (xt ) l ' + f U{ t ) ]1 d t - 6 j n ! t o u v t / d ' z n u ' t + B ? o u v '
u
= +. l a
Bj n u 2 t

1 - o u v 2'p
t ---7----z" 2 l + o u v 2 td t .

+ -n!ztdtOttou!ouvzt=r,r
$

. O-o" t=0, r,,=1.Otovt {,

o--f.

d*i"BI'@d.,=
=+"sl',8:W
r.ry
c

* B';.'z
',lrd',,a,-l"a['
' r r _ 1Io']B'
.
1 .
J

.+
iL + [(s+]
=+
- c;"'
l'=
z g,_o, J L\
z
,
, )_,
")+
' * 1 0 . . r , s . - . .1 l l o B t
. - 13 o s l l o- -,*' s, -,- 2u-. - o 1
/-\-?-'TIl-A;;--a,
s , _ oL
.\

(B!-d')-

oB(B-q)tg':*og*o'z)= og --3fo'z+oB+B'?
= ----T(E-oIG+oT'
T

lbpor|lpnon:
llnopoioo!evo unotroyi,oouue
ro noonyol]uvo
otroK^fg0iuo
KoLoq [iC,Tro
ro 16{0 rnq 6ItrEL0nq
rou flodrrourErdorou6xouue,l={ 6"*2,
Kdvoute
orn ouvaxro
Eeopuoyri
rou r0nou(5), oEiloo27.

x e [0,d].

33
ro nLKoglI0ILo
olo(Iipouo
5. lh unoJ\oyLdEC

Jc(x-z)ds,

6[ou c elvor

ro rdfo uc nopolcrpr(tclLdolc x=ouvt,{Fn!t, .=r, a.lo,-i

].

26). Exoule:
8o Kdvouu
eqoployirou rdrou (1) (onl.60
I t x - z r a s = 1( s u v r - t ) / l ( o u v t1) ' z -( q u t ) 1 ' ) + ( t) ' d t =

/iou,tt-ttatn
/
=[" ior',t-t t,6Ft*ouu-t*r at=E|
)o
)l"/Zuvtato
)o

-af iat=nw}+fyl -/z-o+.

''

)n

L'lo

6. tb unolovr(aro eraKolrdllo olo<Mry.o [ ---$-,

l"
6z*12)i
g
El'6,2E
vol n dneloa r'8=1,ve
).

dnou c el-

.l|lq:
oo xdvouuE
rroployirou rl]nou(6) (otrl6o27). Elvot:
.)h
.26 , '
| ____jL_.|
/0,.(0,), de=l _! /or+to,), de=
. r - l' / '
l
'l /^1! v
'| "
lx--,t-J'
l(pouv0)z-(plu0)'zlr

-l

.,

'r

)/j

V Bi
-

.r

de=l e,/r')d=+l 0'')'d{1+'})=

err/--r
B'

)/j

"/;

, -.J;

=+L(!+.)'I_+=+.
/3-

7. ib molovlooearo et8d66vrnc rullvbplKic enr0dveLoc

rou 6xer oyvrelpq
mpdlln[0,+],
lEc lrpoerov dEow z'z Kor qc orcl.oqro olgElo z-x{, nalno0ouv
rt 0)(6q oszsx0.
hyd KdurdMro rdfo c: ;(t)-ouvti.r,i,

a.

tulorl:
To enrorruEvo
u0o66v6LvErqLon6 rov r0IIo:
3

0 = l f ( x , 0 ) d s . 6 n ofu( x , U ) = x 0
0r. nopouargLK6s
Lodo!q
rnc (o!n6lncEavoL x=ouvt,{:nutr
r

,.[''+]

'ApcELvor:

tt

,l

,,f

) , + [ ( n u t ) ' 1d, t - o u v t n u t d t = +nl ! 2 t d ( 2 t ) =

0 =I x 0 d s = lo u v t n u t(/of u v t 1
|

=+ [-ouv2t]
; =+ (r-1)=+.

8! Enlrolnolrd
-

olorlng6roro 9' [6oue

l. EfllKogndlLooloKlrg;uora {B' el6ouc) 6lcvuotmLK6v ouvttpr{oalrvKouniln ;B* rou xrirpou

lRr
SEUpoilEro lLo l(oL qlr^i, npooovorotrLoutvn

rou axe! 6rovuolorL(ie(q,ron

i=i(t)=x(t)i{r(t)j+z(t){, t [q,B].eeopool=F(x,'1,21=e1;,ri,21f*q(x,U/,2)J+R(x,0,2)l
ouvdprnon
ue Ko! rn 6LovuoldrL|(i
nou etvoL ouvexiq|(oLCxeLn6to oprouoi rnv (ounulaAB'**,H ouvdpqon
yLvdlEvo
Flilttt.i'ltt
ouvexdp
ouvopdo{rvslvoL ouvxiq
oov eooreplx6
(dpo(o[ oAoi^ngdELun)
oro [o,B]. opl(o!ue** oov ErlKqundllooloxMgo|!
(B ca6ouc)tnq i xord giroq qc npodovqrotrrouavnq
xoun0^nc6D tor, ou!t-t9-

B o l i ( o u u'lr^dF d ; , ! o o p L o u 6 ov tor o K r i p o Il dF-l i ( t ) 1 . ; ( t ) d t . E r o Lr o L n 6 v

Ja

eivo!|
.

tttat

[-t[xto,,ult),zttt]i
,li^r di d ; JJ -d i- t i ( t ) -l i ' ( t ) d t =
Ja

To di ecvoLro 6LoqcalK6
oror.xaco
rnc (oun0MqEi(t). Elvor:
dEi' (t)dt <+ d;x (t)dti+0' (t)dtj+z' (t)dtt.

nounpo(irr!lov oqv f(x,{,2)

i[i(t)] etvoLn orovuotrorL(i
ouvdprnon
dnoux xo x(t), 6nou0 ro U(t), 6nouz ro z(t).
BdloutiE

tB-

,Bl

t t v o u'a!
l ^ t a l l F [ x ( t ) , 0 ( ! ) , 2 ( t ) ](it ) d t = l l P l x ( t ) , 0 ( t ) , 2 ( t ) l i .

' 0 . x { t ) , 0 1 t ) , 2 ( jt ,)R
l L x ( t ) , + ( t ) , 2 ( t )[l i{(l t ) i , 0 '( t ] i . z ' ( t ) [ ] d t =

- J u [ e h t t t , , t , t t t , . t , (1t])x* Q [ x ( t ) , 0 ( t ) , z ( t{)t l)0* R l x ( t ) , { , ( t ) , z ( t ) ] z ' ( t ) l d t

I rq!truln G unop.i uo eilou ra! xlELdtn.

"

H t uropei v" eiu"u opuoyiv,t rcL d' ;va sJlolo d,

(IslB3 ) ro! IEFG-

r.u rv xqlr,lln G.
r 1 i o o p L 6 ! 6 s e v r 5 Ee r u r o u r i r r o u o r o x t r n p d l o t . s ( B ' i 6 o u E ) ,
ni xou !. tn goigs@ u@s 6rculpuons rns ,cur6rns G.

lropi !d Oo-

36
nryolfiq
'0rov

l:
l-l,t!

('l l^Fd;
'lB

vpdqouue',4d
l^Fdi

'1 I FdF), r6rE n qopd brovpopiq

'aa

rnq KqUII0lneavvoE{,rqLond ro A npoq To B,

nasr|bnq 2:

'Evo err[Koumll!ootroKlipoto
Epi*Qj.ni
!Laq 6Lovuolor[Kieouvaprnonc

ouu9otL(roL
*or [ -iai

'1 [ fai

[ -id;

(ou cuonpiro! ouugotlouol

rov gErlK6,owtoroLxoopvntL(6,npooovorolLoud
66Lxvouv
tnc (ounllnc c).
XpnoLlonoLoil./E
sl(6!0 touq ouUBo,\
LouoiC
:

rr-

l^Pdx+Qd'!-Rdz,IPdx.Qd'!+Rdz'LFdr.
Av n Kqun0trn
c EivoLKleLdtll,r6re xpnoLlonororrle
rouc ouuBollouolc:
9,

('l (oL

Q)

0L 6uonpdroLouuBo^Louol
6Lxvouv
ovraotoLxo
ln gerrKl i
qoOdo,\oxlrlooonq
Ko[d lr'lKoqlLoq kleLonlq Katn0trnq
c.

tnv o0vnrrKi

ngfllpnon 3:
To Enlkolntl!oofoxfioouo$iai

(dL KuKloqooLo
ovoua(eroL
rnc dLo-

vuouoruxiq
F rord prlr<oqrnc (ountincc.
ouvdprnonc
noF.npnon4:
Mov6^oyooKprB6crp6noopl<erqLro enrKotrnttrLo
oloKlipouog eLdouq
(KarduiKoq uLoqoflIic ^elqq KoL mooovqrcst'utvnc
raunLltnc68\roulR2) (oL
yLo uLoolvdprnon
(oL ouvXiqornv
i=ptx,,lti*Q(x,,1)j,IIouEavqLopLoudvn
'orpr.Bric
G. Ioxrjouv
ovdloyoLougBotrLotoi.! ro EnL(ounri^Looloiifp0rlo
9 L6ouqKordliKoe Kqlnilncrou lRr.
NPOTA:H:
To enLKoun
trLooloK;\ripr,ruq
9' elboueetoprdror,ond rov fiOoodvorolLoud
'EroLelvqr:
rou r6EoU6Drne o^oKtu1@onq,
| -.
| -I ^ F d r = J^ F d r
A!

BA

I Fdr=-J Fdr

37
lldFool

rtrcr uroj\olroloo ellxcu|r0lu/)v oloK.lnqJtEl

bLovrrotorlK6v ouwpt{oov

(g' et6ouc)

I. :ro x@ Rr

e0rpotu
rn suvdpnoni{x,U, z)=P(X,U,z)i+Q{x,U,
z)j+R(X,r!,
z)i, noueivor ouvexieKordu{Koqrnq ontrie,leloq KoLflpooqvqrolLol6vnq
KolnL]lnc
fD rou IR'. Tdre:
o ) A v X = X ( t ) ,U = 0 ( t ) ,z = z ( t ) , t e [ o , B ] e L v o uo L n o t o l e r p t K aeC
E L o -d
oeLgrou r6qoofC, uox0eu
o rrlnoq:

p( x , U ,)zd x + Q ( x , { i , z ) d U - R
) d( xz ,' J, 1B,h, z( t ) , U t() , 2( t ) ] x ( t ) *
[p

(1)

* Q[ x( t ) , { ( t ) , z (t ) ] u ( t ) + Rl x( r ) , 0 (t ) , z ( t ) z ( t ) ] d t
rounuin ABCxt nopouaipLKaq
lLod'otgX=x(s)
B) Av n rpodvaEA|l'u6vn
(
(
z
.
z
(
s
)
,
s

1
0
,
,
]
E
a
\
o
L
r
o
u
0-!{s),
ro lrixoq
t d { o uG t ( o L o u v o ,o u v B
ouvyaLvoLro 6Lue0vovro
ouvn!lrovoiori UovodLqlou
eoonTo!vL(o0
6rov0oi.roroq,
A8-,r6tc loxrleLo t0noq:
i oro onuEloM{X,U,z)rnq kounttrnq

) ds
t2).
J^oor.Oo,l-*or=J^tou!vo+QouvB+Rouvv
0 runoq our6c uerqrpCnL
6vc anLKotn0^Lo
o,\oKlip0juo
0' elocue o' avo aq'
n!Kolni^Lo otroKtr{i{dUo eLdouc.
y) ELvoL

(3), 6nouV eLwL ro uovooLoao

eqo-

nroUevLKd
6LdvuoUo
o[o onpEio14(x,$,2
) rou r6ouG.

JI. tro x6poR,

0opotiUe
rn suvdpraoni(x,U)=P(X,0)i+a(x,r!)j, nou eivoL ouvexiqKqrd
qrlliq,
I6r:oqKoL npooovqroiLolevnq
Kountinq6i rou Rr. T6re:
liKoq rns
o) Av X=X(t), U=U(t), te [q,B] avor oL flqpcurpLKdq
tLod)oLq rou
rdaou AB Lox0ero rlnoc:
serurri oopii 1o! 6lqvioloros i,

s..p.:-or

I xct.isrvon orEioeos tou s.

38

'.1.1*A(t),U(t)]
(t)ldt
1,,A;a,!=Jo
U',
[x
f^t 1*,,11ar.q
[r 1*1,1,,1,1.11*

(4).

ro
!) Av ro rdofd 6xeue{i.ooon
U=q(x),x lo,0] rou oeoprlooupe
oov rTopduerpo,
t6re Loxi,ELo rinoc:

tr

, rJpB1 y 1 l , o f x , , o((xx)ral lx, r '

^ P ( x , u ) d x + 0 ( x . { i )rd- x{ F

yl Av ro rdoG 6xeueElouron
ro
X-q((r),'! [o,B] Kor Oojpr1oou!.
oov nopd!rpo,
r6te LoXiEL
o r0noq:
{6}.

6)

)ds +
l^Pdx+Qd'l=
l^(Pouvo,QouvB
'iut
'ld

r --r

l^Fdr"l^Fvds
'nd
'ird

(7).

6noui=(ouvo,ouvB)
ELvq!to uovq6|oloeeofltouevLx6
6Ldvuoto
rou (s' o,o
ctuio M(x,(|i).
IbLdmrEq rsv mlrqfiul[.y
oloxl|I'qttEv
B' adouq
dlovuouotlK6v ourropriotiv
I) :ro xdpo R3
Isxtouv o! En6!ever6L6rnrq:
l . A v t r ! , I r , l j , . . . , t r r r e l v a L a r o e e p dK
e o Lo L o u v o p r i o LFqr , i . , . . . , f r LvoL otroKlnpdlolteqKord dKoq rou npooovc[olloucvou r6!ou c, TdT !oX0L

l,lv

2. Av ro [OooovdrolLouavordlo c 6|:voL avoon tov 6Lq6oxrK6vtri.0Jv

16c1.cr,...,c,* xoL n F EivcL oloxlnpdoLuqKord uiKoq ruv t6l,lvourolv,

16TE L o x 0 L i

3, Av A,APAr,...,A!,8 eivoL 6vq rlEnepoo!6vo

n^iooe onuLovEvdqnporo nlieos eivcr rerepooulvo.

39
r6lou IB r6re LoxdeL:
osvoro;\rou6vou

f l-.r
.,r
Fdr-l Fdr+l
I
-AB

-Ml

r --.-l

Fdr+...+l Fdr
-ArB
'A,A'

r6{ouoAoxtu1

o. ro.n.*offit

p"onq.=d6ii rlvor ovsdprnro

rnq oqrnplqq
oloKlipoonc.AnAoEtl
Lsxrier:

qFdr=@^Fdr=q^Fdr
,C

,ABTA

/ BTAB

5. Av cr, c2 Eavol 6uo xdun0ie(!E Loo6lvouEc

nopourpL(cc
e(Lo6orLq,
16rE roxiEL I

Fd.=rl Fdr,

(ro ' lnoCvL6rov or cI

cr axouvrnv LELo

qopd Ko! ro - drov axouvovrLErnqopd).

II. :ro x6poRr

Ioxoouvo(prBdJq
ov6}ove(ue rLs nponyoilEveq
rOr6rnrrc.

2. Enr(ount^rooloKlr|gilato (0' ea6o0c)rpdvlorlk6v ouvooriloEv-

OEupoiue
rnv npooovqro;\roldvt
xoln0lnG rounr, ue eELooon:
i(t)=x(t)i{(t)j+z(t){, t [o,B].
ovotrdaou
n
otifl0tr
Lx
Lo oio(tripi,tldB {.6ouq
oC flpoqX (|(ordui(oc InC
lr^
Kopnt^nqAB) rnq npoytiotLnlqouvdOqonsP(X,r!,2) (oL ouugolL<ouu
u:

l^.;:;:]
Be
ro opLolr6vo
ofoxlrlor,:r:o lx ( t ) ,r1(t ) , z( t )]x (t)dt. 'EroLlo!r6v cxouuE:
J
(1)
Avdlovoopt(ovroLrd n[Kdun0^Lo
oloKlnpdu@o
B L6ouqoq npoqU KoL
oq flpoqz.

Eror tvcl:

ItB
| ^Q (x,,!.z )d'!=| Q[ x( t ) , 0 ( t ) ,z ( t ) ] { , '( t ) d t

12)

40

(t)dt
J^*,*,,t,,.,*=Ju*1,t,),u(tJ,z(t)lz{ 3 )
lbpanlgnol l:
ltll
ELvoL:| ^Pdx+QdU+Rdz-l
.
' A^Pdx+l
B
- ^Ad'!+l^qdz.
'AI
AI

AA

flooaEllpnq2:
AvdtroyoL
r0tur Lox0ouv
ov Oer,rpioouuE
rnv npooovorotruotrCvn
xoun0trn
68l
rouIR2,tE etLol,i.rn
i(t)=X(t)i+{,(t)j, te[q,B] Kor rLc llooylorLKdq
ouvopr n o r cP ( X , 0 ) ,Q ( X , 0 ) ,

nagsrlpilorc -

eeo6to!q

:rov unoloy!0116errrrdgJrulkDvoloxlnpo[dTov 0' Ea6oug

l. fLq vo ulrolovloor,le Cvo EnL(otfi0.\LooloKliplJjuonpdneLn Koullrr^nvo dLvEroL!, ropourpLKi lopqi.

2. TLqvo unolovLoouU
6vo $L(o!n!ILo olo(IipoUoB' .(6ouckG
vouupoptoyirov r0novrnq oIa6oc 37, { x(lrvttnov rnq oEtrl,6oq
( n s p o 6 e l y u q r o21, 3, ) .
38
3. orov kdvouue{pqpuoyirou r[nou (5) Inq otrL6qc38, rpoomeo!!e vc eKqpdoou!
rn ELdeooLKi
ndpdordonP(X,0)dX+Q(X,0)d0,
o!voprio! rrrv X, dx. Evdrdrov Kdvo0tirs{pop}roviDU rlnou (6), rnc dEIlbae 38, fipoonoeodlEvc Kopdoouu
rnv LbLq nopdoroon ouvqorioEL
tov 0, drl (qur6 yi.v6toL u rn Bo,1oeLq
rdv nopolerpLKtilv ELodFEov
rnc Kdu!,\nq) (nopdde|Vtqm4, 5),

4. orov Kdvouu
eeqpuoyi
rou rlnou (1), lnq oEtrL6qq
37, npoCrrloeot!
!o eK{ppdoouu
rnv ndpdoroon
PdX+Qd!+Rdz,
ouvcprioLrov t,
dt (ourd yLvETqL
ELorioEtJV
tnq Ko! rn Boietor(,lvlqpqurplKri'v
6rov Kdvouue
untlns). Avdloyopyo(duqorE
eqopjrovi
rou rtnou (2).
6).
{nopdbsLyuq

5. Tq rLKounrj^Lo
otroKlnpdporo
e6oplcpdx+Qdu+Rdz,Jcpdx+adu,

41
rdwoL yvLKdond rnv Kqlndln c, nou 6XLdKporq ol!Lq A K.tr B
(dpxi ro A t(oLn6poqro B). 'EroL ov cr ELvqLuLo dlln Ko[nttrn uE
qpx|1KqL[6pqq rq ontelo A KqL 8, ovrloroLxo i.vor:

Pdx+Qd'r+Rdz

6- :Tnv n6pi,nr0rsnnou n Kdlrli^t c ivqL oIII/l KoL r(ILooi, T6TE

onoLo6iloron[ELornq unopLvo geopnoelrqurdxpovoqov opxi xoL
ndpoqrrle. EfvoL 6uoc onopqi.rnrovq yLvLEXIoyi rnq qopdsKordrnv
onoLqELoypdeerqL
n Kqun|lin.
:rnv leplnrurn nou n Kourl|jlnelvoL enlneon, sov qpvnrLKi qopd
eE0JpeLroL
n oopd tnq KLvnoncrov beLkdrvrou po;\oyLo!KoL oov 0erLKil n qvrlrn rnq Klvnoner{!v 6eLKrdv. orov vpd{pouue
"I Kount}n
A8" vvoLroLqopd 6',ovpo0r1q
ond ro A npoq ro 8.

7- TLovo unoloylooutr
dvqnLKouniILo
otroKfu1o{,ruo
Kord !i(oq
qnliq
(,lq
KlLsriqxqpnl]trtq,
pyoe6loorE [ie:
uLoq
c oe dpoLolo6uo i flEpLooorapov
6Lqo) Avoliouuernv Kounlltrn
(2), rnc otrL6qc
6oxrKd)v
rdEuvrKoLxdvou!.6eoployirnc L6L6rnrqq
38 (nqpobelylqrq
7, 8) i
eoapuoyrirov rinov (1) i (4) rov ontallrvi
!) Kdvou!eKorEUgLdv
9).
37, 38, ovriororxo (llqpdoLyuo
8. noli ondvLoxpnoLuonoLotu6
KdLTov rtrro nou opL<Lro
Kqlnu^LootroKlipoloB' 6rl6ouq (nopd6rylo10).

nL-

Ilapa6eiyuatd

vs unoloyloeEl'
ro 1- ^Lvsrorn ouvdprnon
i(x,0)=(x'z-0)i+((i'z+x)j,
nl<oun0lLooloxliq,tE r=[ io", OnouABE[vo[ ro uodvpqlloruiuq ue
A { 0 , 1 ) ,B ( r , 2 ) .

H x a u n ! i r ! c r c u r o r i q r y r p d r e u v o 6 u a r o d o o v r c ur s r d r r v i o u c o o o r i .

42
tr0d|:
I

E ( v o Ll = l

( x ' z - U ) d x r ( U z + x )(dl )0. T o u e 0 y p a ur luoi u oA B6 x e r . ( 1 . -

ooonX=0-1 (Eltoooneuoecocrou npvdon6 6uo onue[o). H E .ooon ouul

u mpoletOlxi UoM YpdQerqr
X:t, 0-1=t <+ {=t+i. ErL6iX [0,1], eCvoL (oL t[0,1]. ELvoroKdItrdx=dt, d(Fdt. 'EroLo rino( (4) tnc oe^{,6oq38, 6l.ve!:
ll

_t
'l A

(x'z-U)dx*(u'?*x)d'lEl )].[(t.t)'+t]ldt=l (t'z-t-1+t,+2t+l+r)dtlIt'l-(bl

-l et'.zuar=zl
(t,.t)dt"2J
+ .+ l'=+
2. lh unorroyrooel,
to otoxl{tqro:
t
I- | ^ (3x,-6'lzlO(+(al+3rz)dtE(
t-4x{rz,)dz,
.AB
dmu fi elvor to r6to x=t, Ft',

z"t!, tE [0,t].

r16ot:
Elvol dx=t'dt, dG(t.) dt, dz=(t!)'dt, EtoLo dnoq (1) rnq o6^{-6oq
37,6avL:
r 1 [ ( 3 t ' - 6 t ' t ! ) t ' + ( 2 t ' + 3 t . t )' ( t ' ) ' + ( 1 - 4 t . t ' t 6) ( t 3) ' ] d t "

=I,

'
1-a1,
at,f
)2t+1
131".1
tot"+t3-12tl1)dt=...=2.
[3t,-6ts+(2t,+3t{

3, ila molovLdl ro nlroun0lloofo(MpoF (B' eadoucloc npocxEtc

ouvdpotolc
a(x,U,z)=z-r(ar6 d.oc qg npodrr/rtrolr.oucvnc
rqundMcE: x=
' . n\
= o u v ts, = n u tF, t , ! A = , 0 , 0 ) ,0 - ( 0 , r , 2 / .
Arron:
H ooxi rou rdouA ovrLotoLxEl
c[nv rLti rnq nopoudrpo!
t=0 (oL ro
n6pdC
ornvr[!i Inq nopoudrpou
t=n/2. >iuor,,vo
LrErov t![o (1), qq ollI

t\12

tn/2

(t-ouvt)(ouvt)'dt=l
(nutoovt-tnut)
6oc39, 6xouuE
dt=.. . =-+- ,
'o
'l(z-x)dx=l
G
'o

43
4. l{q unoloyroolro enlkounilLoolorfulor,ruo
f^zxr6y+yzdu,6rqv

liB

e[vo!.o 16;0 ue opxrl|(ot nepqqwrl,qroLxorq onpsloA(0,0), B(j,1) tns

mpdoliq {FX'z.
Aion:
eeopouue
oovndpd!rpo
ro x. tlvor d0={X'z)
dX > dqr=2xdx.
EivoL o'EtoL
rdx,
xduq{=X'zKoLX f0,1]. Apo2xld(+xldtlt-2xx,
dx+x,2xdx=4x
o ri4'x"l'
r
rt
n o q( 5 ) . r n q o E I t 6 o 3
q 8 , 6 l v e r l ^ 2 x . d rxx , o r ! 1. 4 X3d x = r ' 0 - 1 .
'AB
'
r,
5, I{q oroloylooe( ro Enrxoun0tLo
oloxripuuo

L-_3X.'ldx+(xr+t}dU, 6-

rou rt lld'D|| rou ABeavoLX-1, !e A(1,0), B(l,l).

Ariol:
0eo0o0ue
oovnood!roo
ro 0. ElvouX"l, dx=o,0e fO,1]. EroL6xouu
3*t
3x'zodx+(x3+1
1 )dr!=2d0.
)d'r=3U.0+(
O r|lnoq(6) rnq oAL6oq
38, 6Cvrl
f
rt
I - 3 x ' z , l d x . ( x r . 1 )Jd .d! -, !2=12 .
',ir,
o

6. lb ul|otroyrooE(
ro eflLKolniiLo
oloxhlor,rrc
t=[XrdX+xUd0,
dnouc Elr
vo[ To 1610tou xlxlou X=ouvt,lEnUt rou llptftourEroolnt/oplou,nou 6[0vpoperdlx6rd q oertd oopd.

Aoon:
[ [ v o r .1 1 = s g vU1=, 4 r i rt,. 1 0 , + ] .

E i v o Lo x d l o : d x - t o u v t ) ' d t: + d x =

=-nutdt, d'!=(ntt)dt + du=ouvtdt.'Apo

(-npt)dt+
X,dX+XUd(r={ouv?t)
+ n u t o u v t o u v t dEt .r o Lo r i f i o q ( 4 ) , r n c 0 6 l i 6 o c3 8 , 6 i v . L :
tT-t'

I = l ( o u v : t ) ( - n u ! ) + n u r o r J v t o L v (t -. ]odLt v- lr t n u r . o u v ) t 4 u r ) d t = 0 .

7. llo unotroyLooi
ro g[LxqundtrLo
oloxlirun

6{rdx+xrd0, 6nouc EL:

wL I neplUergoq rou rply6vgu 0AB rou olrlUdEoq IIou etvor npooovarolroldvn xod In Oopd nou oq[vrll o[o ox4!a.

A0orl:
l(lr

(r'zdx
Etvor l=l {r'2dx-xzdU+x'd(r.
| ,!'dx'x'dU-l U'zdx-xzdU+l
IOAAB

81r,1)

0o ufloloyloou!xq o]oKlnp6uorqrou 6e0repou

.i)

X=1

q) TLoro [p6ro otroKlifl,ruo

eaopotueoov nopduerpo
ro X. ELvo!|]r=0+ dr!=oKqLx [0,1].
'Apo
0dx=0.
0'zdx+x'zd{=0'zdx+xz0=0dx.'Apo
0'?dx*x'zd|]FJ
,J*
geopo0u6
oloKldprllo
oqvnopdleiporo U. 'EroL LB) fLq io 6e0re9o
var x=1, dx=0,U [0,1],'Apq,!'dx*x'?d,tr=,tr'?o*1'?d,!-1d,!.
Apq:

.
I '!'dx.x'd{"JI d{'=1

Jl*"

y) TLo ro rplro oloKlip(,uoeopottroov flopduTpo

to x, EToLLvot:
'Apo
'lpo:
dU.dx,
iFX +
xe [0,1].
0'zdx+x'?du=x'?dx+x?dx=2x'?dx.
|

tu

zx'1d\=-+.
,I _.!'zdx-x'd.,+l
B-o

-+ )=+.
E n o u d vE
u lqv o LI = 0 + 1( +
J/
J
\

8. Itd uroloylda ro cnl(dur0trLoofo(lipolo 6fd;,

OnouF=(x+)f*

*tZx-ztj*tO*z)l tol c avcl n np(letooctou rpLy6vouA8f, to onolo snoK6mouv!d ouwerovlEva ercndo016 ro en[rcEo 3x+2tF]z=6.H Oofjd6|'dyFOic Ft'v6[o! oro o)(llin.
Aiq:
*

H Bo 6Ldyodera!rct<i tnr cpnntuxri oopd ru cutd to*"*.

.a

odre !o Ye0ao!!e xaL -Jn.

J'.

*.*i-

45

'rxo'ue
6/ A B I A=[
J -[ t,""",.
'A! 'Bl rrn ' _ eo unotroyloout/
xa Ir, 12, I3.
l. To euivpouuo
rtiuq AB 6xEL elLodoelq3X+2G6,z=0. 0L nopolerpLkecrou lvol X-t, UF-it+3,
Lo6oLq

z=0.

0L----- --,

Tq olleLo A (oL B ovrloroLxodvorLC r!u6q t=2 |(oL G0 rnq flopou6rpou.Apo:

-rzt-or
a,=
r,=
' J r[g ;oe[ J ? L(,-]',r)'
f\ *. *a)'.(-f "r-o)o]
.
\
I
r
ro, ,
r
, - *r to - -.
=l (t-j t*-:t)ot=l
\-it-z)at=-|I I J,*tql=z-s=r.
I I . T o B Tn e p v dq r 6 r d o n u e aBd ( 0 , 3 , 0 ) f, ( 0 , 0 , 6 ) . ' A p o6 x L n o p o u e rpLxaqel!o6oELC
X-0=t(0-0),0-3=t(0-3),z-0=t(6-0)+ x=0, 0=-3t+3,z=
=6t. lo onle(qB Ko! T qvrLoioLxorlv
crlrc xl!6q t-0 KoLt=1 rnc floootdrpou. Apo:
r , = l F d r = l[ ( 0 - 3 t * 3 ) 0 - ( 2 . 0 - 6 t ) ( - 3 t .*(3- )3 t - 3 + 6 t ) { 6 t])d t =
-BI

=l (18t*r8t*18)dt=36;

+ 1 8[ t " = 1 8 - 1 8 = 3 6 .

'Apo
III- To fA nepvdar6 rq onueLoT(0,0,6) Koi-A(2,0,0).
6XL ropo!.rpLKEC
+
elLo6oeLqx-0=t(2-0), 0-0-t(0-0), z-6=t(0-6)
x:21, r!=0,2=
=-6t+6. To onlelo I KqLA ovr[orolxo0v cftLsrL!6c t=0 KsL t=1 Tnc nopoutrpou- Apo:

|,r'r , =,l. A F d i = l[ ( 2 t - 0{)2 t ) ' ,( 4 t * 6 t - 6 ) 0 + ( o - 6( t-+d6t -)G l)d . = l 1 r t . : s t - : o 1 a t =

I +z l'

=4oL
; ] , - 3 6l i l ; = 2 0 - 3 6 = - 1 6 .
*

od!.

T o A B b L q " o o o c ! d Lr c r r i

,l
!d Ypao.uue kaL i

'l' op'fruri

qopd 1. curri

r p d o o u u le. n r o c o , i -

46
E n o ! a v rdLqv o LI = I r + t r + I 3 = l + 3 6 - 1 6 = 2 1 .

9. lb Utlolovlda ro ohoxMF|! f= 6,1"4-x.C,

dnouc etvor o rotloe

xz4'z=1.
Aton:
0! nopotitpLKeq
ellodiosrq
rou K0klou[voLX=ouvt,0=nut,0st:2n.El,wL d(d!o dX=(ouvx)'dt,d{F(ntt)
dt. 'Eror o rtnoq (4) rnc oltdoq38,6t12\

r2't

v e L : l = l -[ n u ' ? t ( o u v-t()o ' r v ' z t ) ( n u-]td) t = l ( - n u t t - o u v r r ) d t ,o

Jo
,2n
- - l ( n u t3+ o u!vt l d t = . . . = 0 .

10. ib unoloyldE(' ro lrot mtlt,o olorl{pq!

I

J"tuti*tt

(B' ea6o!C):

-*

{"*,0.'

6rou c eavol n ro|Indln !e 6!ov0o[tlai raFuerptx{ tlq,El:

i(t)-ti+(nnt)J+(ouvt)i,t [0,2n].
Mon:
oa(dvouuc
ooployi
-,

(tlat. rLvor:
JiaLJBill(t)li
i ( t ) " 1 i + ( o u v t ) j + ( - n r tF) [(i,( t ) ] = { n r t o u v t ) 1 + ( t s u v t ) j + t ( n [ t ) { .
.,r"0"

[i(t)]i' (t)gn!touvt+touv,t-tnu,t.'Apol
E l v o ro K d ui o
l --

t2t

1124

r2n

nlztd(2t){,|otouv2tdtJ"Fd-Jotnutouvt*touv'?t-tnu')tldt=+J
o
.l
I
"-,,2n nuztd(zt)]=
= +, l - o u v 2. -t, l, ;2"n" . l o
trnrz.t-ot=0.1
;10
1[tnuzt]"-

= t ' o u v z t-l02 n = 0 .

r
**

Blile A

, 6 ! 0 , o e r i 6 o 6 2 , d o x r o ! l x o L d e l i 6 a 6 6 , d o r q o n? .
rootepuxrj -ruvrjuevo ouo 6LavuolqrLrd! oovoptrioeov.

E@g[oyEg rc)v eflLxc|lnul'i(rv

o^oxtrlpoudTcrv

0'

Ea6ouq

o) YnoloyLol6q69you 60vo!nq

To 6pvo l,{ nou nopdvETqldrqv lLo 6uwun F=Pi+Qi+Rk

urqronL<er ro aF
Ulo eopuoyiqrnc kold UiKoqvbq r6ou ABord To onuEioA oro snue|o B
blveroL ond Tov rdlo:

l,J=lPdx-adu+Rdz
Av n drvopnei.vouF=Pi+Qi,rdre ro 6pvoElveroL0116rov r|Jt1o:

., r
-

Pdx+QdU

euBo6o0
n!n,6ouxoo(ou
Bl Ynotrovloldc

To lBoodvE Ev6exopLouT rou enLn660uoXUflou npLKlelerqLon6 !Lo

ontri, KlLorr1Kq! Kordrl]lllcm lei'o KdlrnLrInc , r ( t ) = x ( t ) i + U ( t ) j ,
t[o,B], 6lveror dn6 rov rlro:
E:

-! $xoru-oax

napa6ayuara
l. lln utroloyloe(.
ro 6pvono|l mpdyroL6mv n 60von F(x,'tr.2)=x'ri+
*0'jrz3* uemronl(er to onutoeoproyilqqq (drd giKoqmu r6our{Dqc
rounrilnci(t)-ouvti*nttj+2t(, t r -0,r].
/\don:
E r : v oXL= X ( t ) = o u vUt ,= { ( t ) = n ! t z, = z { t ) = 2 t t, e [ 0 , r ] . E L v ooLK 6 ! 0 :
P(X,qr,z)=X
o !X ( t ) = - n u t ,U ( t ) = o u v t , z ' ( t ) = 2
23
QU
( X, , ' ! , 2 ) = ' lR' ,( X , U , z ) = K
|

-I

tt

P d x - A d . ! - R d^zx-{l d x i l , ' 7 d , , . z r d 7[-(lq u L o u v r ) ( - n u t ) r n ! ' z t o u v t t 3 2 ] d t =

'di
ro-

EAlfa,\H IllANlAf0Y; "0XCKIHPnTtKoX,{0fiIfloI

3"

48
rr

I +4 1r

- l 1 6 t , d r = ri 6 l | = 4 r { .
Jo

2. ild unolovloglto eda66v E tou eruddou Xdploumu npaktre[eIol

ond Inv aoregoeldl mtnttrn x=souv3tr'lEonu3t,t [0,2n], o>0.
A0oI:
eeoployi rou rtncu E=+ f- to'l-,lor. E!w! x=douvlt,
OoKdvouu

{F

= o n u r t ,t [ 0 , z f l ]K q r d x = ( o o u v ! t ) ' ddt ,t r = ( o n u 3 t ) ' d t , ' A p o :

t(onu't)'-(on!!t) (oouv!
t) ]dt=
[oouvr

E=+J
- $
,

touv,tnut)dt=$ .
['.1or",r,1y.souvt-4u!

!,

['n1oru'tau't.'ruttouv't)dt=

Jo

"n!'ztdt=
lo'
- S ["nrr,oru,r(nrrt*ouv't)dt=
["nr.1ouu,161+
[
'
)
o
z
Jo
)o

"

ttuz
t2t)dtzr;,=
"1+1,'
# l"rrl#3!4i

],

=$..

uo,ao.q.

3. k unotofloo( ro qrBo66vtou nrtGoouxt4l.oufiou [pLkleletd! o-

ndtnv auer|r ,. ,1k-1

f
oz

* f =t.
g,

iool:
.t

o .eop!6oouurov tuno E-* (D xd0-0dx.H e[louot rqq 6trlEltnq rtoplordvro! ndpdletpL(t rdcEEiq: x=douvt, GB4!t, 0tt<2n.
+
EivoLnoldvorc
E[vo! dx"-onltdt, du=Bouvtdt.
XdU-UdX=
ioouvt(gouvt)
'EroL
+Pn!t(onut)]dt.
Cxoutro:
rl

oBdt=v-Y#'.nog r.uovd6Eq.
E=* Oxa{-Uax=-iI aB(nu'?t+ouvtt)dt-+l

49
qvoptnd{,oq
(F' et6ous]
>uv0rlKC
rou srllro|lnullou oJ\oKlnpduoroc
dr6 ro 606!0rnq olorl4p@Iq
.

8r,rpoir
ro nLKolnilLo
olox,\iq,ruo
[^P(x,{)dx+Q(x,U)dx (1), dnou

opLolavaq
KqLouvexelqoto onld ouvenLP(x,U),Q(x,S)Lvo!ouvoprioeLq
(6* oirvoloA, (AclR?),riEouvexELq
lepl(a( nqpoyrivouq
:i,
(oxoonotoovfKlro rdto {B).

oto a,

nportlolc:
Ioxtouv o! En6uvec
f , r : To o;\oKlipouo(1)LvqL ov{dprnrorou 696uournc olo(li9oonc, &llo6{ e{Odrur
u6{o .lrd Eo ql(q A tcl B, cv r(or !6vo ov n nopdoroon
Pdx+Qd(r
E[vo! ra,\eLo6LClqopLK6
{6ntrodiov undoxLuLo ouvdptnsn
+
n
,
(
A
<
l
R
e
)
,
) dLUd ,
6 ( X , ' ! ) :A
r d r o t o d r o t ed G ( x , ' ! ) - P ( x , 0 ) d x + Q ( x , 0 Y

K d t (X , ' r ) A ) .
nopdrilpnon
:
:tnv nptnroonouri roxl]el o r0noq:

(B)-G(A)
I-. Pdx+adu=c

t2)

{6nouA 4 opxi (or B ro ndpoqrou r6{ouAB).

n,: To oloKhlpogo(l) LvoLovetdprnrorou 6p6uourns oloKl\{pr,pnc
ov (o!
u6voov qPdX+Qd0.o,vLo K6Oeo[tul xlLsIIl (aunuln

(rtquorrKdlEb)

nou qviK! qlo ^,

To oio(iipoUo (1)elvoL oveEdgrntotou Epouournc olol(ligrdoncav Ko!

ll

Uovoov ==

j+

to nLKqlrdtrLootro(lripolo:
eopoLluE
*
1*

grire rxerurridrn oli6q,r3 rou B'rdlou.

O rriros cr.rtris eivcr, cvtiloros rpos to rroot6

prildros .ou 0loxlnpolLroi loyLotioi.
4

trjro tou !.rui6ou< Aed-

50
I

I P( x , Uz, ) d x + 0 ( x ,)Ud,+z-(Rx , ' r ,)zd z ( l ) ,

6 n o uo L o u v o p r i o LPq( X , U , z l ,Q ( X , 0 , 2 ) ,R ( X , U , z e
) l v o Lo p r o t 6 v e K
e o Lo u qnld
vxE[qo[o
ouvxrLK6
oivolo A, (Acn3), u ouvexei.q
upLKtq nopoqviKEL
yriryoue
(oro
oro l
onolo
ro r6qo iii).
Iq(0ouv oL [69vc npordsLc:
f l r : To oloKiipl,ruo(3) slvor qvEdplnrorou Epdtouqq olo(lipoonq qv KoL
eavdL rAIELo 6LdiropLx6 (6niq6i ufldtr
u6vo qv n napdoroonPdX+Qd{+Rdz
c(x,U,z):A - R (AclR'),reroro ro! dc(X,0,2)X Lo l v d p r n o n
= P( x , ' ! ,z ) d x + Q ( X , 0 , 2 ) d U + R ( x , U ,yzL) dq zK,d e ( x , U , z ) ^ .

nopqx{pnon:
Av ELvqLdc=Pdx+Qd0+Rdz,
rdle LoxUeL
o rLrnoc:

(B)-G(A)
Jtr Pdx+QdU+Rdz=c

(4)

(dnouA, I Elvqr n apxi KoLro nepoqovrlororxorou rdou,{B),

(3) e|\/oLovedornro
nr: To otroKlioorlq
rou 6p6!ouInq oloKlipoonq
ov KcrL

ov;$=#,#-S,
ll uovo

(x,u,z)^.
j+=r.4,vr.o
*de

(3) LvoLdveldprnrorou 606!ournq otroK^rlpoonc

n3: To olox,\ipr,Jtc
ov KoL
yLo (dOfiIi,
ldvo ov 6PdX*QdLli+Rdz=0,

KIELoriKalnt^nc (tUnUdrL-

kd isao, nou ov{KeLoro oivotroA).

noFripnonl:
Av ro rILkoln0iLo
otroK^ipold
lvqLovdpqro rou opduou
B' L6ouc
rnq oioKlipoJoqq,
16r ouugo;\LarqL
xou["pax*Qtrl,(avrLaroLxo
Iopax*OaLl*
JA

,lA

+Rdz)' 6nouA, B eivdL 6uo on!Lorou ouvdlouA no! suv6douvlrlo olloro drlnor Kolituln rou l.
floporipqon 2:
:Tnv npi,nroon
flou 6vq [LKq!nd]LooloKiipo)tiosivqr ovdprnro rou
6p6!outnq o,\oKiilpoone,
npoonooiu
vq qvrLKmqfiiooLrue
rnv Kotntln c ue
dlln
nlo
ofliiq
oldre
ro
o,\oktrip0ruo
unoloyLCerqL
!La
trlo EtKotro.
!ogr4c,
nspabe lyuara
1, lio unoloyrd|. ro erlKoun0lro o^oKlipr4/o I=[ Fai, Onoui=(2xu,x,)
KoLc e{.vqLro 160 AB lnc Kqunollq:o) 1=*', 61 *'=[., ,1 ,-,1'rt,
ro onuE[o(0,0), t6xpL ro onUe[o(1,1).

And

5t
Atot:
E ( v o !P { x , 0 ) = 2 xqU( x, , u ) - x zt .o p o r n p o 0dur L
e l l - 2 x =+ . 0L ouvopriorq P KoL Q opl(ovloL o[ov oIItrdouvKtrKdr6rc TiRtn KoL o r p p L ( 6 e
floo6yoyoLri.wL ouvEXE[q. Apo ro otroK^{pi,uoeivqL ov6dplnto tou 6p6lou
qq olo(h1poonq,6nia6i6v eloprdroLqnd rnv (quntin c, olAd !6vo ff6 ro

onueLo(0,0), {1,1). Enoucvos

ro otro(Irlou,uo
I KoL
q
)
,
o r L Cr p L qn p L n r 6 o L q B ) , y l a X . L n v L 6 L q
rLpn. 0o unoloyLoouue
!o o^oKtripoluo
KardLo1Koq
rnq
'EroL
rEolqoudvnC
LvqL:
vpqlliC oBf.
I-l , Fdr+l* Fdr-lr-l?
'Bf
'uB

luiuo 08 6XE! ncpouetp!(dq

{1). To Euguypou,ro

( , o r j l o e xu=c i , { F 0 , u e t [ 0 , ] - . t t v o L d x = d t , d 0 =E
0 r. o u t v oIc,. l-; [ - f d ; =
,l
-l (2x,I)dx*x'dq,=ztldt+tz0=lodt-o. To Euoivoourio
ruiuq 8f axer nqpo,
|
'08
t .n o U C v o q :
u E r p L ( dqE r o d r o E
Xr=C1 ,U = t , u t [ 0 , 1 ] . E C v odLx = o ,d q r = d E
I , - l - F d r =- lB-f2 x 0 d x . x ' z d u2-' l1 t c - 1 ' : d t -dl t = 1 ,H ( 1 ) 6 l v E LI - 0 + 1 - 1 .
,BT

2, 6[veEL to oroxM!|r

[
'/.t'i

(x0'?-U')dx+(x't-3x0')d!.

d) lb EeLxeet6rL elvc! ov6{dprrtrorou Dpduou

Inc otroxtrin'ntq.
yv(,Jotd
ov lvol
6r! A(l,i), 8(2,2).
B) l\h uroloyLoeel
Aton:
. ApoI
o) ELvqLp(x,0)=x{r_U',Q(x,Q)=x,,1,_3x,1,..

'"

-2",t-:,t,' 1o,
f 'zr,t,-1,1,'.
!9
'qr
d^
;0';i
r

1^

ELvaLouvExe[q
oro ]R',,1'

( 1 ) . E n E L doi! o u v o p r i o c L
t i v o Lf o r n 6 v ; T " ; "
Pql ( q i . 0 a v o lo p L o u d vEqoro lR2nou ELvoLon;\douvKT[xd
|(oLLox0L
n (1), ro olo(IiOouo Elvol ovldprnrorou 6p6!ournq otroKtripoonq.
eKtrcvouue
8) Tlo vd unoloyloouuro o^oKlipr0i/o
!|.o ono[o6inor Ko(oL
nou
vrival
!o
on!Lo
A
B.
nx.
00r9oli!
fi;\n
:ov tdrolo,
rnv euoto
ro x oov rqoduErpo.EroLtvol X=X,f(x)=U=x, x[1,2],
,FX. eEdporiu
ix=dU,'A0o (xU'z-dri)dx+(x'zo-3xU'z)dU=(xr-x3)dx+(x!-3xr)dx=-2x3dx.
Eno!6-

, u ( :J . . - ( x { ' - " r ) d x - { x ' , r , - 3 xx, !' 'a) xd={f=- -t x2'1J , - -F 1 1 6 - 1 1i =.-

52
:uvollxs yla vq [yo|. ulo DrogoplKi flto&Eddn r6ILo broooplKd

IoxoouvoL en6rcveqnooribeLc:
o 6vo q1: Av P |(oLQ Ei,voL6uo ouvoprioeLcopLoldvqKsL ouvXLe
ji
nld ouvKrL(6r6no A, (A-clR?
I KoL undpxouvoL nopdvtuvoL

ixl!

KoL eavoLouvexLqoro A, rdTE oL ell6!vqnpordoLqLvoLLoo6ri-

vcuec:
ropdoroonPdX+QdU
o) H dLoeoOLKi
rtvoL lalLo 6L@oprK6.

B ) E t v o r r [ = f r , y r o x d g e( x , 0 ) e A .
rou 6p6uou
eavaL
ovetdprnro
c rnq otroV) To olo(tripuuo
I PdX+QdU
)c

rdipubnc (c A).
n,: Av P, Q KqL R ivoL rpeLq ouvoplioeLcopLoldveqo'dvq cntrd ouvKrLKdrdno A, lA6lR3) undpxouvoL uepL(6cnopdvoyoL
o' rd{el,rq rov
P, Q KoL R KoL elvoL ouvXLc
oro A, rdre oL ndlevEqnpordoacLvoI Loo6rivopee:
o) H bloeoprkdnopdoxoon
PdX+Qd0+Rdz
Lvor ralelo 6lo0opL(6.

B ) E i v o L; b = ; i ,

rr-=;t,

fr

= 5 2 , y r qK d o(x , 0 , 2 ) c A .

tvol ovdpr4rorou 6p6!oL c

v) To oioKl/lpurloI Pdx+odo+Rdz

rn

olokldpoonq (c E A).

tllooulondl l:
I

Av !o EnLkoln0lLooloxlipuuo I Pdx.qdoELvarovEl6pr4ro rou 6o6uou

rnq o^o(lipoonq, r6re (6n0rqel6ope), n flopdoroon
Pdx+QdU
etvqL
r6trLo
6LoqopLK6.:rnv rlspalroon quul ro oloKlip{rtro unoloyi.eror 0]s /lq: BpiH G Bp[oKroL
ooKouuuLq ouvdornon
e* ylo rrv onoLot[vol dG=PdX+Qd(r.

r. ci.o! \="j.ej. rdlc c:vo- vo:r +

ir

=pi+a;.

t'

tti

G( x , ' ! ) 1 d P ( t , u ) d t J i

(1)

Av A, B LvoLovrloro[Xq n qpxn KoLro fiCpqqrou t6!ou c, rdTe Lox[L:

_
Ta
i l P d x + Q d { i = G ( B ) - G ( A )l 2 )
',"
L

,l

fbFrigndt 2:
n00
Avdloyopyo(6lostEv!a tvo oioKliooua rnc lopdc I Pdx+Qd!+Rdz,
J.

lvoL ovedprnrorou bpdlournq oloxlipdonq. l'4LoouvdpqonGr*, YLq Tnv

oflolo ivoL dG=PdX+QdU+Rdz
6LvEroLon6 rov !!no:

(3)

(4)

T6Te el vqL:

(6nouA, B Er:voL
n

KoL To ndpoqovrla[oLxo tou tdtou c).

nagddeLvuo:

6nouADelvoLarqc
l& unoloyld8[ ro oloKl q4! I=l 0zd+a(dr+x'ldz,
rii

ruxa(oc rt6uos !c off{ kdr r6pac rd olueta A(0r0,0), B(i,l,l),

xo.

ovtlotol-

l0on:
EneLbri
6v blvroL n KourdlnAB, 8o Eqrdoouu
uinos ro oloKlipolo
rou 6p6pou
rnq otro(tripoonq.
avdLovEdprnro
2 ,( X , ' ! , 2 ) = xRz (, x , ' 1 , 2 1 = x , 1 * * * * .
E a v oP
L ( X , 0 , 2 ) = 0Q
ELvoLoKduq:

T o o n u e i o ( a , B ) e i r q u d v c q u g c i p e r os n p e i o t n s n p L o x i sA , r o ! . p i t o

** A!,1"o. ,.pinoj'nr..;,. .t*" ic i +

*r* ro orueio (c,B,r)

ut i.{
-i * dz
1! r;-p:-o:.r;.
dtt

d^

eivqe lvq cuscipeto orrueio rrrs repuoris a, nou oaj-

lovrdL

oL P, Q, R.

*i*oL

P, Q rou n ooJq,ovro. o.ov IF r rou .j'aL

@,c"rr,6s

rdtro..

rD

rn

iD
xn
*;u=5i
ib-.,;i-.

AP

AR-rl, = AP = AR
ax
az ",r,, 5i
5'
a0 : X r aR
a0 aR

{1).

'Apc

ro oloKtrigoudLvorovE[dprnrorou 6o6t]o!tnc oloKfulpoonq.

0L oxaqx6uo
PdX+Qd{+Rdz
oeLc(i)onlolvouv
6rL n nopdoroon
aivoLraleLo6Loeop[KduLoeouvdprnonq
G(X,0,2),nou olveioLond rov r!no:
I'
tu
t'
G ( x , { , , 2 ) =Pl( t , 0 , 2 ) d t - Q
l ( o , t , z ) a t *R
l (o,0,r)dt (2),
)a

)B

J.r

) v do u e o t O or o
d n o u( o , B , V 6
n ! E L oI.L q ( o , g , y ) = ( 0 , 0 , 0n ) ( 2 ) 6 ( ' v e [ :
r'
rv
,{
,"
G ( x , 0 , 2 ) =Pl ( t , 0 , 2 ) d t +Q
l { 0 , t , 2 ) d t +Rl ( 0 , 0 , t ) d t =Ul z d t - l0 z d t + l0 . 0 d t = X 0 z
),

lo

)o

)a

)d

Jd

' A p oG ( x , 0 , 2 ) - x 0 2' E. r o L
e i v o r I. = G ( B ) - C ( A ) = G ( 1 , 1 , 1 ) - G ( 0 , 0 , 0 ) - l . l . l - 0 . 0

Iur,ofrc th6evlqlo6 rou nLxc|ltrutrl.ou

olo(lnp6Froq 9' etbouc
Iox0ouvoL en6uevq
rpotdoeLc:
1: To otro(Iiporuo
6Pdx-Qd,!lnoava(erolKsrolixoc l(de(IELo[ic Kourlltrncc rou ouvdio!A, (r6('0oOLoUo0
r0]vP, Q), 6rdv ro oovotro
-4 ,
A Ei.voLqntrdouve(rLK6,
undgxouv
oL !pL(6cnopdyoyoL
*,
#
i v o l o u v x Lo (r o I x o r , j $ = $ ,
vuox6e (x,0)eA,
n2: To oloK^{pryo

!n6vl.lexo! Kor6 urlKoqKdO (leL

9PdX+Qd'!+Rdz

Kountlncc ro0 ouv6^ou0, (ne6lo op[o!o! rrrv p, Q, R), 6rov to o0volo d i.vol qnld ouvKrLK4
uldgxouvo[ gepLxdenopdyoyot o' rdrov
P,
{oq
oro ^ xol:
Q, R, IIou eavol ouvxE0q
aP= a0 .;
a0 - aR rR =.;
aP
(x,u,z)F^.

iit

;i '

Ai ' ;ii

, vLoKdE

Ibpa6 .'ytard
l. Ih otroloyroelro oloKMg+o 6,Ux*xaU, 6nouc t!s! o (oxloq x=ouvt, {Fnut, t [0,2n].
Aodt:
P(x,t)=U,Q(x,,I)=x.0L ouvdorioaLc
ECvqL
P |(oLQ eavoLooLoutvq
sro
sivolo R\n. EtvdL ;0 "1, Jf =t. loo i6 =
to,"uEprKdc nopdyoyoL
;
'Apo
elvoLouvXELq).
To o0voloIR{ eLvoLonAdouvKrL(6.
odUoovo
u Inv
flpdroon
nr rnq oIc6oc54, etvor 6udx+xd{=0,
0a xdvouueeno,\iguon
ro olo(lipr,rlo. Eavor: X=ouvt,U=
unolovL(ovroq
= n ! t , t e [ 0 , 2 n,] d x - ( o u v t ) ' d t d, U = ( n u d
t )t . ' A p d :
dt- (ouv'zt-nu'1t)dt=ouv2tdt
odx+xdu=
lnut(-nut)+ouvt(ouvt)]
|

rl

=0.
Erouavr,rc:
q{dx+xd{Fl ouv2rdt=+
| ouv2td2t=
i Ln!2rl;

2. lb unoloylooi,to rlro|tttollo olo<Irlorqrc I- [ -:!L ay' ---L 61,

Jc x'?+0'z x'z+0'z
6no0c 6avo!o r6doc (x-l)'z+0,-i.
^0ot:

F t v oP
r ( x , U -) -. : . ! L, q 1 x , q , 1x.

* dv
ll = 0'-r' , =:9

fD.

0L

(x':+{':)':
x"r!'
x?*rr'?
suvoprioLqP Ko! Q 6v opLcovroLoro onlEao (0,0) qnd ro onoaonpvd

Kqunrlnc. EroLro oloxlipoto6ev lvo! loo te ro !n66v.01 rw]erpu(6q c

(r. nUe.
tnc c LvoLX=1}ouv8,
{LotoLe
oeopotuoov opx{ ro onpEaoyLo ro onoao6xouue
e-0.-*

xoLoovrepoq !o

o n u e Luoe g = f + e " . E r o Le L v o L :
I
-t
I e l8--+. ,0"-+
. 'Exoulcdx=-nuodo,
di!=ouvodo.
ct |
L-

'Apo:

56
s +I

-'
| -nuo(-rus) {l+ouv)ouv0 l o r - [
n u " e * o u v ' ? e *o
o ru-v e
,^
(
r
r
"
r
"
e
J
,
r
r
,
s
'
(1+ouve)'z+nu'z
r
1+2ouvg+ouvzo+nuzo
l
t

,' -_) l
o.-{

s"**

_t
I

1+ouvg ,^ f
*=J

o.-|

ll6ql
-

Z;ZoutE

-l

d= l

.-I
"o 2

nLKqrnull,ouotortrr|ClEroc

- -no+5

l0L

no;

(B' et6ouc) xoL 6!r o{, olorllfdtt/otog

gdrr4lql rou Grn**

'Eoro

c !!o qnli -KIELar{kqL rlnuorLkd ^ao, erLKdnpooovorolloldvn Kqgn0^nKoLT, (TCna), ro KovovLK6**((lLord KoL0pdv!6vo) Xr!pLo nou nEpLKieLeL.'Eotu P(x,0), Q(X,0) 6uo olvxeaco[o T ouvoprioELCiyLo tLc orolec undpxouvoL !pLK6cncpdyovoL
*f,,4
ELvoLouvexe(co' ouxd. Tdt Lox[eLo riroc:

oto t *0,

(ff - S)a^au,
f*'.0,,r,-ff
ncporilqlor l:
To ed)pro TouGreenLoX0L
Kor o[nv neplm0jonnou ro XoploT, nou
npLKtrLL
n onli KlsLsuiKolnlin c, nou tvoLeTLKdnpooovcrotrLolavn,
6v ehrcl kovovlK6 {e6ooveuoLKdr.ox0ouv
6treqo! 6^leq u[oedoELe).:qv
np[.nroon
ouDi xr,JpL<ou!
ro Xlrpio!E rn BoiorLoeueuypd!!0jv
rlnldrov nopo,\fuiklvnpoqrouq d[oveq, o' 6vo nnOooucvo
nlieoe KovovLK{irvxopltiv,
nou qvd 6uo 6ev 6xouvKoLvdoorpL(dsnuElo. :E Ko6voon6 rq lnoxopio
ourd Eqop!6<ouuE
ro eedpnttq
rou Green.
*

T o - l e 6 o f u d r o x r i e u y u o a c l r , i l e s t o ! J F ,,
**
H g e { i J o r u dr o ! G a u s s .
'
*** !w xopLo ri.Y.roL xavollxd, rltcr ou rcptillrles euleies rpos
ro eootepurd onreic tou xopiou
Eold x x (i ,l',!), trou leploJ!
"nd
! : r o q , i v o p or o u x d p i o ! 6 u o r o L l d d f } e j d

'Etst

n,X., mtv fleplmoonrou enoudvou

oxiUqroq nou ro Xoplo T 6v
Lvo[ KqvovLKd
To ge6pntoTou GreenLoxteL. Eno!6v0ee i.voL:

,,,
,*lr)o,o*
Ja Tea-.ouu+JJ(S
l
| ( 1 ) o L X v E rooqL E t q . 0 6 p v o u ! er o
Eugrlvpoulo
l|]iua AB, ondrro Xr,rploT
ufloxnpLo
T1, Tz
xupl(erqLoro KqvovLKd
nou rq o vopdTouqdravpdeovioL dftoe
6elxveLro 6e0rEpo
oxito. EXou!
no-

,,*.,Jf(S- S)+0,r,=
T
=ll(# ;$).*.ll(a-4 )axa,r,=
Tr
Tz
#f

tor<ou-fto*'oo,t=
?T,

ET"

pax.oa+. f. -- to^-qo,r,,
{' B Atox.qo+.
d^
d^pox.qau=
d^r,r-,,*'
- AB
' AIIB
A|AB
BTZA
. Q^ pox-oaUq Pdx+QdU+o=
q Pdx+Qd'!.
Pdx+adUF
f^ pax*qau.l^
'Apo (l)
!oX01.
n

tbaEilq|ol 2r
MErn BoiBeLd
rou eoJpiuqroq
rou Greno unolovLou6e
EVdq efllKolnilrou oloKlnpduorog
KqrdliKog uLosolTtrdq
KleLoriqeerLKdnpooqvorolroUtvnq Kaun[Inq,qvdveroLoEovunoloyLoud
ev6q6Ln,\oU
otroKtrnpdruoros.
nqoaripndt 3:
lv F=pi.qi, 1616o r0noqrou oE0rpiuqroq
rou GreennqtpvL**rn !og0{

I
I f ro;f[r"".rrraro,r,
6 n o uk =( 0 , 0 , 1 ) .
r
+*

i'rt

I 4 e a T d o t r B o r i q o u u er o o u v o O o r o u X d p L o ! T .
H q n d 6 e u q r6 ; v e r d L d t f o E l L 6 a I 3 0 ( A d r r o r 9 2 ) .

58
ntgaElpidt 4:
lilnopo0u6
w unoloy[oouu
6vo enlKqrntlLoolo(lift)tro !e rn Bolrorou
trinou rou Green(r(6!ct(L ov n Kdunl,lnc 6Ev Et,vo!KILoti. flo to oKofi6
our6 K^Lvoluornv Koun0trn
c !s llo 6lln Kqu(|l^ncr, on6r 6xou!:

a =l_l * l=a _l (r).

II

'EroL ro

rou 6e0repoulalouc qc {l) ufloloyt(eroro!v npdroo^oK^rloouo

n6 tov rtno roo Green,ro 6 direpo ol\oKfu'lp{,lUo
LvoL6uvot6vw unolo yl<erorltoli nro qIIAdonddrL ro 6oo!6vo (doKnon
78, osAtbot16).

nagq6El,yIara

l. ih vlveLrclilouolrou r0trourou Green,6tov F(x,0]=fui{xj rcu

En'.,r.r{,sl ).
T={(x,0)
A6on:

'Apo *,
EtvoL
P(x,0)=3r,
Q(x,u)=4x.
3$-r .o,.j$ $ =+-:=r.
*$

0! uno06oELcror, ordgiloroq Lox0ouv. 'Apo:

] ..h-x,
ax.
ll (' -+ - + )axat=
llaxc,r,=
I
';
' - , ' || f;u,la-=zJ,rn'

Etvol

l-

J/l-xzdx=+x/-x,

+i totatx+c (gtranE
o 16!0 oEla6o149,doKn-

on1). ApozJ
ax-tx/t:F*tolnuxl',=.o{nsl-ro[*r-rf=i-(-i)=".
_,/t:F
ELvoLJ\oln6v
ll({f
T

i[ )axaU*

(1). 0L nopo!rprxtq
EqlqloerqrouFi

KlouX'1+{'?=1
eLvor:X=ouvt,U.n!t, 05tsk. EtvoLdx--nltdt, do=ouvtdt.
'Aoo:

(-gnl,t.4ouv"t)at=
[3nut(-n!t)+4ouvtouvt]at=[
O3odx+axdrF[

= [ r r o u u , t - : r a t =o roIv , t d r - 3d[t = 7of u v j 4 u

- *t , ] . - r t q l " = ^ - " = " .
'o
L

ELvo! Eno!6vo)q:

59
I

O3'!dx*4xd0=n l2) An6(1) {oL (2) npo(!nr[n (nroiuevnErlo^ioeuon.

2. llo uroloylde(. g rov r(mo rou crGnm olorlipouoI

6qru'ax*r'u'al,
6trouc 6lvqa o koKlo( !e Etq'|ol x,{r=|.
A0on:

E r . v op !( x , 0 ) - 4 x 0
Q!(, x , 0 ) = 6 x ,.0n,o. o. f f = r z x , l ' , = r r r u , .. t ou r #
6Ontorou Grennpoeovdc
LoX0
L.ELvqIT={ (X,0)R,
:Xr+{,r1).'EroL dxou!

qndrovliro roucreen
-1zxrt,,
: f lxrliol*5x,0,
d0.II ( 12x0,
e6r6q,o
tara,6JJ
"tI

3. ib fioloylog[ ro otro(tr{OqE

(3x-0)dx+(x+40
)d,, ua tI

rou r0rou rou Green,6rcu c l'yo! n 6l}tELUt, !E e{l,u,[rl

8ol|oEra

f *'-'.

Aton:
E{.vo!P(x,0)=3X-U,
Q(X,{)=x*40.
'Aeo
=-1,
=1. ECvo! o(duol
aU
fr
t,-2

r = l ( x , ' ! )n' : ? + 0 , : 1 10.L' r n o 0 6 oLqxou oe{dgiuoroq

tou cren roxo-

" . ,/l-Z
Y
4

r-

t:x-,llax*tx+,lta0=
Q
ll zaxa,ezl
."
. - , 1|' [/ x T

,u]r--

i-

1/1-;

='1""/W
a({)=(e*.*," f

-nr,,)
=+".

4. th moloyroea
g q lorlora rou r0nou rou Greenro elruoutilll! o
lorMftt[:

60

ft'+zrc.({,t)ar,
6[ou c tvql I rqun0^n rou o(ihcroc.
i0on:
To Xupi,oT nou [epLKtr[EL
n Kolntln c 6v elvol mvovlKd
To 0E6pn!qrou GreenLoxUeL
6nos EL60! o[nv nspodpnon 1, rnq oilooc
56, (adooveuoLt(dLox0ouv6iq oL

rlopoto|]io

6trIeuno06oElq).
L L V OP
r ( X , q r ) : X _ +aZ( tX , r t rz, = X _ { ,

'Aoo =0, -xU.Enou6vr,rc:

;0
fr

r ).
fr*"+r*'({,,,r,)a,r,=lj(
# *f,).*=llxudxdu
fLo vo unotroyLooute
ro 6LnI6olo(lipolto,Kdvouue
ro letooxnUorLolo X=
=pouvo)
(i=pn!.ELvoL4ro'zsg+ 2spi3,
(q
+se52fl r
II

=p. rpo,

fffi

2n

t2nltt -

'
r ^nr,
p3suveauedplds=l
ouvonusr
/ de=+ +l
llx'!dxd{r-|
ll
'i
'+""
t*+ r,

"i

\v2ed2=

=jt f-ouvzel
-ffi.
;= i; (-1+0)=-

EnrKound]\looloKi\np{igoro0' t6ouq o' 6vq rollfild

ouvErrlx6 r6nor

>rnv nplrlroonv6cnotrIqntrd
ouveKrxod
!,'rouA, {AclRr) ro oloKlip0llo
I
P, Q eivoLouvXLq
oro A KoLAild)66/
l^PdX+Od0(6nouoL ouvqpt/loELq
er:voLqvldprnrorou 6p6tlournq otroKtripoonq
oKduo(L ov LoX0L
n ouviKn
{1). vLq KdOc(X,U).A. AK6uo
ro otroKlipuuo
6vlndEvi.(crorxo;il ;i
erdneoxtturd drr oli6d 43, ro! B' r6!ou.

61
rd pihoq (@ |(]\|oE1s
Koun0lnqc rou A, 601t,,xL ov Lox0eln (l). ynos6rou! troLndv6rL o r6[oe I eavaLnollar d ot,va(rlKdqrql 6rL CXgrULo'bni" CoroT.'Earo odtlo !l dvo luxcrtoonuelotnc "0ft1q"xq! dTL Lotoer n
ouv06Kr(l ). T6c:

ol To oloK^|lprllo
q

to**O*

"rrol,

oveldpqto lorJ 6o6uournq oloKlil

(KoLquo[kd.avoL loo !e ln6dv) (ord !i(oq Kdedntrie, KIELqTI1

iauniJ\nc,llou 6y npLdxeL
oro eoors0lk6uc to snlslo il.

8, To otroKlnptltroJ"tn*qOU l*"', rnv l6Lo rLli vlq Kdeon^{ kleroEi Kourdtrnc nou el,vo! oerlKd npoodvorollogevn
KoLnou neptdx6! oro
(doe
(6n^o6i
yro
eq,,tep!K6rnq ro onue(.oll
otlli, KlerdEi Ko!fltln, rcu
nplKle[arrnv "oni'r)*.
H ard00i1
rLUi lou olo(Inpoloroq
quri ovotrdcEroL
o[nv nepl.m6lon
KrtllKi ardeepdrnS "oniq" T.

Ucoarilpnon
1:
Av tr slvol I KUKlrxi otqepd e ordq T KoL c lvoL Ulo kleLoril KdunLlln (orl^i i dxl), !E t{f c, r6rE undpxsr dvqq oKdpoLoqv, reroloq dlo[e

f =6=f

:,..

rreLeL tf!

ror,in.

yLa xd9raxriln cr,c2,ca nou nepL-

62

{cax.oarur.
nopodlfion 2:
nLKotrruI[ov
otroK^npo
To ouundpoouo
orov uflo^oyLou6
B toe oLeuKotr0vel
nou Ldxrlouv
oL oxrlK6eflpoulloe6oeLq.EroLov n ou
udr0 ornv nepi,rlroon
c1,reF(X,0)=P(x,,!)i+a(X,,!)j
eLvsLnoltnloKn,e(l6youlr
uLqv6o Kqunuln
tns
Tn
ouTotoflouvo npLKtrELeL
Tnv "oni" |(oLn E[Loooi
vo onlofioleL
vdpqonrou olodngdloroc (BI6IIEnopdoerypo
2, otr160
65).

E[6Kroonrou oeopilaioq rou eren o m^loflId duvnLkdxr,Dad

:rnv nrplnroronnou ro xopLoT, [ou nor(ILeLn onli Klerorll tount]ln

c, nou (voL8e!L(dnpooqvotollotlavn,
6ev ELvoLonld o!vEKrL(6,o^trdnoL
Iqn^douve(rLKd(6ntro6il
nepr6xer"ondc"),r6te ro eedfitroro! Green6ev
LoxieLov oopioouue
oqv oivoporou xoplournv Kolnt^n c. Av dloc 06oouoE cntrd
!e Koxdllnlc Kqln0iec (ro!ac), rdr ro xojpLoT urooxnldrL<EroL
cv oeopioou!dl,\o Kord^Inlootvopdrou.
duvaKxLK6,
'EroL

lI.X., ornv nEp(nroonrou 6!n,\ovo0oxitoroq, ro xoplo T 6v e{.voL

onl6 ouveKr[Kd,6ldrL ropouoL6(rdLrt

oni G. Av 6u0rs
rnv xoln0ln .48
eapouue
(toui) Ko[ oeopioouue
ro o0vopoaTrou
6n0Jq Daxvouv
xrdplouvo 6LoypdeETqL,
ro 8dAn,rdr ro xoplo T vlvror onld
ouveK!L(6. EToLto odonud
rou Green
LoXieL.Ilnv nepLfirr,Jon
ouri 6[voLi
-f
rrl"^
^"\
- ;fi
(
9_Pdx.od,!=
)dxd,r,
Jl #

(if jf,)+.u
f.'+,oo,r,$,*,,oou-lf
(BI6nnopd6ELylq
3).
H nponvorpevnto6rnro EneKrLveELKoL yLo K ro [Ii8os ofi6c,
a(,voL:

EroL

63
dnou cr, c2, ..., cK LvoLoL KlErorcqKoullriqflou opLcouvr[e on6qKoL
c [vcL n KI.Lot{ Kotn0lnnou rpLKleLeLrLC 0fl6q. AtLo napoxipnonq
ai.loL 6rL oL oorepL(aexitficq Kouriitrq
6LqrpdxovroL
Kord Tn aopd KLvipoloyLo|J
(qpvnrLKi),
ooqTlrv 6LKT6V
rou
EvdrI etoTepLKiKoUrlIn c 6!0rp6xrq! xsrd aopdovrleern rnq KLvrloeoq
rov bELKrdvrou poloyLod(orLKi). 0L toudq bLcnp6xovraL
KoLKsrd rLq 6uo (avri8rq) qopdq,yL ourd
dtrtr!.lor6v nqpouoLd<ovrqL
oflv (l) o^oKlnBilqrs xsrd piKoq rdv rotldrv
(8^6flnqpd6rylo3, oe^('6q 66).

Ilopa6Lyuara
l. lb unolovrde[ ro enLKotnolloolo(l4pqro qq ouvdpqons i(x,o)=

-a:

= -- _L

i+ ----L j, nou E(yoL opLolavn orlq nEplolaq nou 66alyouv tg

rdUEvo oXilUoE Kar{ dxoc rgv rqfitilov

IIou olpErd]vowo!.

A.
\w"7
,/ '/ l,z| ,,tr\

...,J-

A6rr,

{o

t"'

EL v q rP ( x , U ) -:!L
=
='":
(x'4'z)'

e-

, q1x,q1=

;h,,'*f;=#

#=

Q
A p o ;AUP- A
ax

o) H nploxi A eavqLonld ouveKrLKi.E[aL6i LoXtELn ouvenKn(1)ylo

x60 (x,'l)d (oL lEpLKdqnopdyoyoL
i.voLs!v6xi.qoro A), ro oloKtripo-

64
!q e('voLove{dprnrorou 6p6gouqC otrotdiprlonc,EEoprdroL
tr6voon6 rooI|
A
KoL
B,
!to
toul8 X=pouv,{Fprug, :ro on!(o A eavot Or=0. >ro olgeio B Etvo[
e,=+, 'aeo: ,{, 41. ,
:-9!!9 1eqlygyd0* @
(onre)de=
6,11=
r
x'*tJt2

x +0?

p2

92

=(n!'ze+ouv'?)do=do.
tnou6voc:[ --:.L ax* ---L a,l-[to=ieli'o =+.
.
)" x'z,{'
x'zn!, Jo
g) H [egLoxdl lvo[ notrtrdnid
ouveK!LKi.
Ioxie! n ouvoiKn(l),
yro
(X,0)A-T,
Kdoe
H xolnrjlnc nou CXLegLor,ron
xr+{rr.4 (x0KAoC)
n9fi1(L tnv "oni" T. 0L nopo!rpL(dq
e[odsLc
rou (!(lou e.'wr X=2ouvt, U= z n t t ,r t e [ 0 , 2 n ] .' A o o l
ux- --t!- 6,1-f2n61=1112n=2n.
l, -!
' 'o
Jo
x'-rtr'?
x'.0'
d
(ro 2n El.voL
n (u(lLki olooepdrnq oniq T).
V, H ll6pLoxi alvoL flol^cltld oov(xlK|l(n a6!o qc rcptrtootc g.). H
Koundj\n
c LvoLo KrJ(Aoq
X,4r,-1. EneLOi
Inv ,'oni,'T kot
n c neglxiE{,e[
Loxorn ouveiKn ), vro Kdes(x,0)A-T, ro otot(Iipoloelvor, l.oo !e
rnv KU(ILKioroopd2n.
6) H neproxiavo!nol\lqflldouvE(rLxd.
(l) !oX0L
H ouvOiK0
vro Kde
(X,0)A-T.H (ou|I0^nc 6EvnEpL(le[eL
xovtvconte{,0Inq',om1q,'T. 'Apo
ro oloKlipr|loaLvot Loo! xo un6av,
E) H np[ox'ld (val on^6ouvExrLKl.
H ouvOix0(l) [oxd[ylq Kdoe
(x,0)l (!e ouvxelqrLq lepLxgqrlopoydryouq
oro A). ,Aporo oio(l{q,r!o
l.voLLoo!e ro !n6Cv.
or) H (ounitrnc 6ev EavoLonli 6L6rLo (ltKloq neororp6qEroLv aopgc
v0poon6ro on!to (0,0). 'EroLEavoL6 9ol- r Fu, =r*.
,. x'+{' X.*'!.
() fi (o!n'jin c repvd on6 rnv opxdtuN ol6v0Jv0, ornv ofioadoL p,
Q,
P0, Qx6EvLwL ouvexelq.TpdeoutlE
rdeo KiKtrou
u Kdvrpo0 xo! oKt{,vor
xatoLonou to x6Eovo BploKloLolo or,JTpLK6
rou x!,paoonou rlpt_xlelE_
rd[ 0116Tlv c.

'EXouUe:

I--

--

qlFdr=liO I Fdr-limI
Fdr
'"
d Jlas
4n lMa
+l

(1), E[wr oK6!o Yr

for= |

fdf+

(dnooT (vaLro xtip(.onou naplx^(erol (mdl'V

Fdr=ll(Qr-P0)dxdt=0

.BTA

;
|

++

++

++

M B r A ) + l . A A BF d r = - l F d r + l
Fdr-l Fdr
,BIA
,ArB
/AAB

>

liml

r.O,AAB

+-

Fdr=

-{,ax'xdu
=rimI idi-lr)^ 6id;=]i,n
(zr
=
;o;
r=6tu;-rt,f
[
,
A
r
g
,"
,c
tO rAtg
!+OrAIg
r,O
X2+02

'Eoro

rou r6lou ATB, ge

x=1o|rv,Grn!, uLonomtrerolKinogdordon
0A=0o,0s=0o{r. T6rn (2) 6[vL:
.0o+n

I=t ir Iuo*t r2nl2o'r'?ouv'?g

o, + t n i m I
*'uo
r-oJA

2, rb fio]toyrdea ro muotlrrtlro olfitrilglt!

d e = l t m l e l -"on .
r'o'-!o

I= dt +d(+xd , 6nut c
4 {xz +94'z

ct!q! [ o|,rttn I'?{'?=16.

ldot:
-t
----L
ELvorP(x,o)=
. O! P KdLQ op(.<ovto!orov
, Q(r,,1)=
4x,+9uz
4x2+92
rdnoAIRxR-{(0,0)) (t6nocnotrldnldouve(rLKdc),
us oni ro on!lo (0,0)

r t v o L{d$^ = {di' y = 4 u ' - 4 x ' , , v l d ( @ e( x , r r ) a .

(4x,+90,).

H (oullrilnX'z+0'?=16
neprKtrLer
rnv oni T={(0,0)}. Apan tLUi rou otroklnpdudroc
etvoL n [6Lo yLq Kdeqntri,(lLonl, gerLxdrOodvorollo!6vn
Kogrl0^n,
nounepLKILL
xnv ,'oml".eeulpo0ue
loLn6v,TnvKounuln:
(1)
(6IIeul4)
cr: 4X'z+gu'?=1
-{dx+xdU -Udx*xd{
ypdqerorI- A
=[
AdvLr
(2).
lnq (l) ro oloKtr{qrlo
'"'

{ 4x'. eu'

OLnooourgLKeq
ELod,oLq
rnq (t) e(voux={ouvt, 'lF-}nut. 'loo:
d x = - i u t d t , d . r--j o u v t d t ,u t e i 0 , z n l . ' E r o Ln ( 2 ) 6 ( ' v e r :
'ora!

r +

o , t o t < j E or c r l r i q e r q u ! e t r 3 g o n l r , r e p o e i p e r c s .

66

,",r ,

, ,

t1
\'l
r=g,-udx+xdu=Jo ruy\ +t1 ouvt(t
ouvtl
ljnut(*
ldt=

=*[

_i '
( n u ' t * o u v ' t t c t = * [ a . 2 r r--T
"" T

3. ltb elE^norelo r6roc rou Crren yid ro oloKlipq!:

6(-x1)d*xu'dt'
6nou c eaw! Io oivopo TouXoptouI={(X,0)n,: 2q'z+tl,,:{}.
(novEnroul!rolov6l,tou)
ll]q:

To XtJpao
T 6v elvoLonld ouvKrLK6 (ae6oovurdoxLn oml c). 0e0lpo0u
ro ue0vrdUuo
rtilq AB(oL oedpo0!oov
ouvoporou xoplou T olrd nou 6LoyodoeloL 6tl(l)coelxvouvrq BdIn. 'EtoL ox(lloLoyLvIoron)\dolveKtLkd.ELvqL:
P(x,u)=-x'zu,
0r ouvogri@Le
Q(x,0)-x0'z.
P KoLQ ELvqLouvexetq
oro T. ELvoLo-

E
/'

)r,/'z

f:

.//

^p"1n0K0U0+. :-X"r

=U'. 0r UePuxtC
mfr
pdyoyoL
LvoLouvexetq
oro T. 'EroLro

.
lfl rn
.D\
tl
ee60nua
rou GreenLoxieL.'txo|JuE ;i - ;b,ldxd'IFJJ('!,-x,)dxd0.Kdvo
,J(

TT

lr ro usEoxtpqrLo!6X=pouvo,U=pnuo.ELvqL2<p2<4=+ 'E 3p32.EUor a-

K6uo
0:8:2n*or
Itl.n

ll(ix*

n\ o[\

BZ'AB

=p. Erordxouu:

j
l ?t ; ] . : z n t + - t 1 = 6, rnt
- r.' tp 3 d p = l o
) * " . | ,' oj -J/ , o r a o a- oedJ o

Fi voLoxduo
: f

.d

ffi

46
B'

*',r,rox.x,l'ao-f ---\pdx,od,J,= - f--_

6
_
,r
,_-,
erar,qazHese
eiara

A: A .A

BZPB

66=6-6
AB

AB

AIATA

&

e'.
!HZA

0 o u n o l o v L o o u U eT o 6 u o r E i E u r o i o o ^ o K l n p d t q r o .

67
H l(oulr0^n
A|AEAeivd! o k|JKr\oc
cr: x'z4,2=4,ue mpotretgl(Bq EtLodoelc x=2ou!or{F2n!0,04!2n. I ronn0^nBoHZ8
elwl o r|]K^occ2t x2+.],J2=2
ue nopolemlGCetLori,oslcX='Z ouvo, 0=.? nUo, 0<gE2[.Etvor:
lr

(-x,U)dx*xU,d,lFl(4ouv,g2nuO2nuO+zouv4nurezo
0 (-x,U,)dx*x,!,d'!-O
-l

ouyg)de"3zlo'rv'zen!'?odolzaJv'zennvgE nt)g+Eauyeznu2ga

-aI ouv'enp'eae-z+[
(nuze)'?d(20)=
ouv,ns,9d0=3[
t2nreouve)'?a(ze)-s[
)o

to

Jo

Jo

=31-*nu40l-3f2n1-6r.
'Apo (2) 6aver
n
I

(-x"U)dx.x0"d'!=6fl
(3).
AT

And (l)KdL (3) npor0nreLn enqldeEuon

rou rdnou tou Green.

68

AYXBI{E' AIITI'BI '

L llo urohofldoov fi Endlevo drltolndllo

olorllp6ttto:

q) l=l (x+'l)ds, drqr c 6lvqr ro euo|'yFHroqrl|I AB, u A{1,0),8(0,1t

lr-

8) I=J xfrds, drouc eleol Eor6Eox=t, F+

'313, F+ t,, 0it!1.

/!lol:
a) H EIo|,FImC eugeLocAB elwr X+{Fl. orpo0lsro x rdpduetpo.'tio! e[vol x=x' 'lFl-x, ue 0{11. E[voL enop6voc (dnoq (5) oe^l6o 27):

, . J"tr+ro,=J'
rz!',a*.
o.
trr * )/it-'t;ffi;tT dx=
[',n+ lon=
9, Elvdr (rtnoc (l), 0l[60 261:

[-r-L . vf
Jf .,r,o.=
r o , "git-!.',
.29

r;]lT7- 8 t ! )
L\J
l-[(tt).1

| t'i.t'ttrttat- EL

*=

2. lb urcrtoyloe('
ro nlxqgrtAroofoxMrun f=J",m*as, 6!rouc |'wr
I rqldM x=ln(l+t'], ]?roEsot-tr3,te[o,l].
ffdl:
0o Kdvouuee@9uoy4rou r0rou (3), InC oe^l6oq 27. Elvor:

2r
=[ {2roteot-t*s)e-1"('""')1
/(
\"-(
'o
V \ 1+t'l

=[ 2toreot-t*r. /_E_
Jo

1+t'z

,l 2-r-r.

tt*t'1" \

t*t'

\ l+tr

)',
,

dt=

-i'
/

dt=

69

, /@dv

V 11t t'l'.

=[r 2roqeqt-t+g
ro.=z['tglgg! at-['-l)o

1rt2

Jo t+t,

Jo t+t,

at*l['_!

Jn 1+t,

at=

j [t' )1-, * , ' 1 - ' 0 1 ' * . ' y - r-[-' r a t = z rf o t i e eltt = zI r o t o t d ( t o { e @

.
.
Jo

)o

Jo 1+tz

lo

=\i
j rn{ *atoreor
* f'" jr ] I'i'*.ott l=ro!'eqt""t/T " *,
= T 5 * T +1a8,

3. tt urotroyLdl.ro Entxol/trolLo
oloxldpot!

I"

{ds, 6nou c l.vol ro

160lnc Kauntlnqtou rporou oy6dour{dyot6vov llou el,vot I rolri tlw rrFr'.kr x2Nlt2+22-l (l), x'z+|'?=x l2l.
ioql:
eo a(epdoouu
to X, { ouvqpnloEr
rou z. H (1} 6uv. (2) Vpdee@L:
X + 2 2 =+1 X = 1 - z z ( 3 ) .
(1)
(3)
(4).
8
6uv.
+ rlpzfiTV
vpdo.roL(1-2'?)'*U'?+z'-t
(5),
(3),
(4)
(dr
(5):
orou!.z=t
on6reexoulecfldrlc
{ x ( t ) =I - t " u ( t ) = t / 4 : i E , z ( t ) = t } , t [ 0 , 1 ]
'Apo:
nou eLvoLoL ndgoterpLKtq
eEro6oLC
rou r6tou.

=l t/1-t,

=-i I

a t =[ t { z - t ' y l a t .

r"t' orz-"t=-* l4 e-t' t; 1 !tzo -rt.

""rz-

4. tlr uroloyldEa.ro olorMgq!

i(t)=ti*( I +t'1)i+
+,t'1, t e [0,3].

| #

",

6nouc EtvoL i

rqrntln

70
Mct:
LvoL
0r nopq!tpLK6c
tLoliolcnc rouflo^nc
x=1,q-1+1', 2=f t',
'Apd:
t e 10,31.
t ',..2,2 .t
r'-' ]T'
u'
a,=[
I' r .
.to

f*y,

1+tz

)'1""-

t
t'),-tr't.)'l'-[(+

t'2l3.
=1']t.t')3t',r."-,,0.={
J'rz,"..,rar=S
i$ - $ l , - T \ T

3'\
-T
/'

5, b unoloyldaro oAor.ldg.|It=J"ta*'-olotor, dnouc e(vo! rElaoy6wyporul0ro rc 0(0,0,0),A(l,l,l), B(2,3,4),

A0on:
r I v o Lt =- [c ( o x . - q { , 2 )- oaast -t [r ' - o , l . t o . * [ { 6 x ' z - 4 u z ) d s . I , +( It ,) . o r
'AB
elro6oerqrou Onetvor {={=f

x={Ez.t, ue te[O,l].

'Aoo:

ttr

(6t'?-4tt)/{ t' )'z+(

I r=JoA{6x'z-4{,2)ds=J
t )'?+
dt + lr.
lt' t'z dt=26
)
"
"t2
0-l
=-20r ErotoLc
rouABE.voL
-

f+ " $:+ #-l

X E t + l , U : 2 t + 1 ,z = 3 t + 1 .H X = t + l t V L qX - 1 , X = 2 ,6 t v E L

=#=,.
t.l. 'Apo:

-e
=rmJ'{-re*+..zra.=rrr
[-re$ $ *.]'=,mrol.
'EroL (l) 6aveLI=+,6 -8r'iif.
n

[ ({z,rr)ds, droo,A Ef
"*rttn
r.u! ro riovpqryoqrll[, ne A(2,1,-2)ror B(10,5,-10).
6. lb rrsolovldo[ro erlmFrollo

,tddr:

71

0! e{lodreLc
rouABelvqL
ri+=t+ =#

- f"t-r!-t.

'EroLoL nopoterpLK6q
e4lqloelqrou ABavoLX=2t+2,0=t+1,z--2t-2. To
6pLotou t stvoL \-+
x=2 (oL ylo x=l0),

=0, t"= 10;2 .l

ond rnv x=2t+2YLo

{ttgok6ntouv

'Apo
axouu:

=J'tlt,-rzt.-ut-orr-lr
at=sla
$ + 1 2+ + 1 4i *t]"=rsu
7. lb unolovlde(ro EnlxcnolrooloxliqdE I zds, 6rou c e[vc!
rqr|rdln!c nopouErgrxec
lLdoerc x=touvt,'lFu|nt, z-t, t l0,2nl.
,\6dt:

0 rinoc (1) lnc oelL6oq 26, 6LvL:

ttr;F
=-'|-.---a-|=-T

"'--T I

It" +2\,d lt" *2).

f{ln':*;i -2i 1.

t-tl

8. lh urolovLdt ro enlKour|,lloofoOrlF|r [ (x{r,tds, 610l,c e!r,o!

rHlF 48, !. A(0,0), B(l,i) (w moloyLdel ro olorlip0|!
ro euooypqrso
yld 6uo 6rooopeErr6cncoqrdELr6Cnqposidoslc tou 6rf,uvp6uou qrlldro(
A8).
l6on:
o) H Eqlo(,ron
rou Euuyp6llou
rliuoxoq ABtvoL (r=x. gerouue(i=t, x=t
t [ 0 , 1 . ] , 0 r 0 r c q3 I n q d E l l 6 o q2 7 , 6 [ v r :

72

a'-"[+ . + ]"-al+.+1.+
.
i_rx+.rasL'rt*t"rrz
g) odtoupe
,t=nrrt,
X-nUt,t.

[0,{]

( i d r e e a v o l( F x , u x [ 0 , 1 ] ) .

0 tllttoc (3) nC ol(,6oc 27, 6l,veL:

rT
.T
,t"
. J (nrt+nrzt)/zouvrt
dt-l (nut*nurt)/?
ouvtdt=t nutdnlt+

Ln

'2
' ^ 'r
- 'ilT
+El
- J . - 'w2tdnut=E
--'-L
+r'z
- " ' " - - s6E
-'
ln!r'!
|
L
lnu.'
2 )o
3-1,
napotngotge
dtl y,"o6uo6ro@petrK6q
ropouergLkdc
nopootdoeLc
rcu AB
n rLUrlrou oloklnpfuoloqlvor n (6!0.
9. lt urotoyLdel, ro olorliq||o

I xds, &rooc avol ro tdEo qC xo-

utttlnc tc elro6dercx24t2+22,a2 ], xal (2] (rorlocr), nou 0oaorEtol olo rDdro6y6oorlrv dE6va,y
lor olavpdpero!c|r6 z.O arl( z-a.
Aoq:
& Bpo0letLc nopottErplKAc
eILodqLq
rnq Koun0InC.
O6touue
x.U-t.,E\oL n 11) 6tyeLz=E4e
e) .
Av eavsrz=0,16rn (2) 6av.! t -!

Av LwLz=o,1618n (2) 6avert.0.

'Apo
xds-l
'Ic
J

t/(t ), +(t ' ), +[ ( fr]:Ztt )'l dt=

l2

=1"
.0

4t'1 dt[at [" t /z*

| no'z:At'z+4t' &.
t"
V
o2-Zt2 td
rA-r4T
"=
=f2

/2

0 r i , t r o < e i l a u n t o u r i t n s o o o i p o s x 2 + ! 2 + 2 2 = a 2n d ! t o u e r u d 6 o u x : 0 .

,o

t d

$t da. -tz-l {. s l

=/2ol

t-.0

1oz-21r1-}612--=
r'2

12

-qr r*-it"rt
(o,-21,)-ld(o,-zt,)=
I
l'

-l2ot-

l"
;

-"n l^ t-, . o'.Jf ozz

-7r-\" =Tl l--=7.
10, t! urolovldea to erltdurolro c,forfrlpp

[ ,{zST ds, 6nou c el-

vc. ro r6Eoqc ro|l|dhc k,{!,)'z-(xr+rtr=0,

rcu lo(orEro! oro
ng6ro
(1. 8al i 'Engineering lbthratics.)
rcrooqu6gro.
i0on:
lcvoute ro letooxnlortou6X"polvg, U.9n!0, I L0,al]. H e[|ooon flq
xountltq Vl,vetoLpr-p'zduv(20)=0+ O,=ouv(20)+ p=6iiTZET. Eneu6rl
ro
rdlo rnq KolnrjluqBp[o(etoLaro a' r.rdprn!6oLoE(vdrO[0,+1.
oxdpcfflT -p. 'E!oLo rrlno( (6), flq otr(6oq
Zi, 6Lvet:

EtvoL

| 4-+'cs=J|o /o"F;6T c'lJ o F,xFT a=

'"

--_;;-.a
,a
-2r!(2)
=l I hw'ztzst+ouu
as=l,/ow,tz muv(20)
lze)i
l'
+:+;g+
ouvrzdldo
)ov
26il,.ET

"v

.[

= l a e = t e=t E
4ll.

lt unoloyldorlv E nLxq||rllllq oforl||p4{tor

o) [ (x*t,"-Zz]as, 6rou c eavol ro cuoiivFllo rEl|[ 0|16to (0,0,0) 6nc

ro ('1,-3,2r.
'

Aru!ioxos leaouI]i.

74
B) [ (8x'362)ds,6rouc eL!,orn (ournln i(t)=ti+t'?J+t3t, ost-.].
ftlon:
o) 0r ndpourpL(dc
etlqiselq tou ABawL x-o=t(l-0), U-o=t(-3-0),
z-0=t(2-0) + X=t, rlF-3t, z=2t, ! o:t:t. Apo:
t

rL

g lt ' - q l t F " I G r t r! L I r z t fP d t =[ ( e t , - 3 t ) / id4t =

I r x - , r , ' - z z t arst '=

.nr ht,-4l'=1rra.
z
.
I

Jo

F) 0L mpaterpL(6c{Lorloslqtnq |(dtnd^nce[wL x=t, {Ft'?, z=t3,

ort.-!. 'm'

'],+L{ti)'1,
dtI ( 8 x * 3 6 2 ) d s(=8|t + 3 6 t 3 ) / l ( )t 1 , + L ( i , )

=[ ' , r , . r u r ' , , ' i . o * * a t = [ ' 1 r * t , * st tl a

. l r + t , - e t " ) =g[ 2- 4 t , - e t ' ) il t )oloL.Jo
2 / -lr
41/4-1 -'l.
,\
=-T
\

t2. lh unolovrogelro oloKlllpqE I tr*,.td..

a) 'oEv n rq||rtMc Eavori(t)=tl+tj*tl, 0:t:+,

B) 'otovn .oul6Mc etrrr i(t)=nttiqutjqutl, o:tsf .
T[ arulrtroo|! ryolver olrd roy unolovro!6rou oloxllpdtnroc.
n6on:
c) 0L rctiogroLKdq
l[orioeLc
E(voLx.t, rlrt, z=t,0:t:*
rnc Koundlnq
.,
' , ' r o r ,(1x { + z ) d s .( lt ' z + t ) 4 t ' ) , + ( t
),+(t ), dr=6 | (t,+t)dt=
|
1t-4
- -l3r - .
- "-.1 1 r - z1 . 1 l - ; 1
lT
l"=- Lz{'Tl=/J 24
ELo6oE[c
rnq Kognrllnq.tvol x=1-2=1p1, O:t:{.
B) OL nopolerpLK6q

75

r'

-["

.i

(nu'?t*nut)4ouv':t
dt='5 I {n!?t*nut)ouvtdL='4
| (n!'zt+nut)dnut=
l"
.F

,;

..+

nu'tcnut*"6
nutanut.r
IL C!
l't o -a IL q1
r
.
,Io
J[ o

gvaiveLio ouueOoouo
A16Ia rlponyo0levo
6rL ro nlKount;\Lo
otro(li
pouoeavoLovEldornroond fiv nopouErpt(rlnopdqtoontn( Kollndtrnq.

13. io unoloyldEcro oAodipq! | (1+Xulds,

dllou c eavc! [ (d|,|rtltl ro! 6urlovod ox{Etoc.

lddl:
ttl

E C v o |r ( 1 + X U ) d s = l ^ ( 1 * x 0 ) d s + l - { 1 . x t ) d s = t rf*i t),,
-c

- ABt

'rA

(n!L{0Kl[o! Kdvrpo0 |(oLoKrl.vo2) 6xeLnopouargL

r.
.l
'Apo
x e qE q l q i | o exl c= z o u v tG, 2 4 ! t , t .
E(vqL:
f +,+].
tl xquniAn
fdi

Iri
I -tt.1,!14.-'
.T

( 1 { n u t o u v t ) / [ { 2 o u v t ) ' 1 , . [ ( 2 n] u, t )d t =

=tl' t ' t '{; Ft , r n r r o r u t ' , r o , - d

2 r1* 8 1 n u t d n ! t = 2 t r l ' " . 4 1 4 ! ,=t lr'(, + , + l =
-T

-T

-T

-z

-;

=2n=Ir.
To ele0ypolUo ruitd fA 6Xa[ ndoolsrpLkd( etldiroLe X=0, U-L, -2tI=2,

76

( 1 * 0 t ) / G ' 1d, t = l d t - l t l ' , - 4 . A p o : { 1 + x { r ) d s = z n + 4 .

J

,|I_A( 1 * x t ) d s - l

14. l{o fioloyLoE(. ro nlKolntllo o;iox,\ripr,ryo

I=[(x':+t')ds,
elvoL o xtxloc x'+{'{2,

ftou

o'0.

Aoon:
0! nopo!rprK6q
elLodNreLq
rou ktK^ouLvc[X=qo!vt,U=onut, 0!tiar.

'Apo:I- (x'.U')ds=l (a'suv't*o'nu'

t) 4G;;;t-]r;fGE
I

-T at=

=j ozlo,nu,t+o?oovrt
dt-o3l dt=d3[tl; =aro!.
15. tb unolroyLooe!
rc sn!xq[o]!o oforffpqr
eavo! to tdEo x{rrt,

[1y'.1'-2)ds,

6mu c

U=o rt, z=t, t [0,n], (o>0).

/lton:

t|vdtl(x,*0,-z}ds=|(o'o,lu.t*o.nu"t-t)4(oiiulr-]'*[(onutf]r*
_;f

+2 1f

=l {q?-t)/s,+1 dt="/a,+1| (d,-t)d!-/q,*1 lozt- +

.
Jo

!,

15. ilo atrohoyLoD[ro enltotlrro^Loofo*ilotuq

-2\

| =,uo).1{ozn- lir
),
r

J,

[ (x+il,)ds, 6nou c E(.wa

rou rplvd ou Am, !c Kopugdc

A(1,0), B(0,1), 0(0,0).
n rOtsrpoC

Atoltl
0L ElLodraLc
rov A8, 08, 0A eavqr
(F1-x, x=0, U=0.ELvor:
ovlLotoLXq
lltl

l ( x + U ) d s'AB
= l( xr0 ) d sr l
'"
= I r + 1 , + jI

( x + U ) d s +(l x + { ) d s =
J5i
(1).

0L nopolerpLKdc
E[[odrolqrou AB eavdLX=t, U=l-t, 0:tj1.
0L ropqUErpL(6e
ELodrorq
rou B0 ELvaLU=t, X=0, 0st:1.
0L [qpquErprKdc
Ello6orqrou 0A eavoLX=t, U=0, o<tll.

rt

r *z tr

I,=Jo(t+0)/(t')d
, t = lr d t = +
l | =+, I31
'Eror. (1)
6i.veLF n + 1 .
I

),dt1dtdt=+.
o(0+t)/{t

17
17. llo unoloytooLro EnlxoynitrLoolox.fiA|lro | "{Q: ds, 6nouc etvql n xcunilrl UencpcgerorxdcELodosLq
x=o(ouvt+tlut), {Fo(ntt-touvt) ,
t[0,2n], (s>0).
Ator;
ELvoLX' (t)=o(-nUt+nUt+touvt)=qtouvt
KqLU' (t)=q(ouvt-ouvt+tnUt)=
=otnut. Aoq'4i1lt-t:0ft)l;
- /6r t%uv,t*;'ij lu - t =ot. Floudvu(ELvqr
otdr=
I /x).{' ds=l o/ouv,t*r?nu,t.2tn!touvt+nuzt+t,ouv,t-2tnurouvt

18. lb uroloyroelro n.rognolroolortulpr.fn[x{as, 6nouc elvdr n

nEpagerooc
ro|, rrFydvou x l+lll=t.
i0ot:
(l ).

sko.D

0L mpouTpLKCq
ELod)o
!q rov

EE,Ei, i , FAeLvor.
ovrloror-xc:
o) X=t, '!=1-t,

0=tJ1

('

B ) x =t , ' ! = 1 * t , - t l t = 0
6 ) x =t , ' ! = t - l ,

0lt:1.

-' A o o 11
I , = l t ( 1 - t ) / ( t ' ) . * L ( t- t ) 1 , dt=,2 I lt-t,)dt=,z fl -t t, - - - tT3 I ' =

o
= n" .l t - -1r \ - / 3 - 2 \
\f
)=", \-T )=

7A
^ t -3+21

lZ

lol

r,=[ i(-1-t]/it )";IG1;tlz dElz| +

t't'
- -T
|

-f r
=rz
l-r--'t

1l

l=

^ /3-2\ a
\o/

1,.

r " =I t ( t - r ) / ( t ' ) , . [ ( t - 1) ' l r d t -I t t - r ) ' 2 d , t = Et+'i

1112-3
=t.^ t 1
l-T __,

1^

/t

' A p o ( l ) 6 l v LI = 0 .
n

t 9 . t3 unolovrdelro erlxo|ltro^ro
olorlrtprar

J;Uds,

eErdreucx-et, tse-t, z=,,2t,

.qrr0l4 ve lopoleEglx6c

6rouc eavor

t Lo,l].

Mct:

t'....-

=l

e icl-t1=let;l-

*e-^ *z dt1or'(et+e-t)'dt1
o
"1/e'r

- le-tll={e-i
)-(e--1)"e-+.

20. lh unor\oyLde[ro enLiquntl!o olorfi*rr.o I ln(x'+o'z+z'?)ds,dnou

c E(w! n Kqln0lni(t)=ouvtl+ruti+tE

(o<tsr).

l0on:
0L nooqurplK6q
ELodorq
rnq KolnrllnceLvoLx=ouvt,{Fntt, z=t, El-

=J

dt=J tz 1n'1+t,)din t'l n(1+t'z)dt=

Io
o
"ln(t+t'z)/nu'zt+ouv'zt+1

t ' . 1 - 1d t l l t t n { t r t " ) l ';,-o,l . r. +2t\' , a t l = al u n ( r . t , r : 2 / tzIo

L

t,,1

/T f t-roEerptl'= nt n( t +i2 ) - zO n+2O \oEEen.

Lt1n| 1+t'z)lno-2
2t. lft uroloytdEl ro dtoc rou r6[ou:
o) qc aorEgoL6o0s
xt.'fi-i
qc
rKloL6o0c x=o(t{!t),
9)
Y) Illc tduno^ncp=.ru,*,

"*
'lr{fi-qrvt},

o:tt.Ir.

ogcn, o,o

6) Inc rllfiohc rcu saw! rqrl qc qalpoc xr+o2+zu=lto! Etc xulrv_

Eptnlc elrodvero( x'z+{Lx.
ldq:
o) 0L nopausrpL(6c
el[o0jsELq
rnq oorepoL6o6c
e(vaL x=oouv3t,0=otp3t
0.tr2n. To uixoc rou rdotl baveloLqrrdrov runo:

,=Jo.L",,toa
or-J"
"=ril-*.;nr;.,t]"
=:ol. "fi;ot ut-*oGtuuT
at=
=3aJ'""6,rFurr
TCuv{.nF

dt=3ql""ou
vtrutat--1zoJ"/'o*
taouu
t=

=-rzolsrf '=oo.
]_
.

-a/,

,2'

0) ELvorx=| ds=l &i t-ni,rJTF {r-ott ) I t at=

+ 121

n u - id + = 4 o f o u v + l=o- 4 o ( - z t = s o .
Ervou
rJ"ds=j,4riEll{p'retlT
ae=

-t,

n u ti +au'; ouv'z
+

de=

80

=olnu'*ae=
# o.
6) 0L napouerprt6qslrciorc tnc rounrllncelw! x=oouv2t,tlFoirtouvt
ro u4Koqrou t6ou yrq 0*:r/2, noo {.z=cnut, o!t!ar. 0d unolovlooutrs
(nroritevoo.
vol to tdaoprorou
tLvoLl
-.u_-T_
. = 0 d s = a l / [ x ' ( t ) ] , - [ ' 1 , ' ( t ) 1 , - k ' ( t ) ] , d t = 4 1 4 d , o u v , r . o , n u ,dt t =
)o

lo

,T
n
=t/Zol 1/t--);nv'ztat=2frrr'(t-I - j\6.3o

(Bi6neoe^loo34, d-

oKnon2 rou B' t6!ou).

22. l3 utrolovldel n td(o tou tdEou c rc mgoyerrirdc Ldoel(
I=
-ouvt, {Frtut, Et, t[o,tr], rou lxr rurvdqtd 61r,9,21.tn1x'.+{r'z+2'?),
/t0on:

erwrncluas"lrn(nr,t.ouv,t,t')
4iililj-T'TGuiiT{iirr

at=

-I tnt'*r"t,E
( t ' ) d t L r ' Zn ( t * t , ) l : - l4 t 1 r n 1 r * t 'a1t1- l t r n l r * t " 1 1 " -

-r1,,

(*,t'dEEtunr-t,)lif -3+dt=rz
rrnu+n,)J"

-2.8f* G',1)-1dt E .ntnlt+rz

)-2tzf' at*znl' -!
Jo
1+t,

Jo

Jo t.t"

364'n1111*n.1-

-zE lt\'o,za [roEeot]n= nln1t*n"l-22 n+28 $E $-2O $EEq/.

23. lld unolovldoar oL ouweEvtdvec rou x,wrou d@c qc xonrllnc
c, Ul{ouvt, {Eo4!t, z+t (o,F,0), t [0,2r], drdv 6(x,rl,zl=r (x orc-

eoodc).
ioq:
0o Kdvoug
e0opuovi
rov r0novrnq oll6aq29.
E(vsr:

8l

r+
[(Bt)'], dt
I xds I oowty'l(aouvt]'l[(onN]:1,+
'|"

,|r

r ' l ( s o u v t ) ' ] ' + [ ( o r x t ) ' ] ' + [ ( 9 t )d' ]t' z

qouvt't'+g.
dt
,|o
_
|

= "*ut

/02+82 dr

tnur]!'+.

/q-t*g-t ttl "'

AvOoYalPl,oxoug0k=0. E[wr (0(6l|0:

l"'ro, l"'srtdr*o, a/-.,'F

I l]1"
'|,o. '|.6ry"

nJFFa

'Aroor
owwrdvl6vec
4lto6|revC
elvcr,1".p, rl*.0, r*=ng,
24. ilo moloyldsl to xtwpog6!cctt flc muduc c! ts,t-x, z,xr,
x . [oJ], tEqvr rturrtaltqctror 6(x,l,z).(2+9trl'1.
(p.s.r. 1979t
itbt:
96rougex't. 'EroL oL rqgqtetpr(6c etlqdderc t|tc (qIftrlnc c sl,r.q!I.
'Eror
dxouye:
"t, {El-t, z.t!, t [0,1].

(z+ex,
rFjc6dslc
)-rds1.(2*et.
)-r4TT,;li'i:ii'jt* [aFr]T dt,
'rr*g..,-l'rr.,
=['1zog"y-lr,i;i;-eF
'et")tot'J,dt'ttlit'
o"
f
,t
'o
'm xr.S
-l
x(2+exr
) lds,Jrt(2+etr
r rz*r*rtar.J',ao
J xoas=j
t " ' l r =-,I .
=lf -,
|
|

- -t

{rr+ J s6dsJ.fi-t)(z+et{)-r(z+et,,)rdtlorr+tat=[tf j,=r-_]=_l.

z,+I
6

r.r rt
.
r6ds,J
i ].-*
J
otr(z+etr)-r(z+etrltdt=j.t!d"I

a2
/.
'Apo
(xn,'tM,zM)=\+,+,+/.

25. tb moloylde( ro EnlrqlnolLo oloxrrlpr,rnI iai, Onouf(x,U,z)=

- (3x'z-6{z)T+(2'1,+3xz
)j+( | -4r'lr'z)t mr c r xdtlntll x(t)=t, '](t).t,,
-t!
(l), t[0,1].

z(t)=

,tdat:
Andtu( (1) rpoKtmLdx-dt, d{Fztdt, dz=3t'zdt.EavoL:

fFaiIt:x"-o,t.tax*f2{+3xz)dl,+(1-4xuz,)dz=f'{rr,-rr"1o.r1rr,
. ( l - 4 t ' ) 3 t ' z d t = (J6 t , * 4 t ! - 1 2 tIr) d t =l 2 t t . , t - s t u1 1 = 2 .

25. l& unolov!d... ro erltqrdllo

of*rrrlgt

I= [ xd0{d

an6 to d|-

|lto l(0,0, rq to qgelo B(l,l) xod Flroc:

o) qC clac ]x.
0l u,,Ysu&rAt *0, x=1.
Y) l|rY euo!&t X=0' 'lFl.
6) qc |lpd9ohlc 'Fx,,
l rou roxlou X=duvt,tsl+rtlt, a. I n ^1
?*l'

ldq:
a) H nopolErpLKtc Lodselc qq ueetoq .lvo[ x-t, '[Ft. To ongel,o A
xor B ovlLoiolxoiv orLq rLp6q t=0, t=1 qq nopqtdrpou.'Apa:
tl
'Ic

x d 0 - 0 4- =
l( t t ' - t t ' ) d t = o AB

B) 0 6pduos0=0, X=l cnorlLfiL ond ro Euerlypouuq

rgiuoft Af (or TB
ltl

u e T ( 1 , 0 ) .E l v o LI =' l. =' lA r +-lf A= l r . l , .

0L nogqlerprKCq
ellod|oLcrou Af eavoL(F0, x=t, t e [0,1] .
0L nopouErplKcq
6Lo6oLq
rou fB eavoLX=1, U-t, t [0,1].
trl
'Apo:

Ir-l- A f xd{-odx=l(t0-0t')dt=o.

83

I.=J--rao-,ro*=
It]:-1.
[ (| t'-t0)dt=
'fB
'APo
l=0+i=1.
Y) 0 6p6u0qx-0, 0=1 onote.\LrqLdnd ro ue0ypotuoruit/om Af, TB !
lll

r ( 0 , 1 ) . E t v o L :I = l = l + l = l r + 1 , .
'c'Af'ta

0L flopotErpl(eqILodE[qrou Af e[vol X=0, {*t, t [0,1].

0 L a d g o ! r p l ( , Ce E r o 6 o . Lrqo u r B l v o LX = t , 0 = 1 , t l 0 , l l .

I
r'
' A e q I =rl ' ( 0 t - t 0 ) d t = 0 ( o !
I r =.JA f , o
I )- ., 1
r s ,.,l ( t 0 - 1 t ' ) d t = - 1 . A p oI = - 1 .
61 0L nopoUErpr.(Cq
Erod[Ele
rnq flogcBoliqaLvoLX=t, 0=t'z,u6
tt'
t . l o , r j . ' A e or " l = l r t 1 t , 1- 1 , r ' 1 0 . =t [z . , - t . l a t = { .
J,

ro

c ) E l v o rI = l

[ o u v t ( 1 + n u t ) ' - ( 1 + n ! t ) ( o rl u
d t )= l

-T

.J

"

.T

_
-t

( l + n !)t d t =l t - o u v t j ' , . - t - + .

27. th unoloyrooeato snlrd|ltrdlio otorfrlg{.$ lidi,

F(ra+'t

, '!'z+t

(ouv'7t*nur+nuzt)dt=

6trorr:

, 21. + ,), 6m0c earnrro rpluoA3qc crlxoc E

- (powt,ttpt,ct), !e A(p,0,0), B(p,0,znc).

tulon:
E L v oPL- x ' 7 0 + i ,e + ' z . t ,
- !! -r'-t'=0,

- j$ =r'"'".

R = z ' z x +'i( o r ; i - f r - * , - + ' - 0 , ; ; 'Aporo oloKliporo

(voloveEdpqro
Er

6p6tioufiq otroKiiptEnq, 00jpo0!EloLlrdv, oov Koln6^n c ro uoivmUto qJrf

ELc,{iro
!o AB, !e nopouero!l(6q
Ls x-p-t(p-p), U-0=t{0-0), z-0=t(2nc-0),t/s
tE [0,1] + x=p, U:0, z=t2nc + dx=o, drlFo,dz-2rcdt, 'AFEI

(*,+.{)a,
-(*...{)+
.G,'-S)0,lra;l, A Bra;l
-,[
,Al.
J/
.
\
",d

,'

84
ll
!.;
=l
(t.rn,."o*
t,dt-Bn.c3pf
Tr t)2ncdt=8n,c,pI
+ l=q+!
, t B \G'r- J t)a.=l
Jo\
Jd
I r lo r

28. h uaorrovlda ro snrrcu|ttlLo olorMftU:

I

I= | (z{}d+(x-z)d[+(U-x)dz,
6(r, c e(wL ro rndypotuorull||o A8, |tE ocx{ A(0,0,0) xo! napqcB(l,l,l}
Nq:
0L rcpoler9rK6qeeLo6oELC
rou euguypdtlo!tllnlqroc ABslvoL
X-0=
= t ( 1 - 0 ) ,( r - 0 = t ( l - 0 ) z, - 0 = t { 1 - 0 +
) x=t, {Ft, z=t, !e 0iti1. Elvor dX=
= d { F d z = d t . ' A p o :t = [ ( t - t ) o t * ( t - t t U t * ( t - t ) O t = 0 .

t
29. ib ut|otroyLoool olo*Mpc|lo ,!dx-xd! , dnouc e(voL ro erf0 _
J"
"o
I"
tUtlp
AB:
Vpotruo
$+5=3x,! oo0l A(1,{) Kor n6roc 8(3,4).
Iior:
0L nooourpLK6q
elLodoerc
rou AB6,voLX-t, UF3t-5,t11,3]. Elvol:
dx-dt, d'lF(3t-5)'dt + dG3dt. 'Apq:
r !'dh x - + d
r 0 = lr ' , e * - q r '
{-_+)dr"l

,|c X z

,r\

rt,.

{+_+

t,

re
_ + ) d t =r tl _ 5 t^- . d t _r _:rT
5- 11
l=

| . 11 / .
\
| .
=s,l
=s({-r)"s(-4)=-+.
L L11

\J

J/

30. tb uroloylde( io olodiA,itE x'li(+3adl-5x,Uzdz,6rou c [wL

J
n kamlr4 i(t)=ti+t,j+t3i, ortst.
/litot:
0L ftipquerplK6q
eELo6oeLe
rne Koln0inec eivol X=t, U=t,, z=t3,0<t<1
E{'voLdx=dt,du=ztd!,dz=3t'zdt.'Apol
tIc

xodx+3zxdU-5x'zUzdz=[
{tt'*:t'tzt-st,1,t33t,)dt=[
lo

(t3+6t'-15t,)dt=
)o

q
- r+r0 lr
I
-lf rT
-t'n- | =-ri'

31. h u.lovloe3t
i(tl<irytf.qp*.

to daMflr

| (++z)d, 6ru, c clw! n rqdl4:

ostsa.

Adct:
eELotio.rqmc rcufll,lnqslvqr x:ouvt' 'lFo' z:nut'
0r ndpouetpu(Ac
'Exoutedx.(ouvt)'dt. 'Apql
oiti2n.
I

t"
t,
r
\
-+auvzt)dr'
-lt 2 nl+
-lt t ' nr'ztdt
(o+nut)(-nrt)dt
| ({+z)dx=l

t r

t'"

E-l+t-+ns2tl

=-n.

32. lt Urolo(rdato srlrorn0tLoororrrffl! [ kt{)A(+(0r-rr4,

6-

lou c e(vor n rq!$ll mu arolrlsaE! ord !o dGo lo qC trco8oMc a{',

tle l(l,l). 0(0,0t rol fi6 ro t6EoM rdrlq, [E rdvE0o0 tqr qrtlvq tZ'
,tdon:
0d unolovlooulo
r[c nopqrcwLrac
e[!odoelgtnc (oFrolnc.E[val:
ol l0: t'tr ,lrt', !e t^=1, to.o rs,
o(=dt, dF2tdt.
Bl BA:;.2 -ua, 'lFtZ nut, h.01, tA.
.+,

u d"-,rz Utdt, d0=/Zouvtdt.

'A([ I=lt t =l +lI .lr+I,. 'ErdLelw!:
'c'BA'lO

olr"-Jrx"-,uar*ro'-xro"J'
[rt,-t"r<t-t)zt]db.z[
+ + ],=+.
B) I.[ (x"-0)dx*({'-x )d,l'
' rBA

86
.l

otvt)/Zouvt]dt=
[(2ouvrt-lzn!t)(-Q nutl+l2ttu2t-E
II

-21

(-.2 ouvrttut+n!2t+l'

to

nurtouvt-or.,vrt)dt=2|

-{Z ouv,qutdt{

lo

rErEf.t
+21 E nu2t4r\t r+2| l.tult-ouv2t)dtF2,Q I ouv'?tdouvt+zfr | \u2tdr,ut.F
.
...i
.
...t
:
-zl ouvztdt=ze
=+ ry'.
I ou'l't| +2trIt$!J -tnuzql

Aed
r=r,.r,=(-++),+. !+ .
33. r uroloyrd( ro arllolritllo

oloxliftJt[:

I-l (x0+z
)d+(x0+z
I d|+(xl+z)'lz,
dnouc ava!to t6to tnc rcg ltc l':+z'?{'?,I-0, ||e qtxi l(0,0,o)
raeacB(0,o,01.

rr!

i0ol:
0L nopauErprKdc
erodrerqInq Kqln0InC
e0voLX=0,{Foouvt,z-on!t. H
opx{ rou xdqouovrLorolxet o v tlli

rnc nopoldrpout=+

roL ro ndpoc

(X0+z)
oqv xL!l1t=0. ElvoL(X++z
d0+(xr!+z
)dx+(xo+z)d{,+(xu+z)dz+
)dz=
=[(ooouvt+onut)
(-an!t)+(ooouvt+ontt)(oouvt)]
dt' (-d,qu,tr{,nttouvt)dt,'Atot

po: I=l

(o'znutduvt-o"n!'t)dt=o,l
n!touvtdt-o,l n!,tdt=drl nutdntt-

- o ' l n u ' t a t =$- . 5

,
34, l5 u|roloyLdea ro otodth|!
i

EilaL x=o >

dx:o.

[ -aq*onl.rUa.,

&q, c e(vo!

87
|.trlnoln |re ropo!rplrcc eErdiocrcX-drvt, f-nut, z=t, t [0,h].

/ulon:

' E X o u udX = ( o u v t ) ' ddt ,U = ( n u t ) ' d td,z = d t ,E i . w L :

-zudx+zxdU+XUdz=
( -tllut) ( -nut) dt+touvtouvtdt+or.ivtnttdt.

(2'
12'
'ApoI -z{dxrzXd'hxudz=l
tnuzt*touv'zt+qutouvt)dt=l
{
{ t+nutouvt)dt=
I

= l t d t + l n u r d n u r$= l | + l n { r | = 2 n 2 .
.
Jo

Jo

L.

Jo

to

35. lb unoloyrdL ro olod{qi|.E I= [^U*-xol,

,AB

&ro, I

eawL ro 16!0

lnq rud\o!6o!cx=2(t-nrt), 'lFz(1-ouvt),!e A(0,0), 8(4n,0).

Afon:
po
r L oX = U - 0
e L v o L{ 0 = 2 ( t - n ! t ) , 0 = 2 ( 1 - o u v t )' A
}. t"0.
TLoX=4n,(F0 Eivot {4n=2{t-ntt), 0=2(1-ouvt)}+ {zfl-t-n!t,ouvt=t}
+ t=zrl.
E a v od
L X = 2 ( t - n t td) t + d X = 2 ( 1 - o u v t ) kdot L d U = 2 ( l - o u v t ) ' d+t
(1-ouvt)2{
+ drlF2nptdt.Apotdx-Xd(r-2
I -ouvt)dt-2(t-nut)2nutdt=
=14(1-ouvt)'z-4{
t-npt)ntt]dt=4(l-2ouvt+duvz
t-tn!t+npat)dt=4(2-2ouvt-tnut)dt.
t-cl
rnou6vr,rc

to

(z-zouvt-tnrt)dt=4[ 2ot-8[ ouvtat-lI t4utdt-8[tl;''

)o

to

Jo

- s l a u t l ; ' a l t ( o u v t )d t = 1 6 r + 4 l l t o u v- lt l ; s u v t d t l .
'o

'!

=t o n' qf i t o u v, r0ll". - I n u,It,11 " l =t o n * lcz n l = z q n .

t.

36. Iib moloy looeL to olorlig{,i1.!

I^**'

r a @ B o t rxi q= 0 ' zu, e A ( 1 , - l ) , B ( l , l ) .

l0dr:
oov nopdurpo
ro ll,. E(ee(,jpoirue
+ dx=zudu
voL x=r!'z,dx=(U'z)'d0
KoL

Apo:
{ [-1,11, x{idx=$'z{2{du-2S{d0.

t*

G elvol to 16o qc

zu"au={.
l^xuax=[
J-r
37. tt utolovld! ro drrxourollo olorMpqro r=J Z*ar*tr+td,l,

Orro,

elwri
o) To 6$0yeq4loqri|! 0A, ue (F(0,0), A=(l,t).
F) H KonnOMu r[rctrrpuaq eEtdoslc X.nIt, Ft, t e [o,Ztr].
y) To rl|ihr qC e|e(oc '[FzX, v.o lt(s3.
6) H nopd8of{I-0, dtd ro olu.lo fi,-l) loc ro onte(o 0,1).
e) H E0loo!6n v9qru10AB!e (ts(0,0),lFfi,0), B=(i,t).
or) H xqnaln uo etldfl|t i(t)=(l-ouvt)l+nrtl, t [0,n/2].
I6ot:
o) To euooypauuo
rudt/o0A dxLel('ooon
{.x, !e xelO,t].01 rqpouerpr(6q eqldlorqe[vouy-1, 4"1, t [0,1] =] dx-dt, d0:dt. ,Apo:
,l

. .r

I = l [ 2 t + 6 ( t - t ) ] d t2=tld r - 2t1d r = z+1 | - r .

t'n t"
g) EavoL
(2nltou
t1o lznrt(nrt)'+6(n!t-r)]dt-Jo
vt+6nu
t-6t )dtl'n
z'+5[-ouvtlr'+[
=1,
nur*,-rJ,nstdt-oJ0
tdt-+ f-ouvzt]
$ ]'"=*.+n,=

=-12n2.
yl 0L nqpolerp0K6q
[LorioeLC
rnc (oun0lnselvoL X=t, qF2t, t [1,3],
'Apo
dx=dt, d'lF(2t) dt. Enoutvoc:

r=l [2t(t-2t)2]dt=| (zt+tzt-24t)dt=-40.

+

61 0L napoUeipLKts
laodoeLqrn( KdunrJlnC
Lvo[,1.t, X=t', t[-1,j]
d{=dt, dX=(tz)'dt. 'Apo.

I=l [2t'2t'6tt.-i)ld.=[
r+.,*ot.-slat=ft
#,+
. ltr+2t3-3t']1r=4.

q'l'=
Z

I.

89
ttl

c) EavsrI-l -l_+l_

(l). H 0A 6xel trcpastglrac

'lF0,x=
eEloriroelq

rc 'oA 'AB

=t, te[0,1], 'Apsd0=0,dx=dt.H (AB)EXEL

nopolerpLx6q
otlorioErc{Ft,
'
A
p
d
'
E
r
o
L
(
1
)
d ' r = d td, x = o .
6lvL:
x"l, tEl0,ll.
n
r=l [2t+E(t-0)0]dt+l
[2.0{5fi-t)]dt=lztdt+l (6-6t)dt=[t,];-6lt-i -

| .

JO

- 1 + 6 += 4 .
ort 0Lnooouergr(dc
oELqtooLc
tnc iountlnqlvorxll-ouvt' {=n!t'
dx"(| -ouvt)'dt' d'lt(n!t]' dt. Ercldwcl
tG
[0'+J.'Apa
I. | [2(1-ouvt)n!t+6(
| -ouvt-n!t)ouvt]
dt=
:!

. | (2nrt-2n!touvt+6ouvt-6ouvrt-6nttouvt)dt=
,l

,T

rz

,T

=21 nutdt-21npztd2t+5
| ouvtdt-6
| ouv'?tdt=
f .
r
]T
.z[-ouvt]
f-z[-ouvet]
i"fr^l i - 6 1 + t + + n u 2 t l

=4-#.

il8. tt urolovldgl ro Elto66vrou xorlourou regtdrsasE!on6rlcE

rn0^EcFx, Fn!x, x.|l.

Aoq|:
Toanxoouevo
!M6r 66vror
drd
rov r6noe=4 6 xriFtdx.
'Eor(,l
cr, c2, c! oL xcrurdlecg
sqFddeLqdvraoroLxq{Fn!X, x=Ir, Gx
Elvor c=cr+c2+c!.0! fiopo!rpfidqelrdlolq rov (qfiolov djtdrv lvol ovt(droLxo{x=t!'lFtutr t[0,n]], {x=n,'lFt,t[0,n-]], {x=t,'lFt, tc[0,n]]
'Apo:

90

e.{f
[u-'l*'lJ-1,',.',.',,.
"a,r,-,r,o={

ol'rxouue
t,=J xdrl-,lax=J"Ittnutt'-tnuttt']dt-l'(touvt-nut)d
=J"t*tat-J'nr,a.-J"t(n!t)
dt-[-ouvt]lltnltliJnnutat-z-o1-o,uqi-e=-+
I,=l- xd'lF'ld*=J"
F) EtvoL
r* -rota.-J\a,*p;;=n".
yl ElvoL
-tr tat=0.
oKdro
r,.J-xa,l-oax=J'ftr
' m or = { t - r r n ' t $.
39.Io u|tolovldel. ga tn lo|lelo xdrd lnl0tv ntroltroludvolorrrnqdpfrov

ro e!!o66v
touxnolou:
r={U,q)enr:x.+.:sr, f . ( x}.
(E.I.n. tuF66oerc)
Aton:

'Eorrd
Tr ro X0p{,onou npLKieaExol on6 Ttlv Ktrtoti (atn0ln ct:
xt*tt=S" xor. T2 to xirplo nou lIpL(leaerol fi6 rnv Ktreloul Ko!r0l\I cr:

!] - !i =r. AvE,, E. avaL

ro EuBo42

3'

6d (,Jv x{,,9.ovTr' T2, ovraoroLxo,r6-

r ro (nro(isevo
Er$d66v
Etvo!r-e,-e.=-|f

*ar,-,lar-{

fxo,f,-Oar.

0! no0cuerp!(6cEldioelc rov cr, c2 E[vo! ovtlorolxo:

{x=5ouvt,
Gsnrt, t e [0,2n]
], (x=4ouvt,
0-3n!t,t Lo,2rl
].
'Apo q
-5nrt(Souvt).]dt=
xd't-Udx-+
i
I lsouvt(5n!r)
-+l

t+25nu2
lzsouv,
t )dr=+ 251 dt=+ zrF2sn.
ElvoL oK6!oi

.l
-]dt=
(3nut)'-3nut(4ouvt)
xd,!-,!dx=+
+ Q
I [(4ouvt)

=+l

( 1 2 o u v ' L + 1 2 n u ' t ) d| t -d+t - i 2 n = 1 2 n .

'AooE=25n-l2n13n,
40, ib molovldel ro apyo|roullopdyerotcnrdq 60tq4 F(r,l,z)= xT+
+0J+21,6rov to on!(o figuoyilcqc 6!oypdg!qv xALoriELodpopio'ft
+ft+F+10,6nou 04, or elvol or 6lxor6roLr\r ygvlrivx-d, G, m clvol
ro

1610 rou xdxlou x'z+tll-4 fiL Efllz'Z.

(lbvnlottlulo &oohovaElc)

n0on:
To (nroilevo,pyo dLvrqLon6 rov
r0no: |{=I PdX+Qd!+Rdz=
I Xdx{rd{r+zd2=
ll
=lll _
{l^+l_rl_=rr+r,+r,+r, (|r.
'oa -aB 'Bt 'fo

(to
E t v o L0 = ( 0 , 0 ) ,A = ( t 2 , r ' )- Z
(F r
on!LoA elvq[ on!aornq 6Lxor6trou
=Xrou rtxtrouX'z+'!'z=4),
B-(0,2). 0L nqpctcrprKac
eErodoe!q:
o) rou 0A eavoLx=t, 0=t, z=0, u t [0,'Z ] + dx.dt, dr=dt, dz=0,
g ) r o u A i i v o Lx = z o u v t{,= 2 n ! t , . = 0 , , .

[+

,+

d=-2n!tdt,

dz=0.
d'r=2ouvtdt,
y ) r o u 6 l e l v q Lx = 0 ,0 = 2 ,z = t , t I 0 , 2 ] + d x = o d
! 0=0d
! z=dt.
6) ro0 m elvo! Li=t, z=t, x=0, t [0,2] + d(r=dt,dz=dt,dx=o.
5-'2.
'EroLAxouus
I xdx+0d(r+2dz=
| {t't+0)dt=[t']
J6T
.,O
rrl
(-4nutsuvt+4nutouvt+0)dt=0.
,|A^Xdx+rld'!+2dz=l
B
q

(0.0+2)dt=z
I r4-,1,6,],-zaz=
ltl'z=a.
_o
j[,

JBr
I

to

+z

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{0+t+2)dt=
| _xdx+'!d'!r2dz=l

lo
a
+zrt - - + -4--6

'EroL (1) 6avE!l=2+0+4-6=0.

n

{1. ih ulorrovrdt ro olod{qr

I=[ grrd(r,-{,)di,

dnouc eaw! ro

16{0 tnc rou|lolncGx3, ue ootll AE(0,0)xor lr6pacB-(2,8).

^Uon:
r /v 2_,t,21
+
rlvz-,t,2\
ttvorr grad(x'-'!')=.laax:ar i- 5aT0L i + Srad(xz-'!z)=2xi-2{j.
+

0L nopoUolgLK6c
eLodroLc
InC xoUndlnc
eLvo!X=t, 0=t!, t [0,2] +
dx=dt, dlF3t'dt. 'Apq:

r-[ zxax-z'no=[
{zt-zt'rt')at=[12,-61'y61=;s,-1.1'=a-61--5e.
42, ild 6eLx06L6r! n xurlooog0ot|lq 6Lovtotlrlxllc duvdptnoncl

i(x,0,2)=(au'z)l+2x':{'.J+x'zt'?f
qqv |(ou|r6tulc: t'?+{tt,

F2 (vo! oveEdptnq qC Aot6Clttc olo.fip.blc.

,ldol:
0[ lopo!rpLKlqqLod,oeLq
rou Kod\oulvcL x-ouvo, {Fnuo, z=2,
6 [0,2n]. Agodx-(ouve)'dO,
dqr=(n!8)dO,
dz=o.H kuxloqoplo
rqq i elvol

6 zxr!'zax*zx'r!za,r*x'?r!zaz=l L4ouvonu'0{ouvg)'+4ouv'?enuo(ntg)'+{ouv'oqu'e)01d8=
r"
=l (-4nu'oouvo+4ouvroa!e)d2nu2oouv2o4=
I 4ouvoque(ouv'zo-nu,o)d-l
=J ouv2nu2ed2o=J
+t-0.
nu20dnu2=
[-ouv2e]1'--t
Etvor 0(6!0 $zx,t'rox.zx,orafx',l,az=[ 1-a1uloouve,louv30nuo
)do=
=l-ouv2e
I =0.
'Apq KuK^ogoplo
qs F LvoLovdprnqrnq qop6ctnq oloKlipoonc.
n
r

srlre oerioq tL ,'

..roios riloE).

93

xdr-udx
x'-0-

{3. ih urcloytoearo enLrqlnrtlr.ooloxlllfl,llE I= [

lvol ro r6Eo mC rotnalne x'z-U'?=|,nou lgtorelor oto nfri|Io rcraplnloplo

l0ol:
d KopniiinELvsLLoooKliqunEp8oli.
fLo ro 160rou npdirouleroprnuopaou
Ei.vaL X [1,+@).OoOoiU
ro X oqv ncrdUE'EroL q
Tpo,
etLqoot rou r6[ou ELvoLx-^

.0)

0 , , t , - 1 , u x l t , + - ) .
dx. 'Apa:
ELvoLdx=dx,d{F-=!r'x'-1
xdu-0dx_
xu-{'

dx-'4"-1
dx

x+

il'z-l

x ' - ( x ' ? -)l"

rnoudvrdq
t=f. --A_1
J" /X,

= ---4-----:4---- - dr=
'

,Fa rzx'-l

=1*= 1

(2x,_1) \

.,

r-+-,t

,,.

6iii,6rovx+

Fi

tzx"-t)

1,t+0,6rov

I-

=[rofeonut],'z=ji.
.,, ro l+nlrt -

4,1. ib urolovLde( ro anrotndlrc ofodilgola 6{4(-x4,

vd!:

o) o krtdoc h-l)'z+(o-l)'?-|,

6nou c e!-

B, o t(tlitoqx'?+{r'z-2u.

fttol:
o) 0[ nqpoUrprKdc
EivoLX:1+ouvt,U=l+n!t,
aELo6oeLC
rou K0KIou
'Apo:

t [0,2n].
Q {idx-xd0=
| [( 1+net)( l+ouvt)' ( 1+ouvt)( 1+nrt)']dt=
=[
--j

l-nut{t+n!t)-(1+ouvt)o!vt]dt=-[(nut+n!'zt+ouvt+ouv'zt)dt=
{ n u t * o r : v t)-at t = - l - o u v t + n p t +-t -_ ;- 1r 2 n - 1 1 = - 2 n .
eELd,oLs
rou Kik^oulvoLx=ouvt,U=l+n!t,
8) 0L nopouErprKCq

94

tlt),znl. 'Apqq Udx-xdu=l

t ( 1 r n u t l ( o u v t-)o u v t ( 1 + n u]td) t =
=-[ {nut*ru't*ouv't)at=-[
{nut+1)dt=- L-ouvt+tlo = - ( - 1 + 2 n + 1 ) = - 2 n .

45. tb uflotoytooel ro enlmln|llLo oloxlrlprryq

9U34(-x3dl,, 6rcu
LvqL n nep[uetpoq tou re4qy6voulxi+ Ul=l
q oerlKi oopd),

(l)

(noubloypfueldrKard

^tlol:

H ( 1 ) 6 a v Er L c e { L o ( o L c :
{ x + 0 = 1-,x - t " 1 , - x + 0 - 1 x, - ' ! " 1 } ( 1 )
rov [,\aupd)v
rou rrpovdvou.And rLc
(1J npoKtnrouv
o! Kopu{paq
rou xerpcy 6 v o ur o u e L l o L( 1 , 0 ) , ( 0 , 1 ) , ( - 1 , 0 ) ,
( 0 , - 1 ) ,E L v s r :
ttlt(
r=Q=l*.1-.lr.l-

H Etlsoontnc ABeivoL -x-U=

o) 0d lnoloyLooule
ro np6rootroK^iRrlro.
'EroL
=1. gsopo0u
ro X oqvnopdlerpo.
LwL x=x, U=-x-l, !e x L-1,0].
t L i / o L0 3 d x - x 3 d l F 1 -) x3 -d1x - x 3 ( - X ) ' d x = ( - 3 x - )3dxx' z. '-A1p o l
I

r'

-^

( - 3 x - 3 x ' - 1 ) d+x .- -o
-lA
B 'd-xiao=l
ro r6roOro olo(tripoto. H AA aXeLlo(,ron-X+U=l.
8) 0o unoJ\oyaooute
0L nopcurgrKdq
elLodoELcrnq lA ivoL x=t, G1+t, uE t l-1,0] . Elvor:
dx=dt. dG(1+t)'dt + drl=ldt. :.o onteLoA KqL A qvrLororxo0voL rLqde
rnc nopollrpou t=0, t=-1 (n AA dLoypdqEroL
Kqrd rnv qpvnrLKioopd). A-

po:

ll

( 1* t ) 31- t ] 1- dt =
|

'la-Al l J r d x - x r d , ! =[ l

(1+3t+3t-)dt=lt+.

+w

l|o

I'4ecvdloyo rp6no Bp(oKouue6rL Kogavo0116ro di,\o 6uo oloKlnpduoiq

,\ / 1\ / 1\ / t\
^,
eLvor
.oo -+. Enoudvuc
I

se

t+/-t+/-t+

),\- i f

95
46. th moloyloeEl ro oloKMq|!

)
Io4*zd!*xdz,

raE6 !{xoc Irtc xo-

|l|rolnq c, nou r6uvovroL o. elllodveLec {x2+02+22=llol x+Fl}

fi).

Alot:
sELsi,sLq
rnq Kounilnc c. An6rLs Loti8o Bpo0lErLq ropoulpLK6c
olq (1) qmloiqou! lo zr or6rE ExoulEx'z+r!'z+(1-X)'=1
h zx2*U'z-zx=O
A

(,+)'

L---:--L '
/1\'?
/

\z)

v
=1
1 \'z

(2). H rcuriln (2) ELvoLdItrELUn,u flqpo-

\E )

qKduo
x+z=1+ z=1_x
nue. ELvoL

0- }
x=}1t+ouvo),
lerplKdceELo{,roELq
'r'z
+

z=t-* (1*ouve)+

qc
z=-l tr-ovel. 'ApooL nopouerpLK6q
eLodFrq

K o u n t t r cn cE a v a l x = ] { t * o u v e t ,. f }

n u e ,z = } { t - o u v ) g
, e [o,zn]

EIIouavorc:
I

r"r

r,

grdx'zdo.xdz1o *rli
la

I'

-i
- { r r ' " , " e r 1 4t r - o , " e tlla e =
I

**[

( l * o u v o' )+l { 1 - o u v s ) ( ; 4 ! 0 ).
[
2/2 )a

( - n ! ' e ) d+8-. [ ( 1 - o u v s ) o u v o d o +
rr
2/2

tr-o,"e)nueoe=!F.

17. th molarldea ro oloxtrlpq! [afd*x'al,

1

untl||s uE etaq,[| Fx',

6nouc ro r6toqqrq-

A(0,0), B('l,l),ovrl.r qgxi xqr nCFq ro onuea.q

ofoLxd.
Aiat:

EivdlP(x,01=2x0,
Apoffi +x
Q(x,u)=x'z.

=
+x. tneuorr
S ff
""r,$

KoLo r6noq nou opi.<owqLoL P KaL Q (6nlq6|1rolR'R) r{.vqLonld ouv KrLKdq, ro oloklip0rua elvqL ovEdprnrorou 6p6uouo^oK^ipr,Jone.

gr,rootue
IoL[6v ro 6p6tro|lFx, ! opxi A(0,0) kdl nepoq8{1,1).01 no.
gouerpLrdqeqlo6oLsInc eueldc{Fx awr {Ft, x=t, t e [O,tl. Etvcuax=dt, d'lEdt. 'Apa:

r ' z d t =+3 | | = r .
,rr"*r",0*,J'
J"zxuar."'ar'J'

48. lk uroloyloe[to eraKot|lr0trLo

oloKfig4E 11

dnou
.{.xvdx'xexvd0,
c 6avo!ro r6Eoqq rqu Anc'lFn|,'X,r oorrlO(O,OI
xor rcpc A(n,Ol.
i(rq:

E(vor,P(x,0)-0ex{, Q(x,0)=xexV.Eavo!aKdls ;$ =ex9}x'Iex{,.?9 "exg+

+X'!e"'. ErErdi

;U

?i

-r

o rdnoqnou oplaovrol oL P (o! Q (6nld6i ro

RNIR)E[vor onld ouveKrLk6q,

ro otroKlipr,,t]o
lvoL ovEqdp$lo rou 6p6uou
flq oi\o(lipoonc.
oeurgori!
odv 606!0 otrortr4p0rn(
to e!ovpallo turlpo0A rou dovoX X,
opx{
0(0,0) xor nEpqcA(n,0). 0L nopolerpLKdq
eqLodEELq
rou 0A elvor
UE
'los:
'1E0,

t
Elvor
oKduo
dx=dt,
d{F0.
x=t,
[0,n].

r=Jn{o"t'o*t"t'oo)at-0.

49. b unolovrd.t

D ararqrrtl@ oldlllrtlt

t-J""hr+a*{eru''$c,
6rou c (rit! ro nu1t6rllo x'z{tl,
(0,1) rpoc ro dxEao (0,-l)-

x{,

ldd|:

E a v dPL( x , 0 ) = e x+n !!
q1x,,1,1-{exouv- '&o,
}

if,=*"*o,u
* ,# =*"'*"* ,

|rdr 66vC06tor od ro rt|tao

97
6ntro6i i-l - fr , tl'o x@(x,o)clR'. 'EroLro oloKldpr,ruo
eavorove[d9rnro rou 6p6!ournq oloKlilpooqq.
oooorlue
^o[n6v6vorlo antrd6pdUoKoL
mv reroLogeoporiua
to 8-A.0r ncpcuetpr.*6q
ELodoelq
tou 8ALvo[ x=0,
{=t, tr tB=1, tr=-1.

'Apo:

\rn
l=l rax{a{'l (""nu$ o.}e'ouu$ 1 ) d t = l + o u v ; d t =

=[
J,

'ouu*aIl=h,+l'
.

. Jt

=1rl-+l-r'u+=-2-

50, tb unoloyldel !e 6uo rpdrtousro Errro|,|ror\|,ooloxklpqr:

I
r-l (3xz+ao-zx_r!+t)d+fi 1-r)61,

6100c atvoL ro e{fuv,|| so rli|lo la ! ogxi A(0,4) xa.

toc 8(l,ll.

Aodl:
o' Tg6troc:
Eaw! P(X,0)=3X'?+zxu-2x-'!+1,
Q(x,U)=x'-x,'Apoll =2x-1=
r 'i:-l . EToLro oloKtripouoelvoL ovldornrorou 6p6!ou rnq o,\oxtripriolc
eel,rpoiuero 6p6!o rou oxiuoroq, 0L nopqletpuaq e[Lo6oeLqrou c1 e(vo[ x=0,
{ F t , u E t A = 4 , t f = l . 0 1 n o p o ! r p u 6 cE { L o r i o e rl o
q u c 2 L v o Ix = t , U = 1 , 0 . t r 1 .

ro 6p6!o AB. H eLooon

rou ABlvoL qr=4-3x. 0 r
B' Tp6nos:e0rpo|J!
rdpolerpL(aq
Lo6oLq
rou ABEivoLX=t, 0=4-3t, 0ltJ1. 'Apot
' II
,,,

t\l

P d x + a d| { F[ 3 t , + 2 t ( 4 - 3 t ) - 2 t - ( a - 3 t- )-+31( t], - t ) l d t = l ( - 6 t , + i 2 t - 3 ) d t =
JoL

.l-2t3+6t,-3tlr=1.
5l- llvetor ro Err.rolrdllo olorMpqr:
/

Jo

98
x dr,
I=f --0
a*
r" x'?.01
xzloz
dtr6qv a9rfllrov Gdurv.
on r qy dyrSo.d r!t4
qvrcolllxo n qli tot' ro

q oerrr{ tot6,

6nouc awL uLo ovorrnl xqrrrdfutlrou 6ev novd

tb 6etx01,6rr n rLt l rou ototlnpdgoroqavdL[tnc v.etoc (oA-,bB),6rlou u olrclo A, B eavd!
(drd
ndFC EIC xqrtdftc. H *o|l'ol4 6!qr6*ror
("thtantici soperioF n. Trend.fir)

tutq:
Yno06route
6rr x=q(e)ouv,
'tFg(g)nuo,
or nopouEus e [0r,0r] eavoL
tpL(acero6oelq
rnc KdUn0Anq.'Elouue
dx=[O'{0)ouvo-p(0)n!S]d0,
dU=
=[ ' r '( 6 ) n u ] o ( e ) o u v ] d 9 , ' A p d l
I=['[
,u,L

- e ( 0 ) n u 0 [ q ' ( e ) o u v l ! - q { e ) n u o l * e((g0))nouuev+oo[ a( o ) o u v ] ' d e s,(o)ouvre"e,{o)nu,e

'do_
=[ " ' e ' { r d 6 - l
fste._
Jsrp'z(o) , u,

=e,-ot=6's.

52. th uroloyrda ro oloxr{poF 62x0?zdx+2xzozd!*(x'U'-22)dz,

6rcu
(0,0, I ), (0, 1,0), (1,0,0)
c tvo! rl ll9[lettoc rou t0ly6vou ABT, !e KopoOEC

Aoq:
tCvoLP(x,U,z)=2x{'z2,
Q(x,U,z)-2x'!r!2,R(X,0,2)=x'z{'?-22.
EtvdLoK6uo:

jf,*,,,r,.=
S
,,4=z*'o=
i$

{1).

l5 =zru'=
*
EnELEn
KALor|l,
n (ountln c Ei.vaL
ro oivolo nouopi.<ouv
oL ouwprioetcp
ronr)ivoL onld olve(rlK6, oL tlpLkce
Q, R (6n^o6d
nopdvovor
Lw[q]
(1),
vxLC
xqL Lox0ouv
oL
ro oloxlip0rl6i.vorLoo! !n66v.
53. llo unoloy[dotv u n.rountllo otorlqqilfB:

99
o) 6 (x:foutx+2x'lrH[{?e')dx+(x'7nrx-z'tp^
) dlr, dnouc ca|oL I rtroEl
rouniM i(t)=oovt(lrnrt)i+fi+n!t)i, t l0,znl.
B) 6

lIL

d+rn(l+x'z)4, 6rou c e[wl n unoruxtoerrrlcx9.oii.

nUoI:
q) Ei.v!o P(X,0)=x'?Uouvx+2X0nuX-U2ei,
EivoL q(6uoI
Q(X,0)=X,ntx-zue'.
'Etor
+ =X'oJvx-Zxnu)(-zue'=
lo.r,dvro otroK^ipoUo
KordUiKoq qq
+ .
K,\ELo[iq
Kaunt^qq
c lvo! !n66v.
3!
- (x.u)=
B ) E L v oP

1*xt

'EroL

, ) . E L v o aL K 6 ! o
, Qt , , . r) ,=t n( r - r <
+d'Y
= - a - - * dx .
1.X2

^oLndvio oloxlnpLryo
xord urlKoctnq xlroric xotlflilnc c iwL

loo

u au n 6 6 v .
54. ib unoAoyld
l. !e 6uorg6rouqro ofo*)utpqoI=$
r riii iai, ov
i1y,9,21=
1;+r1-zz)i+12*x
)j- (2r{*32)1, dnoufr, fr, iii etwr. or.rortq qq
q[L@< \'z{2+zza'z ||e !d n![slr{.m6o tou lqtrou oy66out!r, otdudv.

Aoon:
o' T06noC:Eava! P(x,0,2)=Xfl!-22,
(
x
,
Q 0 , 2) = z + x ,R ( x , U , z ) = - 2 X + U - 3E2t., r P r n ) n=r=-fr
:p
=r=

voroKolo;it

! 8 = - r =- 4
lx-Jz

, ;

fi ,

r'\

E f l E L o | o1 L P , Q , R o p i 4 o v I q l
oio
(
o
n
J
\
d
ouv6xrrK6), oL lepLKCe nonr
p d v ( , j y o L L v q I o u v X E i . q ,L o x r j o u vo L ( 1 ) Ko! n xopfli^nsi.vot KILoTi,to o-

,\oKtrripouo
ELvoL[oo ue !n66v.
(tt(

8 ' T D d n oEea: v oIL- q' ^ = l ^-.A1B^ .' B1T^ '-ItA. - 1 , . r ,

ABTA

tz).

0c nopoucrpr(tqELodoErC
rou r6[ou AB elvor X-oouv,{--on!, z=0
0:8:r/2. ELvq! dX=-cqted,dqr=oouvod8,
dz=0. Apo:

100
I

t',

Ir=J ^Pdx+adu+Rdz=lL(oouvg+on!0)(-('|s0)+oouvooouve-(2oouv-onug)0]dg
-A8

T.

=[ {-o'nuoouv0-c'nr'e+o,ouvzo)d-o,[
(ouu'O-nu.e-ntleouuelag=$ .
O[ nopqgErpLKcc
[Lor,roLc
rou r6[ou ti eiwr. X=0, {=oouv,z.onug,
O:i+.

tpvo<6uoor
ovdtrovo! rnv nponvoi!vnllpinr(,jol,o[6re loioKou-

l*z
lF . ot rooouetolKdc
ur I,=js- Pdx.Qdr.Rdz=etLo6oLq
rou t6tou ii e(voLx=qnto,0=0, z=oouvg,
oso:{.

erouBploKorJle
I!.1^pdx+Qd{,+Rdz=2d,

Ettou6v0s
n (2) 6i.vLI=0.

55. o urcloy|,d.l ro olo(A4roto:

-f(x-{'}
r=6 [rtx+t.rtr+r]r+ lf(x+a)
ld0,
dnou c a.w! u|.q rlloEil rout|0M v6( onld ouverrlxoo t&rou T. H f
or leprrcq mpdyoyoLPV, Qx ea\,oLouvEx[q.

Ko!

Aoon:
E l v oP
r { x , { ) = f ( x + { , ) + f (Qx (- x0 ,)U
, ) " f ( x + 0 ) - f (ux
- U; $) ,= f { x + 0 ) -i'fx-!),

1nrDrn

ff

= r ' ( x . U ) - f( x - 0 ) . A p o

;i

E n o l l v uE
q t v a LI = 0 .

56. Ito onoloylde( ro srlKolnillo orox6or,rrc6r(*)

xdt-r!r* , 6I.

rou c ehrsr. uro rllaEl Kqmrtrn vdc atrld ouvexrlro0 t6rou T. H f xol o!
.,i (vo! ouvExeac
leglxec |Eodynyol
otov T.
E ,
(novnrorliuro olKtc lsn[rrx6
qrbd 1973)
l6q:

E ( v opr( x , 0 ) *= - r ( * ) - " 0 ( x , { , ) = + r ( + )E. r v ooL( 6 u o :

\^,/
x2

3d ql -r - l

X?

r (\ Xg/ \ - - ! L r ' l , ! \ | - - 1 1 1 { , \ - u r . / q r \
X,

\X/X

X,

\X/

xl

\X/.

101

_a,(9)-1,.(*)[,!
*4
dI
\x/
X \ X , , f\
X,

)p )n
LnouevrJc =
ii! fr '

)=_1 f/,r)_,! f./,r,\

\T,,/

Xr,/

Xr'\X,/

x,

reo ro oloKligrdtro
Eaval Looue lndav.

57. lld ullolovL(sa!o lBo6dvrou xoolounou nEglxls(lol on6l!t0l_

lo rou fspr6olour Xt.t,=3q{,, ol0.
lfot:
edrouuU=tx, on6reEplo(ouurrq nopot/rpLKac
{Lqiolc rou o0liou
nouelvou1=
, ,= l{
. Etvol t-Eqe (q e(wL n yovLonou oxnrorl*
j+t'

1+t'

(ic[ on6 rov dEovoOX l(oL ro dLdvuotc g6orrcevdq onuLou

rou grjllou).H
yl,JvLoq !tdBdileroL on6 0 6rrq

{ , oldre n flopd!xpoqt lelold^treloL o_

nd 0 60rc+-. To anro!!vo E!Bo66v6lvrqL ond rov r0[o:

lsl- lsc ) -/ lsq '\/_$! \'lo.=

e=j Q xa+-,rax=]
' r o| I r + t r /\
\
/
.l

1*t''/

1+t3,/\ 1,tr

- +",['=+",[."_!+ =]o,[*-11,1,1-,61'_.,r_
''
'
r o (_Lg
'
1*tr)'z '
i'
lo
(r*t,).

. +- t-+ l-*=
I ,. ,ouao,..
| l+t'
58. lh molovldE[ ro c!d66v Irlc erLgdv6loc ] nou npLt(lel.eroL dr6
ulv lofitl4 c: X={ouytrt, 'lEolrrtr.,t
[0,2r], o>0.

A0on:
To 4rro0uEvo
EuFo6dv
6lveraLon6rov rino E=I [-0ox*xa+.rivou ox"
=3qouv'zt(-nut)dt,dU-3onu,touvtdt.
Apq -(rdx+Xd0=-qn!it3qouv?t(-n!t)dt+
+oouv:t3dn!,touvtdt=
(30rn!atouv2t+3o2ouvat
l!2t)dt=
=30"lu2touv2t(nr,t+ouv.t)at=3o,(nutouvt).dt= (n!2t)rdt.,EroL
eLwr:
1q:
.t
1".
E= -Udx,xd{'

iJ
;--"^IJI

I lnuztr,at=
#l
,,,.
"1,, o.^iuo
f

=
tnuztr.urz

102
3q? f -nu2touv2t+2t
3no' -r' 1"" ='its
= tuovd6q'
lff"'].

ofoxfrl*ar [
59. tb utotroyloeiro enlxc|t|||.1llo

2x{4+x'?dl,, tuou c

el.wl n uolo z'lFx mL A, B rq oluaq (0,0), (2,1), ovtl,dtolxo.El,vorro

gvEdoqro xoo 6p6!q, rnq otroxlllgrutci
olorl|lg|I
(li!s0n[orrr6Tnlld lbyEnroqgLooSsooolov
tmq 1977)
l0ot:
q) H uOe[o!E nopouerpLxa(
e[roiolc vpdsErolx=t, '!=+,
E(voLdx=dt, d{F+ dt. Apozx{dx+x'dG2t+dt+t'+ dt-t'dt+ i
= :idl

tc [0,2].
dt=

Eror EavqL:
|

2x{dx.x'd,+
! =dl t = + l

l!

1)

+ | =4.

P(x,U)-zx{,
l(or f; =U, # =t^. ',o^ *i = :* .
Q(x,o)=x?
E) ELvoL
EraL6{ro neoto T olo ono{,oopL(ovroLoL ouvoptioeLqP, Q elvol tolR,lR,
nou LvoLdlld ouvKTLK6,
To oloKtripotoeiwL ovEtdprnrorotr 6p6uou rqc

-2lzlj,1za"r".1,"r1
50. A(vela! xo Elovuot$r!16ft6ao F=( zxz3+6'0)i+(5r
lb &rxeea drr stvo. ooro68rlo roL om olv6xlo w unolovloo[ ro olor^ng4! r=l rdr, (mouc LvoL!l(r ruxollo xqfitln,

g og,(il (or n69oc ro

ontE[o^(0,0,| ), B(t,'l,l), dvraolorxo.

Al(m:
R=3x'zz'?o) ApKeivo dLEouu
6rL rotE6, eivor P=2x23+6U,
Q=6x-2{,2,
'Eror
-0'. Apo:P+=5,P.=6xz',Q.-6, Q"=-2rlr,
Rx-6xz',R,!--20.
tvoL:
Q
.
2
J
( - 2 r)t- 0 , P / - R \ = 6 x z ? - 6 X z0?.--0P, + - 6 - 6 . 0+ r o t i . d .
Rr
Enoucvoc
ro 6LovuotrorLKd
rI6loeivoLodEpdBLtro.
LvoLovldprnrorou 6p6!ourne o^oKlll0i To enl(olnt^LootroKtripoto
p{,Jonq.
8o uaolovloouuE
ro I sn6 rov trno,

Iiaio1el-01n1, Orrou:

102
3q'?f -nu2touvzt+ztl'zn
--ft-LffJ"==ii

3no'z

"o*0"'

59. llo uroloyLdea.ro EnlKoundlloot oxri*rr-a

J.

zxtfi+xldl,,

&ou c

ea\rqrn ueiq2{Fx ro! A, B Io on!h (0,0), (2,1), ovttoroqo.ELvolrc

avEdptnroror 6p6gouIns oloKlilp(dlci
olorMn[
(td||l(Itrrd TEho lllymloou[ou oooolova.mq
1977)
A0o[:
ypdesroL
o) H ugeto!e ropauerprK6q
e{LodoELq
x"t, U=+, t. [0,2].
'Apo
dt+t'+ dt=t'dt+ i
Et'vordx=dt,d'lF+ dt.
2xudx+x'dq,=zt+
= :i:dl

dt=

Ero! eavor:
|

I rr

2 x t d x . x ' d o =j -l d t = +
'|t o "
[;

'12

'Jdd.

L ( x , 0 ) = 2 0x (0x, , U ) . xx,q LS = U , # = z r . r p o , 3 i= r r 4.
0 ) E t v oP
En[6dro nEOCo
T oto orolo opl(ovroLor.ouvoptioelqP, Q tvoLro]Rrn,
nou ECvcL
on^douvE(r[K6,ro olo(trr1oolo
LvoLqvtdprnxo
rou bpduournq

50, llvrdr ro 6lqvuotarLt6 re6[o i= (2xz3+60)i+(6x-2llzli+l3x,z"-[,ll

ib 6Lx0El 6r! sl.vai orrp69do xo! ofl olvelLo w fiolovlooe( ro olo-.
.ftlq{E

- 12.'
I=l Fdr, 6nou c lvct llq ruxoac rQj|ttf4, I opxi Ko! neFc

lq

onte[o l(0,0,1), B(l,l,l ), svECorollo.

iUm:
o) AoKivo 6ttouu6rL
R=3X'2'?ftvoL P=2X23+6U,
Q=6x-2U2,
"oti=d.
'Ero!
-0'z. Apo: P{-6, Pz=6X2'z,
R{,=-20.
ELvoL:
Qx=6tQ,--20, Rx=6X2'z,
R,-Qi-20-(-2{)-0, Pz-R^=6X2'z-6X2'z=0,
Q.(-P,,.6-6-0+ rotF"0.
ro 6LqvuouorL(6
flouavoq
nE6LoivoL oorp6BLlo.
8i To enlxaln0lLo oioxl{p{,Jtu 6lvo! ovEdprnrorou 6p6uoulnq olo|(ldqronq. & unoloyaoouu
ro I ord rov flino,

I ia-o(a)-o(n),

6nou:

103
o ( x , r l , z l = [ ' p ( t , , ! , 2 ) o t * [ v Q r o , t , z t o t * [ ' n r o+, go, r{)xd, r{ r , z ) tc

)8

)f

={'12t,,*,lrat.[*rsoz..lor-l"po"r"-s,
1ar=2,,
[L !' l"-e,1J111*o
Jtlll"
Je
Jr
lo

-,'19
L .

-r'

x] -zz' -avx-aw,au-6og-zr,+zoz+
l .-,[ r $" J]"-o'1,1;=r.'
{
.r

J8

-lo'

-O'zz*O'v=z'f
*tx-20'?+(-609-q'zy3+B'zv)=23x'z+5{r(-zqr,+c.

$
f**

Enoutvoc
)-0(A)=(l +6-l)- (0+0-0)-6.
JcFdr=0(8

6t, t& uro^ovLdL

ro enrrotn0liooro*rlo,nro
Jt'''L,+")d*(3-2xu)dl
{tbv rotiulo ooolovtqc - t|q|nr!(d rtil!

1977)

AUon:

wt

EcvoL
P(x,{)=x'l-0'z,
noodvoQ(x,u)=3-2x0,
u ;f; =-2,t"ff ou ueor.xdc
'Aporo oAoKlipolo
jf, , !e LvoLorrvxCc.
Lvorov{69r4ro rou

6p6uouInq oloKl4qronc KoL rl ficpdoroonPdx+qd0tvoL rd^eLo 6Lq0oO[xd.Oo

Bpotle ULo ouvdornol G(X,0), y|.o rnv onoad eavoL dG.PdX*Qdr.El.voLyv(,ror6
rt

rV

r,

r0

+ G(x,U)1.(i'-U')dtl
d x r :G ( x , 0 ) = J
dP(t,U)dB
t +Q. j( o , t ) d t
s(3-2dt)dt-

g
-u'x=L['iJ -*',1'-h"
+z ]*=
" r +'o.ru,r
$ -ta.
$ ={ -,n.
to L
JB +
*u,-($ -re.ry)= + -u,x+3u+c.
Apo,
I = l G ( x , t ) l i ; ' ; i = l-t u
-"'x . 3 { , l t ' "= t_t * * - I .
r(o.o)
52. lh ulroloyloooov 6 snlxo|rtr0lLqoloKlqp6lllor

o'a)qqx{'q*1"'041,
o1 I=J(
Aoq:

,1 rl

t, tJ,;..;

exn!,td*exouvudl,.

104
ol Eivor P(x,'!)=0Y{,
Q(x,{)=xex*-

="x,r.r,l,y'=4 (o! upLK6q

,r4
'Apd
elvououvExccq).
to oloxliplruqeavoLovdprnlo

fiopdy',ryol ,
T{ fr
rou 6pdgouqC oloKtr4poonq,
pdx+Qd0
Enotdvocn dLoqopLKil
ndpdoroon
avoL
olLK66Loqo9LK6
!Loq ouvdprnonq
c(x,U). ELvoL:

u=ex,r,-ed,r,*
crx,,l,t=[^pr
t,+tctr ['01o,t rrt=frrtre!Jat*[uqqdldt=
[e!0lv-leatI
,q
rs
)o
Js
( 0,a)=t
,Aoor
+eo{r_eap_ex{-eqo_ex{-c.
-t=0.
I= lex{l
( 4' o )
Bl E(voLP(x,0)-exn!U,
+
0(x,0)=erouv0

l$

=9169y,t= tou uepu"tq

ff;

nopCvrvo.

io oloKAdpoloetvoL cvedpqro
*f; , ff etvor,ouvExeaq).,Apo
rou bpdtrouxnc olo$ioi,tonc. EnottvLJC
n 6loropLkrlnqpdoftonpdX]QdU ea_
vor olrK6 6Lo@pLK6
lroc oovdprnonq
GtX,|lj).EtvoL:
t x'rt
.v
e tx,,lt-l
t,,!tat.l-q(o,t )dt- [^ elaprld
t * ['eoouvtat=ne,1fet
1r*so1r,11!'a

'd

,8

,!

=(n!U)er(n!0)eq+ednU0-edn!B=
(ntU)ex-dn!0=exn!0+c.
' A P oI -

2 '-e.
lexnru]'"
(0,0)

63. th unolov|'ooearo er|. qnatro oforflor,rn

r.SO"ldx+6xldl,
J tx

d-

nou c lvor [ (o|trl0tlnu opxi (oL n6pocro onueloA(0,0), B(4,8). ovrt. _

ototxo.
l6dt:

p(x,U)=x,+30,,
EtvoL
Q(x,U)=6xt,
coojf =0,r,, ++ =A ,
ff
$
'Apo

yLo |(dee(x,0)elR:n=4,

n nopdo[oonpd0+Qd0
lvoL 16.\Lo6LoooDLk6.
^4lobil undpxErouvdprnondO(X,0),
xaroro rorJdO(X,{r}=p(x,U)dX+Q(X,0)dt.Oo
unoloyloouleq 0.0 rriloq (l) rnc oEl{,6dc53,6l.veL:
..
Ix
rt
,\
0 ( x , 0 ) =Pl ( t , 0 ) d r +Ql ( a , t ) d t =(lt , + 3 0 ' ) d,t*.ol o L a ,t .=,t 'l . 3 0 ,1t 1x ' . l 3 o t ,,
i1_
,d
.
,B
J
t"

)B

l"

105
x' +3s'zx+c,
-au'o*:o,p,-3o6':0!qivo!e rov rino 2,
S **"*- $
oIL6qq
53, 6xouue:

r|c

(a'8)=o(4,8)-o(o,or=
( x ' * 3 0 " ) d x * 6 x[,ot d( x0,=L ! ) ]
$ * . a ' n =$ '
(0,0)

oloxlil9lxra:
64. tlo unoloyLoelro EnLrouni^Lo
(xz-e'n!0)dl+(x{+z)dz,
l= | (e^ouvU+Uz)dx{
dnouc 6tvol n rogn0lnu opxi rol rt69oqto onuto(1,1,1), (0,0,0), ovrLdtoLxqAoon
r
Rl(rX
E I v q rP ( X , U , z ) = e ^ o u v UQ+( U
x ,zU, , z ) = X z - e ^ n
u , U , z ) = x UE+ l2v.a L :

'Apoundpxeu
jf; =-exqprl*z=
ouvdprnon
# , .,4*= S , *i *" S .
0 ond
eo unotrovLsouue
o(x,U,z), reroLqnou d0=Pdx+Qdu+Rdz.
fi ouvdotnon
,'rlr"rtE ,z )d t l
t ldt=Jo(e"ouvU
t , U , zl d t ,
) d.tu- z
0(x,0,2
) = J o(P
JB 0 ( o ,
,R{o,B,

.J'ro,-fr. ro,.J'too.t
rat-le ouvrtr.ruztll[o.r-**",11["*- f ]"=
=erouvr!+rlzx-e"ouvr!-rlzc+czr!+e''ouvr!-czg-e"ouyg,{pr*{-oOv-t'="tour,r*

-rl'. {

("'","e-or- $)="'**-ro''

21 *c. :t.:0,-,vo rov rtno 4,

uE

! n qs ^ L 6 qs q3 , e L v d LI :=l o { r , , t , , )l l; ' ; , ; ] = " o u v*tt * } - 1= e o u v l * l.

65. ilo unoloyloo(ivro nlroulru^Looloxllpqlala:

o) J^0ouvx{rax*xou,xrlaA,
onou
+ t r,or, e=(2,}).
9 ) J , e \ u t d x . e x o w 0o,n o+ut o , o t ,e = ( 1 , { ) .
d) Elvor P(X,[)=Ursuvx{,
Q(X,U)=Xouvx{,

106

i[

=ouvx{FxunuxU/,=ouvx{,-x{,nsx0.
AFqLvoL:
Etvorenolev(,rq
;i
fr
qveldprnro
=.fi . 'ero, ro oloxlipuuq
rou 6pduou
rqq oloK^Ilcr,rLvoL

[voL rdtrLo6LoeopLK6
onc KoLn nspdo.oonPdx+QdU
!Lqe ouv69rnonq
0116
G{X,U),nou unoloyacerql
rov ru{ro:

ouv(tu)d(t0)+
ntr,ut=[*rf
r,Otot*l*qto,ttat=[xuouvtuat*[eoouvotdt=l
Jo

Jg

re

tB

Jd

-[ ouv(qt)d(ot)=
Lnut!]]'Lnuotl
1=nuxU-nuq+*nuou-nloB=nux{+c,
'ApoG(x,{)=nuXU,
EroLe.voL:
,
,rl,Il =nu2+-nu1.0=1.
J^oduvx0dx-xouvxod{=Lnlxol(r,ol
P(x,U)=eraru,
ELwLno!6voc
9t ELvoL
Q(x,U)=e\ouw,
*t ""^ouuq,,
'EloL ro otroKligr,ruo
="'oru,l. 'Aeo
=
rou 6p6
elvoLove{dprnro
;fo fr .
fi
eLvo! r6trLo6LdQop[K6t]toc
lou qq oloKliononcKoLn ndodcroonPdxlQdU
qn6
0(x,{), nou onoloyL<eroL rov riaoi
ouvdprnsnq
r\
tv
rx.
tr - +-r ^- -v
c (x,0)1 (t,{,)dtl (o,t )dt1de'n!'ldt+Jie*ouvtdt=4u0te"
ld+e-lnutlo=
dP
d0
=e\nu0-eonuU-e"nu0-eonuo=e\4uU+c.
'ApoG(x,U).e^nuU.
Enordvoc
LvdL:
.

,, -!r

| +nr,,r,l
-ernu* -eonu0=e.
Jonexnr:,lrdx*e\ouulau
1o.ol

66. A[vErqLro oloKAiq,ryc| (U'zx+l)exdx]2tl(x-l)exdr!.

o) lh 6ELX0Et
6rL [vo[ ovdprrtrorou 696gouc qe olorMpoors.
vd ntolovr.oean ouvdotnonf,yr-o
B) Av V(x,U)=(0'zx+1)exi+20(x-llexi,
Ir|v onotq gradf=i.(4,s)
(0'x*l)exdx*2{(x-l)exd!.
v) l& unoloyldt ro oloxlilpr4r |
r (-1'1)
([ove,.Lq.'luloAovoavou)
itort:

107

o) Etvd!P(x,0)=({,'?x+l)ex,
xot j$ =zUex= ,
Q(x,U)=2l,(x-1)"x
S
'A0o
rdge (x,0)elR',
ro o^o(ltlor4Jo
l.volovdpqtorou 6p6!ouqq oloKIipoonq.

i+ ir;tx,,lli*1rx,,r,)j 0), Enelof sradf=i

9; 6t6r.eradf=
S
*!I
rouV.1r1r'?x+t
on6(1) kor (2):
lexi*Zr11x-t
t"4 tzl, 6xouu
f i ( x , u ) . ( ' t , x + r ) e(x3 ) , f ; ( x , 0 ) = 2 0 ( x - t ) e(x4 ) .
'Apo:

f i ( x , 0 ) = 2 U ( x - r ) e x + f ( x , 0 ) = { , ( x - r ) e x + s( s( x) .)

H (5) 6tvsr f;(x,0)-'l'?ex+{j'1(x-l)ex+g'{;)=r!'zxex+g'(;)

(6). Ad (3) Kor
'
E
t
o
L
(6) AxoulE
6 r L g ' ( X ) . e x+ 9 ( X ) = e x + c ,
n (5) 6[vL;
f(x,U)-0,(x-l )ex+ex+c{c or.OEpd).
stvar otrLxd
vl Eneu64j$ . ff n nop6qaqq{0'?x+t)exdx+2u(x-t)erd0
6ro0opLKo.
ECvq!df=Pdx+Qd'r.'Apo.
. ( 4 . 5)

=r(4,s)-r(-t,1)-2e""*-'.

1,,11;(q't)
'[('--1' ,"1' t) , l ' x * t ) e x a x . a l t x - t 1 e x a , F 1 1( 1
-1,1)

57, th unolovldol ro flrxolr0Alo ororlrlg(.||q

I=6 (a{-x l)d+(x+'I,)d,
lhou c elvor to ooltlopo
rou xtplou T rcu rEplxlslero! o

tac mtrrarlc
x'z=

Alon:
o'Tp6noq:
ttvaL I= O (zx{-x,)dx+(x$, )d0((

=I ^ (2xu-x'?
(zxu-x'z
)dx*(x+t')du.l
)d.
' ^
oAi

+(x+o'z)dj=I1+I,

fio

( t ) . ei v cu :

l,r
5)dx=
(2x'-x')dx-(x+x{)2xdx=Jo
(2x! -x,+2x,+2x
I,"'J^ (2x,!-x')dx.(x*,i'?td,!sj,

-716.
S e o o o i , l E@ ! r o o r i u r r p o r o x .

108

-rlrt zuao+
(u'?+r!'?
t,=J^ tzxrl-x')ax+tx+'
)d0=
1a1:J' rzu3
I (4{iq-2'1,5+2u'z)d{E.l+ . Eror n
J"

r={-]{=$.
tr) orveu:

I'TPdnoc:
E0op!6(ouU
rov r0noror,Green(nouLoxte[).ELvoL
f(X,U)=2X0-X,,
'Ac[
=1. Apo:
0(x,{)-x+U'.
i=2x, fr

|
.
,,
,'l,ll
I
- *i )axorllrr-zxraxo,r,=l
rr-zxra,rlay=
I rzx,r-x.)ax'(x*.ras=ll(
#
ll
'd''.i

"tx'
= l ( 1 - 2 x- )_[\0' ]d' ]x = lr 1 - z x ) ( "-fx , ) d x . (l 4 ' - x -, 2 x $ , z x ' ) d x =
Jo

)o

)o

=[ 1rl-x"-zyizx,rcx=[-?r]4 -*r+- 4l'= * .

68. ib unoloyrdodv ro sn6!{ lra(o!|r01rr!olorMoaFro xdt rotdrlv
w yl,ve! mlioeuq !o tov r6rc rou 6rlen.
of l=6' a r -U,ox*xat,610|l aT e(vo! to otvoporou logtou T=t(x,U)nz:
osxil, 0elsl).

S) I=6r c xa{nfax,drcuc eavoL

n 6ner{rr t' * f .t.
22

32

l0dl:

o) eeopo(,xe
ro ortvopoxou xt o(ou vo
6Loypd0eB[6nocbtxvouvro Bgln. 0L
nogduEtptKaq
ILotoelq ulv 04, AB, 8f,
f0 e[vor:
0A: x=t, llFo, t [0,1]
dx-dt, d{-0,
A B :X = 1 ,U - t , t [ 0 , 1 ]
dx=0,d'!:dt,
Br|F1, x.t, t [0,1]
du=o,dx=dt,
r0: x=0, llFt, t [0,1]
dx-o, d'lFdt.

' A e o I: - tl l t (
- t . 0 +)i d t + [{ - t + t . 0 ) d t +([- t 0 + 0 ) d t . 1- A_ f. 1' r_0=,l t - o - 1 6 y o , -( 1
- o- 'A ' lA- B
o

9eooo'jrre oqv rcpduetoo to rl,,

t09

-+l-tl'=r+r-2.

=01

"dt+j,-dt+0=lrl
E|ldrr{oeuql
xe rov ronorou cr.[: EavoLp(X,U)=-0,A(X,{)=X+
*$

--'. ;l ='.'o*,'-lJ
( # - ,,e)a,nr.rJf
*0,r.4'ax
Ip1i=2.
J'a,r,+1x1
!) 0L nuposrprrAq
elod,osrC
tnc 6lIeL0nClvol X=2ouvO,
{F34!0,
'Apo:
0:052n.ELvo!oKdtodX=2(ouvo)'dOr
drl=3(nU0)'de,
-n!ol] do=61 (ouvzo+n!,g
(ouvo
)-3n!02(
[2ouve3
)de=5
lol ;'= 12n.

I-l

EtlqI{ocudt|16tov r0no rou Creer: E[voLp(X,0)=4, q(X,{)=X +

"-', # -'. '^o.'=lJ(4- S )a,o,r=jj,*o,r.zflaxauaz/Joa

-tzlloaoae=nl
I ouolue=rzrerl'[
- ' , . l o4' t t"n '
,oLo
r
i;
69. llq u|roloyroooov
!6 q 9oielo rou r0llou rou Greentq oloktnCgo_
It
'z'I,- 'I,)rt*(x'ev+iuu)
to: o) I=9 (zxet'-x
tl, dnouc eavo!o (trloc:
+

xrtlt =1.
9) I. S

dnouT ehrr, d1u ororothEre rovovrrd xq|!o.

"xt6d+3xt5d),
Lv) I- I
O(+xtd, dnouT.t(x,{)n?:tr(,+{,s!,9$1.
r'l'+i'1
i0at:

p(x,0)=2xev-x,0-+U',
ol Eavo!
rcr. =zxg9-r,-,r,,
Q(x,U)=x,e{+lrU
$
'Apo:
geiipnuo
=rt"{.
jf
to
rou Greentoxis!.
r

sdrouu. x=2u, +:3u,'

""6-.

:6. ,croL n dllerrrr lctcoxirrtr: :++++

ir(u,u,

aera! dro! rirro u,+u,:1.

*
Sitouye u:p@vo, u:pnug, olo:1, oso:2r.

110

'=[( # - *e)*,*ll rx'+'

e3dpdo=ld0l
raxar+J"J'

",'=pr;'l+]"

2t =-T
rr '
= -{
koL
8, EtvoLP{x,{,)-x{,6,
Q(x,U)=3x'?0s

tou
$ +*,r,'=
ff Too(i'onuo
qr

'Apo l l l ^ ^ - " n \
creenLoxieL.
I=ll{
+o ^ +o v l )dd,!-0.
,ti
\

vt To xoplo 6rv ElvsLontrdouvEKrL(6.

Iileqv npo0rl60on
6rL ro orrvoporou xnpaou 6Loypd0eroL
6noqELxvouv
ro B6In, ro
d,pntaLo)(01.El.voL:

\o
\"-

ut'I-;#r-tt
. e#=*. * -u-g=

)2

r=JJ
*,*'IJ'!!!!q#rdpdo=
(;9- :fr)**. IJg
"",e,*,
t-*',tl[ $ - S]i,,.,,[+-+-+.+]=+
JLeaeJL'+ruo=
10. l5 unoAoyldocvl(t oloxtrio6lolo:
o ) I=S-x'Od*x'af,6rou
c e(wr o Kdx^ocx'zrl'?=4.
!l

t=f or.a*u"'e,rrc,
t-

"

slwr. q rcltrffut roo oxitrroq.

Aoot:
ol

jf, =-x.,1l *t"' to eedioouo

ri.vou
rou creenr(x0eL,enouavoq:

- * ) ara,r,=
dxd'lF
[[G*".r.raar,+[lr,
4,-,,*.,.0*[(#
ovl

'i

'i

rvetcoxnuariqouueo rorurd< ouvtercyuivEs.'lroL oarouue

x:pouvg,i!=pn!9.

+J'"[J"r,
ae=J"*",e
r*",rrror]
*"ze)o=
10"1'o=J"re"*.eo-roJ"(}.]
=rsl*-{nueel"
-re..
8, To odipntotou GreenLoX0[.Enolavrrc:

="
td#i.L
(x,+6u,x
2{,3dx*
dr.
)
*O
+$, ]o,,*J.|Jl' "n,,0*]
II
;r,*.r+
Jl=* .
{'*3rr*"rlax--J'rr*"rlarr-x")=-*
71. tt unolovlooea16 q Forlorotoo r0nourou 6rrqr to oAoxlilglF:

{r(+rn"r*"j*.(a0'|-4n

}dr,&our- [r,2]x[r,3].

Mql:

p1x,91=$
q1;,,11.4,1r-4nuu.
q(6uo =+x,1,*z
61vq1
ECvor
x,)"*zU-ex,
ff,

'noo'
S =4"'

{,(***'"*-"')*ox,r,'-4nuu)d0-[(

;*

;f, )dxd'F[ (2,1,,-4x,li{4)dxd}-

=1,
+---S-*],*.
[1,,*""*"-,,,*1*"J,k

-T,),,-[T --99c+
"1,{+-+ --'-+.+.,)a--J,(+
],988

/2. lt moloy|'oo|.
ro oloxMoo|rt-6O.Or*tOU, 6rcu c lvdl n toUn0I[ ToU q(tltntoc

u rr=l xdL r2:2r.

i l c p c t r p e i o t e d r r " r o x o p i o r o u r e p u r l e i e u 1 a c y r r 3 r 4c 6 e ! i l c L a r r d .

112
lod|:
& Kdvou!eoapuoyrl
rou rtnou rou Green.Etvq!:

at;r't- a!t'rl*a,r-[[,rr.+,ro**r,
t$,r,.0'"'o,r-[[i
r'r.
'Y
'f
'c
'{t
I
"^
geroq(n|Er('aoul8
flo vo uno^ovl,oou!
ro 6LlI6 oloKfulpr,Irs,
oe [oI!K0q
:+
+
io2:4
ouweEvlevsc. 06rou!ex=pouv,{Fpiug. EavoLlrx'z+0'zs4 |
+

li9t2. El.wLordlB O$fi *o.

ffi=0.

EtoLn (l) 6lvElr

r=-[
[[ rco'roaolae=-t
f Es:11e=-t
9o=-Sn.
'oL '
'o'
JrU,
I
J,
73. io urolovrdofu !a ti !o orLq too or,JqlF@crou 6ren !o olorlinhoto:

o) I=6 (x-'r!)d+xidJ,
tuouc'(h,0)n'r x,nl,.2l,

!) t=6t'Or-xto{, onouc eltlr

lt(?,

to otvooorou x$aou T={(L{,)n'.:

I *sl+x'z).

,loal:

o) 'txouuE
P(x,'l)=x-'r'* *i =-sO',
rov
0(x,U)=x'+ fi =3x'. Eoapu6(oure
tunotou Greeni
I=O (x-u')dx-x,d/-ll (3x,+30,
)dxd0=
cT

TI

=3li(x'"l')dxd,l,'
T
TLd rov unotrovLo!6rou dLtrAoUolodnfl;lloroq XpnoLuono[odle [oJ\Lkdc

ouwErcyuavaq.
06routr
x=pouvo,
0:pnu0.Elvor 04s2n, o=p={ZKor

fiffi

=e. Aeo:

r*ijrx,*"raxau+ff
t.z,$t
o.oooor=rj""o,
J1'oo=

- **:u.
* if, =4, Q(x,o)--xr.
Ptx,,lt=O'
F) 'Exours
- j$ --,1+,f'+,f,. Eqlopud<ouue
tov tlno
rou Greeni
,,

.z..ttxz

r='t'llt++taxo,t"-sl
ll ua,rlax=
J
, 2 , ' o , | + X 2"1"

--31lY; I

dx=-+l[u.x,),-1]dx=

-.1J1*',,"r0,=-;
[+. + ],- -,F
-0
74. lh 6erxoetorr, ro olGMFtr = *- 6'cr1id2 or. --f-- al, t.u
r".a"
|Eolodye! o qfq66y tou rdrlos cr: I'zro'z=s'a

c [v!! o rodoc x'+i'-r',

(0<<rl.
l0dl:
Ard rov trho rou Green (vLo nolldd\d ouva(r!(d xr!gLo), dxouuo:

IJ(;*- ;&)"*=0 ea**qar*$,rax'

+Qd'l { t ).
xo,
ELvoLP(x,0)---:!- , q1;,,1,1=x
x'?*tl'1
x'z+'!'z

S "#

''+
=i$
o-f rattau'.
n (1)6rver:
$
"c'o'
,ra,*oa'r'

--U- 6t*
+ d tor.Oor=
$ta*aau:$ Pdx*odr!
$ ,nax.oa,l $

-t
x au 6
Jc,

x.*.!.

=*6
.
I

xr+U,

6xs x a,r,.* *r 6Jc -:L

-{ a1*---r-61
*S:6
.

t\x2'i(J2

x,*Uz

6x*---X- 611=

xr+U,

xzt\z

-0
rcx,+U,

xr*,!,

{axa* x a,6$S
' '.,o,
x.*'1,,

114

l=Lug.KuK^ou
cl
-L o*. .^- aU=| S xarrUax
x'+rr
x.+'r.

*lLdo

75- lib rnoloyLds[ ro oro(l,1o.4rr= 6

'"

(x'z{,)d+(x-{)dn
, 6nouc [( x ' - z x* , 1 ' 1 '

voL 4 Kqun0lnX'z-zxr{'z-3 f i ) .
ioort:
H Kotn0lnc vptqeroL { x -1 ) ' . ! ' = 4
oKrlvo2), A6y(,r
rnq (l)

( 2 1 ( k i ( I o c u K d v r p o( 1 , 0 ) ( o L
Loo ue:

{ft*'-uto**t*-alo,t,1r1.-/4-\r,
*1
|

(/a:i-,*1,u

o unoloyLoooleto otroKtripotlo:
r,=

(x,-u)dx+(x-lij)d0,
! e-

ooplroyiTourlnou rou

Green.

E l v o rP ( x , 0 ) - x ' . - 0Q, ( x , 0 ) = x - 0 .

'm

enoueu"c,
ff=r, l$=-r*' S-*fr=2.

r,-f rx,-,nax*rx-ora-=
I1(* - S).*=1,0,*=4',
l1i@*l*=
/ t-n
r.,.t
r,
. 't
^t46l|_,' / t - l } , l - a { * } 4 t ol * o u v u r n u u
| *4
v\L/.J_i
_,2/4-Uz

t'-

- 2I

= r o* - *

l = s n .' e o or = * r ^ =* .

75. le tn lorloe6 rou r(||rourol, crpen vo 6Lx0ea0." t.-t.=],

Onou

ll
t,- l_(I+)'zo(-(x-0)':dr,I,=l'ai (x+0"di-(x-0)'zdl.rom Elvat ro euoo-

"qF
vpa|t|loqdl[ !e dool A(0,0) rdl fi69oq B(l,l) xor. m fB e[vcr ro rdEo r4q
rEldoMc 'lEx', tl opxd Ko[ tt6pqc to queao A KcL 8, ow[,oEoLxc.
(S. alil-||alJiotlc.l
ArEiysis, oli6o 535)
edrouye
f=ny.,91;n"

A ' T d l o , o . r i 6 a r , r 9 , d o r n o rtt.

115
Atq:
IIou opleeroLond To uot6rL c ELvoLrl KtreLoriKoun0^n
Yfloeerouu
vpouuoruipo ABxou on6 ro r6to [B, rnc
nopogolis.ELvoL:
tl

I =O ( x * u ) ' z d x - ( x - { )'|ezgd('xu{=r ) ' d x r"

-tx-u)'aU
[ - ( x * 0 ) ' z o x - ( x - v ) ' ! d U =( 1 ), -. 1 ,

(x-,!)'d,r
: I=f (x*,r)'dxrouGreen
exouu
JJ( ff jfi ) a-a,u=
- atr\-r,r,r'l l-z(x-0)-z(x.u)laxa,r,=-cJIxax
=fl/,f-tt-'rr't
,\
AX
')axa,r,=ff
TT
AIId rov rino

. - a l l l x d L ! l d x =xf,tl).ax=-n{xtx-x'rax=-al
-al
5 f | =+
e

r-lr=--|
A r d ( 1 ) k o L ( 2 ) n o o r 0 n r eI e

t2).

f r-1.=].

d0] 6nouaTe[vsr
#
r-l(x,l)en":I r2,05us+I,
rpooovcrollou6vo
otvopo
rouxuptou
!o rLrd
77. ih unoloyLdl
ro o^o(lipo]ud
q,

-.

alq:

ErvoLp(x,u)=S,
o,',t,=# *' *f,=#,

#=#.'r-

ror o rinoqroucreen6LVEL:
f *'-o*=JJ(,1$ *t)**=

, \aulax=
t

=lll-u - --r \axa,,=[

r , rfrt^/-Lo
i\

1.,!'

\ 1"r'? 1tx'I

1 , x zI

t+ l+*=t'i
-['f-!
r"rr-"'r'"(,)--r- l*-]
' r ,['rr"(r-r)*',1 '
r } l I'
\ x'I
\ *
t-x I
x?/ 1*x'?
|
_[' I ar=l+rnlrr tl'_f' ,__r.
__1_Z.1ar_['I ax=
r,
r,
r
,
2
{
t
+
1
)
\
\
1*x,

l'

x) / ,

xt /

rildL r:{(x,0)eF'z: o:x:1, x2:0:x}.

x'l

t*x,

116
=1n11++l-+tnz+l ---L dx-l ---:- dx=
{/
.
lr

l+Xz

,1l+Xz

=ln+ -+ lnz=ln---- .
4lz
78. th woloyloearo ororl4pr,rpI=[ (1,,1.{,1.+"x*)c*txnx"x{to,
drouc elvsLro nul(oKlLo
xz+{'z=l,
{$,
A0oI:

'lpo:
nqootnpoiyecno oxilo drL c-[gi- ([gi*fi) -fA.

=f^-[_-r,-rz
r=[
'c '
'IA

(1).

ABr0A

to npdEoo^o(Ii 0o urloloyloouu
priuo!a rov ritlo rou cfeen. E{,voLr

',={'-'o*-oou=f
f(t$-*i )**II

II

-r'-,1'tora,u.
=ll Il t *x,lexv*exv))]4(dutx.nI,+xoexv+exv
ll(t
T!
60 ullolovlooutro 6LnId olo(Aiprrlol1urooxnlqrlo!6o nolL(6c ou-

0sos1,ossn *ot ffi

weroyuaveq.
o6rouue
ELvdL
x=polv,
U=pnuo.

-0.

',roo'tr1,-,1,,1*o*fi
r' o',oaoor-J'fJ",,-o'rae]ao*j'to-o
ff

-l + + l ={. 'no"
',=-}
.
o unolovlooule ro betTooolo(Iipouo. 0l nopo!rpLKace[LotiloEtqrou
'Apo:
T A e a v o Lx = t , U = 0 ,t [ - 1 , . | ] .

r,=J
o,.o'e"'0)r,
l t-tet'0r.0
lat=J
_rax-oa,r=J
_,oat=0.
_,l (*.0,{
' E r o L ( 1 ) t i v e uI = { - o = f , . .
I
79. ih unotrovrooEi
To ltrromtllo oloxlilFw:

117

r='[ l' Aq -r++f

"r

'.{)ot'rntru'lc,

1+1'

6nouc Etvsln KqrntAn:

itt)=etouvti+etr!tj, t lo,zrrl.
("ilatglatici

superiore' R. Tmndafir)

i0on:
(1)
eLvqLx=etouvt, ,lretnlt
0L nopolerpLKAq
LodoeLq
rnq Kounritrnq
'
E
r
o
u
t10,2n1. fLo t=0 or (1)blvouvx=1,0=0.
r qpx{ xour6lou LvcL
ro onuLoA(1,0). TLq t=zn, oL (l) bLvouvx=e'zl, L!=0. Apo ro fldpoc tou

r6EouelvoLro onteio B(e'ztr,0).

H KotroLnOv
6ev eLvqLKtreLmi.EnELuflritrn
611o unolovLo!6erou oloKlnp6uqroq
!r
(4),
In BoioELo
rou runou
rnc oEIL6oq
[pdLq,0o
38, o6nyLoe nol0nloKeq
unoiovlooLlteto olo(I/lpr,Jlo!e In BoieeLorou rtnou rou Greanoc etic. An6
To oxiuo0oLvmL6TLI
.=dati=fiiii-s'r
12).

0
E (0,e3ia)

'Exouu
a{ *',r,-{,r,'-{,q(x,0)=ln{1*x'z),
P(x,0)=
r" ;fi =
#-

*.-,r,.,
# ffi*.*" {3).
# =*f , ono-'
Pdx+adu-I1I, (4).
An6rn (2) npoKdnreL
tJ"tor''Oo,r,=
f oor-Od,I-J
Green)=
ro 1r, I,. Ei.voL:I,=J-,a- Pdx*Qd,!=(fljnoc
fir unoloyloouue

=lJ(# -

otroK^ipiiro bLn^6
tr'.r',oror.eouno^oyLoouu

#)***jf

0L (l) 6Lvouv
o noiLKCq
ouvrtoyu6vec.
X'?+r1r2=s'?t=>
uo u lerqoxquorlopd
+

0:x2*rlj2:e2t.
OdrouuE
x=pouvt,U=pnut. EroLelvou0:0<et, 0<t=2n,

ffi=0. ooo'
lr

"r_
I,-ll{x'.q,')dxd,!.1
oo'a"lo"=l
l? I o,=l ?""*l
' o ll
I

e'!d(4t).

118

oK6!o
r,=J ro*.oa,l.
H AB6XeLnopouerprd t""1;"={ t"'"-rt. ELvoL

xdq eELs6oeLq
x-t, {=0' t [1,""1 . npodx=dt, du=o.Eno!avoq6xouu:
f
rr r,"-^
r,=J
-*'.00,J","
] 0,.{).r"rr*.rl
( a -t,.0-

dt=

=-!t,l'",={r'-""r.
'Eron
L ( 4 )6 i y 5 ur:= J " n a x + Q dtG
d "'"-rl-{tr-"-t.

80. lb unoloyld.( to ntroltrdl.o olroxA{flr I=6 -I!{@

6nou
,c orxr+Br{, ,
c E('wr 4 xqtn|'ln X"{'?=f'?, (r>0, o,Beni)
(H. Parzynski: r'Itttroductionto lhths||atical Analysis')

l0or:
-U

EL\qt P(x,U)=

o'x'*8"0'

, Q(x,0)=

x
. OL ouvoptioLqP koL
o'?X'z+B'?0'?

6v eLvoLop!o!6vc6!0 onut'o
0(0,0).
'Ero[ eo uno.\ovLoou!ro
olo(liOqro
('tov rdnolRtlR,o0o0EqLpaoou!on6
our6vILo npLoxiT rou onUelou(0,0).
0 r6noqAIR"lR-T eavo! notrlontrdo!vkrLK6q,ue oni rnv nploxiT. flapornporlueorL *9 = -il = B'o'-o'x' - yro
o^

ov

(orx,+Bz0r)!

KdeE(x,U)d=mxn)-T Kq[ 6tL n kounilnc (o Ku(troc

nspLKllx'?+U'?=r2)
L rnv "oti". Eno!6voqn rLui rou otroKtrnp{i'loroq
elvoL n ouri ylo Kdqnli KlLoolKoUntIn
oertKdnpooovorol
I o!6vn, nounepLKlELL
tnv "oni".
(l)
(6l^Er(in).
eooo0uE
troLn6v,
rnv Kognriln
cr: d'zx'?+B'zU'z=1
Eror L-

vqr:

06
-_x!U:Ull
=6 xdU-{dx
r=$
,^,
'a
o , x ,+ 1 , $ ,

o , x "* 8 , \ b ,

xau_uaxe).

0L nopourpt(6q
ErdiotLqrnc dtrlL{rc(wL x=-j ouvt, U,=fnut -+ aX=

119
I
=-{nrtat, dU=+ouvtdt,u E t [ 0 , 2 n ] . ' A p sn (2) 6Lvr: I=q)
xdU-l!dx=
?tl
t*4u't)at=
(f o*,f ouur-|nrtdn't)at=
;t I dt=oF'
$ J'"touvz

81, tb unoAoyLorel
ro oloKAiorito:$ tx'+'ta-zluo
)c
lf *xt'
a) 6rov n Kountlnc 6xEr Elq,lortx'1+(J'-2x-2u/r1=0
F) 6rqv o bpdtoqc e('vorn npt!rpocrou Etpovd,vou,ue kopue6c m
(E. .n. nopo66osrc)
onrslo {2,-t), 12,2), (-1,21, l-1,-11inq:
ypdQetoL
(x-1)'+(U-1)z=1(K0Kloe
o) H xoun0,\n
! Kdvrporo onuELo
( 1 , 1 )K a ro K i l v o1 ) .
. ElKotrd
dLxverdLdrl
Eivor P(x,0)= x'-0' , xou 0(x,0)=*3!-1
(x,*0?).
{x,+0.).
*

( 1 ) . o L o u v q o r i o P
r qK o r Q

opteovro!a[ov r6noIRrlR EKr6qro onleto (0,0). Enou6vo(

n nepLoxinou opl(ovroLeCvoLno^trqntrd
ouvKrLd.ndp d l n p o d l6er L o K t K i o q( X - 1 ) ' z + ( 0 - 1 ) ' z = 1
ro snle{.o(0,0). EroL
6vnpLKtrLL
,\oLndvro oloKtriprruo
eivoL loo !e ro !q6tv.
0) H neploxi !=0lxlR)-T ELvoLnoltron^douvEKrLKi (T LvoLuLo nepLoxi
rou onuei.ou(0,0) oro onoLo6ev opL(ovlsL oL P KqL Q). EnELDiL0X6L
n ouv(nepi.lsrpoq
oi(n (1) xoL o 6p6!oe
nepLkIELEL
rnv "oni" T, ro
rerpdvd)vou)
otroKligluqaXLrnv i.5LorLui yLo Kd8

rnv "o]riu.
on;\/l KtrELori Ko!IIt.\n, oT[Kd npooovorolLolCv4, nouneprxtri.eL
EELodoE
LeX=ouvt,0= nut
eeopo0u
^oLndvrnv Kctnr:,Inc, ue ncpotrsrpLK6q
( ! o v q 6 L o L oKs0 K I o s ) !, t [ 0 , 2 n ] .

120

=$ tx,-U'tux.z,xUa,l
=
S,c tx'-,t,'tax*?x,lo+
tx,+,!,).

(x,"!,).

t"'

=l [(ouv'?t-nu'1t)(-nut)+2nutoovtouvt']at=[
(nu3t-nstouv,t+2nrtouvrt)dt=
to
)o

'"=0.
=J (nu't*nuto'rv,t)dt.l
nutat=
[-ouvt]

82. b urotovrooe(ro erlxdflrdtlo olorMpq8 f-6

--g--a dl
, c x,+t, d* xr+o,

=t,
6rou c [.vsl n 6M!'ln
iE + ft
fttot:
H nepLoxinou nepl(lsleror dn6 rnv dlleL{n elvo! rclldn^d ouve(rLKi
u ori ro on!Lo(0,0), dro onolo6v opacovro!
or ou,,/oprioeLqp(X,0).
= ---L , Q(x,q)=----L. ,gs1r,r
itr,tr= -:9- f- ___L j. s1yqL1
x'+tv'
x.*U,
X,*U2 x, *Or

=-( x"t"'zx'z+ x'?+u'z-zu'?

-te *dr - :g
\=0.
d'rr
\ (x, + u, ),

lx. * ,121,1

ELvo[VWot66rr. 6rov roti=O kol n llegloxi fiou nepL(Il6roLon6qv (l[oEnxoln|]lu c alvol nolAontrd
@veftLK , n rLUi rou erLkolnotrrouolodlBiF
qv n olo{liptdonvavEL
loroq ELvq!n LdLq
Kdrdlixoc jJLoc
dA}ncqnl{q ktreLotiq Kogn0^nq,
oerlKd n9o@voro^
Lou6
vnq, flou nepLKtrl.aL
tnv oni. geooorl_
qv
rlercEi
(1).
!
xolnoln X2+0,=t
To olo(tulp{,lotrdvll)rnq fi) Vpdqtor,: l=fr!dx-xar1.0! nopaterpLKdc
eELoooeLc
xou K!(Iou eLvqL:x=otvt,U=
-r|st, t e [0,2n].'npo
9Uox-xaf l
{""

lnut(ouvt)-ouvt(nut),]dt-

(-nr't-orLv't)dt=-Jo
at=-[t]

i'=+n.

83. Ib utrolovloeclro errKclnttLo oforfrtgr,p I=$ X'U4-X:4| , 6'c lxz al'1r'

rou c e[vor I neoltlErgoC
rou tEEll,|tovotluoU trExopof6c (_1,_t), (.1,_l)

fi,r), (-r,i,.

121

A0or:
o depoLopq
reoodpov
o' Tp6noq;I'lnopo0u8
vq ovol0oouu
ro oloKtrnpouq
runtdrov AB, Bt, Td, AA. 'EroL
oloKlnpoudrov
Kor&lixos tuv eueuypduuov

-6 .6r & .
6.6
rei r
r. rrh 6

eqeivoL:

rir

8' T96roc:Elwt P(x,,I,)= x''U

--:I1
, q1x,r11=

(x'z*u')'

. Ex6gpgAP

(x'*o')'

aQ
= x?(x'z+u'z)'z-2(x'z+r1,'?)2{'x'zu
= x'?(x'z+$?)-4x1'z
= x'.(x',-3u',)=
a
x
(Xz+U
( x ' * 0)' "
(x'*u')'
) rz

;u=
( 1) .

elvoL notrtronld olve(rLkfl

H nepLoxiA rou nepLK^eaeL
ro nopqllnldypouuo
(oL ouvoprioeLqP Kqr Q 6ev opi.(ovrol oro on!to (0,0)). M[opotu,IoLn6v
vo svrLKoros tooule rqv KlLa[i |(oull0^nc !E onoLcbdnoredllq onli KI6rori KouII0ln,eETLKd
flpooovqrol
ro onueio (0,0),
Lo!6vn, flou vq nEpLKtr[r
oro oflolo 6Ev opl<owc! oL ouvcorioeLqP, Q. gEr,]po!!E
CroL rov lovo6Lqlo
xuKlo cr: X'z+Uz=1 (2), U lopolerpLXdqEro6oeLq
X=ouvt, U=4!t,
t e [0,2n]. Elvar dx=-nutdt, du=ouvtdt.

_6
rnoueu,s
6,c x,Udx-x39,!
'
(x,*r!,)

x.Uax_

dt+'au,=J'1o*'tnut{-n!t)-ouv3touvtl
= - J ,o r v ' t ( n u ' t * o r u ' t ) d t =o- Ju,v ' t a t =

_.i' t*",2t
d,=-f+_+1"_
".
84. lb unolovldEt ro otroxltlpotro
I= [ - {' dx+ x- d*, dnouc uro
Jc x'+0'z
x':+o'z
ruxol.orounclnUdKporo olueto (1,0) (qD(i), (2,2) (nepoc),rc! 6ev
(ll. Bali: "Engineering
npvdon6 ro onuElo(0,0).
Xatlsnatics")
A0on:
o nEp[nroon:Eoro6rr n Kqlr in c 6vnpLKIiEL
ro ot!Lo (0,0),
-{
oro onor:o
6v opicovIoLoL ouvopnioErq
e11,,11=

--L
, q1x,g1=

122
-,

! LvoL

aP =

6r

dr2-r'z

a0

dr2-r2

(x,,t, ),

dr

(xr{/, ),

.'Apo

aP
a!

a0 .
ax

Eto! ro olo(lil-

pln|ldelvol ove[dprnrorou bpduouInq

olordipr,rng. 0a unoi\oylooute
rc o^oqc rEorooldwF vgotiKligrtroKdd lr1KDq
ll
u i c A r B .E l v o LI = l + l = L + 1 .

(1)

To uo0vpoluo
r!i!o Af 6xeLnopouErpLxAqe[lo{ioerqX=t, {F0, Ue
t[1,2]. ElvoLdx=dt, d!-0. 'Apo:

r,=l
- Jal.

-{

6r* x

x,+0,

ael --:L 6i* --!- 6-[ s61-s.

t , {+02

xrd'

,r

t.*0

To euo(|ypo!!or!|1lo tB 6Xt nopotexp!(6qELodroELc

x=2, {Ft, !
'Apo:
t [0,2]. ElvoL dx=o, d0.dt.

r-, =, ils

-0

ox* x

xr+t,

xrfl!,

a . )' , 1

-.

r zr+t,

o* ,

2,+t,

,.d(+)

at_
l - l \ ! l = l . o S " o * .l =
,,
,_(+).

Jo

=rotet-ro{po=+
.
' E r o rn ( 1 )6 C v e t I: = 0 + + - + .
'Eoto6rL (oun0trn
c npLrleteLro onlelo (0,0) (608' nEptru-n.
n
rpo ot{!o). oapvouu8
rn VpouuiAI. Eror n Kdtncln c ovoj\0roLo gLc
xl\elori otlfu1rclntlq AlfA, nou flolKll.sLto dngel.o(0,0) r(dLoe uLd ovoLKri anl{ Kolntln AfB. A(E eLvoL:

,r t= t=av ^ * t ^f
,c ,
,AfB

,( -. ., ,

AArA

To 6EdrpooloKJ\iportoeawl ourd Inc

o' npLnroonq.
trou etwr- too ue I

ro oJ\oxlipoto:
ea unoAoyLoouue
$-

-,1
AIIA x'+r!'

oy* =I_ 6,1.

x"+U'

ErLEiro n66io nou epLKlLe!n KounttrnMTA Lvo! nolJ\onldouveKr!-

123
|(d n rLlrl tou o^o(lngdiuoroq
ElvoL n duri kald liKoc K@ecnlnc KlLorilc
orLxdnpooovorotr[o!6vnq,
Kounilncc! nourrEpLKIetL
ro ont[o {0,0),'Erol eopo0u
ro UovodloLo
KoKlocr: X'z+rlz=l (3), uE[opcuroLKdq
eLsriroE
LCx=ouvt,u=nut, te f0,2n]. E(vor.

O^
'

;q

A^rAX'+'!'

a. ---x a!f
X'*0'

$ -odx+xd!=
| l-aut(ouvt)'*ouvt(aut)
ldt=

= J . ( n u ' t * o u v ' t ) d t = Jd0t - [ t ] ; = z r . ' E r o Ln { 2 ) o t v e L I = 2 n + * .

y' nptftlnl: Av n xqln0^n (c) C v o Lrne lopqrlqrou erc!6vouoxi|.! -o
or. '
roq,rdr eLvoLi[
'" x'*0'
x I *rlr?
=2nv**, dnouv slvoL o opreu6( rl,v
n.pLmpoedJv
vipo on6ro ontelo (0,0).

85. f|q moloyLdEt

!e 6uo rp6nous ro oloKtrlipqrd:

T

(x'
I xl n +'!'l)dxr{l n{x' +'!' ) dI,,
6[ou c lvol n nOLUErpoq
rou rponeelouABTIA,nou droypd0erolrord
E e r L KQ
i o p dE, l y o LA ( 0 , - 2 ) ,B ( 1 , 0 ) ,r ( 0 . 1 ) , d ( - 2 , 0 ) .
A0on:
o' Tp6noq:ELvoLP(X,U)=Xl
n(X'+0'), Q(X,0)='!l
n(X'z*t'z
Lq
). 0L ou\irpdo
P KoLQ opa<ovroL
o[o AIR'lR-{(0,0)] {r6nocnotrloflIdouvKrLK6C),
ELwL

zx+ 4 lJ

i r t , t ' o x d e ( x , u ) e d .

E n e L 6 [i o X i Ln ( 1 ) ( d L n K q u n U t r nn p L K I E t Er n
Lv "ofli" (0,0),n rLui rou oloKltpduoroe elvoL n L[Lo Kord uiKoq Kdeonlis KleLoriq Kotnl trnqcr, oerLKdnpooovglolrouavng,
nou npLKILeL
rnv "om1". eopoileIoL(1),
n6v, rov uovodLoLo
K0Ktro
fidpouErpLXdq
c1: X'z+U'z=1
elr.orloeue
!
X=
=ouve,U=nuo,0:g:2n. EroL avsL:

124
(0,1

n(x'z+U'z
)dx+01
)d{F
I xl n(xz+U'z

za,--\.\c.

=Q xl n(x'z++'z)dx4rl
n(x'z*qrr
)d'r=

0
/

=J louve]nlouv'ze+n!'zl
(suve)'+
(nu) 'l de=
+n!01n
louv'0+nrze]

0,.?)

( -nue)+onreouve]
nl (ouve
d=0.
)] do-[ loouve
louvoln1( -n!)+nu0l

=[

du8uvpdllovrlnudB T06noc:H Kouniln c eLvoL6voonrov 6Lo6oxr.Kdrv

rrdvBT, fA, dA, AB. E[vqr:
I

q=A_-L.L-A_-r1-r,+r,.r,
(1).
'c
'tA
'
'AA 'AB
Bf

H Ell,ooonrou Bf e{.vquU=l-x.0[ nopo!rpL(6qElLod]orq

ELvoLX=t,0=1-t
t
B
:
1
,
t
r
:
o
,
'
A
P
o
'
ue

C
| _ e a x - O oI ,urnl [ i , + ( -r t ) , ]t ' + ( 1 - t )ntl t , r (t - r ) , 1 (-t t ) ' l d t =
.BT
a'

ro

- (11 - t ) rn ( 2 t , - 2 i +) ltd t " . j( 2 t - 1) rn ( 2 t , - 2 t +) dt t =

" j I t r n ( 2 i ' z - 2 r) +
rot

r\

=l (t'-.- i)

r n ( z t , - 2 t - 1 ) d t : l ( t z - u . ; ) 1 n ( 2 t - z t + 1 )ll

d t = 0 + l( 1 - 2 t ) d t [-t - t ' z ] - = 0 .
lile ovdloyo rpdno BpLo(ou! 6rL:

q Pdx*ad,l=+
-4tn2.
6' f A par.Qou=qrnz-*,
6- I A pax*oarl=0,
_
'EroL (t)
6 i v E LI P d x * Q d U = o .
4

IapayovrLlri

oloxlipdon.

0d
- (x*l)4
86. It urotovldct ro olorl{pr t 6
, dnou c
,c (r+l ),{i,
k+t},+0,
elw! !r.o onlll, KlLodl Kqntlt| rco r6t|'rl[! ro dueao (-1,01 Kd! tYo! osrirll lrFdwrol rql6m.
,\odl:
(x+l)
U
p(x,U)=
0r ouvoprioelq
opLcowoL
oro
, q(x,U)=(x.l)'*0'
(x+1)'+O'?
8{Rrn-t(-1,0)}, nouELvoL
no^lcrtrdouvxtLKdq
i6noq. ELvoL:

tx*tt'-'l' -9 rrr,
3l=
,,r
dr
,

[(x+1),+,!1]
EnL6i[ox0e[n (1) KoLn (oufl0,\n lpLK]\eler
rnv oni (-t,0), q rLUilql
oloKjupd,uoroc
Lvo! n C6LoKard uiKoq!!oq onliq KAa[oriqxaunolnc, 8ErLKdnpooovorokouavnq,
nou nepr(le{'el Inv oni. 0a0,po6ue
lnv (oun|,Incl:
{x+1)'1+0'z-t{2), ro0 6xrnopouerg[rEc.{LodFeLc
x=-1+oov,
U"n!e,
0!0szn.'Eror etvor:

6' c --g+=

{ x + l) ' + 0 '

- (x+1)tuJ46
(x*1)'+'!'

rux-tx*r
rd,t[ (n!e(-ruo)-o,rvo,jvo)d

-.1 {-nrr"e-ouv"e)o.-J
*-- trtl'.-r".
87. ilo unoloyLdl ro fiLtotrrolto 0lo(l6po!o:

6'-o{*xd
,
z
c x.+(0-2)

&rouc e{.vqrr cl er,|n #

x.+(U-2)?

+ 9(ht)'? =t.

itq:
H el[oro! rnq EI]er{nC vr,.iorol: --L

/5\,

\-rl

* (!'-l)t =t. rb'.npo'ue ol7\,

\Ti

rL n 6ll[& rloLx^t!
ro onleao (0,2) dro oloto 6v ooaeowulo! dldpulorcP(x,0)= 2-$ , Q ( x , o ) . x
.Isxoel d(6!o:
x,+(0-2),
x'z+1,[-2)'z

'z
3 l = - x z + ( u - 2_) 1
9 rrr.
dx

126
Erli"6io t6noqnou rIsoLKJ\et!
n c el.valfioMoflMouvsludckdr Lox0L
(l),
olvdr n duri ylo K@edltrn altli, (IeroEi
n
n tui tou olol(trnpd|laroq
kcun0r\n
rou repLKl[EL
ro on!to (0,2). 'EroLoG,Oo0t/
rov xtklo cli
londv:
x'?+(U-2)'=t (2). Exouue

&{

r=6
r

dx+-----.L

c x'zr(U-z)z x"*l+-2)'

6,19 $ 1z-g;a;qa,1
,

(3).

",
0r nopolerpLkac
eELo6oelc
rou Kt(troueCwLX=orrvt,0-2-ngt,t E [0,2[]
on6redx=-ngtdt, dl,=ouvtdt. Apon (3) 6tve!:
t"n

I=j

[-nut(-n!t]+ouvtouvtldt"l (n!'?t+ouv'?t)dt=[t]
;'=ar.

66. l5 unoloyrdel, ro fl|'rotn0llo oIorMA o: f=[x.Ot*(x+,]tl,

6-

nou c elvdr n xqjt|0rl||rc lEooltplxrc o[rdioelc X.nultl, 'lFo!vt.

t.

f+,+],

(G. 8lhanenkoy:
"Pmbl-s in ibtn.r.tlcal A||.lysts")

Mq:

cr:

H iolntju c 6ev eL!q[ ontri. H c onotlelroL ord rlc onlAc KaUn0lEq:

|
| .ll
I
r rl

' ! = o w tt, 1 0 , + l l ' ( o Lc , :

t
lx-nut,
l x = - 4 r r0t,,o w t , r + , 0 ] 1 .

ELvdLc=cru cr, Ago:

I=[ x'ax.rx+'la,r'I x,cx*(x*{1

}d'!rI x,dx+(x+r!,
)d0=r,+1,.
L

(ouvt)']dt=
E{.vor:I r. I x"dx.(x*0'
)d,!=
| [nuzt(n!t)''(nst*o'rv"t)

++++

l-

-+ . znstouvt
t gc* lt =-{ . rLuo.o*op,

=| +
I,-l

(nu'?touvt-nu'1t-ouv'ztn!t)dt"
I nurtdnut-l n!"tdt*| ouv2tdor.rvt=

tro

x'?dx+(x+o':)d'I=l
. l-nr,touvt*{-nut*uvrt)(-nut)ldr-

127

{-nu'-".*nr"r--"'tnrrt)at=-Jo
ar'tanut.Jnrr"tat.Jouvztdouvt=
Lo,
-u
-;- T,
-z
'po r-{.{.0.
=l_+.+_+."i:!l_+,+.

E9. tb molovtdra, lo omrUou

f lr+l+, 6muc e!vo!rr rqnolr1F

=oqwt,,lFalnlt| (qro), - { s * { '

ttdq:
x=dowt

Elvcr:

'lFoInrtl

x:qouvt

. J -onrt'

{F1
I Ontt,

t e[-+,o]ll. 'r"o.'
,rour"
t.to,+lll

q(quvt+npt,, ,.
,o]
[-i
"r
* t.
lx-01.o(ouvt-nut),
[0,*]

o(nut-ouvt),
* .. [+ ,+]

rrt
E(w!o(6!q: Ir=l Ix-Uld'lFl o(ouvtnsr)(-q!t)'dt
rn
.o
=l o(ouvt+nut)(-oouvt)dt=-o,l(ouv2t+nptouvt)dt=

-[
l'

t*!u"o.*1-1
.$ - 4i4 1',=-+
..-i
, n',ztaztl.-"lf
l

rrrr+

I.- I lx-{ldlFI d(ouvt-nut)

(onst)'dtI dr(suvt-nut)ouvrdt=

128
a

11

I
l+ouvztdt-?r r r znrtouvtdtl.
=o' [' 1-*"trr1*uu't1at*'| [" ---2-'
.|o
,,
lro

*'[+.+

tr

+::.:::

=:r_

xdl

LI
r"

I , - [ l * - uld{FI

12

o(n!t-ouvt)(onut)'dt=o'z
| (n!t.ouvt-ouv'zt)dt=

'E

-+
*,1+

-+l + o y v z t

I n u z t dt t! - l

tL

'A9q

-e

d t l - o , l -o ue : z t- +. - t g. 4 l ' . * t c - n r .
J
L
J+

,-,-r".r,=
""fr"'.

90. lk unolov!o6t
to olo(^rlprd!

9-(l-22)d+(X-z)dl+(zx{)dz,
(r}, x+r.=o (2) (o>o).

c e!!q! n roudlr \'{'+z'a'

6nou

M(r|:
eo 9gol,!erLc nopotetpuxlq
ei,ciJoeLc
tnc (o!n0lnq.H (2) 6[veuz.r!-x
'Eror

ron (i) 6[vL x'l+{'+(0-x)'?=d'+ 2x1+2t|2-2xt-{J2(3). H (r,JvtKn

!i (3) 8g[oKErdr@o Entrloox-0rz=0. 0o Bpo0lerLc ndgolarpl(cc Lql orefic (3), H (3) Vpdordr
3(x-0)'+(x+0)"=2o'.
e6rouler

oooa, x*!=r2otug+

x-Fy'!
+

. I

/-ri-

rl

oouvo+fonpol,rle4 {/Z onus-r,/4oouvo)l (4).

lx"-l-(r/*
. \'
r
I

0d FpoolEro 6p|,orou 0. eo Fpo0uenponyouudvoq

6vo on!Loon6 ro onoi.onEpvdn Koqn0ln.Tro 'tFOn (3) 6tvr x= -9- . J.o 'lFOror X=+

/2n

{ 2 ) 6 l v e uz = - 1 .
N

q n 6r o o l u e t oM / - L , 0 ,
l t o u n x o l n i l nn p v d
\E

rld G0 KqLx- -.L

fr

61 (4) 61y60y-q .)rfT

'r

Jrt/T

o- ?

'

{
fi

\
I

ooure,4 onuo {5)

onue-i-/-:- oouve (6).

129
T oo i o r n l or d v ( 5 ) K o L( 6 ) 6 l v e ue ' = { , t . = ^ - + = +

' E r o Lo Lr o p o -

oouw'aonuo),

rnq Koufll^ns
r=|(1$
EqLqdFLq
urpLxdq
"t*r

{=

(rpo(0nreL
on6rn (2), qv 0d'"rr), ,=-1/4 qouve,
-*-6
@
Ei,wLdx=+
.\ourerLc rLudqrrw x, ,l), {:e: {I
(+ o'uetue)ae

=)

a o,ue)'ae-!
d'r'=
ax=
+ (uo'
$t (","e- nue)ae,

.> d'tFtrzzo("rrer --l- nue)oe,az=-1$ olow 'de a

'
42=yQ o\t)edl

'''e)L ^,e)arQ
* '-jj lf+ (ue+ ("*e"","l
f
'l + (\'s+o,ur',t)-6
*"*l+ t ,us*--L true)*
.l
L'
,1

-ln '( -1-ouue-nue\+-l on!lde=

{!' (a,,e!,5 ","e)l
/J
\
/
\r3
L
'

, ..F

a'$n
,nr'r't","'o*/5
nu2o)doJ""
#
6

9f. 6edoo0!ro xooaoT, nou opl(etdl errdc rou (lrrlou cj \2a12 - 1

xcr Evrdqrou K0rlou c2:.xlN!2=4.lt unoloYlooea!e In goioLorou oeopil_
--:f a+ --x
aru.
^
|.oroqrou creen ro enrxoun0llooloKliptlt-u: $'",
xz+o'z x't{'
A0dt:

To X0jpioT LvdLnollqnld ouveKrLKo'

(oL
ruipo AB
Av 06pouuero u8typcuuo
our6
Bdpioou!oov oivopo rou xoolou
nou bLoypdetcl !e rov rp6no nou baxvouv
rq BaIn, To xoplo vivsroL qlltr' ouvKrLKd,
rou
16T EneLEi Loxiiouv6trsc oL unc,06oeLq

eeopiuoroerou Green,ro 06pnuoqopud(EmL.

I

t30

=
ELw!
P(x,o)=;ft
, o,r,*,i*, ," *$ ffi' #

( 1) .

'EXouU
on6 tov rolto tou Green:

--:{-ax.--.r-auJA
a;*--L6q,.$
f{f*-*)orou=6
'c, -u
t
'"'
Y2*rlt'

*
:

-t

'i[h*or-6'

x'*{'

x'*U'

6x* x o,r,6'",

-0

x'?*U'

dx*---L 66 o

x'"!'
x'"!,
x,*,!'
"z x',tt'
-u
-!!- 61a---L
o=6
cx. --..1L'c, x'z+r!' x'*)l' 6q $,
'c, x'?*rlr' x'.0, 6s a,

6'", -:+ *. -l
x'*,!'

x'*,!'

ar 6'", --:{- 6x*--r- 6q 1ry.

x'*U,

x.*,!'

Ap(ea^or[6v vo unoloylooutl
ro en!l(o!n(J^Lo
olo(lipouo:

dL
,c,

-0
x.,,!,

dx_ x du
x2^r2

(rou euo[(6 6ev ELvoL [oo ! un6av Eqdoovn (ol]IIrJJUcr rep[Kj\elEL KoL ro
onue[o0{0,0), g[o onoLo6Ev opa(ovroLoL p t(or q), tlvo! cr: xr4r=j,01
rEoqtrrpLKdq
eLoriolcrou l(t(lou cr E(voLx=o!vg, U=n!o, !E 0e [0,2n].
'Apo
dx=-nuede, d{Fouvd. 'ttol axouue:

0",;ft --;h

*=J."(+*e' f *"e)ae=J'"(nu,o+ou

=l do=
[s]; -2n.
'Apo q (1)
6(vEL: l- 0 --:g- dx* ---L
t,x'*{"

d0-2n.

x'*o'

92, k 'eLXgeL
oELo ro[oc tou clreo unopelvo [dre! rlq
Uo'p/agr

n6usvEc

ct QFallllrotiao, 6nouF-pi*oj,
II

B) I Fe,ds='illdivFdxd{, 6rou e-. E(r,qLcvc rrowoloto Lneplx6((bcro

6t.owolo
oEltc r(rxctoouaoI'lrlq sur6&s. xo. tQi_pi.
(sdp4|,[ dnoKtr
tor,,s)

131

Mlln:
a) Yfloo6rouus
o-r tpi*qj.

Etvoui=pi*qj.ot. &or

- r.-!e
*ti=(,u-?s
) T.(,.3r* ) J.( # i$ ) i * .oti- j! i-,.-4i.

-.!f, rl.
.(3|-+fr)l+ i"oti=#
Elvol droJqq Fdr=OPdx+Qd! (2) 'EroLo rinoc rou creeni

-;f,)**, ^6vo
(,,v(r) xor(2)6rvel:
$r.'*r,r-JJ(;f

$rolfJl"*rara,r,.
divF=-3l.{,#*
B)Ervqu
+

d i v F = i x -: :; U

l 1 ) . E q t Ue o 4 6 L s -

vuouorLKrl
lovd6ornc qdnrouavnq o' aw
onlelo l.l qq KaIn0trnq
c. Eorurox6uoi(sl=
-x1s1i*,11s1j
{tooon rnq
n 6lovuoldrLKi
(s ELvoLro liKoq rou x6louqC c).
Kdllnitrnc
r

/;

,",

dx
ApaE.=E..i=a;

dL-

rcuo,E.=# = # 1- t.- l.

4 r!! r . ax
Frn,,ivh.r: .rnr-plr/
' - !! J.'\=n
',J'-.J'\G
Z;
G / _ vd i

n **t.r=:*i-l* r.
it.=r l{ -oj{ . r'o'

(z).rnoucvoc
.r"",, $4.a,={,ir $ .of! lo..,rf il"a.=$ra'.oa,r,
touGreen: $c,,<.,r,=jj
o r,rnoq
(f$ - j$ )axau,,
'III
r 6 v ur u v ( l ) ( o L ( 2 ) v p d o E r q r :
93. Io 6elx0elOtu

r--

9fe:ds=JJdivfdxd,!.

t-

6noui e[var to lovodlqaoono!J.FaFJ.Fias,

vLK6ELdvuouo
rns xa|rnfluc c.
Atot:
'
nopqutpr,(i6!('ouon rnq
Etr[0ri( s)=x( s)i+U(s)j+z( s)l n 6uovuouorr,rrl
KolnLilnc
ro uiKoqs rou r6aournc. ELvqLyv(,rsr6
6rL:
!E flopduerpo

132

,i-jf rrr. npo,

"'

r$ o,=[roi.
JIno,-J
.
J. os J.

94. lb opldotv r{ olorlnr{trro:

c) [ rtx,0,r)ai, tuou t(x,,Lz) (r,ul lld Fdtlrul ouvdprrq.
St I rtx,,!,rtai, 6noui(x,{,2) etvdl !!d alqvuororrKior,ldrtnon.
Yt I rfx,U,rt.ai, 6nouF(x,0,2)ElwL rro orovuororlKil
oul/tprnon.
(8t('vd i(t)=
foL orLcrpelc nprlrrdbrc
ro i ncorotdverln ELdvuolcrltel
=x(tll+o(t)i*z(tr{ evdctr8oto! orretou (r(t),'1,(t),2(t)) tnc rc|trrdln(c.
r\0q:
Etwr dETdx+jd{+ldz.
|

-l

o ) l F d r . l F ( i d - j d ' ! + k d z ) =F
( ld x ) l + ( lF d { ) J + ( F
l dz)k.
Jc

J"

Jc

otu F=pi.qj.ni. ',qpo

B) Ynoetrouue
Fd; (pi*aj-Ri)(Td-jd{*[dz ) + Fd;pdx*Qdu+Rdz.
l+-

EnouCv(,lc:

Fdr- j"Pdx*Qd0+Rdz.
J"

v) 'EoroF=ci'qi*ni.etvou:

- -l i

il

F"dr-l P

0 R
l=(adz-Rd0)i+(Rdx-pdz)jr(pdr!-Qdx)[.
d
'! dzl
ldX

j iro"=tJ"odz-Rdo)1,(J"Rdx-pdz)i,
snortu".,
rJ"pau-oaxli.
95. ilo moloyrdotv ro oioKlnpduaro:
o) [x0ai, Onouc etvq! n xolntln 1,1oy3,z=0], rc oo0l A=(0,0,0) KsL
dpos B=(1,1,0).
9) [i'di,

6nouf=xdx+idlx
zdz rol c Etvol n xqn0ln i(t)-ti+t,j+z(,

'33
t [o,r].
lfdl:

o) Ot rogotrerpLk6c
{raioerqtnc kqrr0lncElval X.t, 0=t', z=0. 'Apq
Inc Koun0lnc
elvor i(t)=tT*t'J.ol, 'Exouuo
dx=dt,
n 6lovuouqrrrieq0ooon
dl=(t' )' dt, dz=o.' Aeo:dEdt?+3t,dttroG(1+3t21)dt.
Erordvoc:
.t

.r

i*t.Jrat=(l'r"dt)i,(J'3t,dt)J=
JxuaFJ'tt'r
[ + ] )" [ + ]1.+"+ l.
9) E(tou 1=t, rlrt", z=2 + d"dt, d'lF2tdt, dz-o. IoX|'eL6t!:

,-lr
f"uFl

i rl

x U z l.('ldz-zd!)i+(zdx-xdz)t+(xd'l-'Idx)i=(t,.0-2.ztdt)i+
ldx d0 dzl
+(2dt-t.o)i+(utdt-t,attL-ltati**zati*t"ati.

'o*, tJ'-o*,rl-rJiaui-rJ'*aoL"
J"F"+
I S ].t.,r.r;i-[ $ ]i=
-_zi_zi_{t.
96. oesdle qv rl6roEl raurdll c u eEtsr i(t).aouvtl+2nud,
t E[0,2r], lb unololloooovto olorlnpdtElq:

or di'oi,

Ft 6idi.

nod|:
'dti+(2nut)
'{tj + dt-2trtdti+2duvtatj.a unoo) Eavordts(2ouvt)
yrv6uvo
IovLooure
lo eIoEpLKd
i"ai. stvoui"aFl

ll

it

Zouvt Zayt
O l.
-2nttdt
zouvtdt
0 |
|

=f(4ouv'tr4ns2t)d+4fdt+ i,ailtot.'loo:

Q;'aF-Jrtat+nl ot=rR1t;
i"+nt.
I

ll

8l Elw! vvoc6otr QFaiJ.lirotiaxaufi). rld i=i o r0nocfi) 6t""r, Slol[[t-.lad'Fo, 6r6rLrottso.

KEOAAAIO
III

ENIOANEIAKA OAOKNHPOMATA

o) E[L0oveLo(d
oloxlnpiiuorao' el.6ouC
0plotroq:
Yfloedrou!
6rL S eLvo!uLqqnli KoLILa nLodvaLd*
tou)R!, ! ELovuotrar!K
I/ {l . o o oFni ( u , u ) = x ( u , u ) 1 , r 1 , ( u , u ) j + z ( ! , u()u{ , u ) 4 , ( A c j R ' z l
(oL F(X,0,2)eLvoLULdnpcvlrorLKi
ouvdpxqon
ouvX{q,oprogavn
dEnv En!q d v e LS
a. H o u v d p r n o
FnL i ( u , u ) l = F [ x ( u , u ) , 0 ( u , u ) , 2 ( u , u( u] 1, u, ) d , e t vo! ouvXiq,6po xor olo(InOdounoro [. ovoud(ou!firFvrqd o]\o(Mflqro o' el,6oucrnC rlpoylorlKiq ouv6pqor]CF ndvoornv en[edvrd S |(oL

It

tt

oul9otrL(ou!:
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JJrFr','rl
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liu'iu ldudu
JJ"'JJ'1"r,,,rt
SA

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l. To F[i(u,u)] ouuBoltcsL
Iov rgoyudtlxrlouvdprnon
flounpoKonra!
cv
9dlolueorov ttno rns F(X,0,2)6nouX ro X{u,u), 6fiou0 ro U(u,u)KoL6f i o uz T o z ( u , u ) .
2. To ds ropldr6vE[ro c[eLpoor66uBo66v
rnq EnledvLoc
S. ElwL dS=
=|iu,i r Idudu.
3. 'otdv n rtLedv
!o lnq olo(liprronc eLwL (IeLarl, rdre XpnoLlonoL*

H . i r o d v L d u r o p e i v q e i v o e r a ! r r e L o r i . o r p o o c r c t o r ' u o u r i st n s e r u e t i -

v.Lcs 6! ev6loo;oeo.

135
tl

otuE KoL ro otuBolo (D.

Ihpc[llpnq:
0pL(ou!xoL flLesvELoK6
oioK^io(,rloo' ti6ouc uLoc 6Lovr]otrotLKiq
S. To rLeoveLoxd
olo(trip!4ra
ouvdprnons
f=F{x,0,2) ndvo oe uLq rrLqdvLo

I_tf, tf*
, i < . ' r qqLn 6r n o x e oanJ . l F d S - J j a l d6Sn, o u
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s95
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-"
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a[ ndvo ornv EnLodveloS).

Ynotroylor6qrov [LwvEldd,v oloxlnpotll&iv o' saDooq

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otroK/\nplilorq
o LbouC
unoloyLcovrqr
orqElig:
ol Av n elL0dveLo
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ue rn olqvuolqrL(iE{loooni(u,u)=
= x ( u , u ) i + { , ( u , u l i + z ( u , u()u1,,u ) A ( d c n ' ? ) ,L o x t o
L r0roq:

ffi
;.,'i.,dudu
I JJrtx',r,'.rus=JJrl;(u',r)I
LL

u).

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8) Av n nLqdvErq
X.x({,2) KoLA ei.roLn npoBo^n
oro enLnedoouz, r,ox[ro r0noc:

Itl

JlF(x,,!,2)ds=JJ
Ffx{u,z),{,zlrt *fi*r, asa2

t2).

Av n enl0dveroS aXeLltooon 0-0(z,X) KqL^ ELvoLn fipoooli rnq oro

nane6o0zx, Loxte! o rrnoc:
II_

-e1-tL1^
dzdx
JJ F{x,'!,2)ds=
JJFlx,0(z,x),2)/1
sd

Av n eit[edveloS dXaLel(fi,]onz=z(X,U)KoLl tvoL n npogoli tnc oro

enlfle6o0X0, LoXoeL
o rtnoq:

rtx,,t,,z
ztx,,r,tl
tos=
@''1 axa+
J.J
JJr 1,'t,,

(4).

SA

S tXE! [(lol,,onq(x,qr,z)=0KoLA |vqL n npo8ol|l

V) Av n Err@dvEro
rne

136
oTo

EnLn60
oxu, LoxtELo rinoq:

:@
rl*,r,.rr,,p1
JJr,*,,r,,,*=JJ

o,o.,,

(s).

thpdril'|q:
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ELvq! oovExELq.

I6rdmroc t{,,y enLQovroKdw

orrorlnqrtdrovo' eLEouc
IoXtouvor II6j]ev6q
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L Av n erLadveLq
r4C oIoKtriEroICS etvoL n cvoron
rov tunudrlt(dleL(,lvanLooveLdlv
KoLVd
eoorepLKd
onle{,0),16
S1, Sr, ..., S! {nou 6ev 6xouv
te LoxueLo t0noc:

=JJ
JJ"'
"'JJ
""...*JJ"'
s9rszsu

2. To enLoqveLoKd
olo(fulo{r,ud
o' eLdouqe[voL ovedornrodrl6 rLc mpouEtpLK6c
nopoo[doLq
Tnc en[edvLoq
S.
3. EnLd|1
xo enLeoveLoKd
o^oKtrigoruo
o' el,6ouq
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quraq
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r0iv
dLnldrvoloKlnp0udruv.
I
eon rlui uloc ouvdpqonqf ndvooa lLo enledveldS
0pLoldc:
Av S eLvqLu[o Kcvovr.x/l
n[edveLo
rou IR" KoLf(x,U,z) uLc ouvexiqou
vdprnolooLo!6vn
S, r6rE ovoldcouu
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opl0'r6:

= o$ JJrtx,,t,,ztas
r,rtr,st
(6nouE(S)eLvoLro euBod6v
rne enLQdveLoc
S),

137
naporrlpio Lc - U0o6dorq

l. TLow ufloloyloouu
6vo flLqovELoK6
otroKlipolq
o' auouq,(dvoute e9optrovirorvilnov rnc oelldoc 135. H Kloyi rou r{,nouEqoptdroLon6 Tovrp6nonounpLvpdq@L
n enLodveLo.
2. [Lo vo (dvoule@puovirou rr)nou(2), oelloo 135,nptllrn n[9dveLoS vo ELvoLr6roLo dor onoLqo{nore
eog(onogdltrnlnnpoqrov dlovo X X vo rduvErrnv S o' avq to nolt, on!Lo.TLovo KdvouuE
eeoplJoyi !,rvuh&,v
(4)|1(0(oe^l6c
135, 136), npanEronoLooinor
rueLonoodltrqtrnrlpoctov d{ovq z'z vo tclvaL r4v ento6vetoS o avo to notri onrou r0nou(3) (olt6o 135), np6nL onoLodinorE
!Lo. :mv nEglnroon
ueelonop6InIn npoqrov dlovc 0'U vo raUveLrnv rn LqdvELc
o dvo to
Iloid onuCo.
Av lLc Ell,,edvero
6ev LKovoloLel
rn ouviKnouul, 16Trnv
ulo6rqLpoi!
oe dIIq EnledvLec
Sr, Sr, .,., S(, nou(doe lLo rouq vo
LKovololE(.
rnv ngonyollEvno0vgt1Kn,
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olo(lnpoudr0jv
ndvoorLq 5r, Sr, ..., Sr. Iqv llplmoonrou r0nou (1),
o(dUqxL dv n elLedverq
lvoLKILqli.
lnopotle w (dvou!eopuoyi
nopobe{.ytEra:

t. rib umlovloolro EnlfovlcrdoAoxlrl .o JJ,Fit

ds, 6rcu s e[-

5
voL n nLodvE|' !e 6LqvuolorLr{, rcpqletprKll etl,(rlrn:

i(u,u)=uouvui+uq!uj+uf
, (u,u)e 10,11'
[0,2n].
A0oI:
ll
ll
oo Kdvou!
.rpopuovi
rou r0nouJl ras=ljrfi(u,u)l iu'iu dudu.Ei.voL:
sA
rfitu,ul]=,6touv-u*fiu-u ="dt=u. Elvceox6uoi,=ouvui*nuuj+gi, iu=-un!ui+uouvu
. ' jA+pf o :

r . " r , =lr,
t
l.!

'l
jl

,, 1.,1., ,, l, lx" ,!, l.lnuu

|l.t
TLllz!

ouvu |

| or:vu

- u n u ul j I

tJ+t
xJllx.,
nuu I

01,

tr(=t
tr+
0, I luo'rvu 1l

- u n u u u o u v uIl [ = n u u i - o u v u j * , (

138

i",i,l=

u6tvl;uT =1i7. Eno!6vr,r

6xoure:
"6F

a"a,=J'" o,lo={J"o,j'r
r,,,r}orr*"r=
JJ,E-*'
"=lJ""c,' lJ',a;,"
T
- 1rr
r
l
rr.,;ri
_"[z
l,.-l+ +l

It
I=Jjz'zds,
6rou s e[wr
s
ye 1q "*{":4.

2. ih u|rolovrd( to anrFveuol6 olorMpqr

ro willn mq arrodyElqcrou ,6y6\t 2=1f5,

A60I:
H !Lo{,ron
rnc flr0dvELoq
S elvat z'42F,
ve 1342. H rlpogoli
E[LqdvaLoq
S qro rl|'rl60
0X{ l,wL o 6oKr0lloq lrx'z+{izs4.'Apa:

rnq

6 " 1 1 x , q 1 e: n1' r x , + 0 , 1 4 ) .

'EroLo rtrnoc(4)
rnq oetrL6oc
135,6{.v.1:

r=JJz,as-llr44[r
r'
SA

=fl,*"a''1'
/1, x' ,i
V

x,*r!.

o'ou=
)dxd{.
JJ(x,+r1iz
IJr',+,),Edxd,l,-"z

l.lErooxnlorL(ouue
oe llotr[K6qouvreroy!aveq.6erou!ex-oouvo,0=pnu0.
ELwt 1<p2.4+

kqL ose<ar.
1ap32

ro lls'-,t"rcxat=o
f'"['o'ooor=
',o'r
A

="("1+l'*=lF
['"*=

.--|--..--_01-_-_'

= -1T5 i E

It
(x++lz)ds, 6nou S e [ JJ
s
vql To rUilo rou EIILrbouX+||Fl rou npdmu ov66oumv ot6vov ylq TO O3. l\lo unoloy[o8l ro mlqoveLo.dolorlioruo

tro(.ooszsl.

139

Aton:
H Elto(,rn rrc rL06vLcqS elvoL U = 1 - x!,e 0 < z : 1 ,x : 0 , 0 u 0 . H o P g i l
npoBoii ^ qq 6nL06vrqcS oro nLna60 oix Lvor ro opgoy6vlo[0,1]'[0,1,]
0o x6voulE eoqptoytl rou rlirlou (3) qq
oelL[oC 135. EivoL:

,4,84 ='[o;tr =n.'ew'

J J F d s:=x l-(J1 -)x- , 14 d x d z =

= n I l t 1 . z ) d t d z = , IE d x l t 1 * z ) d z =

=nutil,.
+1=+
4. ib fioloyLoel to en!9dyElox6olorMp4o

6I=JJnu(x'zr{.+z-s)rs,
s

rcu S e[voL n e|llfdveLo !e eE.'Mt

z=5, x'z+f'?=|.

iiol:

6ao|(oq
0x0 eCvoLo (uKiLX6c
x'+
oro naneDo
tl npoBolirnc nLqdvLcc
+U1=1,
eopuoyi
rou riflou:
0o (6voutr
It

ll

r = l j F d sl l =
F[ x , { , 2( x , u } ] / 1 + z i .dzxi d ' r .
E{'voLz=5. Agdzx=o,z{:0. Ero[
rinoq 6LvEr:
nponyo0uevoc

tl

dxdU=
I=JJnu(x'z+U'?+5-5)/I;l);U
" Jjn! (x'*t" )dxd,!06rouu
oEnolLK6couvttovuaveq.
x=polv,U=pn!.
MIooxnuorleoule
=P. APo:

0!P.1, 0.8 2n xol iiffi

ELVUL
ll

tz'| t\

I =, dl l n u ( x ' * U ' ) d
x d uo=nlu o ' c o)loa de s- ll+ t t u e ' d ej' =f e , f - o u v o ' l i =
, , lLl, o
t

140
=n(-ouvl
+ouv0
)=n(l-ouvl).

5. ilo uror\oyrosa
ro nleov!(r6 ofroxfrlpoyo
JJ(f+zlaS, 6nou S s(.voL
s
ro ntLoqolproz=FiW.
AUo4:
q' Tp6rcc: 0d Kdvootee0oouoyirou rtnou:
tt

tl

zrx,urJ
fffi
1x,,r,,
Jlras=JJr
SA
r"= -.;;|q.

Elvouz(x,rr)=filifll,

axart

z,r"';.==

. Apo:

, /1-\2- z
/1_x2_tt2
-------i=t / /-r'1+2:+2i,
1+ "z
.
" --------.:-"
1_xz_0,
l_x,_d,,
/1_xz_tt,
v
"

H npo9o^|lrnq elLodveLoc
S q[o nan60
0X0elvoL o xu(l!(6q
'EroL
eLwL:
x'z++'z=1.
fi
tt
l l F d s'll=l ( 1 + / - x , - 0 , ) - - d x d { ,

(1).

/1'x"'tt"

6{,oKoq

To otroKliptluorou Eewapouu6louc elvdL yevLKEuutvo

6[1116
oloKlipr]uo
e6oovn un6 xo o^oK^dfliuo
ouvdplnon6EvopL<etoLKd[d uiKoclou (iklou
tro![6v qv dKotrou(o
X'z+0'z"l.0eopo6ue
rrlv xopcljv:
l^'l

A ! = l ( x , ' ! ) l: R0' ! x ' ? . U ' ?v: ,. 1 v- = 2 , 3 , . . .

1

' E r onL u ) o r u e u :
[ [ r a s = r [i m
[(=!.r)aro,e
v-ti/

ii

, , , r ' ' i r( - : ! -,

=rimll

r/1-9.

,/

\ '/l-xz-{,

.,". _

+ l ) p d p d o " lIi ml - r T + t . $
,

F+-J,

11--L'\"I

* \
=2n[-/1( 1-0), + r+L
'

lt.rddxnlrcriqoule

". v /

.loI

*llae=timznlJ

v++@ L

+1]=2n+=3n.
d. r o r u r l s

ae=
^ , . r r -' +

ouvtetcyrEres.

141
rnq enledvLoq
el.vol X=olvunuu!
I' Tp6noc:0L mpouerplK6qEqrodroLq
T -t
nopquroLKieV=ntunuu,z=ouvu, (u,u)e 10,2n]"10,+]. H 6LovusuqrLKtl
e lvqu i(u,u )=ouvunuui*nlunluj*or:vuf
+
{Looonrnq EnLqdveLoq

4 iu.irr=
+ io=-nuutuui*ouvunluj{t,iu=ouvuouvui*ntuouvuj-quuR
=-ouvulu2ui-nuunu,ui-nuuouvuRg
li"'i,l=nuu. 0 r0noq(1) rnc oelt6oe
135,6lver:
ll
ll
lt
tl
(1*ouvu
jJn!udrdu..J
)nrududu=
JJ(1*z)dS=JJ
Jouvuruududu=
51d^

- t r r lr , 1
-t ,, ,i
, r "r r z
,,+
.l
d
u
.
l
o
u
v
u
n
u
u d u l dduuI= l r u u d u - ld uI o u v u d o u v u a
l
u
d
'
r
ll
I
Jo
)o
)D

= l J l ' " - s u v' 0u l-if. ,u' tl ' / " Io u y )]ut = r n , o * , , - r n l t o - J ) = r . .

r

td

zl

jj(xr!*z]as, 6rou s et6. lilounoloylooelro srLFvEloK6

oroxMoouo
s
wL n rtLO6veLo
{X--1,X=l,G-i !0=l,z=-l,z=l }

(r'tBoC).

n0on:
:0!0ovq u. rnv !6L6rnrq 1 rnq oelt6oc 136, uno6LcLpo[!
lnv enL(dNLo
S o r L q n L e d v L S
e cr , S r , 5 3 , S { , 5 5 , 5 6 ! e e ( L o d o e Lsev r L o r o l x cz = 1 , z =
= - 1 , ' l i = 1 ,U = - 1 ,x = 1 , x = - 1 . ' , E r o te L v o L :

It
I r'JJ' . . ..jJ
tt
Jl(x"r'z)ds=J.J
s
sr s2
s6

'EXou!E:

ot JJtx--,.zros=
),6;0;rdxd0=l
ll rx.,t.rra+lax=
-JJtx-+-r
rt
sr
-l

lr+- ?

''!l

(n tLcDo4rnq F1lodveLoq
dx.J (2x.2)dx--x'?.2xl_r-4

S r e L v q Lz =1 1 .

Tnnos L, oeri6d 21.

**

Tiro< rr< unoof!.Loons rfs

o.ri6ds 2r.

142

elJJr*+-ros=JJ
rr+ rr,oo;ir-a,r.j',
tx+-rra,r,]ax=
[J_,

0,"0,.=',n
1_,1',r";,r'-,r]
-,*=l'.,r,-,,*=
52 ELvo! z=-l ).

Avd,\oycov epvdoeo|jleBp{.o(ouu
|
ll

ll

ll

ll

sr

S,,

ss

9.

i"i_:

-:
'.:! - )-:+o

- )r'i
L-i_-

JJ=4.
JJ=4,JJ=4,
Jl=-4.
'ApoI t(x+'!+z
)ds=a-4{4-4+a-a=0.
x
JJ
s

.."

' -1

Egsuofdc ru, enrFvelor6v olot^||or90llrv a. [6ouc

d) Ynolov[olocet8d6o0lroc ntg6vcloc
To E!Bo66vE uLaqenrg6v|,oc
s ue El.odon
Fi(u,o) olvEroLond tov
!uno:

,=JJo,=JJ1;".r
ld
sA

Av n EnlqdvElo6xEr ellouon z=z(X,U),r6re !o elgo6dv6(vExoL

rov irino:

lt

(t _

r=JJds=JJ
4+,i+zidxd'I,
st

Av n efiLodvlo 6Xe! etor,lort

o(x,U,z)=o, 16r to uBo66v
blvtot ofio

w
,=lJ"=lJ
lo"I

oro,

s6

qe !d<oc U|.aCerlodverqs
B) YnoloVLo!6C
Av 6{x,'!,2) LvoLrl n[qovelo(dnuKvdrnro,16! n !d(o nou (otovele-

143
TOL Oe lLO enLqdVeLOs dLVTCL0116rOV rt]no:

'"JJo
tx,,r,,.
ras
s

y) >uveroy!6vecrou KEvrpoudl<oc !!oc uAlKilq EnLpdv[oC

0L ouvrerqyuavEe
T O U xdvrpouldcoe ULoqul LKiq enLedveLoc
S dlvowqL
oIId TouCt0nouc:

JJ06ds

lt -.^
JJzoo5
s

lJ oas

JI"'

ll

j'Jxdds

-s
x"=Tf
Jj 6ds
s

Av n nwdveLo
eLvololoyEvic,rdre oroucnponyo0uevouq
rinouqI ou(x,'!,2
vdpqol 6
) lropq]Eanero!*.
d) Pondco6pdveroc
0L ponacodpdve[oq
s oc noosroucdoveqx, |lrko! z,
uLoqnL{rdvElcq
6LvovrdL
on6 rouqxhouq cvrlotolxo:

yoas,,*=JJrr.-,,
r,=JJ
r,r,'-."
rras,r,=
roas
JJrr.-,r'
sss
Ilcpc6e aypsro

l. lk unolovldaro !&66v lou ruiloroq qc enledvEloc tou ltopoBoloeL6otez=-X'z-$,+2,

rcu Bp[oxerar ndvo ond ro ertn66o 0x0.
Atq:
To <nro0Uevo
UBd66v
dLveldL drd
TOV T0nO:

It

lt -

/1+zi+zidxd{.
E=
Jlds=JJ
sd

EtvoLzx=-2x-0+0,
z.,=-20.H npoBoli rnq rLAdvELoq
S o[o riTln60
oXU)
*

r r n ! o r : o - r e u rei r u o d v e r " "n o u l d o r n o n 6 ( l , d , , 2 ) a l a L o 1 d ! . o i _

144
Eava!ro xootoA"t(x,0)tRr:
x,{rr-.2}. 'Apo:
lt E=Il/1ax'z+4'z dxd'lF(u.rooxnuort(ourie
o. nolLx6eouvrroyu6vec)j

=,l" r IE e t- l a e 'd p d,o" -dl 6, / l; ,t ' { r * o ' ) t a { r * 1 0 , 1 = 1ledlri 'r'*}p . t t -It , =

ro
Jo

lo

=-ii'+ {e.uL-r)=+25'

2, ltn uoloylool ro qBo66v Inc ogolooCXr+o.+z'=o".

noq:
El,vdL
qn6 rov tono:
O(X,U,z)=X'z+r!r+z,-o,.
To eqBo66v
E 6a,vrc!

e.fJo,=Jl,.6ifrs?aae
eo urolovloou]l
ro etBo66v
tou dvLjnlloooLolou,yto ro ono{.ol,wL z>0.
'Exot,!
lrV=t(x,U)n,: y,rg:.o:, KdLox"2xr oV:2U,pz=22.,Aoc.

E=)l 2/x'-+",22
dxdrll ?64q1 axa,r,_
[[ 4/o,-x::rtre dxa,F
" '
2lzl
2/o,-y,-1,"
A;+

=t l2 nI ,
t o . o| +
t i .o
- po. o e . - f

ti'n

ai,*

d '?)=I a ej o[( o ' - p ' ? ] - l d ( o ' 1 - p[ o

];'t2(o,-e,)ll"=

-,lo

= - 2 n o ( - o ) . 2 n o r . ' AEpoor = 4 n o r .
3. Iq 9oEoea
n oonl copdveuoq
Iz r4c olovvo0c
erlCve|'oc:
S: Xr{i},+z,=or,
tou lxel dtaorrl !6Ca ..
ntdt !
fi <rtroo!vnpomlo6pdvLoq
Iz otvErot 0116rov ttlo:
ll

r"=JJ6(x"*,!"
)ds (1).
s
To !8o66vtnC o@[roCelvou E=4mr. Enet64I dooLpo[vo! ouoVEv{S
qlogeoi
UE
!d<o m, neio[ dtL n nr0oveLoxii
rnq nukv6rnrqelvoL 6.m/4m,
0 L mpalerplKEcetlo6oeLcqc oqo{.poq
eLwL x.onueou!,t-an!on$,
z=

145
-Crouv0,!e oselar, osesn.ed unotroyloouue
ro [LtFvloKdoloKtripolo(1],
! qooloYilou rtnoo:
tt

ll

?dede
(o,e)l /(xj*tl+zi)(x;+Ue*zi)-(xoxs+'!000'z0zo)
Flx(e,0),'1,(o,e),2
JJFds-JJ
sd

tl.wL: x;+t4+z;"(qouvqouvo)'z+(qouvqnso)2+[a(-nue)],=o,,
xi+i+zi=...=
=0'?4!'1rp,
XoXO+UqU0+zaz!=...=0,
Errot]6voc.
ll

ll

Iz=
),+(onlenu
- 'd
| | 6(x,4,,lds=---L
I I [ (cnrpouve
),],65;,0 ddeqno'z'l'

- '- ['- 1"o'n,

'*,nsedodo=
r'S' .
9]
' ' ' Jf'"orf"nr,*or=...J,
4ro- ro Jo
o

Bl Er|'oylold olorlnpdtaE 9' st6ou(

l. EnLFt eLard olokhpdldro

8' eaoou( 6royuqrru6v

ourroptrlocov

0ploudc:
Ynoe6roule6t! S E{.voLqLo onfu1koL lel,o, rlpoodv(rlollotlavnnLo{velo*
toulR!, rls 6lovuolorlxi eE(droni.i(u,u)=x(u,u)l+0{u,u)t+z(u,u)i,(u,u)eA

(Aen'). Ynodrouue
or6po6tu: l=F(1,11,2)-p(x,0,2)i+q(x,U,z)J+R(x,U,z)t,
e[.vuLt]Ld dlovuouorlKilorrvdprnon
oovexrlc,us n6to oplouo! rnv EnLodvsLo
S. H ouvdpxnon
F[itu,rt]tir']"t,
(u,u)el e(vo, ouvxr,ic,
dpootroKtrnp{i,
olyn oto ^. ovotdlouunaqEvldr6
olod{gqr 0' t6ou( Inc 6rcvootlotr._
l(ic ouvdpqoiqF ndvr,rolnv nlgdvLoS |<oLoutt6ot(<ouue:

lt- ,
ft.
J J F d s' 1 I J F ( x , u , z ) d s
ss
ro 6l1116
oloKligorrc
rJJFI;(u,u)1.(i.,i,).'EroLtoLr6velvor:

.r;".i ra"au
11
fiia3=,1/i6r,,,
'

10

H erLodleLd utopei !a LlaL

xdL rl.Lof

i.

146
To npdortuo
nou ro 6Lov0o|toro
i, iuxiD
"+" ovrLororxl ornv nepl,nroon
eLvo[ ou6pponor
KoLro llp6otuo"-" owLfiolXEL o[nv nep{,rrt{ron
nou eLvoL
dvrLgOono.
il fi oulgolt(ougero Kdoerouovc6loLobLdvuoloo[o onlElo:
i(u,u) rnq n|.lldveLoc
S,
napax{pnort
l:
To il?(u,u)] oulgotr.<eL!n otdvuouorLKiouvdornolnou npo|(lnreL ov
fiov xl,nornq I Fdlouue6nouX ro X(!,!), 6rcu 0 ro U(o,u)(o[ 6llouz xo
z(u,u).
lboqll1p.lq 2:
To oulr9otrLK6
o[oLx{.o(m otot"6Ldvuo!o"dg nqptcldveLro 6lorgopLk6
EluvlrouorL(d
e!Bo66v) c nLpdvLqq
S, rou LvoLLoo!
d3=
X[dl6EC
=io,iua,rtu. tLvo! o(dlo rqr, a3"ias,
noparipnon3:
To enLgovr.o|(6
oloktriA,judB' E[60!Couu0olaerqr(oL:

J]
s

Pd'!dz+qdzd+RdXd(r.

nqporignon
4:
Av n n!46vLo
S eLvol (J\Ldri, tdrs xono(,tonoLoou
KoLlouc ouugolL-

ouoicp, p
'd

'd.

('1 p , p ) , o v d l o yueo rov lloooovqrol[o!6rnc enuqdver

oc.
Ihgadloodl 5:
Av i elvar. ro Kdeero lovo6Loto dldvuslio xnc nLqdvLoqS oto
i(u,u), rdrE Lox0sLo rttnoq:

jja;Jfa*

onlelo

=IIfio,
Iloor*.0*or*oro,

g'L6oucoE 6vo
0 tlnoc qur6qurooxnuorl<L
avo[L@vELo(d
oloKlior,rlo
^ r ) d o i r o t r p d o r u o" + , , " q - o r o u x u j o t . r v n r o i r r u o l , " , ; =

-j!I'
lrrxr!l

to rpdo4u6 ,'-" cv.uo.ouxei otrv aepirroor rou

l;"';" I

-.,

147
II

o^oKr\ipntoo ' ei6ouq*.1o oloKlioouollfids ovos6(EL poll

en!0ovroK6

rou olcvuoFrrKo0no6[,ouF, 610 tltc enlqdvEloq s.

tlaEnlrn.rt 5 :
loxil 6r L:

JJr,;-Jfr,s
s
s'

ov 5* Lvo! n
dno! s KoLs' elvoLoL 6uodo[qrnq enlodveloc.Enolav0jq
(o[
eetLki 6{n
s- n ogvnrLki,16r:

flr,s=-JJas
lr-doopor rol urolovlotoo enlTvEroxdlv oloKltpqdEnv
(0' l.6ou() 6rowoFrlxrtv outcptioeov
eeopotiu
rn 6lovuolorLKi
ouvdprnon
F(x,r!,2)=p(x,U,z)i*q(x,0,2)j*
+n(x,r!,2)[.Iox0ouvoI rn6uevoL
irrfioL:
o) Av n EnLqdveLo
i{u,u)=x(u,u)i+(u,u)J.
5 6xeLd[ovuouorLxi.ELdlon
+ z { u , u ) 1u, e ( u , u ) [ , r d r e L v o r l

pr","r1
ri,,i"roa,
ffr+.JJr

(t).

EELoriloLc
rlc E[LedvELoq
S eLvoLx=X(u,u), {=
B) Av oL nqoo!rpLKdc
- { , ( u , u ) , z = z ( u , u ) ,u ( u , u ) 4 , r 6 r e e L v o L ;

TT
*a1a,l=rll
JlPd{dz+Adzdx
ffi
Jr|xr,,ur,u{u,u),2{u,u)J
5

tzt.

+ Q L x ( u , u ) ,u),2(u,u)l
,r!(u
n:iffi .

3{f#]oa,
L1!l(u.u).oru,u),2(,.,rt
"

ro eoorepox6 rr.v6uevo Fh rD!

rpar |mr rxn dulc0inon.

6!0vudlolLrdv

ouwptideov

F.

148
Inue[dt:
n,.,.-r

Etvoliffi=J

lau
au
I

au

au

^_
l5n ;'

. Avd^oyo
opr(ovrqLB{fti}, 3{t*l
".

noFolg|ot:
Av Io Erovdouoro
fr xou i.r\
Lvor o!6ppo[o,t6t o[ouqronouc (l)
(qr (2) eKl6youtE
ro npdonlo"+" ov ecvoLovrlppono,tdt EKIdvou! ro
np6onuo
"-".
y) Av ouw, ouvB,ouvvLvoLIo aLueivovto
ouvnulrovo
rou uovq6lolou kdoerouolnv slLqdveros drov0ouorocr6ntro6iov e{,vdLi"ouvoi*ouvBj*
+ouvyl xol l"ei+qj+nt, rdre LoxdeLo t0noc:

eouw+oouve+nouw
ros
JJiuiJf
ss
(o r0noc our6q rox|JslovIdgqto ov rc 6r,cvrlouoto
fi roL io'd
ldgoono11owlppono).

(3).
elvcr,

o-

6l tmv nepa.ftr,,o4
llou ro oovolol eL,,!t n ngoBol{oxo elr{'n60
Oxotnq
nrodvLoq
S, t6re LoxoLo rurcC:

jjns=fJr.;-5
o,o+.

(4).

dnoui eLvor,ro KdorotlovobLoao

6Ldvr.rouo
ulq eirLgovuoq
S oro onue
Lo
r4(x,U,z)KoLt=oioj*tl.
el Av z=z(x,0)6lw! n tl,ooon
lnc elledvLac
S KoLd avoL
n ngoooli rnc o[o enlne6ooxu,,rdr Lox0EL
o r0floql

It
tl
-+ u+*, llrus=
civc,cxrjr:o
llfdg=llr.n
llr.i r- araz.6roua
orov
'i
'
'i
E
t;il
t;jl

r p 6 r o t r i r o e i w u I l p o B o l i r r s e r r , g r i v e e a sS o r o t r i i e 6 o O { , 2 r o L A
6eirepo {iro iBL n rpo8or'i t,ls rrLodveuos S oro rire6o o1z. tivor
xo!c i=1i+0j+0k, j=0ir 1j+0h.

dro
c-

149

T(
II
d!=1ll l - P[ x , 0z, ( x , U J ]-zQx[ x , U , z ( x , U ) ] z { +
JI Pdldz+qdzd+Rdx
sA
+ Rl x , 0 z, ( x , 0) l l d d ! +

lt-,

ll

(-Pzi-az{,+R)
dd(l
lJFds=i.lJ
sA

cr.nvrTplrrltonno! tfi>0, (R=0i+0i+lf)elTo rpdotlo "+" owLcnoLXL

0z
lo6i 6lgv ro Dudvuolq
i oxntor{.(eloEeaqyovto u rov OrLKd
nuLdovo
To np6onto"-" qvrLc[oLXL
olnv rleplnroonnou 1fi.0, 6nlo6r16rqv to 6Ld_
yovto
02.
vuolofr oxnuqrlee!ouBtrLo
! ro 0erLK6nuL6ovq
-

LvoLx=x(0,2) i
Av rl ltooonrnq nLedvlqq

0=0(z,x),I6re Loxli-

(6).

elvq! n t10o90li rnc efiLodveLqcoro en L r 6 00 0 2 ) .

-P!/x+Q)dzdx
r--u"
J[a*'ff

(7).

SA

(ro "+" ov li'0, ro "-" ov fi<o, d {.vaL

s oro
n npoBoliTnc enL0dvELoq
erlLn60
ozx),
() Av z=z(x,0) LvdLn ELo0Jon
S KdLA n npoBotri rnc
rnq EnL06vLoq
oro enlnebo 0X0, r6re LoXiL o r0noq:

'ria3='ff,"
dxdr!
r*,,r,,
l',0,z(x,0)t
Jj*
s

(8).

AvdiovqLox0ouvoL T0noL:
tl

--

(x, z) ids=!lJo
[x(0,2),0.z]dqrdz
Jlo '1,,

(9).

sd

,-

tl

(lo)'

l Jf ( x , 0z, )i d s =lrl f [ x , , I { xz),, z ]d z d

*

H .aiood4 rns

ei,!oL n rpoBor'i

tns

r*

H eEiooon rns

EaloL | trooBoli

r t \s

150
H exloyi rou npooduou
a[ouertnouq(8), (9], (10) e(vouqvd]oyn ue
ouri rdv r6r(,,v(6), (7), (B),

2. EnLqEvlorilolodapdgcE B' EtboucnpoyFrlr(io ourrsdseov

rnv nooylarLKiouv6grnon
eupo0ue
P(x,0,2)KoLrnv npooovorotr
Lo!6vn
j*z(u,u
i(!, u)=X{u,u)i*,!(u,u)
rrqdv
Lq s, !e 6LovuotqrL(i
elooon
)1, rre
(u,u)!, (A.lR'z).
g' ea6oucuc llpos Uz fiq npovuorL0voudeoute
enl0ovLqxd
otroKtripqrq
P(X,{r,z)|(oLsuuBola(ouue
Kiq ouvdprnonc
JJra0azto or,nt'Oolor(tripouo:

II

(u,u
rJlP
),{(u,u
),z(u,r:
tJ ffiar,o,r
Lx
A

'EroLtroLn6v
eavoL:

u),z(!,
u)lffi,,0,
1r,,,r,,r,(u,
Jjro,r,*='JJr
SA

{1r).

To 0exLK6npdonuo
ovrLfior,xLornv [EpLnrosnrlou rq Elovljouotofr, iu:i,J
tvcL o!6pponoKoLro opvnlLK6ornv nEpLllxoon
nou eLvoLdviLppono.
Avdr\oyo
ool(ovror.ro EnLocvaLord
otroKtrnpdlioro
B' a[6ouqt,rs npqc zX
KqrX{ rdv npoyldrLKtiv
ouvqproeovq(X,U,z),R(X,{r,z),ovrloroLXd,'EroL

o"**ff ot*r,,,r,,r,(u,u
),2(u,u
)l ffiouo'
Jf
sd

(12),

(u,u
*ro,r,='fJ*
)l gffia,a,
1,r,,,1,,y(u,u),2
ff
SA

(13).

Ildmripnor:
Ioxr:,[
6TLI

naxa,r
oa,ax.JJ
JJro<.
JJ*,r,"-o'o*-naxa,r.
JJra,r,a,.JJ
sssss

151
nopotimq:
Av n enLedvLd
S 6XLeElooon
z=z(x,0)KoLn [poBotritn( oto eri,nE[o
ypdeEror:
(13)
oXUe[vq! A, r6re o rifloq

o ,*,,ro,o*' JJ*g,,u,z(x,qr)ldxdo
Jfr
s6

(14).

Av n inLedvelos 6x! l('o{,rnU=U(z,x)xoL ^ CvqLn ngoBoliitnc oro

ell{,fle60
ozx, o r[noc (l?) ypdqErol:

lor*="Jjotr,o(z,x
),zldzdx
JJorr,,r,.
SA

( 1 s) .

Av n n[edveloS axELeltoron x:x(0rz) (oL A eit/oL n npogoli qc o[o

enlnEdo
0{rz,16ro r0noq(11) ypdqEror:

dqdz
ffs drrx,,r,,.ra,ro=t
Jjr1 (0,2),q,,zl

( 1 6) .

ytverdL6noqlnyi@ueoq o8lL6a150.
H extroyrl
rou npooiuou

IlapdrnpdoeLc - M.o06ertoLc
orov unorrovlo!6 Tov nlqcv rcr6v o^,orlnpogdlrrv

B' et6ouq

l.TLo vo uno.\oyloouu.
6voenL0dvErd(6
otroxlrlpouo
B' L6ouq
uLoc610duvdpqoic,Kdvou!
eeopuovi
ouorLKisi !!oq flpoyuoiLKiq
rov rlnov
(1) 6oc (16) (oe^L6c
147-151).H E(troyirou Kord^Anlo!
xtflou elopTdroLofl6 ro! rp6noflou tpLypdqToL
enrqdvLo
In
n
{orld lofllll Tnc
etlq,roiq rnc) l(oL cfl6 rn lopei rnc oloKlnpilr6oqouvdpqonc,
2.H t(loyi rou xordllnlou rtnou dXeLontoolo, yr,orl lvot 6uvordvvo
rou onolouvo E[voL
o unoloyLou6q
erdoouueo evo 6L[16otroKtr{pdlro,
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3.>n!LdrvouuE
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152
govELo(6oloKfulOotro
9' eaoolc uro( 6LovtouftL(ie ouvdpqonc ? !erorplnerol o' 6vq enleovloKO
olo(li9luo o' eaDouq
rnq npoylalrKilq ouv6prnoncFh, H uErqrponi6!oq ouri 6ev ev6el(vurdLndvro, 6L6r[ Cvor
6uvor6vo unoloytou6crou nL0ovlcrKot
oloxlnpdvaroqo' e[6oucvo unv
eLvq[uxpiqeo yvopL(ou!
oKouc6rL:
o) >Xerlrd u rI pgFl glC Enltdvaroc
. 0 1 r 0 n o r( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , ( 1 1 ) , ( 1 2 ) , ( 1 3 )e e o o l d a o w K
o Lo Lq [ n vn e p l n q l o n
noun enLodvelo
ELvoLKleto l (oL rtnoL ouroLqvogtpovtoL
oe entqdVELC
nou[opLordvovroL
nqpo!Tpr(illooon).
U ULoElovuoUorLxi
.01 r0noL(4), (5), (8), (14) E@p!6aovrot
ttdvofinv neplnr|rronnou
onoLo6ilnorE
euolonood^trntrn
npoCrov dqovoz z xalvL rnv EnL0dveLCr
S o' 6vd u6voon!Lo.Av 6ev roxrlEln ouvoiKnouul, r6rE uflodLoLpot!
It|v S oe 6lleq [!0dvELeqno! Kdoeulo vo lKovonoLaL
rnv ouvi(n.
(:t!q n6pLrtdorq
(4),
(5),.
(8),
(14),
rt,lvr0ftrv
rnq ErILO6n [Looon
vLdq(vor rnq uopqlcz=z(x,U)).
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nouorlolo!6vo olnv rrp(flr0xrn
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6vo u6voonuelo.Av 6ev [oX0L
rnv
n ouvei(nouri, TdTEunobLoLpotlE
(:rlc
(6),
(9),
(16),
S oE dlleq enLq{vE[Ec.
llepLnrdjoeLc
rov u]nuv
n
taolron
xnc enLqdvLoq
el.voLlnc lopQiqX=X(U,Z)).
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!6vo ornv nptnruo!nou onoroEinoreEUeLo
noOd.\Inlnnooqrov dlovo U'U r6lrvr rnv nrqdvaLoS
o 6vo !6vo ongELo.Av 6v roxl,Er n ouveiKnouI|l, r6re ufio6LqLqot:,!
rnv EnL{0dveLo
o 6IIq enLedv[eq.(tTLqnpLnTdrLe
rov rin0]v (7),
(10), (15), n alooontn( eflrqdv.Loq.LvoL
tnq lopeic {F0(z,x)).
B) txrrrd us rtv firtroyilngooillou
. H avovoyi evdqnLecvLo(o0
olo(lnplruorocB'eidoue o' 6vo enL0(rya[q
oK6otroKtripolo L6ouqloc onolldooELdn6 rn bLodL{oolornq nLr\oYnqrou npoonuou.
. )rouq rinouq {3) KoL(4) floueupovt(ErqL
ro 6L6vuouo
'i,6ev qnourLTd! EllLloyi npooit]ou.

153
.:rnv nepLnroo
r {nr vr 0 n o r(v1 ) , { 2 ) , ( 1 1 ) , ( 1 2 )K o L{ 1 3 )e o n o l p v o u _ 1....i..
!c IO rlp6onuo"+,. qv n= --::--: , ev6 gc notpvouleTo npdoluorr-,,ov
lrurru

li",'r,,
.:qv

n p l r r l o orl r d vr 0 r l o v( 5 ) , ( 8 ) , ( 1 4 ) , q v e l v o L :
ni- (01^0i.t[) {ouvqi*ouvBi+ouvvl)-ouvv'0,

nolpvo0!. to npdcnuo"+,,. Av |wL li=ouvy.o noLpvou!.ro fip6on!0"-,

.:rnv

]Ieplnrtlron
rov run0rv(6), (9), (16) ov Lvot:
in=(1i -0j-0k )(ouvqi+ouvBj+ouvyli
)=suvo>0,
nolpvouuero np6onlo"+r. Av LvoLii-ouvq<o, nolpvoullETo np6onlo
. >tnv nplfiroonr0rvr[nov (7), (10), (15), ov elvqL:
j-ouvy().ouv0>0,
ii= (0f*1j*ol) (ouvoi,ouvB
noLpvou!6ro nodonuo'r+,,.Av el,voujfi=ouvB.0,nol.pvo!!e to

npdortuo

. : r n v n p | , n r o or nl , i vr l n o v ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , ( 1 1 ) , ( 1 2 ) , ( 1 3 ) , 6 r q v n n ! q d v6lo 6lvoL KIeLort KoLTo dLdvuotqi,"i, dxeu popdond to olrrcpLxd

fipoq ro

rdrpLX6
Tnq EnLedvaLoc,
noLpvouua
ro [p6on!o "+,,.

y) txrlKd ! rov unoloytotd rr,rv duovuoldtorvfr, i,,i,

. Tq arovlJouoTq
n, ru.r, unoloyt(ovTqL!e rn BoieLoT0lvTiruv rou
ovqedpovroL
arn aa^166 22. To dLdvuouo
io*iu elvou KdeEroorqv nLodvLoS oro onleLoEi(u,u).
nqgqrilpqq:
'orov
qlld uaoo npoe ro
Id! dlr uLo nLedvelo ivol npooovorotrLoudvn
6{(,lvvooluedrr ro drdvuousi dxeu rpopddn6 ro o0rrptK6
npoq ro !orpLKorllq flroovLoq.

napdbE i.y|rarc

1. tb unoloyldcl ro nleovlo(6
o,lo*rno"uo
r=jfFai, OnouF=xi*rlj*zl
S

xdL S ei.wL n ErlledveLo

!E bLovuouorlKiettor,roni(u,u).uouvui*u4pujr r:-{,

154
!e (u,u) [0,1]'[0,n]. To 6lteuq|o i raterf0veml npocrd 6En.
l0q:
0o rdvouueeooplovilroo rLrou (l) rnc oel L6os147, 6n^o6i rou rtnour

ri,,,iu)auau.
fSfror--JJig;r",,r1
A
ttvor.F[i(u,u)]-uouvr:T*unuuj.u{.
0(6!0iu=ouvui*nurLj*ol,
iu=
ELvoL
=-unuui.uouvuj*tt.'Apo:

0l_10

*r u t-r J l: n u u

I
l1.l
luouvu 1ll1

o u v lu* l o u v u r r u l ,

- u n ! uIl J +l -l u n u u u o u v lIuk = n u u l - 0 u v u J + u r (

u-.It
(nu,:i-o':vuj*ui)o,cr,.
Erou6voc
6xourI-lJFu5=ll
tuouvul-unuuj*ut)
SA
.t

.tr

rtfrr
.rf,,)
=Jl{roru,'ayu-,nruouur*uu)audu.Jluududu.l
u,olau=lI -z
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J
ro
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A
A'
I

t-

2 ,lr

n2

1id'=ilzl-T'

2. lb unolovldt ro erLoovero(6
ofo*fio,a|q,d
l[id,

6rcui=('!,-2,2)

rqL S e[voLn E|rt'dv.lo4x+20+2"6,

IE x$, 040, zr0.
A0dl:
o') Tp6noq:4n6 rov tlrno:

IL"II
(Pouv0+QouvB+Ro0vy
)dS (1).
ll FdS-Jl
ss
E(wr P-U,Q=-2,R=2.H eCouon
tnc.rlodveLoc
etvorf(x,{j,z)=4x+2'!}z-6.

=0,usfx-4, f{=2,f z=1,ftTffi

6,r"q=--1- ,
frI
r

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=E'Er-t'-m,

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ET

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aw

ro 6Ld!uq,q i,,iu

dxeu

155
1-G -22'2)ds
(rinor (3), oErlbo2
c 3 * ) . l r o l o r i n o c ( 1 ) 6 t v E L';[ [ f d i = l [
/21
!
Ei,voLenLeoveLox6
o [6ouq.
To retruloiooloKiipr,Juo
eo xpnsrlooioKlipotoq L6oue,
fLo vo uno,\oyloouue
ro nLqovsLd(6
lt

/ir'-Tn

d x d 0 ( 2 ) .E t v o L :

n o L i o o ur o
u vEt , i n oJ J r a s - J J r t x ,+ , z t
s
:f
lr,
F { x , { , 2 ) =+

n1

( , t ) - 2 2 - 2 )r , = 4 , t = 2 , f z - : , ' o n o ul e a v o !n n p o B o l r n q

on6 TLcuoE[eq:
EfiLpdvLoq
5 oro nLn60
0x$. To xopaoA nepLKilcrq!
<} ix=0,U:0,2X+U=31
{x=0,0=0,4x+2'!=6I

'rroLo rino(rzr0t".,",
-2)d*d1=
llras-{f
IJ(4,r,-2,
+ drd,!=
,4
,l +,trr A,t-22.2)
duldx=
s J lI t( a 0 - 1 2 - 8 x + a u + 2l t ) d x a , l = z l J r tqt ixr t*' -u" - s( 4r ax x- 4du -=sl 2) 1
l
l
it
A'

rz
o
tGo
= 2 1 ( 3 - 2 x ) d x = + .' A p ol l F d s = + .

er0opuoyrl
rou tr3nou:
0') Tp6noc:Kdvouu

{[as=[[r.;
';
E

dxd{.

ln'k

rponvoulavdq
Bprl(ouE
n i'=(--a , _L
\ /2T
'E'
'rpoi.i=o -L *o 2 * 1 = -!
,4r
,ET ,ET ,m

s1y6g*6L1

e v s e o p i o o r u e o o ! e 6 i o d o n r n s e r u q , i v e u o sr n v z = 6 - ] r x - 2 0 , r , j r e
, /t-,i "; -/t r -)2t\-2)2 -,51. Aad:
\21,
(1rJ1o, (7).
o,.b:

t5r
**

+ li.[l- -!
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i* 2 j' 1 i\- r
.n
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\rt
*

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,tZT t

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oc^-oas

A v l L x d n L o l o i t r et n v t r u n t o r z d r 6 t f v a i o o o n r r E x d l r i l n s

.ivou

2tJ.

z:6-4x-2(,.

156
'EToL

EL v oL :

lfr+JJ
+
s
d Y'r

t+'l'-?z*t
(o0!al,rvo
oro*JJ,or-22+2
)dxd{=
!e rnvnponyoduE
a
,Tl

vn nEpLrriron)=+.
y') rp6noc:oo (dvouu
-".m*
Eqopuoy

J[iaS=r[lt-Pzx-Qz!+R)dxd,l
sd

npolyou!6vos6uoqeo Kdvouu
efiLlovi rou npoo/ltouo[o 6e0reoo!6^oc ro!
ro yrvdlsvofi.t. Bprlxoue
6rr.:
r[aou. ed sxnuorLdoltre
-4+2+1+

n=:

,41

i+:

,Ef

e(voLxou [=01.0J*tI. Apc:fi.t= --L

nf

i-+ +

tTf

k,

>0, Erou6v0rq
o EnLtrCaouue
ro ng6-

E{.vqL
P=U,Q--2, R-2. H eaooon
rnq enL0dveLoc
elw! z=6-4x-a!
zx='4, zf-z' 'EroLo nponvo{uEvoc
r0noc6LveL:
lt

(aui-22+2)dxd{,.
,llrFdS=
' _ - ,llr ' ' - '
sd

To rIE0loLo 61ntr6otroKlipqlq ro lno^oyloole [ponyougcvorq.

3. lb uno^ovrdel.
to rLeavelor6
t*r,f*"

JJfA,
s

&rouF=(x,U,z)r@'

n &,Tpf.KdEn|tdvlo tnc ota{poc !e sl.q,bl x2.tU2+22=R2.

Ator:
a ) Tp6[oc: oEdpo0ue
rLe enLodvLq
S!, 52 u LodloElq
dvraorotxo:
z= fil*:F,
,=-tF-x'-|".
eo uroloytoouue ro 6Ldvuouofi. ECvoL:
f(X,v,zr-x.'J. 22'R, , 6po ouvq= --L
,
lx'z-!'z+22

ouvg=---L
,
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orrr-

- --+
tlvor 2.0 vld rnv enLqdveLo
Sr KoL 2.0 vlo r4v Sr. Lnoua/x'z+ttr'z+zz
vorqt.irO yLq qvS, rou {.i.0

yLo ntv S,. 'Exouu:

iai,llio3=
r,-r,.
lltai=ll
sgrs,

157
h onoloyloouUe
ro Ir, 12 !s rn goioLorou r0nou:
II. * II
(-Pzx-qz,j+R)dxd0.
ll Fds=tll
S6

EretddF=(x,{,,Z)nooKime!6rL P:X, Q=0,R=2.O! enLedveLec

Sr (oL 52 &vouv qv LbLdnpoBo^4
d olo ontn60oXU.Eh/o!:

. -4

[[a+llf -rAgu
-tt
,a,

yR.-x'-,1.

lr

..

6.,

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o*0,r,=l[
dxdu.
Ervor
o(6uo:
'i 4
,n,_x,_{,

- -L
-nq'+)a,ao.'ll[ .--g- a*a,r,.
llt s.-llf|
r 44"_*._t" /R,_xz-v,
h,_x,-u2
'Ae",flid3.r[l--(-';

oroq,=z*,
[[--L-,j'

n,_r"_q,

,2n tB

6*6s=

,r,_xz_{,

.F

.iR

- ( R , - e , ) - r d ( R , - e , ) = - 2 n n " p 1"p , - e , 1 t l
=an.l | $dpdo=R,l
to,o nr-!,
t o -[ d -ot ]ol
=4nRs.

neonEtwr JlFds=rrF.ndslj
F'nds+rlF.nds=Ir+I,.
Bei(oue
F') Tp6noq:
sssraz
'epo,
yourtvoq
6rL fr-f =-L
, --!
, +).
\
t
ttx, 442+2,

t\" ,,lt

"z,

..;-_4
, 2,
^ , + t u+

& 2 + 2+ z '

^, 4' +zz

. _-___:__
&' 4!' +2'

tt
I
E:;Z:;\
'troL E.voLr,)lrf?+1r,;7
ds=JJ,{t-,1,t;7ji:l:r"
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A.r,
lf.l

- Lz-n2.-2

dxd1=(f{x,U,z)=

dxd(F

_ [[ x.-1,.*' cya,r"
oro,r"n.
dxdr!3znn:.
[[ x'+'-n.-x,-,r,
[[ :L__
ih'z-x'?-t'?
l,
ii,
;;,, k" -x'-+'
4'q

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jj x'+l*'
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EL\a"
xoL
t.=llrio'iv as=...=
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)
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\,

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i

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dxdu=znR3.
Apa
ffios=t,,I,"*'.
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i(u,u)=Rouvuouvu
i+Rnuuouvuj*Rnuui,
eLuort
uEu [o,zn], ,.
,
[- + + l.
iu=(-Rnluouvu,Roovuouvu,0),
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).'Apo iu"i)=
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=nouvuouvuT*
=n' (ouvu
F[i(u,u)]
ElvdLd(6lo
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vuj*nurt)
lr.rou
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rou ulflou:
Oaxdvout/6
eeopt]oyi

Lir,,,rti",i"oa,.
JlFas-tJJi
9A
rou ir'iu (n n! nuuowu)
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ro ng6onuo
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elvdLeerLKioro 6vo ntLorloLpLo
'
/ -\
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\
/ .\\

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( o Ln u u < 0
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rou
ro io'i, xcreuO0veror[poc ro EorpLKd
rnq oqol,poc(elvquotdppono
i),'Erol 6xouue:
[[Fa3=n'
['-l ['/' orurdrldr=
t[[toru',o*'u+nu?uouviu+nu2uouvu)d,dr-R'
l
i

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4. Irb uroloyLdearo 6nLgcvelo(6
r=JJx'aqaz+x)rldzdx+;
ororr4poryo
s
6[ou S ELvoLn xullvbglKi Erll06vlo xz+rli'z=o'z,
nou neplopl<rol sn6 m sn[n6c z=0 KoL z=h. To !ow6Lo(.o dldvuouo i (orauo0vero! oro e{ulpLk6 rou
o uroloyLoglds tou

lr
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olorlnpdldros iruve otov c' tpdro.

159

rulav6pou.

noor:
H |(ulLv6pxl1 nlqdvLq exeL 6LdvuoliorL(i nopotrrprKi e{tdion iasuvoi+onuoj+zt
!e 0:g:2n, 0:zah, go unolovLooulero 616(oL rz=
vuouon. EtvoL r.,=-(trlllul+oouwJ+uf
= 0 i + 0 j +kl .
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'

:"

;s'i" I

EXoulE:

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ELvor0(6!0 t=x!i+x'zU,j+x'zzi.
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It* - tt. -

I=jrFdS=JlF.nds.
eo unotroyLooute
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vo[ nlqovEL(n6
o

E[6ouc.ELvoL:

f J F . i a sJ =
l t x ' , x ' , t , , )x{' oz u v , n !)0l i,o0' ; zl d 0 d z =
sI

=ff {c'ouvne+o'ouv'onut
r:'z0
) d]dz=
r"oeo..".Jn[J'"
{or:v"+ouv'zon
=muJ'nouu.eae=nnon.

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ro errLpqvglcr6
olaMorrn lliai, onoui=tezi-tzj.r
:

+3d, rtw oro q4tt Etc ETtm&lc erurdveLocs: 2x+3Ez=12, nou Sptdeto! rro nodnody6m urv oadvov.
ioq:
E a w LP ( x , i ! , 2 ) = 1 8Q2 (, X , U , z ) = - 1R2(,x , U , z ) = 3T0o. K d r o ! o v d d L o L o
6r.dvuouo
i ndvr,r
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*

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'Apo

i;:1oD!y>o - ttrouivos.-

160
go Kdvou!eeoouoyirou urnou:

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fSfio3=.
JJr-0,"-0.r.*ro*0,r.
A

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.
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':
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[]).:ula^au-

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dA
lI

'6.,.-

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'o''

=['rc-zrug ax={f

ls-zxtou,lax-

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o,u,o

6. It onolov[dEa ro en|'qov.rdx6 otro(tulpq[ oc npo( x0 qc

onc 0(x,0,2)=z ornv et('l.gLri 6{n rnc qatpoq ''z.{'z+|'z=1.

ouv6orn-

ioq:

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z=0 ntuoqolpuorqe s, ro Kdxo.b xd&@
bldvuolofi oto onueLo
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51 oxnuorl<et!a
lovqordLo
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6Ldvuolo
i
ro dLdvuouo
I rou d[ow z'z o[LoyoJv(o*.
(
sInv enLqdvro
s, oxnlort(ruE To dldvuoro rou dovo2 z ouglto vtjvlor. H npogol|lrov sr, s2 oro entlE6oOx{,elvaLo Kt(loq x'z+rr2=1.
'Ero[
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L:

rr.,^, *=/

r^

\ ,/f; | .ir f;

r -

j, --------

rv
/f;iti+t;
[

t"
lfirfi+fi

\.

ii'o

?.

rr((,,,2)=x,+,!,,2,-rr. ciuoufi=:
lxz +,t'z+2'z

/x' tt"'t"'1
'Apo

----{tx'+'),'+z'

o, z>0 (yLo ro tivo nuuoocipuo),cu ii.o

"u

z<o (y!d ro rdrd

t5t

uar-lf-,fi+uoro1"
JJ'**['s,t-n 'f's,.orau=.
[[,t*z,r,o
'd
'd
a
TI =zllh-vz-r'dxd{+zl ll oAnj aoldp=l
dl-fi-p'z)rdfi-p")'i
toLrr
J
tr
,o

*l'=z"t3l=
=rerl'[-3
1I
rr-o,r
.
'-!
J
L J
lo
LJJ
7. 15 unoloyrdea ro [!0qve.qK6ohoxMrt||ldl

ez)ddt,
ll tU-x"* lorur*t,l-zx,+az)dzO(+(x't
s
tru slrdri efl!|dvero
F(u,u).ul+(ur+Zu)J+of,
||e (u,u] [-t,t],[0,2].
A0or:

oKdvoulE
Egoeuovi
,ou,,rno,'s
ec*r,
JJiai.JJi.ias.
'd
i" ('t-x,+z
)i+({-2x,*zxz
Ij. lx,le,ti.
'Exouue:
Oounoloyaooule
ro 6Ldvuouo
i.
i"-1+lzu+ztJ+Ot,
ir=o?*O]*rt.'e'npo'
ooi"'iu' 12'r*21f*
1-t,j*i. ttuo' ox6roli,.'i,l=l7ifPiG6.
- t_,i.. -l
i*
i.ni

li'i"t

frrw*n

lzunPn "

--'

tI-.
'EroL6Xo0U:
,lF.nds=
5

= ft*-r".r,,r,r-rr,.r,,
,t,tx!""tl
[|
#

(2u+2,-r,0)dsg

2+zu-uz+2),Iu'1
=lfr,,
+2u-2u2+2uo),(u(u'z+2u)eu)l
(2u+2,-1,0)ds=
s
#
-llrc
u+2)lzu+z)-l'u|+2u+2uu
ds, ro oloKjupr,l/o
outd eL)+01jrufh
s

T n r o <1 4 , o e l L 6 a1 5 1 .
l,l.raoxnrariqoull o rorr ras ouvr..aruavs.
rivcr" x.u, 0.u2+2u,z=u.
lt

162
o' L6ouq.
w! enLeovloK6

'Apo

LvoLloo Ue:

llLtzu*zttzr.zt au"*2u+2u0)
@+Fi

--

liu'iududFII(su'z+6u+4-2uu)

'rs,'*,*-z,,ta,]a,=f
',
tro,'*,*tau=
$ .
f-,[f

OE6pnlra tnc (ttlor,\(,o(Dq { Odrgnga 1oo causst*

q ouvxd
Oeopo0ue
F=pi*j.ni, nouEl.voLopLouavn
ouvdptnon
oqv KovovLKrlKoL0povs6vn@epEdnEpLoXin, (ncn!),
ydyouq +

.+ , +

oro n.

!e olvexeLS!pLKdCncpo-

Eorr,rS lLd (treLari npooqvoro,\

Lo!avn rcL

qlnuotlKd letq enLodvLd,

rlou neplK^et.Lt*rtn orepednOLoxi0 KoL 6rL
ro llovd6Lolo Kdgeto ofiv gllLqdvLoS bLdvuotrdxoreugrrvetqLnpoc ro etorepLK6gepoclou 0 (n rLKd60n nq S e[vor n eq(lrreplKi),rdr
o EnoUEvoC
TUnouC
tou Gaussttr*,

LoXteL

-;1 . _e)axau
Jflrouvo*qouvs+nouvy1":ljJ(i

fll( *i - ;$. ,.aB

ffna,r,a,'oaxa.-naxau=
)axau,
sn

t).

0 r i n o q ( 1 ) n q L p v E rLl q l o g D A q :

d={(u,u)en'|

-1:u:1,

o:u:2}.

r*

c. Csuss (177?-le55): Iepuq!ds MairuarLrds.

* * * H . t r 1 0 d ! . L d s e i v d ! r o o r j v o o ot r r s o r e p e r i s r e p u o x r i s 0 .
**** 'H rdu rriros iou Ostroeradsky.
d u l B , o u v y i l a L r c 6 L e u s J v o v r ao u v n l i r o r o r o r j x r i o s t o u o r n r
.nLadv.!d s rovoouciou oucv,iorctosi.

163
IL-

(t

JJFds=
JJldivFdxd'ldz

12).

JJJa'"r*oua'
JJr.;a'=
s0

(3).

>rov trino (3) ro Kdrol.rovq6loao

i ornv rlLqdveLoS tXEL
6u6vuouc
ro! 0,
oqvTLKteopdrn eop6nposro Eur01X6
nsoqripnont:
olo|(lipolo o i 8 l6ouq
0 r0noq rou Gaussouv66eL dvo e(LeoveLoKd
ue 6va rpLnl6 oloxtripqo.
nopafilpl|on 2:
l.lern BoioeLorou rl]nou rou causs unoloyleou!0KoIon[qoveLoKd
oxclvowdl
and
ndpdlinlec
lo,(Inp6loro K,\LordrvenLoovLdiv,eqdoovour6c
aloelc flpoq rouq dovEcr(,rv suvrErcylavov ro notr|l oe 6uo onuLq. nopo6 L y l o r o1 , 2 .
nqpa[{pqon3:
0 rtnoc rou GaussyvL(0rqLo KlLdleqenLgdvaLec
tdroLeq no! uLEqnapdtrtrntres
npoq rouq d{ovc rr,Jvouvreroyuevr,lvvq rLq ouvovro0v oE
ou l,6Lclpoile rnv
IIploo6Tpo
dr(66uo on!Lo. fLo vq vLVELI yvLKcusn
S), o orp6ql'leorepednepLoxiQ (rrounoLKleleroLon6 xnv nLpdvei,o
pLox6qrov onolLlvor xiLor6qanle6v6Lecvo rdlvovrqL ro rotr|] oE 6uo onsueLqflpoqrouq dEoveq.:e KadelLo dn6 tLq Kl.L !er:o ofi6 nap6tr,\n^eq
fi6q a[LqdveLe,xdvouueEooplovi ro0 opiuoroq.
nogarilpqon4:
l4ern BoieeLqrou urllou rou Gaussulopoiu vo unoloyi.(ou!nLeoveLq(d oloKlnodltoro Ko! trn KlLmdv nLeovLdJv,
t,JqEis: tor,r n un (lLo[i
Ealedv6Lcs, 8opori!urs xord^trnlnnLedvLo
51, rdroLo nou I nledvLd
S lJSr vo [vqL KILmi. Ei.vqLr6re:
II II
=JIJI
JJ
I(

II II1I
s susl sr

An6 Tq 6uo relurqi,o oloKlnpriuqro ro np6ro ulloloyicero! 0116rov rino rou

Gauss,To 6 betrpo ElvqL 6uvcn6vvq unotroyL<To!
uKotrdjTEpo
01166TL To
opxLK6oioKligoruo,{nopd6etyuo
3).

164
np6rool:
II- -

II

( 1), lvoLLoo
To nLqovELq(6
oroxi'1poro
JIFdSJlPd{dz+Qdxdz+RdxdU
ss
o xde KiEtori, rUnUqrLKd
UToUn66v
trELoEnLedvLo
S rou ouv6iou O,
(ocnR'), 6rqv ro orivoloQ lvoL oniiq ouvox/lq,undpxouvoL upLKCq
[opdyoyor,o rdloq Tov P, Q, R, nou eCvorouvXLe
oro 0 KoL LoXiL:
.n
aR^

divF=; ' ;t +:i =0.

AYrtqrpoF:
Av oL ouvqprioEl( P, Q, R eavoLuLq qood ouvExdlq
nopoyt
vLoLueqoEoQ
(0clR3) xqr ro nLeov!oK6
oloxliprlla (1) .LwL Loo! ro un66vvlo Kde
xleLori, runtar!xd,\6Lq nrodveLo,16r Lox0e
L divF=di v( P1+qj*Rt)=0.

napa6eaVuard
1, ib fioloVroe('! tn 9oi8e!o rou ronourou Caussro onLoqveldt6
D
(xFx-0)dxd'J,6nous elvoL n K]\!sri gerlKd
AoKr'lpouo
Jrx'zd0dz{'?dzd+zz

Iloooovcrollop6q mlgilveLd nou n0lxAea6[ rt oE6pdlepLoxi:

0 = t ( X , U , z ) :0 f l s | , o t q r s l ,0 s z : l l .

Aoon:
..
tP
=2x, r n =2U, l D =2(xo-x-,t,t.
EtvolP=x',Q={.,R=zz(x'!-x-U),
ro
;i
Tt
ii

edpnUo
rou Gallsstox0rL, dpq:
I(

t'l

JJx'zd{:az+u':azax.2ztxrr-x-,!)dxdu=lJJI2x-2,r.2(x{-x-0)td
504

=l

'r
,t u, t',-,'_r
'!d'!
i l;z),=r.
J.l.2xdxd'dz=2J"xdxJ
J.dz=f'loL
2. ilq unoloyldea ro 61rlFrrerqd oloKAiqdtoll(ri+'Dj+zk)ds, firou
-d

e[vq! n e[aqdveLoIr|q q[Lpoi

noocro 6Er).

(rpooovd[ollotEvn ('16
X'1r+'z+z2=R2

!oo

165
Aodl:

.;y -;1/) a x a +'6'

,r*. JJros.
a
l l l' =
l t * t . rt a x a q , a ' =
JJJI-rr
fflo'";o,o+0.=
=rlJJo*o+or-tror*o.
oqotpcq
oxravoc
Rl=3+nR'=
+flR'.
'h'
3. Ilo unoloyLooa
!s rn 8oi0!arou rtnou rou 6aussro mlqcvErc6o
-ix'i+'j'zri
ror$ftip t=lltds, 6nou
rol s elvol n enrqdvelo
uEellouon
s
x'.{'.2'=o' (o,0).
I0oI:

, = o tR
E r " o,[. h d i =,tr{\ f f d+x - +, u ) . jdl z ) a x a q , a(.1 ) .' E x o upu=x iQ
, =
I
=z',

fr

= 3 x ? , = r 0 ' , = 3 2x' :o L0 = { ( x , t , z ) F I xR' '.:r r : . z r : o , t A

. po
;t
#
t--

II

fLo vo unoloyLoou!e
n {l I 6LvL:I=JJFdS=
ro reLnA6
JJ.l3tx'z-U'),:))dxdudz.
SO

oloKiipr,rlq!rooxnUc!i(ou!o orpoLpLX6C
ouvTeToy!6v6C.
e6rouUr:
X=0nUqouv,0=pnUonte, 2=pouvq

ELvqL
0.p:o.0:8:2n,0:e.n, iii##

=-o'nrr. roo,

III

r -'lhl l' : r x . ' , r ' , 2 ' r o x c , 1 lal , =

n3
u1
o ao .l u o =
l l 331e , o ' n l o d e l d g l cde0l=
,o Lrolro

= 3 . z n t - o;uLvi o l f , n o 5 .
I "=
4. b unoloyldel ro entqoveLdd
ol*1,truro [[iai, Onoui-oi.oj*zi

ro! S n dlLgdveld mc rylfc

x'z+{!'1+2'z.l,nou Bpl.orerdl fldv0,cn6 ro d!(.n60 0X0 npooavaroltouCvn 016 tdoo [poC ro CEr.
l0ol:
H nLqdvloS 6v elvoL (IeLoEi. oopo!!rnv enledvELo
S.: z=0, !E

166
x2{?!1. H nLedvElo
SuSr lvor (trLori. 'Apo:

-fl (1).
i,e=[[r,i.[[r,s*
f[
ft=
fl
'.'
su-s,
6',
ii si's,6',
0o unoloyloouleto oloK^ng4lorotou 6urd9ou ua^o0qr4c (1). Tro ro ngdrroolortulpouo
!(ovonoLotvroL
oL llpo0nooaoELq
xou titDu Tou
Gauss.'A@ LvoL:

ll --III|

^lL

rrr

tl
*s=Ul(fr- iil - #,)*ou"=;11(0.0*1)dxdudz=l'|,dxd'r
lrn0

To rlaulcLo rplnlo olo(ltprruo noptordvel6noCe[vol ywror6rov 6yKorou

'Apo:
oteporl
n (nouLva!nuLoqoLpLo).

EL!\dL o(6!tr

'ai--- IIoo,o*0.
* ,,,nolew( 6[v!:
JJae=Jf
5r
Trq

Sr

g," g .
fr,l=
5. tb yl.vg! err|Moauq rou nou rou Gaussii vlo m ou\dplnon
=(zx-zli+yrgJ-trz1 ro! vLd trlv tllodl ml|6veLo s, rou [Ep!Kl(!

F"
rrl

oEetdrcprox{0, s. {X:o,X:t,}0tFt,z-0,2-t}.
(tl. Balt: Engineeringltathqbtics, ot6o 750)
Abd'l.

ei""' fia3=JfJc,-oz+Rz
(1).
)dxd'rdz
90

EXouuEl

jffrl<,.*"ro*0,r,*=J,1,
l:t"+" . qp.4g:r]axaua.=

=I,I,J',,*.-o.,** ?# ]'o']neJ'[J'r',,-,rr,],,r*
"7'"lf"P,.,,,'
*r

To '-,,, 6L6rL ro 6Ldviorota

'H
riros rou ostloAradski i

i, i rxnuo.iqo,u cuareio rovia.

rriros tol Oreenoro 1R3.

167

=l a,ll lz.x'-xlax-rlzx4: - 41 | = I
Elvor Loo u

. nporo 6c0repo
utrosrnc (1)

6 . 0o 6iEouurdrr xo! ro flp6ro ud^ocdxel lnv l6la rLui

To drep6 Q E[voL 6vo op0oy6vlo mpo^]\nienl,nEdo,nou onorJ\LToL

on6

n r q d v L cSqr , 5 2 , 5 : , S q , s 5 , 5 6 , u l L o 6 o e Locv ! t o r o r . x xo = 1 i x = 0 , G 1
{F0, z=1, z-0. EroL axolU:

r( tr r( tt
A t . , I I t" , . _ I I +jJ
U +ll,ll,ll-ll

tPFds=
tPF.nds=JJ
sl s2sssrsss6
s

t2t.

yLo rnv xdoe EnLqdvELo.

0o unoloyLooupE
ro Kdrero
lovsbtqlo bLdvuolrq
'Apo
T L c r n v c n L e d v e !S
o r e a v o rf ( x , U , z ) = X - 1 = 0 ,
o u v o =*
, ouvB.o,ouvy,

ll

=0, Lpo i=i. fro rqv err[edvLo

S, elvor. i-j,

yr.o rnv nLpdvlqs5 eCvo[

yLotuq enrqdvLc
i=t. Enoudvoc
s,,5", s6 eavoL
i=-i, fr=-i, fr=-t, ovtLoroLXq. EToLaxoulE:

ql

It- tr
[{2x-z)i+x'zui-xz)r]ids=
lJF.nds=ll

= l l ( 2 x - z ) dlsl ={ 2 . r - z ) f di u d z =
= l l l ( 2 - z ) d { , l d [r 2l , ] , - z 0 l ; d(,2- -l z ) d z =

=I 2 z +
- | -;.
AvdlovoCXou!s:
I--

tl

B ) l l F . n d sl l=( - 2 x + z ) dlsl =f{ -2.0*z)drlldz=l I

'vz

lolo

zataz=
i -

vt lli'ias=llx'+os=
ll"ta,a'.1
|| x ' a x ] t z = { .
i,

5r

Tx,

(t--

Il
- xJ,l, l d lsl =
- xl l, . 0 d s = 0 .
6 ) J lF . n d s =

sr

5r

sr

158
)

oE)

lJr.;"=JJr-*,,r"=
ll-x.1"dxd,!=l
|| "a*]a,r=-{
sr
ss
Txo
d'l=o.
x .0'zdx
ff;.;a'-Jf-"os=
JJ
se
Tx,,
ss

'Apo

fii,n+.+.+-+=+
'EroL

ei,voLLoo

loLndv ro [pdiro !6loq rne (1)

u"+.

06pnt8 rou Stotesi

Oopo0ue
tn ouvxiouvdprnon
F=pi-qj.n[, nouLvoLop!o!6vnorn dro(0.1R"),
npLoxi
0,
OLroottsv !!n!qtt(d leaq(cL qnli,npooqvoto
9d
ltolavn, ovoLKrinlqdvLo
S nou 6XELoov o0vopotn 0TLKd
npooovorolL
otevn** (t,lqnpoqro fi), onli, (lL(fti, ltd {dtn0trnc. yloocrorrgadrL
q' rdteoc, oE (dOor}
Sso KoLdrL n F 6xer oLlvxac
lepLKecflopovdrvouq
uelo Inq S. Tdre Loxteto xonoq:
(1).
( j: -.31
(.$-ff,)axa,r,
ff (;g--3s
f 'o,.oo+"a.=
)d,!d,.
)oax.
Av ro Kdeeroo[nv enL0dveLo
S lovo6Lcao6[dvuoudfi 6x[ ouvrexovtl!
(ouvo,ouvB,o!vy
veq
rdnocypdeEraL
:
)***, r6Teo nponyoitravoq

f ,a'.oao*a'=JJl(S-g
)**.(#-'3i
)o,uo*

.(4g)*"1,r

'

t2) -

c. Stokes (1319-1903): Iptdv66s tiagrldtLrdE.

'*

[ o v r . r 1 , . : o o p c i6 u " y p " o i s r r g c o c o p e : c r n a o p d r L v n d f s n d p d r n p n r r t ,
r o u x L ! . i r d L x c r d u r i x o s t n < x o r n j r r s c , u e t p r j r o , , i o t . n xeaari rou vi 6.1s w 3 s r r { a u @exds opwrer! rou.
xreu rn gerurrl oop,i ro,: i re, n enLa{irLo
*** Bl;ne oeri6a 22.

169
0 rlnoq rou Stokesno[pveL0(6!0 KqL tLC lopetc:

$iai.jj-ti.ios (n f;a;JJ.,"rr.;)

(3).

[fri.ir;rs
f ia;=

(4).

Fdr=llrotFds

(5).

lJ(v\F)ds
9Fdr=

(6).

noporig0dtl:
0 rinoc ror, Stokesouv66E!
6w EnL(opnr^[o
oloKlipouaB' ea6ouc !
avo [LFvLdK6oloKfulpouo
o' i I el6ouq.
fbpqr|lmq 2:
0 r0noqrou StokesLoXoeL
nou ro o0vopornc enLKoLotnv nEpLnl(,on
s
0dvloq onorle{'roron6 ftdqope( xopLot,( Koln0lec. :rnv nsgtntoonouri ro enL(olnillo oAo(lipouo
rou nfthou ld^ouctnq (1) ro llolpvoulcKad
(oun0lov[ou onorlo0vro oivopolnc S.
Loudvov
lil(oq r0iv npooovoroJ\
noportprpl 3:
H oloKlnpN6oouvdprnon
tou dEurCpou
ut^ouqrou r0r|ou(2), yO60rc!
ouvd ouvB ouvv
aa3

xoL:

siTO',
PQR

lbFolq|at

4:

:xerlxd ! Tov op!o!6 Tou ouv6pout/Loq rnLqdvLoqS KoL rov npooovorolto!6 rou noponegnouU
srn oE/\L6o21.

nomdlmol5:
Av n (ountAn c 6lovp&t6rdL Kord Tnv opvnrui popd, 16r dro evd !dloc rurv nponyouuevov
rinov lnqlvE! !o npdoltlo "-,,.
nopotiloidt 6:
l4ETn goioEls rou rinou tou Stokes !Ilopo0! vq unoiovi,oo0!avo enL-

170
qove!oK6
oioKiiEllo

I(- *
(!e ovoy0rvi
o 6vc nLKoun0trLo).
:rnv nEd"Irt(,f
llods

rrou:
orl ouri npalrEluo noo"ourooloour.
ur.oouvdp on f=1r,q,n1,teroro
(1). Av K, A, M Elvor oL yvuqrdqouvrErqyr6veq
d
rne ouvdprnortq
rotid
Pz-Rr=n,Qx-P{-14){:). H lion tou ouorilror6re n (1) 6lvL (&t-Qz=K,
q[6 rLq (:) lLo
roc (:) 6LvLrLe <4ro0uevq
P, Q, R. fla R=0Bplo|(ouu
lr, no, ,*ouoi, nou LKovonoLsl
rnv (i). Kdgedtrlnouvd0rnon
ouvdprnon
(
1
)
6
L
v
e
r
q
L
F
,
=
F
+
g
r
a
d
q
(
x
,
U
d
,
z
n
)
o,uq ( x , | ] , , 2 )u L o
n o L lr n v
ordrn ox6on
ougo(.pq
6loqopLoLpn
ouvdprnon.
H LKoviKoLovcyKoLo
ouvoiiKn
vlo vo Lox0Ln (1) Elvor diva=o. (nopdbELyuo
5).

nqPd6LYgsrd
I
1, 6[vro! n ouvdfinonF=3iti-xzj+{2'z(roL n enlg6velcs, !s eqlq,|on
'Eovr
E +
.
c n rounoAnIIou E[voLn roui rnq Enr{tveloc S, tr ro en(.n6oz=2. lh vaver emhlgauonrou rtnou rou Stoles.
("Probl6!esd'Analyselath6Btique" A. Lmoie)
A0on:
0o Etolnee[ooutiETov rino

EtwL:
9Fdr-UrotFds.

r1

ij
l,l=rotF=

a3

ax ;U I
3|]r-x:

l=lz?+x
)i*oj*t-z-:tt=fi,

r:; I

II
--tl
,
x ,= 0 ,R = ( - z - 3 )A
. p a , J r o t F d s = r J Hf id)s.
u p = z ? + q

SS
0o unotroy{,oouue
ro EnLqoveLqK6
olo(lipopq ro! 66uidpouudlouc rnc (1)
tI- -

Il

tourrlnou:JJltas:-JJ(-Pz\-Qzt+R)dxdU.
EtvoLz(=x, zr=r).
uErn BoiELo
sA

'n'"
x'1'
x'1' *laxa,r.
- ')'x-x.Jjfrae=-JJt-r',*)x-00.{-z-3)tdxdu=ll
f(
f
3
i"
*

E[""" i.i.o.

171
ro reIEUroLo 61fitrd
fLo vq ulotroYLoou!
ELvoLA=!{(x,!r)n'z: x'z+0'1:4},
06rou!e x=pouvg,
oloK^ip0ruo
o noiLK6qouweroY!6vEq.
lerooxnuorl<oute
'Apo:
(Fpn!. ELvoL0:ps2, 0<0!2nKqL -!l+*J =p.

pouue-p'o,u'.
.:laa,rl l { p(9'
[[l(r+!_)'--r-.
$a *)aolae(
.
|
.)
/
)
'o Lro \ i
"iu'

,d,L\

,\oyloouuE
ro olo(trioolq (DFdr. H
Kountln c aXLe(LodoLq
x'z+0'z=4,
qe
z=2. 0L nqpoUETp[K6q
LodoeLq
c tvoL x=2ouvt, tFzrtttt, z=2,

t [0,2r], ue dx=-zn!tdt,
=2ouvtdt,
dz=0.'AE|o:

dU=
x'?+r!'z=4

(zouvt)2
(zouvt)+ol
{-t znu't-eoru'tlat=
- at=t['n
6tdi=r["' - t3(2nut)(-2nut)a
I
= - j " ( 1 2 n u ' t * a o u v ' t ) a(t4=n- Jr '.t * 8 ) d t =4- 1
Bdt=
n ,! ' t d t - l o
= - a l2 t - l ! r t

(3).
]'"-8lrll'=-+n-rsn=-zon

An6 (2) KoL (3) npoKirrrEL

n <ntolJ!v4efloh10EUon.
2. BEtjf,FtvErnv nptuerro c rou rprydrrol, 0AB rpod\EEolrolr.m,
qdaveml oEo oxih!,nou gptoKero! oro

mrneooz={ - ^v E-3o,i.4zj*6xi,vo
unolovLoeLro mlKo|nrtllo oloxMpo-

* fio;.
*

I E;uL I rpoB.Ii lrs .nuodr.uoE oto rin6o ox{,.

fir.s

172
Aodt:
to enlrd!fl0llo oloKlip{,,lou rn Boioe[dtou ttlrqr tou
8c unolov[oorru
t--I

--

nlo6velonou 6_
Stokes.ELvoLI Fdr=llrotFds,6nouS eLvoln rply0rvLKi
r(oLeLwL npooovoto,\
Lo!6vn oc npoq
xeL o0vooornv aeplgerpotou rgLYdivou
(c[e0guvol
npoqrd lrdvo' El,vdL:
fi, nou exr
ro uovo6Lolo6udvr:ouo

il

ll

roti(x,,rr,z)=l
+ + + l=-ri+jxl,i.
|

-3u'z 42

H erLpdvelas axe! eqtouonz"+.

6x I

ox0 6LvLro
H npoBoli qq oto enLne6o

nlupri,v
tgLvovo0AB', !E iLodoElq
x.0, 0=0, x+0=2.0o srop!6oouutov
P=-4,Q"-6, R=50,zx=0,2!=1l2, Awt
r0no (5) rnc oIL6oc149,E(vor

[o+'],--ax=
ll.otla3-lll-r-o.or+r]+ulaxau=l
|| c.o,rta,rlax+l
E
1'
-rf',"*o',*=,0.'noo
f"iairo.
3. tb uroloyrooet gE tn Eo|loELo
rou r0nou rou stokes ro EtrLrdunolLo
olorligrryo I=

(z+x)'zdx+(zr{)'zd!+z'zdz,
6nouc Eavol I xlLonl,

ngooowtollq|Cm rqlttl||

0.t!x6

tx'zr{'z=|,X+22.2}.

Mat:
s={(x,'!,2)]R3:
1,
H Kq!fliln c EawLro orvogorqq enLedv6[oq
x'1}o'?s
ro
eeopuoyi
rou
r0ltou
rou
Stotes.
x+22=21.b ulrolovloouue oloKlipr,,lo!E
E ( v o Lp = ( z + x ) 2Q, = { z . t ) 2R
, = z ?u, . i U - 0 , # = 2 ( z + ' ! ) ,i - = z t z . x ) , a x=
=0. 'Aeo:
=0,
;i "0, ;0
t

Il

I.0(z*x)idx*(z{)'d{i*z'dz-ll[0-2(z+U)]dudz{[2(z+x)-0]dzdx*[0-0]dx
II

=2ll-(zq!)dudz*(z*x)dzdx+odxd0
(1)
s

173
0! rEpqutpLKcq
allorioLqtnq KoUn0trnq
S aLvq! x:pouv, 0=pqug, z=
=t-{oouvg,

o4=2n, o:p:1, o unolov[ooutr

ro n[qcvaLoK6
olo(ripol.oE,

6Eur6oou
!d,\oucqs (l), u In BoioeLorou r0rlou(2), rqq oil6os 147.

p, ;i;ifri =zpnlssuwt.var ;i;i6j = i enu's++

eou"s=+
--lonueouve=o(qL l=i(pro): 03psl, 0!0:2n), Apo:
I=2Jl-(znl,ld{dz+(z.x
)dzdx+0dxdU=
s

=zfJf-('--|
-(r-{ -"'o)o]aoae=
- *,"e,n,e)3
ii''

ttrt"

--l ll

^,

'l

( p - + o u v + p z a u o l d 6 l2dnpp=dl p = n .

4. F umrov!4t.ro n!Fv!or6oro.rrtn fliuS, droos ecvoln

ii
nqdv!s tt Erdvrrqgrrril roqrolri
eEl,6t:
i(u,rl)=(u,{{,)i+2u0j+(u,-u,)l (|},
(u,u) l0,tltl0,ll mr F=roti, 6nouF (rf+z'2)
l+fiz$'z)'+(lz+x'1)[.
Aod|:
0o kdvoulE0apuovirou rulou

jj"otdaS=
roustokesi
F=
fdai. eo.ro,t
ll

=rot6, o nponyo0levo(
r0noqvodeeroL
JJfdS-9rd;.

0o unoloytoouuE
ro oi-

Sc

vopoc rnq nLodveLoq

S. llponyouldvoq
eo Bpouua
ro o0vopo
rou ouvd^ou
T, nouovir.L ro (.|jyoq (u,u), onloodrou T=[0,1],[0,1]. To srivoloT ElvoL
rerpdvolvo,
! Ldiolc eu06vu=0, u.0, u=l, u=1. Enotrtuiqro otvop6
rou aT, opleEroL
on6rLq aLcrloeLq
ll=0, u=ot u=l, u=l. ILvoLyvoord 6rL
E
ro otvogoc rnc enLqdvaloq
5 ooleroLon6 In ox6onEi(aT) (6nou
'EtoL
=i(u,u) n llot,lonxnc E[Lqdv.Loq).
^o[n6v:
o) fLou-0(or u [0.1],txouuE
r n v ( o l n u r n. , , E i 1 o , u 1 t ! 1 u ' , 0 , - u ' ) .
F ) T L ou = 1x o Lu [ 0 , 1 ] , c x o u t Er n v K o f i l l n c , : t s ] t l , u 1 ! ! { t . u " , z u , t - u " ) .

174
rnv Kourdlnca: i=i(u,0)!!(u'z,0,u'z),
Y ) rLo u=0(oL u[o,l], 6xoug
6 ) T L ou = l ( o ! u e [ 0 , 1 ] , 6 x o u ut.t 1 vx o l n r l l nc { : L i ( u , 1 ) ! 4 ( u , + t , 2 u , u , - t ) .
'Aporo o0vopo
qq enLqdvloq
S tvo[ c=crlJc, UcaUcq.
To or:,vopo
rou ouv6trou
T ( rou rETpoyrivouoABf)geooo0u
drl 6layod0eroLKqrd
rn 8rL(i eopd {qopdowi.Setntnq KLvnonqrov 6EL(xdrv
rou golovlo0),Enlo6iKord rn eopd0-A-B-f'0,
16r 6!oqrn u.
0Llypouuo
ruiloro 04, ABoLqypdeovroL
Koxd
tn oeilKi* Oopd,Evdro euo0yooUlo
r!|1!oro 8f, f0 6loypdeovtdL(ord rnv opvnrr(i qo9d.
EiwL yvuot6 6rL 6rov !o oivooo rou T dLoypdqEraLKord lLo rpoOd,r6rE Kord rnv L6[o oopd ELoyodqror.
xo! ro oovo9ornc anL0dvraq,Enolevoc
n
(oxd
c
Ko![0An 6[aypdqrsL
rn oerLKi @fld, 0r cr, c! (oL ovt(droLxec!,t
AB,0A) ELoypdqowoL
r(otd tn SerLKrleopd, evd)oL cr, cr (oL ovrLmolxec
rr,rv T0, 8T) dLoypdeovtoL(otd tnv oovnrL(li 0opd. 0o Bpo0uerLc nopouErp!(tq etro'r,ioLc
t{r,\,crt cz, cr, c{.
o) 0L no@UErpLX6C
Eqlo6oLC
I'lq c, ElvoL X.t,0=0,2=-t (V!o ur= t),

u et 1 0 , 1 1 .
rnq cz l v o Lx = 1 + t "
Bl 0L nopoterpxdq EE[orloaLc
! t e [0,1].

r ! =2 t , z = l - t "

v) 0L mpolErpLKase[oroLcr4s cr e l v o LX - t ,
! t e [0,1].

U=0,

6 ) 0 L [ d p a l E t p r k d ec r o 6 o e Lqqq c { a v a lX = t ' z + l , [ = 2 t ,
! te [0,1].
'Apo

lt

dxoule

-r 1 =( l - sor

z-t,
z=t2-1,

-J .l .J =r,-r..rr*r-.
rivdL
JlFdS=9ddi-l
sc

( - 1 , ]t =
{ ' I i r . o - r - r t rt r ' r - t t ( - t ) + 0 , ] o + [ 0 ( - t ) +) ]t d

175
E L v oo
L K 6 u Io, = l d a r = l | [ ( 1 * t ' ) 2 t . ( 1 - t ' ) ' ]( 1 + t ' z ) ' * L ( 1 *J(t 'l /- t ? ) *
'l

+ lzr)'z)lztl +l2tl1-t'z)+(1+t'z
)'z](t-t'z)l dt-'(.r.I.
ro I3, lr.
AvdioydunoloyleoulE
5. lih unoj\oylogel.rc tll 0o{08[a rou ranou rou stoles ro erlpove!(6
rI- -

oroxrnotrrro
ue eELwtz-/14-,lt''
JJia3,&ouF(t,i,t) rol s n mlodvLo
s
A0o0:

I .- 4".- _.
rov ri'ro ,.lrotods=rPodr. nganelenottv0rc vo Bpo0!
eo eeopu6oouu
sc
(t).
pr.oouvdptnonr
t(p,Q,n), tetouorlote roti=i*i.l=l
(
&
r
Q
z
)
i
*
(
P
z
R
x
)
i
+
(
Q
x
- P u ) k+= i + i . k
(
1
)
A 1 6r n v
noo(tnrEL
+ t\-qz=l, P"-R*=l,Q"-P*=l1 (2). Ynocrougs
x{,plcg^dgntnq Yevt'Erot
P"-1, Qx-P,i,=1.
oL (2) 6lvouv:-Qz-1,
K6rntoc6tr R=0!r6rE Rx-R{=0.
bavouvQ=-z+cr**, P:
ELo6oLc
Or,6uo npdreq6ro0opL(dq
!e oloKtripoion
=z+c|**. Erar n ipcrn vpdeetoLl
a c . - a c . =l c ^ = 0 a c .
a Q- a P- t + a ( - z + c r )- a ( z + c r -) 1 .t -5f
:
+
Tf
ax::r
dx dru
dx
dqr
+

c!=x+c+
cr-xt
'ApooL ouvreroyudveq
P,

6 EavoLP=2,Q--z+x,R=
Q, R rnc ouvdptnonq

=0. [ro[ IoL[6v eLvoL

i
III

rouids=
I=llFdS=JJ
I zdx+(x-z)dt.
ss
S,6n^o6i e{.voLo (6(loq x'z+
H Kqurl0lnc eivor ro o(vopornq enLqdvLoq
+02-1, SErLKdnpooovorolLoudvoc.0L ropo!rprK6q ELo6oe[Crou (dKlou L'Apo:
voL X=ouvt,U-nrt, z=0, t 10,2n],
I!.

ou
l v ' t d t = l + *! ++i | = n .
l l F d S = q z d x + ( x - zt o) doUu=vlt o u v t1dot =
L'
lo

EilaL

divF=div(i+j+k)=0.

r*

.ilaL

cr=cr(x '{),

Aod

c,=c,(x,0).

urripxeuouvdptnoni,

"&"*

"""..d=1.

176
ArdFpo! olorhp[rElxoar0rc!.
Yllogftou!6r! s l,vor lrLo Kllsri nlodveLo!a 6uo dusLerlou e[vo[
leLo i Korduilgcro lLo. Eor(,t0, {0.n") n orepedrepLoxi IIou naptxldq(6!o 6rL:
roL on6 qv EnLodveLo
S, YloedroutE
o) To o0vopotnc sreg8dcnptoxic 0 rauveroLond uoaeqmpdl]\nlq
lpoc IorJC6{ovecoe 6uo xo nol0 onueLo.
T. H
9) H orpdnEproxf0 ngoBdllerdl q[o efitfi60X00o avq X{,Jplo
Kutrlv6prKil
eflLqdvelorpoBoliq rou Q qro enl,n6o
oXUu vevarLpc
nopdllnJ\Eqllpoc rov dEovo0z eodflrErolrnq ItEgLoXiC
0 rord t]Lo Kotnitrn c nou
(ov6,\ow
Loxtouvy|.o rLq nooFoleq
xnp((Lrnv anlqdveroS oe 6uo u6gn
rou Q oro enanoEo
0{,2,ozx).
Mrrc nponyo0lavq
noo0no06oelc
Loxoolvo! r0noL:
q) olo(lnfirELk6cr0noc gind:
gradfdxdldz
[*t={l'.;o'.{ll
sso

{1 ) .

6rlou f Cvor lLo npoyuorr.(i ouv$qon f: 0 +lRr

ero ornv EnLedveLo
S 6Ldv!o!0,

(or i io lovo6LoCo
Kd-

B) 0loKl,lpt.rlL.6( tonoc div:

Isr,i=
JJr.;"=
Jffoin*o,r,o,
st)

t 2 ).

6nou F LvoL lilo 6rovuq/or[K olvdpqon rO[riv lEroBlnr{jrv (qr i ro

6Lqlo kd8toornv nLedvLo
S dLdvuotlo.

!ow-

y) oloxhp$Lxdc r0noc rot:

'-.r*or,o.
fJ;.roe
Jff
s0

Rodica rraodafir:

"I4&te@rici

(3).

superioare"

(Edit@

Facla 1975). od., aj

177
6) ngarocoloxllp.nudc r0[oc rou Cren:

'asr;as=
tt'+as=Jfr,
JffIr*r.rtsr*,0.$"s]axa{,0.

:c an

(4).

6noue, g l.voLBqu0ir6c
ouvoprrloelqu ouvxaclep[(6e nopoydvouc
6eut6poq rdr,ls.
e) Aeftcaocotroxlnporuaoc
rlhoq rou Gren:

-o{
ara,r,a.
flf 1r.t,n-n.t"r1
)us-ll rc*rs.vor;os=

[I0:*

(s).

TLqrLq e Kor g r.oxtouv

oL unoe6oELc
rou nponyo0uevou
x0nou.
'AAleqa(opaloLc gr.d,
rov
div, rot
ordpo0le
rnv npoyuorL(rl
ouvdprnon
e(X,U,z)kol rn 6mvuotlorrK{
o!vdp-nonF(p,Q,n).oL 0 KoLor.P, Q, R lvoL uLqeoodouvxdl(
nopoylJryLdLlec
oro ovolkrdxr,rplo
E"n'. ooporrue
koL rn uloBlnti orepdnepLoxdOcE.
'[orn d, a0
(o!
Lou6vo,rulgtLxd
leLo
n oLduerpoq ro oetLKdngooovorol
olvoporou 0, cvrloroLxo.'EcrooK6!oI.l(X,U,Z)
6vo otopdortutorou 0.
T0ryLo d + 0 Lox[ouvor en6uvoL
rtnoL:
-.
1) gradr(tl)=

d-O

1
n

ho3

a0

Srot

2)

d i v i ( M ) =i m
l 1
d*o l0l a0

3)

roti(M)=t
in -! Sa3"F
d,o l0l an

(! l0l oulBolLcoule
rov 6yxornc orEpEdq
npLoxi(0).
fu6 rLq nponyorlevC
oxdoeLq
npoK0nrL
6TLro ovd6IroWooelweopnoi.6rL opLCroL
qfl6rov ttno:
'

t,"" *

a'

= 1s.,' + '.' $
6 r o ui = ( n r . n z , n s )r. i v o eo r r i d|
d!'
".=rigri,

* d* lqT,S.i :"1 *,
12

; , . - & - l G - -t& .
axz

a.!

az2

178

_-LSai
o=,,,n
a*olol iir
Ilqpq6E [Ypcrc

l. Av Gd'i,
II

drou d elvou 6vd or(oep66l6vuorotou R!, w 6e!x0E[6-

II]

rr: lln.fids-d
llJrotndo=o.
sn
A6on:

rov oAo(Ine{,rrLK6
** ot", Jft';"=JJfdivido. oerous olo
oe(,ipot!
6eixepo!6loc Gd'i,

on6renoox0nteu:
It

tlt

tlr

oo3 tlll
lli'ias=)lllorvtd,ir
rdrot&-drotitao=
lll (o-droti)d0=llldrotido=
!,
t,t
ttt
,t
t,
sn0n0
lll

aat

= - dl l l r o t i a o . ' m ol l i . i o s * d l l l
"otUo=0.
ns0
2. Av n oundpqol o(x,0,2) etvd! dplovrrlle,vo 6Lx0E(6tL:

lle.!9ds=lll(srao).d0.
(ai
"i
l6dt:
rino rou Green (0rl[60 177). Bd<oodporiuerov npiEo oAoKInpoELk6
fi

^-

llt

lll

(eLvroqdEUs roq npo*unre":

lll (srado)'zdo
llo 4 as='A''
lll I t{qlz*q?'qlan=
'J

,'i

";

voL V'zq.-9-l! + i-l! + Lv =0, qdoovn ouvdpfion Q eavoLopuovL(i),

ax'z a0'z a2z
*

Br;r. oIL6d1a, rino (1a).

**

M L ao u ! . i p r n o n e ( x , { , , 2 ) I t r a !

uepe"ds rcpcrorou< ourexeis rcu

cplovux'i, ,jtor,3xeu 6eutdpos

4 9 * a ' ? o* a " p - 0 .
802
az2
ax'

rriEeos

179
3, Ay n ouv{pqq fk,l,z)

eavordtrovlrqi, vo oeueecote '6'

[[ { as+
dn

Aoql:

ttnocaivyr.oi=is)=
E[*, IJ ds4 JI(is)ids.(olortrnpuElxdc
#

(e.,r/or
=Jfl""rlrro"JfJot"ts'"ds)do4llln"odo'o
i2F0e06@v
n ouvdooo
prnon6lwr opgovlxil.
{. ^v o! oulEgdto8lc f (ot g E(v!! d0|pyrrlc,

lrq 6U(OE( dt!:

lt as.llg
llr
-d {an as.
ii an
A0orI
t0noutou or.n
Etvq[V'lf=t'!s=o.'Ero! to 6c0r6oou6loctou 6e0tepou
eavorun66v.Ercr,vo(:

* ,s,
* [[r{ o-[[e{ar*
*.{)".
fl(r+
f['q"=[f'4".
}d
.
an g an
a,i
a'i
ai
an
3
ij

r
**

tIt:6o 15' liaoE (4).

tsl':6d trr, r0ros (16).

180

AI BT{E' IXFI:EI:

l. ilo urolovld( ro snlFveiord olorMq46 o'

6nous s[w! n 61r!qdve!o
16 6ttml
(u,u)e [0,2n]r[0,t].

el6ouc

JJtx'-o"tas,
s
(a'0),

i(u,u)-oo!vulouuJ*u[

,\dot I

]"-oi*i.tt.
Aooi,"iu=cogvgJs4rrt-'6p*
E[vdtiu=-@ruui+oouvui*oft,
.o. Erou6v{,,q
+ li"'i,l=64uvziFfiT
el,vor:
u[ 'do',r6=u[ 6 ut=o t0o, ( ' " a , ( ' a , =
'l{I r r . + . r a s s '[i[ r " , - v z r : * o , n s , u ) oJ d
oro

-o'iuj;'tul;-zrc,.
2. tt unolovldc
ro erwovetc(d
"r'*Ur.

,f*l
Jf
s

os, 6noos e[-

w! n ndp& cupr .n!CvE!orou rdrvouIl * !l - 21 =o trt, 0rzs!, o,B>0

n'z a'z g'z
^|lq:
eo (dvolpa 0qgUoviroo rinou:

I.2ffi axau.
lls 6rtx,u,'las=
ll rLr,t,ztx,ull
H{1)6tvL
,-+ F.V - ,,=+ +,

rr={' r -$.

'eoo'

h'z+r'

-iEE
'Aeot I lllx'l+'r'l ds=
s
*

Tiros (1), oeli6a 135.

181
/o"+92

"|

A;at !['"['o.ooor"r
llf'At a-a,ef,
"a;t I dole"dp=
o!o
'i

zo'n,F+z
=+EE trr;'[ +
]'=+,6c'zn+ =
3. t& uroloyroger.
ro Enlpvlor6
ororMqd!I=lf

ffi

as, aro,

s sl.vqli sr,odvc!o
i(u,u)=uouvul+rlurjqrg,
1r,r1.1o,f1"fo,|1.
idq:
ELvaLi,=ouvul+nuuJ+Ot,
iu=-unpul*uouvuj*l

nuu o

lt-l
uouvu lllt
+

o """' **
ll-l
-un!'r

o l | r n o c( 1 ) r n q o e t r L 6 ot 3q5 . 6 a v e L :

,_
' - tf

t l / t + u - o u v . u + u . n ufi;o
.u

=t'
d uI

n'ulr =

I I - r n u u u o u u Iu
)(u'zn!'zu+uzouv,u+t)-(-uouvuntlutunuu-dvuO

li",fu

=tr;F.,E

u d u I=u l

a'a"=!j.6-nd auau=JJuauou.

' l -U,"' . tI
T'
| =-F.

4 . lih unoloyroea
ro sn.0qyElcd6
olaUor,rro

JJfx.+r-rz,)ds, 6nou s
S

elwt n enrodvELo
x'z{1,2+zr=4,
zao.
Atot:
d

rdvouue
eooprovrl
,ou',rno,JJras=JJ
r1x,rl,z(x,o)l
Lzffi

axau.
n

Elo&,on
rne entedvElasVpd@rolz=,/E+r:ir.
*

H t r o o l o r i d r r s e r e o < i r e e o sS o r o i i r . 6 o o x r , e i w ,
o xurrlxd< 6idros
x t + 4 , ,= o z ( n ( r ) r u " z = g o i v e u 1 r + , 1 , r = q r ;l e r o o x n u c t i q o u u e r c t d n u v
oe ro_
ILxas olvrerdt!a!s.

182

'Exouye
2,,-,.+,.+=+
,/A-x'-t))'

=1
tr;T;T
t-x2-tt'z
l/

./4-x'-,U'

. 'M n+$V+=

=+.
4-x'z-$'z /4-x2-{2

.no,
f[r,."+,-e."ross

. [[ 1*.-,r,-r1o-r.-*.1]
oroa=r[[
**r:
tr'+'*t *
' -+
/A-x"-'r'
/4-x'-q'
,'-i'
"'-i

"
e9? aelo+f
='l'"1{'
t J
,o
, . l{'(-p6' */ q - o , )o'1"/4-e2
L)o

Lr.\

=sl dsl l-p,/4-p,. -4

,o

)ap=

/4-pz t

,o\

4tol;'[l'+ (4-r')tdo-o'
rJ' ] p-o'r-rar+-o'r]=
lrz

=8n[|L+
{4-r')'l,-[zta-,'t']
;1-*.t.i.
5. tg unoroylooel.to En!0ov!o(6oror<Ir1e',rtl
[Jt0'z'd'x'z*x'U')ds, 6-

nou s e[wr I nL06vGroto! npo(0rre! an6 qv totd tou 6YtrIaoouq rou dt

(o,r>0}.
rou z'=x'?(x'?.nl'?),
!e rov Kolrv6pox'z{iz-zo({,
Adq:
H {t,ooonrnc en[06veLoq
atvo[
z,=x,{X,+0,).H rpogoli rns enrpdveLoqoto enlnEo0X0ELvq[ro x(,Jpto Tx+-{ (X,U)n'z: X'z+{'z-2ax30}. x
eo Kdvoorqoployi rou rtnou:

dxdu.EtvoL:
FLx,{,,2(x,'!)l/1+zi*zi
llrds-ll
s
rx+
, _

*I
r'x.+{r.

2,.= _59,/x-+{r-

=,px'-t:tllr"+ I
*

Aoo: /1,21,+zi,=

1* x"x' ., x'0" =

x'*,I' x"u'

=,{tir . Apc:

rivaL Tx0={(r,{)n', x2+'r'?lq}.MEreornlari(our oe roruris owte-

183

aaa,o=

l7
r*'rr"+'r**'{'1
[[tq',"*,"x"*r'u"tas=
[[ 1r,r,'-*'
'x1!

"

=rt.*, ll r*.u,.r,,t'.*.,1,'l
ae=.
cxu,prl -F '{d"' fL {iillil
..
r'nu.r*".e
1ael
'o
J
t*
t$ urolovLooet
s' ,tlouc lldT'as,
ro ErloqveLord
oAo(lip!,uo

o-

.'{

Ilou S

e(vo! n rugdtrleumerr,odvelo
tou rlvou .'= 9l (x'?{|,'?),
o<29.

Aodl:

H e[lorion rnc nLOdvcLoC

S VpdgEror
z=+ 'tx'a!' (1). H roli rou enLnt6o!
z=Blt6 rnv (i,)vr,|<i
nLgdvloi,vot o K0xtrocx'zr02=o2(nooKtnre[
ofldrnv (1),
yLo 2-9), eq e{rooU6ooulE
rov rtno:
I(I

/1*ltr+zl
dxdq.
llFdsllF[x,u,z(x,0)]
11,161
1=11x,,11en':
Xr.,lr:or), zr=

=*+,.,=++.ttwLo(6so
./x.+il.

t/x.+&.

EXOU!E

Ffl *or=
[nm,'"lJ*a,r,'
llerooxntqriqouue
oa no^Lk6qouvrrovldvec.edtoulrx=pouve,U=0n!0. El-

vo.,o:es2r,
o.o*, ${}*i =0.'r*,
K { i l o u u E1 o ! u r o q x n l d r L d u 6
EivdL o<ss+ , o:p=2cdwe,

184

p,papla-'/o-lF-| dolp?dp=
ll4?+t as-/s+_ '|0 ll
_'0
s

To,*a, .^,nl o' j" ^ EE

=?
l8f; lt l"=r"?t

oi

2 ^=iro',/a'+e'.

7, lb 6olovlo0ct ro drLwverox6ororrna+l I=fffxz+z)ds, ftooseaa

w! xc uila Inq enrodveroc
z=I+2,tlou8p[o(toruectromv r0lrv6po x'z+
Arrorl:
Elvor zx=f, z9-o, '|cd Fi{fi

-,/2. Erou6voq:

I-ffrxz-ozra+
o(d,et*{tiII
JJ,**,,r-r,"
Ax,l,

=a

((x+'!)
(x+2))rZdxduI

'"
(pouvo+z)dpdJ J'o'ot"r"e-nre)

=u "' to'*r"e*o'ouv+p'nuoouvo+zo'?nue
ae)de]
f [J'
-a

nre)ao1",'(] *""u!,uve*{ nueorvo+{

=# ^.
",,[+-+:q.*'" * -1*"')'"'
8, tlo unoloyLdEl ro ertqovelox6oforfrloqo llxds, dnouS (vot

qr{uo qq KUI['r6p[Kic En!9ilvaoc z2+x2=4, ltou aoordrrrql

x.0, '1F0, x=2, '1F2.

ro

aII6 ro E1rln6o

Add|:

tLvo,,z=1i7, ontre z,=

^ j-/4-rz , z{,=0. Apo "44-Z
"
t

=t/ I' - -1 =
V 4-\'z

H rpoBori rrs ereotlver,cs

s oro enine6ooxrl,eivou o xuxlLxds 6ioxos

185
= -J=

. t npogo^i rou rliriolo(

o0ro0 rnc eflLedve

Locqlo an{,n60oXU,

[vq[ 6vq opgoydvLo

nou opiaroL
0116rLq EUoEiC
X=0, 0=0,
{F2. Apo:

X=2,

'i{l*'=[['3-oror=
;; A-x'
=l ll 2x(4-x')-,dxld.l,=
,olro

ni

=I'o,r
['-to-r't'lorq-*'t=
=|+l'. |- zG-x, tl l' =ztz,4 =e.
f. ild unoloyrdea ro !8o66vE tn( drrgdvalo( S tr 61!vuo|!Eari ctaot i(u,u)=(u-ulL(u+u)j+uu[,ue (u,!] {(u,u)n'.: u'z{rr'z5l}.
(S. Ial ic: .fiatl|.atic.t Analy3i3.)
Itdct:
II

ttvcr e=ll.7,'i" dudrr.Exou!e

i"=1i.1j.ui, i,"-ti*tj*u[.
s
J

lr

i,'iJ=l r

l-rrul
=,E"AFi

kl

(u+u
=
u l" (u-u)i)j*t + li""i,l=,i{u--uF;Tt[F;Zz

=A ,ttli-*z

+lln ,triri

epo:

Enoudvocr

a"a,.n ll

u'+r'<l

h [ [ pF.z dode=
fr*Fv auau=
. ,21^r,21i

1r
=,tr| del + b,*z\rd.to,+z)=
!+ lo],''1
--, ,---:-1,=n
/, r, .

+ I

2tt(3''2')'

tIt
10, llo unolovlo6e('ro rleovELo<d
olo(lrlpqroJl;dS, 6nouS e(vol ro
s
qdgc l|tq enlodvLoc
rou ultp8olLroo
nopo8oloE
L6o0ez=Xl, nou KdFro!

186
.or r [!oL n (!t6odql

&nEplxd !16 rov r6lLv6oo lz+o2{'z

E|q Er!|6ve|'dq .!rd rov dEoYo z'2.

ev6c on|rbu

Nat:

Av (x,U) ei.,,,ar
avoorutornc nrgdvLoc,
t6re -4:Iz.
I.

II

).

-::
ll+ds=ll
'
's'

tI

=ll -:+

Il

'lpq,

/t.23*ziaxd{rll :
/1rx,n!,4(dt={n
ii h",.t'

npoBolirne rrLedveLoq
s eavoLto xorp
LoA=t(X,{i)lRa:
x2+U2:o2}. Mcro-

trT
oxnuorl(ouu
onot(aqouvrerovu6*c)=["[f
J.LioeJ

"J*=

-r]re.r6'a
r
)1.
1'"'*f,* ao=p;.'Ip6:-r
],*a*.; *rn(0.6.^1
ll. llq uroloyrdsa ro EnlqovE!(rdotorMpq6

(o' etoouct [[ras, O-

ii

ltou F(x,0,2)-2'zxo! S el,w[ ro rlhrd rrtc rulLv6oLxictrlpdvelocx,+f,.4,

|touEpaorercrlaroff rw srLn6&.vF0 xcr F{al.
Aton:
TI
IT
0o Kdvouue
eopuovi
rou trnou llras.lJrIi(u,u)j i.,iu'auau. ou noooSS

z=$al

tnc enLqdv
Loq
!8TplKdqqLodloLC
ELvcLX=2ouvu,qr.2n!u,z=u,
!
0 . u . 2 n , 0 : u : U + 1+

0 : u - . 1 + 2 n ! uH.
6LovlouorLl<i
nopoperpL(i eiLooon
eivsL i(u, u )=2ouvui+2nuuj*u[ +

[- X'*\l'=4

+ i,=-2aqui+2ouvu3+0f,
i,=0i.oj*11.

j
i
rl
_|
Eroudv',rq:
ru.ru=l-2nuu 2ouvu
0
| 0
=zouvui+zauui+0i
=' li,,i,,l=lE
F i i ( u , u ) ] = u ' ?E.t o ra x o u ! :

0
l=
1l
;t-(dt;ii;6t

=2. ElvoLdK6uo:

1."'au=i I
1"r,.r
[[,.,[|".",*J,';1'illlil*=-?

(1+2ntu)3du=

187
=-- |

( l+5ntu+l2nu'?un!3u)du=...

't2. tb unoloyrdearo mLeovelotdolorMqqro a' efoo,rq

ff1lta'1ds
s
qc oootpocx,.i{,+2,=1,rcu gocox6nouS elwL ro q4lE qc er!06veLoc
uL r6d orov a6,ys2="[141
(I. creen:'Integnl calculus')
A0q:
0L ropolerpl(ac elLod,oLq
r4q o0o(po( CwLX=4!0ouv9,
{=ntonUo,z=ouv,
dE
!e oaprznkoL080fi. To KoLvdonuaao
(o!
o$olpoq
rou krivouLKdvonoLotv to

-- - -t" -I
I

o0orn!o:

*
=1

t=

'H s[louon
z=ouvg,
YLc z=. x

6gy516-{

, 'noo 0s:}, H 6tov0ouorr.r<i

nogolErplKi{t'ooon rnq

'Apoia=(-nuqle,Ilgouvo,O),
oeotgoqELvoLi(e,O)=(n!6ouvQ,nuenue,ouv).

tl

* ir,iu=l -nuenrro nueouvp 0

io=(ouv8ouvq,ouvequq,-apet
l=
-n!0

I ouvgouv0 ouvenup
|
=-nu'?Oouvql-nuz0nupja(-ns0oovon!,e-n!ouvoouv'zqll=-4g,oouvgi+qy,04ygj-4uoouvei +

. i0'i,

-4u"eouv'o;;6u'e.

,'oouv'g =firo.4tloo,rv.o =

=4u.0(nu.0*ouv.8
) =nue,nmr

ros+Jfrr,eouv?0'nuTenuze)4uododr=1,"
JJrr,-,r,.
[J.;r-"1 -=
-[/ade{''4!3ode4lr1'zr[-nu'?ooou
-4ouuel'/'=znf-1- 1a4 -r,1.
J, r,
t,
L6E
l
*

ritros ( 1) , ocr(,6a 135.

** ^, ru=J!uusds'
.,i.. .iuo"

ivl!.,.

t88
13. ib moloyldL to enlcqycLr!6oroKMp{,F JI(q'x'rg''l'? ry,z, )

-lds,

fuou s eavor n ent,|dyero lou lla!tsc!fus

qt'?+91'z+yz'z=1.

Aliqr
'EcEr,r
51 ro dvo rou EnLII660u
ox{i t]Lo6roi, lj\eLUro
L6orlqko! S, Io rd
ro. To 6uoourd t!{!oro 6xouvnpoBo^4mo nLn600x{,ro xopto ox'?+8u'?:1
oL eELodEeLq
rov en!@vLriw
sp s2 tvol o\.rtorolxo z= -1- liVit:6i,,2=
'EroLlvcL:
-- ---r-/1-qx'z-B!'z.
,\

r-hs"Jf
JJr".r.-0.,r"-r..,
EF@T",iw

o,.ll

d5:

./1,44 dxd'tt-

Il

/1 +23+zj dd,tt.
||
z'
o*"*t'rr r, /o'?x'z*9'lU1+v'l
f Lo rnv Enrqdvelos, etvoL: ,4.2-ffi =

= l / t +I -

dF

---------6262-

4(l-o,F-trl.o 7.8'?[t

Y(1-q("-zu") Y(1-ax'?-g!'z)

fr.h&-st/

&'VAIF-Bvfr l1-dx'z-B\b'z
fLo rrlv nl0tvelo 52 e[,vdL:

n,44=@.'e,o,

rllrc'x,-o',t"-v'..,ftos"z
^ff ^
i
d r ' + 8 0 ' 5 1 ETWFizV
-z
ll

[[

'F '\4=M

4o'0,r,.

ax,li+,<r /1-ox,-W2

Tlo w unoloyl,ooute
ro rleurol,o 6!1116
oloKlipq]a odrouue:

tivqL

1-ox2-8,1,2=1,22.

dxd{"

t89

, [o,t].'Ao n u eE.t v olro ; .- - J - p * ,e c [ 0 , 2 d p

x " ; f o o u ve f,

'""=f.,.i[,,,#
.

"'*f I'"'l"#* ooo*=

--l- zn1-11.
1e]l'1zrr+"rr1'=ff I.""J',t.o",-du-o"r;ff

'4r

/dt
14, tlq unoloyrds!ro enrqovslqr6
olorrieroltq
t=lJx,ds,dnous etvur

n enltdv.lo
+-+.+.t

(x,u,zio,q,F,y'ol.

A0on!

& (dvoure
qoptrovit
-onou
JJrU,o,"t
"ou IJr{r,,l,.lar.
ffi*

**

glyqL
p 1 x , , ! , 1 1 , { * f* f - t +

* n-*, o*-f, o,.{,. 'roo

o2

"JI"
lt

I
.lBz

N$N\

orcl Exoure;r'rso0r rls uoon,i. :1 . C =r

p,.
""
uctr,osd1:ap5se9,,!=Bprtuo,
Eiva! l.rl:dBp. EreL6i
ax2+F{,2=1+
/ r \'z / 1 \,

\.6 I
x= I
tn

po,:ve,+= *
tg

\,/E I
pnut 'ia', ilar IJI= -lEE

e.

190

t
=ffx'

*,'.........'-.-.-...._,orr8-1r'l
'6tBt'Btv-t'ot dxd,tr:+ /o"g',3"\2+y'zq':
I ll " x3duldx=
"'A

- + '6tr;Fu+u"*li'(p-* ).'=+ Fs\B\'\"'.

(a' etoouctl= llx' rl+x'as
| 5. Nounor\oylooe
f ro eargovE
!0<6otroKMrtuo
s
nlgdveloc
6lrouS lvc[ ro ruigq tnq KUILvEprrilc
{Fx'z (1), nouneplo9fGroL cn6 rq fi(rcoo z=0, {t}z=l

(21.

(novenloDl!!o Aov6[vo!)

z
i6ot:
-l
5
EnL6in npoootrirnqrnL(dw&qc
1-x'.
0X06EvogLlEL xr,Jplo,
oro enan60
oro enlnElpoodlouuatrtv nLodvLq
ouii.
EoXoz. 0o 9po0!Ernv nooBotri
I
ItlerqE0
rnv (l)KoL (2) cncioleouuE
_.r__.!
npoK0nrEL
ro U, on6xE
!/
n Koln0ln z=
qurll
-l-x'z, H (duntln
rdlvel rov x-1,
dlovoolo dnuelo
1 KoLTovnuL1. EtoLn npodqovq0z olo onuLo
x
S oro rnlnEo
Foli rnq e[redvLqc
xoz Lwl ro XopaonounEpLKItTqL
Eqopuoyi
rou r![ou:
ofl6rLc Kounilecz=0, z=1-x2,eo Kdvou!

tl,r,z'x1'zl
tr@ azav.
IItr*,*,'r*=fi
ss
ELvqL
U-x'z+ Ux-zx,0z=0. aw L'l7Q
-x'l*qf . 'npo,

=I;F

Kor FLx,U(z,x),zl=

H trpoBoli .ns eruq,ireu"s s oro enitr.6o 0r{, eilo!" ro xoprjo ror,r repe-

r i e i e r c u o r d r o i p i y o v o o A B , ! e q L o d d e L sErel,p6!
x=0, l,=0,
olleic
osxsa,

A xou g ixouv quvtetqyudves(c,c-,

o!d,!B- 4

(0,8) a!rioroLxo.

f *f
'Apa

=r.r"
eivce:

191
It

I(

I-rx'ta;az=
l=lfr5/*4x, dS=ll x'l1,4x'?/1,4x' dxdz=
JJx"{
-x,,
"
x 5 ( 1 + 4 r z ) d z l d xx=5l( l + 4 x ' z )-(xl ' z ) d x . 0 ,

=l ll

15. lb urolovlooE[ro enL@veutt6 olorMHE

{o't6ou():

I(

I=ll ptx'.tr+2. ) dS,

s

t q rou rrp&rouov66ou
6nous avo[ to ttriltt rlq enrodvetoc x] t!].
cz 92 y,
I|ry cfdvrlv xo! P n dlldfidrl rnc aoxic rrw ot6ruv 0|t6 to Frrouevo nLqro onlato (x,U,z).
nE6otnq drL06veroq
A0on:
0[ nopouer0L(6q
ELoriroe[q
rnq enuo6veuo(
etvoux-colvoouvq,
=gouvorruq,
z=yn!e,0=p:+, O$r+.

U=

nopo!rpl(i E[o0,on
H dLcvuoumLKi

j+(ynu
tvoLi{,e)=(oouvoouvq)i+(BouvonFr)
rnq nr9dveroq
)1. eo unolotou 6rovuouotoq
cutoi elvqL:
igrip. 0u ouvrerqvueveq
vlooulero 6Ldvuouo

ff(tti

=-o0o,uenue'
ffffi

=-Bvouv'eouv'p'
nFo'
iffi =-ovouu'e'rup'

.r/l BE*+
r,,.7,
I'
l"t3{8#
l'.t*t6#
=oBYouve ouv28ouv2r,
+ ouv'zonu'ze
+ n!'0
0o unotroviooluernv cn6c[oon rnc opxic rov d(6vnv on6 ro Eqom6uvo
nln60lnq fl1$dvLoq
o[o snuelo (X,0,2). H {LorJon
rou eonroudvoueflLnd6ouoro on!lo (x,0,2) rnq nLqdvLqq
S 6lvsroL sn6 rov rino

lX +
oz

* lll * !f -t=0. H olrdoroonro! on!lou (0,0,0) cn6 ro qsnr6!vontn6o

B,

\,

.o-rI
I r .o'.lL.0..a
y'z

,,uo.. o- | o'?

B'z

E:tr=

| -

o*

B'

192
'ouv'leout'e
+ ouv2gnu2e
. n!20
o"

. 'Eror eop!6(ovroqrov rl,noI

y2

82
II

IT

i ( 0 , q )Ili o , i ol d e d e ,
J J F ( x , U , ' )JdJslF=
sA

u
re+Brouv
rn!ae+y
exo.t-
I =lloByouvo[o{ouv.gouv
usd rlq d mouloELc:
"nu.e]d O=
6

lL!

l
=ogvr 7 f ( 2 ouvo(drouvroouvro+8nouv'00!re+y'n!'0
d=
)dol
J" U o

(or'Br+vr
).
-osvlzo,,e (ouu"e
) + .Br(ouv.o]
I } ] ae.4nqBv
{i +" rnr,-e
[o'
t7. lh uroAovldel.
!o Grrwvcrlr6olortrlgq!! ffx.as, onous
"t*.
s
al ro rl6!q mC xulrydpl(llc etlodveldc xr+{,r=i, mu Bploxetdt rctoEo
t{,tv C[lntdw z=0 xq! z.l.
B) I tr.tdvcrd 1x'z4'1-1,z-0, z=lr.

I\0on:
q) 60 (dvouuqsployirou r0nou

Jltr*,,r,.r*=
s

= J JF [ x ( u ' u) , 0 ( u , u ) , 2 ( u , ul )i u
, L n o p d l E x p L k. qc L
qo d F q
] " i u ld u d u 0
! qq
s

nlqfvLoqeawl X=ouvu,
{Entu, z.ur u uE [0,2n], u [0,1]. H 6rovuotlorLKi nqpqterpLKi
laooonlnc fiLodvLoq
l'vdLi(u,u)=ouvui*nuuj+uR+

I r

i il

+ i,=-nuui'ouvuj*ot,
i,,=0i.0j.tR. eooi""i,= -tuu ouvu 0
|
l-ouvui+
011
| 0
*nuuj*ot+ 1i.'i.1-'6d4rayzu*o'
=r.'nm:

"=
*",,**.1'[['"",",,a,]u""
[ul
- ' o][*,'*
L'
JJ,'"-ff
';
' n,z,l
rol,o
I
J['a,
o ,l"ouu.,au=
.
Jo
'i

, 2rr
S qnorIi.IoLon6 rLq
B) H eriL0dvLo
EnLedvrq
51, 52, 53, !e ELo6oLc qv r L o r o L xX
q 2 + 0 2 = 1z,= 0 , z = 1 . E r o ! L v d L
II

II

l l r ' o s -)l )l x ' a s )' lt l x ' a stl*il x ' z d sB. o ' 1 K o6u1c1
tt
SSTSZS:

II

ro dlUo6uoullxzds-n.o unotrovLoouuE
sr
loxlnp6lorq. Elvor:
tI

Il

.i
Il

Il'"=^,11.,'!r',

-'i*z[ cxo,r,=^,
lJ..,x'ffi

r" tL

dxd{=JJ
o ope'zouv'z8ded8=

=1,"1',,*".**'"1'"*".'*J'o,o=
[# ]:*+=+
[-!e-*,,"],"
IttIt

orot=^,11,,,t
E { v oo!( d u o
J l x ' a s = . , JxJ',l,t " " ' i

d x d u . ( 6 uro, Et o

oIoKlipr,uo)-+.
ro rponyoiuvo
Enoutvoc
s=n*{ t{ = }

I-Jlelx,,t,,rtas, 6nou
ro EnrooveLoK6
o1o*i,1pryo
18. lla unoloyLoeE(
s
P(x,0,2) EtvoLn qfi6olqonqrr6rnv @xi rt,w o[6vov !6xpl ro EglrqrEvo eLtg:-4=1
(l),o[o ottuloll(x,{,,z) rc[ s
n(ndorou unpgolo1666q
o' B' Y'
fiou neplkl{,ErolUero[0
xou unpgoloeloou(
e[wL to qrihl(rrnq EnLqdveroe
rov eflLr66rrv
z=0xor.z=*y

(s,B,v.0).

(nor\urxve(.o
ti8nvd,v1980)

ArSor:
eo oflo^oyloouu
rnv qn6orqon
P(x,U,z).np6rqo BpotuErnv Lo0ion
rou eqqrrotrtvou
enun66ou
oco.uEao M(x,{,2) rou unpoolo!6o0q.ELvoL
yvoor66rL 6rov uLoenledvrc6XErEELsoon
0(x,!i,z)=o,rdre ro eonrdueondrov ruvo nLn60
rnq nLedvLoq
o[o onuLo
rnc M(X",0",2.)6LvETqL

194

r o : ( x - x o ) 0 x ( x " , U , , 2 . ) + ( Y - U " ) 0 { { x " , 0 " , 2 " ) + ( z - 2 . ) 0 2 ( x . , U , , o2 r"n} =v 0 , ' A

-lz-4 4 =o +

nE0lftrdoiloq et'vor(x-x) 4 rtv-,lt 4

-( n: - !: - d \=o *
\a2

Bz

y2/

II * {I -:4 -

o'

B" \'

y- -a 2-1=s.
-l x* ..1L
02

B"

y"

H on6oloonP vdq onuei.onA(X.,U",2.) qll6 6vo Enaneoo

0,
AX+B0+TZ+A=

6ivroLon6rov ulno: p(x.,{",2")- Ax"&{-114I . 'apq:

/A2 +s2+t2

- rI

P( 0 , 0 , 0) =

.X'1
* .{i
etvour(x,0,2)=
o2

f"- :4 . f,,=:!4 . f_=--.

q_
F'
v'

9'z

EIIo!evoC:

0z -1)

v'(

;'

A-

r=JJtrr,,r,,,ro=
s

-'[[
dx,!

urotrovLoouue
rnv npoFoli Tnc E(Ledv[oq
dro 6ntne6o
oxu. H roU{ rou unEpBoloer6ots Uro EnLn60
z=0i.vo[n 6IlL0n
'- .1 (2) (npoK0rrrLond
c,:
- o , 9a-" +
rnv {1) ylo z=0), H roui rou un6pBo^oEr6o0cue ro EIIlrI6o
z= ;v elvol n 6]-

ff

dXd0=Y

,\;',j,

dxd0

eo

195

l-+L=#

.I:*s--+-ar*.
o2

(3)

92

r,4

/so\'z
\T/

=1. Hnoogoli

/s9\'z
\T/

tnq [rqdvELoq5 o[o anl,Il6ooxu [vol o

trlELnrLK6cdoKriiLoq rou 6LnAovo0 oxiuotoq.

0d eopioouue
ro xrrpLo torr
T[d w ullolovlqouu
ro 61ntr6
otroK^ipola
nodrrou
reEpfiluop{,ou
koLro elqy6uevogs flollonl\ooLdooulE
! 4. oeooori(r-oonug
* d * !l =p' J:jJII
x-qpouvg,
!E rov uerooxntcLou6
o" 9'
+

1:0'z:ff * tro=-f;. EtvoLoK6!ooser+ ko! lJ =oBp.'Aool

l,

-:

r = q o s t [['" 4 tr tr

/p,-l

a p a e - z e va[ e' { "1 e z - 1 1 - 1 6 1 0 : - ' , io

l,

.!
. !_. ,-.
r l-]=ioov".
r r
-zoov[e]'
),]i "-e'+ [,( fi -r)
[z{0,-r
19. tla fioloyLdet [ !6d| rLt4 Encouyfolnd|c fk,0,z]=x"l"c'
du,]
oqv trrodyEloS !E orovuqlrlKil roq|rDqi eElut i(u,u)=(uouvu,unuu,u]
.
_ |
-l
( u , ' r) 1
0 , 'l l1 0 , ; li = 4 .

i0ot:
H (nro0levnlton rlli

o uno^ovlooE(.
on6 rov xtno:

,(I

= fl<r llf(x,,!,, )dS

(1),

s
6nouE(S)eLvolro I8o66v
rnc nlqdvELoc
S. EtvoL:
,l

E( s ) = l i u x i u l d u d u

t2).

E l v o ri u =( o u v u , n !1u),, i u = ( - u n ! u , u o ! v )! ,. 0
'Apo:

r p o x J r t e !d r d t n v t r ) , v r c z = f r .

196

I r

tl

?r,ir=l ouw
4yu 1
l-(-uouvu,-u1!rr,uouv2u+un!2u)=(-uolvrr,-un
-unuu
uouvu 0 I
|
'Aoo
'ErcL (2) 6{.ver:
n
li".i,l=/6'"*'r."1u,,r."" =E u.

.\..,
. -+
-'
t
; a"J'
r"fr,fa,a"a"=
a"-J
+ + =+
J [J'.2
"a"] a *,=r,liF + l'"=
elvou
xorJIr(x,0,2)as.JJtu"ouv.u*u,nu"ureu)
llu,iulduduSA

=tl

.+ .1

( u ' + e u ) 'u4d u d u " 4l - | | ( u 3 + u e uu) dl u u - r lZ- a ,|: ( u r + u e u l d u =

'o L'o

f u'
e"a,l=
I,li ll"'o-l*'a"l'a.Zn [LL
?' 1..t,+li-l

=a*(**-t"rl)=* . 'EroLn ( f) 6 r v e rE -L 4 !
nE"
TI-

20. lk unolovlooelro oloxMpqE llh'll+x,l'ft+z)nds,

-d

=+.

6rcu S E[val

n snldvelo u el,a|ol E5-Zx-2{, le r,0,2>0, noo@wrol\Lq|6m

on6 ||6d
trpocro eEo.
A0oI:

R=X+z(oL zr=-2, z,!=-2, 'Aoo:.

trr*.r,,o.'r*0,r,JJioi.lJ
-JJL2xU-2x'+x*(6-2x-20)l
dxdrl.
, t u o r O = l t r , , t , t . n0" ,: X : 3 o
, ru:3-Xr.
*

x+t=3

H r p o B o l i r r s e r r , a r i v e u c sz = 6 - 2 , t - 2 , )ot t o E r i r e 6 o o r { , 6 i ! ! t ' r ! u o E j c
(y!a z=n), x+d,=3.'lloL e\ixold rporrinter, ro oJloro A (Brdtre,cu z9 rrj!o)

197

'
a,r,]
a,=
o* lfal=J'IJ'"r,*,r*,.-,x-zur
f l't*' r,,*-,**r-,l l o x =
= J ' . rt ,. - r t . * r r , t r - * t - x ( 3 - x ) + 6( 3
( 3- x- x)a,) 1-- = . . .$= .
I(a

21. lb 6cLx0et6tr l=Jl'l,zd'ldz+zxdzdx'x{Axd!=i,

6nouS e[vo! n enls
qdvLo rnc wctFq

fio [p6ro 6y6oo rov qEdv{rv.

xz+r{'2+22=1

A0or:
eq Kdvoule
eoolovirou rinou (2), rnq oIl6oq147.0L hopduroLxec
el[odoELq
rnq soolpoc
ELvoLX.ouv8ouvo,
z:n!6, G*i/2,
0=ouvgn!e,
osros{. H 6uovuopotr,ki
ndpolerplki
rnq ooolpoc
eLooon
eLvou: i(o,o)=
=(ouvOouvo)i+(o0vnuq)j.
(nue)[.eo unolovaoouu
is'ir. elvou
ro 6Ldvrrsuq

iiffi

=-ouu'eoru'r'
fffi

=-ouu'0nrt'
fffi

=-nreouue.
Apo:relro=

.(-ouv2oouvq,-ouv'zgn!g,-nueouve).
ro 6Ldvuolq
i, ELvqrl
oo unoloyLoou!
-==4
----Louuo=
0r ouvrrov, ouvp=
, oruv= 4
l\'1 "+2+z'

/x'r+'*z'

/xznuz-zz

p6vecrou iu'i, Lvq! opvnrLx6q.Enoudvoq

ro i xou ig'i, LvoLovrlppoflo
'EroL
'Apo
(2)
orov rtno
rnc o).i.6oc147, 0q [dpo!! ro npdonlor^iv.
aaII

r
vor.: I--JJ louvon,:rmu0{-ouv')eouva)+rueouvoouvu(-ouv?8nuq)
-tt
-nJouv
. ouvouvrpouvo'lua(
) I dedo.3
ll ouvr0nl8ouvansqdedoA

11a
=3| ouv3e4u0d0
| ouvanuada=3
| o u v ' e a ( s u[vt o )

=.'flo u- v- lq e l t f o u v ' , ,
l--

' l zl!

lo

= 3tI -- r+l f 0 - -t l+t = 1+ .

+tL
zt
u
L

It- -

22- trb woloy rooef. ro snlooveLo|(6olorldgnto l l F d S , 6 n o uL ( x ' , , t ' , " ' t

198
xoL S E[vc! n mLgdvLctx'z+r!,=d,,2-0).

noon:
OqunoloyLooutE
ro 6Ldvuotofi. Etvououvo=-:L

=0,

/1+2rt+z$

ouvB-01

i . i = t x , , , l , ' , e " t ( 0r ), 0
= ," , .

E""u6""q
l[Fds=[ff.;ds=
f[*as=ff ".'ru54 dxdg=
f[dau=(,usorou
'6
"o*rou
E
r'r'"
E

,'i,

oxravoqo)=no'?,

23. tla unotroyrdEtro EnroovElqdofoxmaun jJ[xl*zJ't-U)[]as, onou

s
q
S eayoL ogol9oX'z.,['z+zz=1
lro !or,!5Loaor@ero ordvuoucfi xareuo0vero! oro eafiplKdtnc owLpoc).
Aton:
ll[o nooo!rplKinopdo[oontnq ood[poql.vo! n X=ouvqnlo,0=nuqnuo,z=
=ouvo,e [0,2n], O [0,[], 'Apon 6LovtouotL(i
nopouerpL(i
.[LorFntnq
oootpqceCvoL
i{o,o)" (ouvqnp0,nwnuo,oov0
u 6rr-; iu,ir=
). Ei(oio noox0nre
- (ouvqnle,n!qn!e,ouve)n!0=
(x,0,2)n!0, EnLdi oso:n + n!6:0, 6nelqr6rL
rpaln
ouvlor6oorou 6lov0ouoroqig,;o (6n^o6in zn!O) elvoL OerrKdov
n
z>0|(o[ opvnrLKt
ov z<0. 'Ero! ro dLdvuolo
isrio 6xeurpopd
dn6ro eoorxnq oqolpoq,Enoudvr,rc
0Lk6npocro Elr,rreoLKd
ro dLovtouorofi, ig'i.
el'EroL
voL ou6ppono.
o r0[oq (l) qq oe^LDqq
147,6avELl

rru,r,roo*
Jfioi=-JJi6r'.*1
II
=ll (ouvm!6,ouvo,-alqnuo)
(ouven!'?0,nuqls':O,tloouvo)dodo=

(I

II

ouv.onr:,eaeac
)dedFJl
Jrouv'0a!'e,nuen!'oouv-rlqrl!'zgouv
AA

=l I ouv'qnu'eaeao=l
ouv,adal
' - ' r , "n!!odo--"
" - T3!
'
ro ro
,o-24. ih unoioylo8et
ro EnL?oveLot6
oloxMprrt/o:

199
]I
I-llzqd{

cr.c mv GFdrglx{ drLtdvero m0 etlerlo6r6o0c:

xl .{.!=r
q'

(o,o,r'r}).

rl,

g' r'
(8. Beiran:'Prrobldles D' Analyselbth&ntlrye')

AOq:
'Eod,,Sr, S,
oL Enrodveleq! eEld}'rc z-y

t:-z-=
V'- '"' s"

,-r, [dlV
Va'B'

, ovrtororxd.E[voL
tr

It

Il

d'!"Jlzdx
d0.JJ
l ' ll zdx
zdxdl'I'+1, (t)'
s5ra2

0L 6uo enlodvres6xouvnpoFolrloto enlrcoo 0I0 to xdpto Algr noorF

plKtrLEroL
dn6 rnv (l) ylq 2.0).
0|16qv ttrIeL'ln4- + g-.1 (npoxontet
dl

8'!

flo vo unoloyl,ooutrE
ro olo(lnpdru<rto
lr, 12 0o xtnouonoriloouterov r0ro:
,t

Il

dxd!.'EroL^olndv
dxourer
ft,'!,2(x,U)l
llrly,A,zloxo6rJlr
sa

H eElorrnr n c n L o d v e l 6o tcv E [f ( x , ' I z ) . L

++ +1-1.

H tgt

o!vl-

i elvol:
ox{iroc
tou |(dgerou
6uqv0ototoc
uow6LoLou
22
J"-

nFv,

/6f .tFf{Fr

2,

. /4
v-l /-

gnoudvr,rc
t.tt ---.==---lLyz,/! ,z* L gz,!
Vo\

Bn

yh

Vo'

,n

.
4 ." 4
,
x - r - l l J - +- z -

B"

x. 'Apo ealdvoutret]
,z

'+,,. Etvo! o(6|!:

r.=[[,axau.,
dxdt,.
][_y,IE-E
-K.
o"
B'z
V
&,

v"

rp6ontro

200

Ei.vor[.G1
'[roL

"-,,.

2z

<0. ApoeriCyoulero npdoruo

L x,, ! q",-L ,,

trorn6vELvor:
dxd{i-

II.,

f-- -n-----:;T
dxdo=
r/1-L-L
Vo"B'

=z[fr, [- { -E olaaq.
iir V a'z Bz
ro rIeurolo 61ntr6oloKiip{,ilo!e ro lerooxnuol1ouo
xes unoloyi,ooulE
=oop.
=opouve,
e
p
J
Apo:
51yqs
I
Fopnug.
lO,znl,
L0,ll,

^ - l .2(1-f'r'
ta ^z,T I
r
4ngsY
=-o0y2n+
--oov.eli'l
(-1)=
.
I

25. tb uroAoylooet
ro ll0cvL(!6oloxMgr,n
d l-llzlds, 6nous [rroL
s
n e&Eep!(lmrqdverdrnq o0o('poc
x'?+o'z+z'z=|.
A0al:
'0[ou
Xop[<ou!.xnv enledveLoS oe 6uo nLodveLeq
51 rc[ Sr.
Sr EtvqL ro nuLoqolpLo
nou lpLoxersLndvo on6 ro n[n6ooXUkol 52 To nu[oqqlpLo nou gploKroL KdT0J
on6 ro enlneEooXU, !e etLodloeLc ovr{,fioLxq,

-x,-,tt'. Ero,rxou!e
jj'ras-Jj'*ae=
z=[ -x,-\t,, z=-,4nt
: r=ff ,rae=
r,.r,.
ssrs2

eo ulolovaooulr
rnv rpi,rn ouvuosjrorou blavriouo[oci. E{,vqLl
=> ouvy= -L:
f (x,U,z)=X'z+{'z+z'z-1

t/x,+$,+2,

=a "2.

'Eo[rJ
z>0 vLs rnv enLedvLo
St KcL z<0, yLa rnv enLodveLc
Sr. Anlobi
i.i'o yuo rnv s, rou i.i.O yLo rnv 52, H npoBoli r(,rv 6!0 nl{ovaLdv o[o
erl{'n60
oXUelvol o KUKILKdG
6[oKoex2+02<1.
eq unoloyloolura It, Ir, 0o e{rop!6couue
rov rino:

201

jJrr,,,r,,.
(x,u)l
niu+uo*otK q L
dxd!.,,*. t,=ff,ros=Jf
rioi='ffrU,u,z
sra

SA

II

II

It / 1 - x , - , $ , d x d d r .T o o ^ o K t r i -

r , = - l l z i d s = - J J - / 1 - xd,x-dU{'.A p o r: = 1 , - =12,l l
szd
pulo
'Apo

It L rov 6vKorou nuLoeolpiouqKTLvdq c=1.

lll1-x'z-0'zdxd{ nqpLor6v
ELvoLLso ue

v r : v oI =t r + n = + r .
E r o ur o l n dE

{nt'.

26. lla urorovlde! ro enL0ove6(dolorMft|,o rrc ouvdpqoncF=zi*xi-3{,'z2[oro rp1!o rlc nl96v!ocrou Kultv6got,x'z4'z=42, nou nepL6xerql
letc{a rttv LndoovX=0, 'lFor z=0, z=5.
(c. Bermn: "ProblAnesd' Analyselatlgntiqu')
AOot:
..

I.

i.n JeivouI-llFaGll
'd
';

nJ

dxdz.oo unotoyLoouu
ro 616!uotq
i. 'Exou-

=+,
u c : f ( x , U , z ) . x ' 7 + U ' :5- 4 ' f \ = 2 x , f q = 2 v ,f z = o . A o do u v q -=: =
/x'+$'

o,vg=
I-

lxz*0,

!,

o r : v v =E0n.o u c v o c i . i*=f z; -fr - : , l , " r o = f f . f ; .

trfl *"=
E-,r=JIid=JI(+.+)

=ll(+
- #)40'o'={[(+.*)*a'=
,^,.-

x, .^)o.l* =
=ilt ,^ ."\n"^,::['l['(
"/--r,lJ,\
/k:F
ft:i,
t\

=1,t#"i,.=1,(+# J,
+sx/dx=7

(16-x'?)-ld(16-x')*

^ tzrrs-x"rlti.l$
'J"u*=]-+0.
*

To dJloro I EjldL i rooBoli dro ftir6o xoz rrs.rLodleLag

! a L r o o p e oy 6 ! u o l o , a l ' [ 0 , t .

s xdL ei-

202
27. lh uroloylooea to errsrtl(I6

oloxMpqro F' el6ooc:

T(
I =ll xdxz+qdz+xz'zO(dl',
s
6nous Etvsl n o[EpLK{6{,0rou rulitmoc Irtc oqql.pscx'z{!'z+z'z-1
DU [!d,rou oy66outt v oE6vrJv.
l0dt:
To 6oo!6vooloKlrlpolroeavdLdepoLoud
rorvEnLqovsLo(ivoloKlnpoudrov
II

II

II

8oxonoLroroLioouue
roucrinouc14
I et6ouc
llxd,ldz,flaxdz,JJxz'oxau.
sss
1 5 , 1 6 , r n q 0 6 l t 6 o q1 5 1 .E L v o r , :

I,=lJxa+az-ifl
ri:F:7 4,dz=(EtvoL
i.i>o*, Ar=((U,z)R'.,
0,*z,stl KaL
.* ri -

oe nolL(6couvrerovlCvc)=+
lerdoxns(rtt4oule
| ll /1-l'1gdglde=

=1,
-t,

"+I
IT

atr-o')-*
l-"+t],=+
II

6d
r w o ,1 , "J Ja x a-. f=Ja x d z g e u g oA
z v( u e^ , - t { x , z ) t R
x ,' *: z , s r } ) =
..

II

= t+ =+. E('loL
oK6!o
t,=ffxz'axau+-fJxtI-x'-,!,
)axarr=
sar

,t

.'

+r

= l l l o . o o u v o ( r - 0 , ) a poludvso- ld{opl. - 0 " ) d p =ul nl u

+ o l i tr; l |o =
Io uo
J
to
L J
)D
,11

t\

*f, * {,
errouevurc
r=1,*Ir*rr=f,
*

rivau ourc= __L.=4=x,0.

/x" +t" +."

*-

lavcL j.n>0, k'n>0,

,epc

i.i=x>0.

203
28. lb unoloyLdl ro enrFvLdriloIoxMHn

ll{rotF)ds, 6nou F-rIi'

s

+(x-2xz)j-x'F xo! S Eltol ro nurq(pro xz++r+22=a2,

z{

(d>O}.

,ldot:

'Apo =*,
ElvdL
P=0,Q-x-2x2,
R=-xU.
*fi
# =-rr, ,,4=0, # = -0,
=t-rr, =1.Eno!6me
etvor:rotF1-x+zx
1i*(0+{
I )i=xii{,j+
)j+(1-22#
#
+(-22)1.& unoloyaooulE
ro DLdvuolo
fi. t(vou f(x,rr,z).x,+t2+zz-s2
eLvou

g *=
tirgrli
#
=
o*6,o,
n=
ffi
W=

qg -

-f l*,,1,rt.ruvenoc
roti.i--!{x"-,!'"-zz"
)=+
"{

l:x"*:,t"-zo.t. Erolr6voq
eavoL:

jj-ti.ios=Jl+
po'-,,',-."t*=
fJr""tira3=

=jj :tx',.rr-r-2"'
#L *"*[!id+Ed

ffi

**.

dxdlE(lvort={ (x,U) n,: xr+{,rlo,} lercoxnlart<ouroe

nor\L(6c
ouvrroyu.vec
rl'
,rr]"['"ffi
"'
=l'"f["(-."u- - *
-o,p-0,]'66=
),,]"-["t1o,-0.1i
'o
for

/ o ' 1 - p ' zI

'"
=J ro.*, rae=
o.

to

29. 'Eow S n |rqdyelo Fl-xr+,

(nqdtoto!6aq), nou go|'csrlL 16
vo ond to rarleto F0 xot G{.ro! |rpodvorolloldm old |1600moc r! 8r,.
'

T,iros(5), dEri6o 136.

204
No unolovloL ro snLqovLcKd
oloKlipolo

(t - - -(xi+U+2zk)ds.
J.l
s

Atort:

eoeqopudoou!
*" 'n" ffiai="fJf-nzx-Qz{+R)dxd{.
E[vqrp:x, Q=U,R=
SA

=22. ELvqLoK6pqzx=-zx, z{=-2+, 'Apo

(1-x,-,r,.
x"+2,u,+zzrdxdv=llvx"*2u,".2
)tdxdu=jJzdxd,r
Jfrrt+i-,.irri=.JJrr
H npoFoli A rnc nLedvLoc
S oro elllne6o2.0 eavoLo (uxILXdqdLoKoC
'EroL
X'z+o'zr1.
!E larooxntorLoldo flol!xeq ouwrovldvqeLvqL:
tr

tzltr

'llzara.r.
l
'[o ' o|

pap=zte:i'f
zoaode=z[
aef
-,
4l=q"4-2".
i,
J,
L z.to

30. ih unolovLoelro nL0ovELcx6

oloKligrryojjF.;ds, dnou
s
=1;q,-12,1+z) KdL S
ruilo rou etltfibou 2x+2i+2.6
fio npddEo6y6oo tt|v dE6vov.

ltt,

rlou 0ploxcrql

Atsil
eo unolovlooutE ro Kdgexolovo6LoLo dudvuouofi. H ll,ooJonrnq e[LQdvELoqS vpdgEroLz=6-2x-2!. ELvoLyvoo[6 6rL:

-z\

-zv

1
\
I
\.n=i4 ' ,4;44 '
"r44t

i=(

'Exoulr
-2,' Apo,fiS7r =2,Eno!6voq
zx=-2,z,t=
LvoL
i={ tz,z,r t.'noo
'rroL6xouue:
i.i= tx,t,,-x",x*z
l-l t2,2,1)=+lzx+-zx,+x+z).
tI- -

I II
(rxu-4"x,'ras,xt6-2x-?\b)
j
tr:Z,<+z1
dxd,))ilJ
lj tzxv-zx1
lJF.nds=
Tx,l,
S

| tt

=+IJ(2xu-2x,-x-2{+6
-r-rr,u)dddx=.
. .=? .
)3dxdu:
l',!'"-',r^r-rr,
Tx,!

'4oo
1Ld z=0 nporirteL dtu x+4,=3.
n rpoBoli rrs eruqdveuo x { ] ,E a v q L r o o n l e q o d J v o l o r o u r e p u r r e i e r c r . o r d r u s e u -

205
IIt

31. lq unoloyloe(ro nrpovldxdoloxMpotrcJli

4dr, 6rou s

EavqL

to sE Epr,x6
rou eMagoeloodcx" t l" + z' -1
o'1 6z tz

(d,B,v>o).

Arron:
oq (dvouleeaopuov|l
-ou r,:no,f R(x,r1,z;dxdr6+J
R[x,U,z(X,U)]dxdu.
sd

S Xop{,(erorqnd to enlfie6ooxuorLqe[LedveLc
En[qdvLq
sl, s2, !e eEL-E

o6oLq
owloroLxc:,=r, [-{
Vo'B'

, ,=-rr[-{

-E

. H npooo^i
ruv

V0'6'

6 u oE n l e o v r o
d rJovE n L n . 6oox uE i v o Lr o x " o t or r r = { f x , + f . n ' ,
{.{

=-II

'rl

dxd{

Txo

dxd,l,
+ ( - 1 ) l[
_r r) t, r-,v r l /t - a
" ,: - : n- ,

vo'9'
_2I

dxd0

nlL./Ei

TLovq uno;\oyaoouu
To 61flI6 o,\oKlip(lllsxdvouuexo letqoxnltqrLuud
X=opouve,
U=opllo,EavoL0:p:1,0lgt2n, lJl=qgp.Exourre
trordv.

llj oro*3l"ft'-

3-

"ol,tr-r"

(r-pi)-r
eg
aolae=
arr-o.r=
-'
r t["oel'
a to
)

=-fl teti"tzrr-o.rrtl.
$ .
32- th molovldca ro strrFvrat6 olo.Mpo|[

'*
JJ.i.;..
s

S (,vor

206
qc 4o[Fq y2+12+22=1,
mooovlttollordvn qlr6 |r6oq
n KtrLoulEnlq6vELo
looc ro 6fo.
AtoI:
Ene!6deuolonapdJ\Inlnnpoqtov d[ovo 0z r6uvLrnv elLqdvLq tnc
oqotpo(06 6uo onlelo, Xripl(ouuetnv
Sr, S,
S os 6uoenLedveLe(
nLedveLo
nou e[vo! ro 6uo nuLogolplqflou x(,iplerdLn o0alpoon6 ro enan60oxu.
'ExoutEl
tr

((

It

zl'fids'll
zR.ids n ).
llz[.;ds-ll
s1, s2 6xouveEloi;,oLc
0L enL0dvelec

ov!(oxorxoz=,4-x'z-{l-,z='tI- T.

H nooBotrirnq oealpaca[o nlnEboXU

!={(x,U)en': x'1+lr'zsl
}. fuq
nou op[(eL ro xopCo
Lvd[ o k0KloqX2+0'z=1,
'EroL
r
(.i.0.
ylo
6xouu
rnv 52 LvaL
rnv nlodvalo5, e[vor,1.fr'0, evdr
(r0lloq (5), oerL6o149).

-x'+" axc,tr
tcxa,u| | z[.ias=
'ill I
'ill t-oz,-ozr*z
E,
ft

tI
t( II --xz-0'dxd{=lJ
-0zv+z)dxd+=-Jl-l1
(-02,
4-x'z-'!1
dxdu.
z['ids-JJ
Jj
Sz

TI' A p a ( 1 ) 6 { ' v r ! :I I
n
l l z [ . i d s - 2 l l / 1 - x 1 -dxd0.
U'2
SA

El.oErouux=9ouv,'tr=pnu8.

ro 6Lnl6
fro vq unoloyloouu
'Apo:
vor 0rp:1, 0:0:2n, J=p.
,2\.,\

*1,

p f i p , d p l d e = z l -) r-o'tLar-e"
1'l.l"z
: i . i u s ,.oz l l
i,
i
Lro

(+

=,i'ri(+)
]'=zrznt
[+,'-o',*
33. Ilc ufloloy[dofv
'

ELwL I:zk.0i+0j+zk.

rs oloxlno4ltd:

207

"r Jl;e' ol lJ+

o JJi'e,n*, i to6r'dvuop
o6oE*
ev6c
*

"

|tetoull=(x,0,2)rnc Gnrfdvlqc
S, rE ettddl yr42+zr-o, (o>0t.
lt(r|:
q) 'Emo fi ro lovolrdto kdeoroELtvuolro
oto onlelo ll rnc nr0dvLoc

s. ervoL
i.ti i

= + = -I!: =til - /tzI4l_ -6r .a.,Aea:

lit lFt til

er!o6veloq
s)r=d4roz-{nor.
f[""-"[[ar-or"rrooo"
'l{;a.f
r t g E Ir.;at.
'd

r -.El]= l,
-Li,i.
BtEr,,or
lil'
lil" tit tit' tit

1
F+,2

. I -l
o'
F

* lj efl
n'-JI+rs={
.rr'.rve!oc
s).
r*ooo"
JJas.{
dt
#
={ {lnc, )+nc.

a3.ias*or,L i
v) qlvou

hai-i,fias=i,
. ,npo
i as-d..n*,
ff-

-r

Jlrtds"o.
s
+-.i(

troxoaroxL rx --- ds:rt tX'.'{,. +2.

lr I

=ds

J *l

rt

x ,r z

zl

ds-fxi;:

3r

{z

-lL a<

**

**

l=6t.

34. ila ultoroyLoeel

! 6uorgdrouc
ro otoxlirqrcr-lJ*arO, o"ou s
n erro6vroX"t1"*..*.
*

([>O).

II
To o,\oxr'ipoua
S.
lJds 6i,er to e!8a66! r4! eruoriveucs

208
Ioott:
o') Tpdnoq:'Edro51, 52 o[ n[0dvLC
rov 6uonlLoocLpl(,N
nouxrdOl(etol n o0ql,poon6 ro enlne6o0X0, ue ero6oeLq
dwlqroLxo z=,62:;7:itz,

z--E -F:q,.
r1""',
r=Jl-! *c,r,=
j *a,r,-r,-r,.
JJ-t *o,r-Jj
.IIII

eo xdvouri
espuoy4
rou uinoull R(x,0,
(x,0)ldxd,t,.oo
2)dxdt=*.lrR
Lx,U,.
sd

unotroy(oouge
rnv tpLrn ouvLsrriloo
rou 6[ovOoloroq
i. E{.volf(X,0,2)" xr+
f"
*r!'z*2'z-o2
xou ouuy=--L
- _+
=+
-+. nopornpoile
6
lfi+ti.fi
/x, atrzi,
/o2
rL f, 'O yuornv nrpdvlo
.0 vro rnv nlrdveLo
S, rou
S,,6nfo6i1.fi,0
f,
yLornv 51 KqL{,fi.o yLq sqy Sr. EroLloLn6v:

',=[[-] r,ru,=-[[
a,a,r,
[[ -:--!^'
'i,' -! axau='i +to'-r'-r' cxa,rxoLr,-[[
6','
Y -fr-F:F
*

I-2JJ

,Eq:;;'

6xaq=16-11;,41en":
xoL uErooxnlorl{ouue
x'z++'zso?)

oe nolLKtqouvrerovu6*cf=z[[ ----.rL d p d s ' - 1 d

, J,(d'-p')-rd(o'-p')=
'o 'o to' -e-.

=-[e]" Iz1qr-r',1'--2nl-zo)=
4no.
B') Tpdnoc:Mnopo0lE
vc onoelyouue
ro XopLou6
rnq r|LodvEloq
S,

ov

u.u, nuo'J J r o r o + = J J r [ x ( u , u ) , U { u , u ) , 2 ( L , u ) J
x p n o L u o n o l .i o o
ffila,a,
0L mpolsxpLK4celLodroELc
rnq ka!fiilne S eavoLX=oouvgouve,

0:

: o 4 u u o u vzo- o
, n u eu,ee F ; i , + 1 , e
[0,2n]E
. tvoL:
f
-cngoouve oouvoouvo
I
-oouvgnuo
-onlenUQl-o24u20ouvqn!o+d2ouv2o4u
I

3{f#.1;:
;:l
=o2nugouvq-ozouvptneuO{-}:o:}

elvo! ouve:0, 'Aporo ozouvoCXeLro npdonlorou z,

209
6ntro6ielvoL eErLKdvLo rq onuLorou ndv(.lnlloeolp Lou KoLopvnrlKb y[o
ro onlELo Tou K6[6JnllopaLpCou. Efiou6v0jq
to Kd6to ornv e[LedveLqS 6[dvuolo iuxiu txe[ eopd s[6 ro eooreoLKdnpoq ro e{!JrpL|(6rnq oqo[pqq.

' EroL
tro
rndv,r*,,

II

tI

ddq=
ll j axa,r,Jl a1l,o,n,oouuo
5d

.-L

=ilt' o o u v , r o o l al eo=eol '

',!,

o r : v e o q = q lh0ul le"l z" = 4 q n .

35. 'Eolt,,S n nrqdvEtonou op[Cerdtdn6 rr|v {tqtDr| f(x,0,2)-0. I f

exLmpqydwouc
ouvxe[q!

,.!I 10. l" t rar. F etvor, ouvx[qouvrgolrElc

d[0v S (or T lwr I npo0oli f,lc S dto enlnebooXU,vd 6!x0e(6r!:

JI-c!
)',(jf )'.(r,-{)'

(x,,r,,
(x,0,
o) JJ,,
. )ds=
z)
lfg
5T
It-

latl
laz I

tr

B ) J ' F ( x , U , z ) . n dF*vf
s = l l qdl.
llf

ST

trl

(flovnlqriu!ooEo/xnc1972
)

loot:
o ) EL v o ! y v l J r o r 66 r L :
tI

; .) ld u d u ( 1) .
l l , r r x , , l , z r lal o
s -[ x r , r , u ) , 0 ( u , u ) , r (l iu, ,. u
'Eoroi(x,o)=xi+Ui+z(x,0)t
e!l,o|,ron
rnq enLodn dLoluotorL(inqpqurpLKft
vELoC
S (g nqpoUdrpouc
H
z=z{X,U)
Eivcl
enLJ\iouod
rnq
f{X,U,2)=
X,U.
n
j+zr(x,0)R
=0). E(voLr ir=ti*oj+zr(x,0)i, ir=Oi+t
+

i
1
0
ELvordur,:cz =- !

14

i
0
1

ril
,> lfx\fv = r'1+2.
+zi.
z,
l=-zri-zri*l(
zr, I
-T-;,r,=- 'Aooir"i, =1 / 1 * 2 , u

f2 fi.

210
U,,zz-)f] =
E l v q LK q Lq [ x ( u , u ) , U ( u , u ) . , 2 ( u , u ) ] = 0 [ X , { , , 2 ( X , 0 ) ] : q [(xx,,U
=A{X,0!z)A
. p qn ( 1 ) 6 i v e L :
tr
r
liz,+r.,z
x -r'
.lJotx,rt,,zlas-JJvtx,U,7) dxd0.
s

1tz

= -==:=
9) ELvqLyvuor6dru i= *IY'

. LLvqr q(6!o vv0ror66rr:

lfini.fi

ds= i".;u d,rdu4 j--d:l-v:la dxd{,. Apo:

lrzt

l l F t x , , r , , , r "'if i a s = l l F:tLx',t{i,lnzz
,+2r)f,l * r ;
'd
ki+f

lf .

6 * 6 ,'16 I1r1E a x a 4 .
f .)

35. l{ounoloyLoe(
ro nrlocvrqdoro*rlonuc
t=('trz,rz,xl)
JfFas,orou
5

rol S [vo! n 6[o!eg!xil e|tlodvroqc rugdtr(bocz=0, {F0, x:0, X+0+z-l:0

(noverLorisroocooolov[.nc- l6nlarlrd t!4trd 1976)
Ato4:
'Efil,J

SI

52' 53, Sq

oL enLqdveLq
owloroLxo z=0, (J=0,
ua ELodue0q

1=0.ElvoL:
X=0,X+U+z-

ae-{[
as.[[ras.[[
Fas=
r,.r,.r,.r..
[[;,t=[[
SSTS'S,SA
l(- +

o) holoYlo!6crou l1=llFds:
st
I(- - II+ -

Etvq'.Ir=JlFdS-.ll
F.nds.0a unoloy{.oouuE
ro 6Ldvuouo
fr. To Dudvropoi
('ro enlfiE6oz=0 (ot deLvcLKa6To
'Apo
eLvoL:i=(0,0,-1). Enoudvr,rc
F.;-xU. 'nooCxL eopdnooqrq 6l,l.
xouue:
*
**

EivaL f(x ,0,2):z-z(x,{,)=0.

t i r o o u o u . r - v q o o n v o , j u r vcrr r j o , u 4 r r .

211

sr oroenLnet,JJr*,lf *- ff t*,lf li;O;Oor*r,.Hrpogo^{

fic enLodveroc
ax{
Sr

60 oxil, s{.vo! ro xo9(o nou raplkAelato! dn6 lo ipayovo 0AB, rc

flleupdivX"0, G0' X4Fl. 'EtoL e(vdr:

aldrelc

',=1,[|,-',-*,*1*--t,t+
fi .
J',r'*r'0,=l,-',"-+
gploxou!
spydoto
drl ttfliA-;
At ilqvdloyn
y, oo unoloyloourE
* t".[lfoS.l[;.;".
fi. E[wr g(x,0,2)'xd+z-l
. 'Apo:*"*
fr. J
Enouavoc
eavqL

-', ,.=fl;oa-;

oo unolovlooorc
ro 6(twuoyo
, ouvg-J- , *"t.

(1,1,1).'e"ori'L 1

*.

'AF,o:
(02+xz+x0).

ll
.
ll
.
jl * (Uz*xz+1q1frfr+2fi
t.=.ll-l- ({z+xz*x,r)ds+
61611"

-r

" lJ f
^xv

.rv

dxdlF
rr-x-0)*x{,1/TIGT
turt-*-,r,r-,
Jfru.1"**.*utoxar.
*x9

=(n llpoBoliqc

LqdveLoq
sr oro nl,tte6o
0x0e(vor ro xl,Joao
nounep!-

xAaErol
dr6 to rpavovo
0AB)-l0Uo(U-{,+x-x,-xUldl,jdx-

=t'19- $ -x,r,-x',r,-x9l
dx=
j,tu+' _J$Jt*;11_y1_x'11_*1_
$u:]o*= ... =*.
'Ero! troln6v
c{,volr-tr+I,+r!+J{.- -}, '

Triros (4), o.Ii,6d 13s.

,*".

212
II
37. l& urolovrd|. to oloxlioll||d llds mLq nprttt6oerc[orr:

o) s l,voLn rllqilveloxz+||2}22=4'z,zio.
0) s tvo! n Enrtdverdx2+i'?+2'1=42,(Io 6Lavuq! i rcteuotvetol rE
(lbvenrofllulo oeo@lovl.xtc1983)
tc &).
Aoon:
LvorX-oouvunuu,
0r flopoulpLKee
eLori)or.C
rnq oQolpoq
U=qntunlu,z=
=oouvu.H 6LqvuoloxLKi
Lvsr: i{u,u)=
nopouerpLKi
ELooon
inc oQoLpoc
.oouvunurJ*onuunurj*oouvul.
yvr,nrd
a3-?r'?uaudu.'[xour].:
6tr.
Elvou
=+ iu,iu-(x,u,z)on!u.
i.,iu=c'zouvunr'?uJ+o'znuurtr'?uj+a'?nsuouvu{
ge zto (nu[opolplo)e('vdLu[0,2n]
o) Tlo rqv nLqdv[o
rnq opoCodq
| -1*
r .1
d p ot o 6 L d v u o l oi u ' i u 6 x e t
,.
. E L v oo
r un u u . o .v l o u e
10,+l
10,+1,
npocro e[o!oLKdrnc ogoLpoq.[no!6v0lqLvot o0opdond ro ao0]xepLK6
'Erou
[poc ro fi.
6xouue:
u6ppono
tt -

II

.':nr,+

JJoG-llro'o*rnu'"i-o2nur:nu'zui+o'?nuuouvultaud,:=o'il
ll- o,:vunu'uaulau
'6'
S

*'ll

,,r.,+
.
,,...+
,:
ouvrLdul'
nu'?uau*
nuunu'uaular.''o'll
ru,o,u,a,lu,=o'lI
I l'
I l'

,+

,," ,+

"-,+

* o ' j l n u u d unl 'u ' u a u . o ' Idl u l ' n u u o u v , a , . o ' i ,I n r un] pl ' 'l u- o u *
to
lo
Io
l,
Jo

!.Lt

-o'il-ouuu,l
l-iu-*nuzul
-!
L.

"

to

," ti

| -,.,,2, 1z

-o'llul| or:vudouvu=01.0J-q'zl2n
I v:;--e
| =
- -,
.
|
Jo
,0

=o'nR,
B) rro oldKlnpnrqv nledv.Lornq oqotpsqavoru [0,2n], u [0,n]*
'Aoc:
i, io'iu eivou ou6ppono.
Kor ro btovL]ouoro
II

II

TI

JJoi..lJto'ouvun',',,i.o'4uunu'u3+o'lnuuor:vul)dudu=o'zifJo'lv

213
It

tl

{'jllnuunu'uauau,o'tflnuuouvuauau-o'1ll.
ouvudof
onu'?udu*

*o'i['"nuuau['nu'ua,*'l
-o'i[nuuli
filI
nuuo,u,o,
'o
to
toto
J,nu'zuuu'

'l,nuucnuu=o'i.0J,nr,'uou*o,jol,nrr,':a'r
+ozi[-ouvu]
i' lonu'zucu-c'?Itul
i
.o'l2nI n!jul"=oi-oi-ot.

38. lb unoloyLdc(ro o^orMgqra

Jff.;*,

o-, s eavo.I mrfdvero:

{I'?rt!|, F0, -x+2), i (vo! ro x6Ero ornv erL9dvclo5 ||ovdraao 616vuouorcu Kqteuo0yerainpocro elrr rc. F-zxl-rUJ*zi.

i,

idq:

'l'1'z

' t \ ---l-t-- - - - --l

H rrqdvLo S onoreAato[ qn6

rtc E[!0dveLc51, SP Se, !e ELoiofc z=0, z"x+z, x'1+{t=1, ovrLoroLxo. Apo:

llF.nds=
ll .ll .ll=r,.r,.r,.
'npo,i.i=tzxi-s,l,j*zttt-{t=-z
o) E(voLsr: z=0Ko!Goi+oj+{-1)l=-R.
Erortvuc
Etvol I,=[[i.;os=[[-,ds4
{{ -o*o*=0.
-6,

6i

^*

ro 6[dvuogo
i. ELvou
Fl Sr: z=x+2.oo uflotroytooug
ouvo=
ffi
.tus,
=l
----L
=0, o,:vy=
=-L.
, ouvB=_L
Q

/t+z'+2f,

,i-- .! {.0j. 11.

/1+2i1zi

"2
1
s n o r 6 " ,i.. i - z x ( \,0,'/-L\=-

TJros (a), dEri60 135.

\ /.2 I

\./z /

L"*!,.

,E

214

'Ero"
r"=Jft.ilds=
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t-rr-r'-,,t,t;
f[r'**r*+ ]/ . 6Jf
f.
t'
s2
S"
xg
It
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= JJ r-*-rtoroq,=f'
o(-oor:ve*z)aoae-[
*"eI
4
4.
. Jo
ro L '
xz++z.I

=l (r-.j ouve)o=l
oe-{l ouueoe-1e11"-*tnrrli'-r".
y) S3: x'z+0'z.1.
eq unolovLoouu
ro 6Ldvlo[ofi.Etvo! f(X,U,z)=xr{{r-l

'Apoouvo=-L

- -;!-

nF6n7 FV

-x, or:vg=
' --!-

=
=,1,,
ouuv=
-'--"
rtFFe" 4F;F

=0. 'Apci=xi+l*oR. EroLaxoor'F.fi=4"-3g2,'ooo.

-+
tf:+f:+l;

',=Jf
r.;*"JJ
r,*,-,,r,
r*.
sr
Sa
eq utro^ovlooule
ro rEleurol,oolo(]iprrlo !e q EoiOLorou r0tlou:
I(
t(

F[i(u,u)lli,,i, lauau.
)ds=ll
JJF(x,'r,z
SA

0L nogoIetOLKaC
eELodoELq
tnc nuqdveLqq
S! eLvor.X-q9yg,U=nu, z " z,
03es2n, oszsz+X
oEzlz+ouve. H oLovuogorLKifiopolerpLK{ eq(ooon rnq

enuodveuoc
i(,2).ouvoi+ay6J+7[.'Apo
ie=-nsOJ]ouvoj+Ot,
i".ol*oJ*tt .+

=+ ;r'i"=

T
I -n!0
|

lo

3 rl
ouv0 0 l-ouvol*nsej+ot
+ |iu,i, =,6rv.e*nu.o
-1.

rl

'EroL
tvoL
r,.fJf.;orJJ
rrr""u,,)ds.JI(zouv,e-snu,e)aeaz=
STSSL
a 2 rr t 2 r o u v $

=l

to

ll

(2ouv'?6-3nu'?0)dzld8.l
(2+ogv6)(2ouv'9-3n!'?9)d-

Lro

Io

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(2-5ru'zsJae=['"+ae-z{"orueae-ro{"ns,eae-s
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ro

ro

TJros (a), o.ri6o 135.

lo

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Jo

215

'z
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1
+ 1e]
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[o];tr+]
l'-sf
i".zlnue1

tnuzel
i"-

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1 .I - + l ^ = 0 + 2 n - 2 n = 0 ,
lo[ndv LvcL: l l F . n d 5 = +

39. tt unoloylooca
ro Erlqoyld6oror<ribor llFd, dnou

F-

it

.(0tl -0t,2") ro! S slvol to qdlo tnc (ulrvoorriq ariqdvLoq

{2+2'z=6'z,
rtou nplexro! !raa6 rov n.n66ovxl), x--3.
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Enrbi uLo
o (dvouuqop!oyiror-,trinoullFaS-tJlt-Pzr-Qz{,*R)dxd{i.
SA

eloEto rlopdllnln lrgoqtov dqovaz'z talvL lnv nl06v!oo 6uo onlaao

o[r,cEnLodvLec
5r, S, !E [LorioL(ovtcorolxo,
x(pl(o!uinv en[qdvElc
'EroL6xou!:
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(-pzx-azu*R)dxd,r,
ioi*JJr
Jf
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s
ar

( 1) .

oxu. 0L
rov nLocveLdv
Sl, 52 q[o Enln6o
dflouAr, ^2 E(vq[oL n0o0o^6c
gE nleuo6cx-0, x=-3,
npo9ol6c
out6qLvorL6[ecKoLeavoLto opoovd]vLo
ri yro tnv sr. 0r ouvrErovucvq
E
ro 6L6vuo!o
G5, '!=-5. o ulloAoylooupe

f re L v o u
o :u v o = + = 0 ,
h+z'*21

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A+21**22, "

----6i.;i1'0.
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orur=4=

/l+zi-zl

'Apooronpdrro
o-

to nodontorr+,,. [Lo ro
loKfulprrlq
ro0 EeurEpou
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i qc S" elvot ouvy=f.0 +
6udvuouo
ol6dipr,uo nolpvou!ro np6onuo"-u.
'EToLExouu:

I'i=rf,.0.

Apo ylo ro 6E0repo

216

JJr-"*+1-*roxaqfJ1-c2,,-qzern1rxa,1.
Jjro+
SATAz
p.Six,q=-{,,R=2,rsu z=r'sE:[t
=+ zx=o,
EtvqL
z!=
ffi
np6roolo(triprrlq)
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ffi

tvro.o

o,tro ro Deftoo

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loKtriprdlq).

JJas.
fJp,*",,.
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=Ift-+
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/36-,r',
L"L

L'L

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rl--/

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t-' t
-" k6-'!'

--2lxI',0.0 (to ot'o*riorro t[' :L-

-6 h6-01

a,l .l-

loL Loo! !n6dv, 6L6tLn un6ro oloKliptdud

ouvdpEnon
E('vornEpLTri koL
ro 6pLdrnColoKlip0lonq
eavoLovrloro).
40. lh unotroylooelro drtoovLd(dolo(^igl4|o:

'las.
-. ?
Y't

[ [ , / n .r , n , 9
ll \,o'
6nous EavoL
n nLqdvLo
l{

lo7

, V' . '.' =,
B2

v'

(t), z$l xor.n,, n,, nl or

I

ouvtTcyuEveq
rou 6!ovio!q[oe i, Irou K6rsu06vsrctnpos rs 6tr,.
(l{. Bali:',Engineering
Iathenatics,,)

/\oon:

'LxouJ!
i-(n,.a.,n,)

i = / ! , ! ! , : 1 ) . ' L r o ' ^ o L r 6 vr o b o o u d v o
"or \c?
3z
u2 l

217

yp6oerol:
o^oxMpi'lq
lJt*Ut*

f' 4 f- 4 jA. oq(dvowEeworroy'l

-ou.r,no,fJFa3-,ff (-pzx-Qz$+R)dxdr.
s
axt
E l v o r . p = A ,e 4 .
a'

n 4.

B"

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yEffi *,,"

(l) 6(ve!

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8a rdvouueEi^oyf tou npoorllou.
elvqut.f,>o (t \ t1+21+4 r

O"

erllyoole to trp6otuo"+r. H trpoFoli qc erlodvloc s oro a(l,n6o0x0 tvo! o Ileurtr(6c otoroc t' . t' sl. 'Etor ,\ornOv
6xouu:
c2

82

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a" o.,/r-x, _{2

. 39----=-J9g,8,,/1_X _V

.tr- f - E \.
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ou

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92

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flo vc unolovf.oouueft 6!0 [Cnd olorlnp4lqto rdvougero uetodxnuo-

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rLoud
x=qpouvg,
ffi
pt+d6tverro euFo66v
tnc AII!{4c tr*!3=1.

-oo). TorparootorMnouel,wt aoo! ro8.'E-

''" '
e'zow'ls
roL cxoure:[[idd=y,[1f':af
+ e'e'dedsde*
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-""8=
+u r['o tl['',"*,odpldo+e r{"o [['o'*'eaoloe*s{'0,60['"ae*no
ro
I
tjo
I
Jo
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f;e J['o'oo['"nu.ro.-o['o.oo['"0r.*r
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u Lrrol. + ro
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s
t12j+11'l+2'l)[6rous elvor I aa[po x,{rl,+z,=l npooovcEoArot6vn
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lodt:

Androv r0ro rou Gausstxoule:

-

tt.

lld.fiAs=fJJatvdayaUz:
sn

(0+z+22)dxd{dzg0.
JIJ
0

42. t{a 6e!xoE!6rr ro ErLqrvld6 ororMpq!

lli.frds, oroo txi+j.
s
+z[, e(vor,(oo |r3V mL V slvo! o 6yxocrnc orepedc
ttEoloxicO mv onolo npltrlEl.!n Kllori ent0dveldS.
Aion:
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tov r(lnorou caussCxoule:

II

III

lll ,.

.,

-\
ttr
. # * ,,.?!
lld.nus=lllarvdala,6z=
rr.r*rraxa,ra,=
llf
)axa1,a'4l(.!i
+ H! + aixl!'.2,-+*,*2,.

,r"" ,-l= y

**

H o u v d p r n o nq ( x , t , z r = [ r z + 2 2

eivqL reprtti os rlposx, 0, z xdL r] drEp e d r e p r , o x r io e i v c r , o u l u r p u r i o s n p o s r r r v c p x r i t o v c { d v o v . ' A p c r o r p r , nI6 oloxlipoJld eivcu ioo ue un6jv.

It
=3Jlldxdodz=3v'
0

{3. k unolovld..ro erLrvelqd ot.^,f*.

6nouL(xz"+e{)i.

l[fd,
s

t1y19*ex1j*1gtz+131{
roa s l.yo! n KleLonldrrqdveldnou dfloxltrc! 016
ro uLopo(plo = /s-qZlt xq! lov xuxllK6 6(oxox'z+{,'so'z(o'o}.
loon:
go (dvouueEooppovi
rou rtnou rou causs+.ELvo!

a{xz-1ev)
=
+ a(x1{'*e\)
* a(u1z-*x')
divF=
Exouue
llias=f[{ai"Faxa,r,ar.

=2,+x,+{,.
AooJJFas-=
JfJrx.-,r,*' raxa,r,a..
s0

0o unoloyLoou!
ro tolrld o^o(lipoto u !Erdq(n!arLo!6oe o0drpLK6c
ouwroytdvc.e6touuex=oouvOnuo,
{Fpn!8t!e, z=oouvo.Eavdr 0E [o,at],
o

10,;il,

0igso'(dL lJ l=9'rtpo. Agd:

Itt
,n,,+,,"
F ,+
dl nuedel
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ll ll
-* r ^. ro

- l e l - f - o u v o l 'l *

^5

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| = z n t o * t +t " : + -

44. lih unoloyroe0ro eniFvsrdd olorligrrtF:

-

- / - ., \-1
r=J|
i )qd.
[rx..rz+rl.tz-a,r,)f-(x.-

&rou s E(vc! || lrlodvlo r0C 4olpoc x'?{il'z+Z'z=o'z(d>0).

Alq:
60 Kdvoug(nptoyi tou tonou tou Gauss:
*

oL orerLx;s {poihosdoels loxiouv,

220
fl- '

ffll.D

Jl*s=,lJ(;i
0tl6r

.^
.o\
+;il- #/dxdlidz.'Exouu
P=x'+xz+{r,
R=x,-i ,
Q=z-2x0,

=2X+2,
=-k,
Jx-91
,,1,-

=-2, H otepdnEpLoXi0 E(voLn:

0={ (X,'lr,z) IRr: X2t\tz*zz;o2J.

II
III
'Apo: r=llFaS=llltzx+z-2x-ztaxauaz=0.

so
45. tb Ulloloylog{.
ro enr0oveuor6
or*ltfo,rr|or=ffFad,6nouF etvor.n
s
i' (Zxzr0lnz)1+(02+ezl
ouv4nnon
nx)l+(-lz'?+"x+{
1t xcuS e[vot n lrltplKt
Enrqllvelo
tou dBouX=0,X.2, [=0, lF2, z-O,z=2.
ndqr
0o unoloyaoouu
ro en!0ove[c(6
o^o(lipqroue tn Bodelo
rou r0routou
II

III

III

Gauss.
- i$ - j! )oro,1o.=
Ervor
r-llia3-fJlar"Faxam=Ul(*i
sao
.

IIT

III

- S zcxcrlcz.H oEpd
dxdldznpLoxi0 eLvoL:
ltl l2z+z-82)
lll
n=t(xtu,2)e IR'| 03x.2,03162,o:232J,
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1
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ll L - rIo r
llzaxlao=
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tro I J
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=-sl [2x]
dG-20[0]"--40.
"du=-201

46. l5 unolovldl !6 tov rdrc to! Gaussro 6n|,|or/e@r6olo(Mtflo:

IT

l- ll (xouvc*luvp+zouvy
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tnc ao!s
(a'0).
PoCX'1+0'?+2'?=o'z

A0on:
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221
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^ar

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xa! ll"S=lll ( +;t" a +# ) dxd0dz,
6nou
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s5s0
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IIt

Pr=1, Q,p-1,

It

1. Erou6xouu
oeoLpoc
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Jll dxdqrdz=3t6yKoq
0n
o,'J-

IIO-=4nO-.

47. ih uroAovroEl
ro enL0oveLo(6
oloxrrlpr,rlo
l.ffzouvyo, 6nous [s
xo! ouvye(vcr n rpatn ouvlvoan grrplxild{r| mc ogohocx'?+02+z'-l
(6oerou
oild rou
olnv errodveroS uovoblolou
6lov6ouaroc
i (y e[vor, n
y!,v[ortouoxnud[(! ro fi ! rov dEowz'z).
A0on:
o' TphoC: Xrrpt(ouleulv EnLSdveLo
S otLC anl0dvLq
Sl, 52, ! EL-

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'EtoL.avol:

I=JJ.ouvvas=f
Jzowvas,jjzouvvds=t,*t,.
ELvorouvv=
L
tfi+r'1v+ri /x",'tt"z^

(6[ouf(x,{,z)-x24'z+2'?-l
). Enold-

FW
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.l
A','i7''r',z'1
=

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Jf

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It'Apq
I=1,+l)=2JJ/1-x'z-U'z
dxd0-(Hnoogoli\u rnc erLedvEloq
oro eolrp

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oioKoq x2+U2:1,uErooxnuorlEoute o [olLKdq
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Jo Lro

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to

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rn ouvdprnon
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+ R=2. Apqi=01+0i+
+ (Pi*Aj*Rt)(0i*0j*ouvyt):zsuvy <+ Rolvy=zouvy
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I
(6yxoc
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oxrivoc
opoLooq
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n
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Al't

dx't,

rp6no
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48. Eoflr s !!o rlLodl Ka[6 r!4uord leco m!9ilvro, i 6vo onoro6ainor o[dp6 loydlolo brilvuoto tou ]Rt rql i ro Ki5sto oEnv 46vero s
npoc ro 6to. l{s 6[x0[ 6rr:
uow6[oaodldvuouo,nou xdreuodveEor

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s
A6on:
'Eotr,:
i={q,0,v) 6voorqoepd6Ldvusuo
ue i]=1. Iox0eu6tu:
u . n j l u ll n o u v l n r u l+ o u v { n r u , = u . n .
It
lI
ttl
llt
L n o u a v oe qr : v o rl l o u v t i , L ; r a s " l l d . f i a s . + l l l d i v J d x d u d r = l l l o d x d { d z = 0

i':"n

/,\
=0+0+0=0/.
+
+
divi=
rug Tzr
llvoL
fr
nploxlle0 rcu rcprxklrc[
49. 'Eoro 6rL v elval o 6yroq xne oEepE6e

223
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Ila 6ELXoE('
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s
ioon:
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(dr l= (x,U,z),'Apo i'i=1ouvo+r!ouvp+:orvy
(

rrl

IIenoudvuc:
ll (xouvo*rlor:ve'zouwtas=
JJF.iasffi JllaivF*auaz=
sstl

III

|| I ( *!r - .:#- * ) axo,r,a.=

| | | rr-r. | )dx,&dz=3
JIJdxd,!dz=3v.

,d,\dldvd.|'i'0

50. llc unoloylooea

ro enLocvLo(d
ofoxlrtnnoff {xouvo*uv9+zouvv)ds
S

6[ou S ('ttol n fi!|6v|.tr rlou @|'.srdr otrd rr| o](6onxz+ztr'z+z'z-l(I\er{or6ec) mL ouvo,outo,ouvv oL ouwetcyldyec roo r6rou ot'|v s Uorro6r..o(ou
6lov0ou6roc fr (nou rcEuolrvlor npoc m 6tl).
Adort:

v y=()x, , - U , z ) . n o o :
E I v o ri = ( o u v q , o ! v B , o r r F
I

tr.

(xouvo-+ouvB+zouvy
)ds=
Jl
J,F.ids+klll
ssn

divFdxdrdz=

=jfi(
rELuoll . ++ - fi )o,or,o'=Jffr,-'-rroxo,ra,=Jffaxauaz=royK
'ri' ' "^
'A'
n
eu6orjc)3*n J-

1 , 1 =- L n .
3/2

o rjrros rou e)LlLiloE!6ois x' ,qz * z" =1 6iverdL ar6 tov !iro:
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d2
82

={""0''

t."

e ^ r E U 4 , o e ! 6 d sx 2 + z ' r 2 + z z = e
t jvcu o=r, B= -!

, r'=r.

v=

224
5 t . ila unotoylogelro nLFvutxdoro.Mpngof =llx"amr+tlrrdzdx+z,dd!
s
dnou s eivol n e&r.pr.dld|n tnc elrwdyLssrou r0!ou o:x:o,0!0sd,0sz:o,

nlon:
Sq

It- - ttI .
ceopu6oou!
rov r[ro rou Gaussr
tLvoL p=x,,
J]FdS=llldivFdxd{idz.
s0

Q=0,,R=2.+ _a =*, .3t =ut, {=zz.

ApodjvF-2(xi!+z).
Enolavoq:

r=JfJzrx.+*,roxo+oz=zl,
[, [1",'.r-',,,1.*1,'='1,
[f,[ + **,.lir]*"

=4,
si,r*
$ *a]i.=,J'(
{, t *") "=
tl,(+'u.".)a,r,],.=,J"I
='b"'.o"
: r l = z ( o ' *- ) - " '
52. lo unolovlda 16 rn go|loLorou rdnourou Gaussro lrtgoverord
II

olo(liftxro I='d
6nouS eavoLn OxlrdnpoocvaEot!o!all(o'?x'?+B'zo'z+y,r,)dS,
v4 6rlgilveao tnc ooolpoc x2.{2+22"22.
l6on:
TLd vd (dvou! eeopuov{xou t0fiou rou GaussnpdneLvo npoodlopLoouue
ouvdornonF, t6touo nou i,fi=orxlrBrur+yrzr, 6nou i El!Lo 6LovuouorLK{
vdL To K66Tootnv nredvLoS lovo6lolo 6[dvuo!q. Oo uflolov('oouuro 6Ldvuoto i. 0c Bpo0le ro Kdero 6r-6vuopo6 or4v erLqdveLos oto on![o
1,4(x,'!,2).Ei.voL:

6=vi=ix.!-l
i- 3f :r * t,

6nouf (x,0,2)=X,+Ur+2,-4,'Apo
E-2Xi+2Uj+22{.
Etvouox6pc16)-2R@E=
.28

-4. Eroutvuc
5iu6L;= -L =-j xf--j ,f,:-{ rf . ocrdporju
rn ouvdorqol

F=pi*oi*ni. rtvoL,

ei.oi-*tr(-!'i--! ui,),t)=o.x,.a.v.v,z
" + rl x.o],r-n{ z=o.x,
+82U,+y,2,
+ P=2orx,Q=29,r!,R=2vrz,
Enou6v0rc:
F=(Ao,x)i*(28,|l,)j*(Zy"z){.

225

'a,0,r=
l[i'ids#

)dxd,rdz=
flj,'n**r,"-Jffr"'+28'z+zv'

III

=2(o'z+B'?*y'z)
ooo(paqo(tavoq 2)=
llldxdudz=2(d'z+B'?+v'?){dvxoc
0

=2(d,+F.+y')+
n2'.

oJJfA, at*
s

sit. lt ur@lovrd!ro enrodvclor6

"t*tl*,"
.$2,1",z1l

F.

(I-a)'?+(]tl'z+(z-v]'=n'z.

ro! s e(tul n .r|.|6yelo rc EEa6t

Adqt:

gd(dvou!.eooplovii
Eavorl
rouronou
rouu"".., fflo3=lJJo,"lord0dz.
8n

divF. ;i

;f-

-2x+21+22.',N'a 1r=[l[ztr"t
*,taaua..
..,

fLo vo unoloy(oouue
ro t9rnl6 olodig{,Juo,(dvouusro uetooxnuotlo!6|
. L v o Ll J l = 1 . ' A p o l
X - o . u , 0 - B = 0z,- V ' v l E

r.zlllto*u*p.u.v-,ta,ou*,
tu*u**tauo,o,*
JJf1,,**,,.,o.s*v)la,aua*=zlll
I

n'

n'

*zl[[ to,g-,tauouaeo*zro*g*v
t l[[ araua*z(d+B+y
) (dvrocowaoocor<rIvoc
n'

o'

p1.216+9+y
1{ nn!.

9t- b |'otovro&a to arlntrclor6

oLal|b|!:

rat
*

10 oroxlipr,ila:

,Jl (u+u+v)dud'rdy eivcu un6iv, 6r",iru n ouuiprnsn:

ei!a! reor.rtriroos (r,u,v) rar, I oteperirepuoxrlIr' 3xer,rirtpo

ouuuerpics rnv dpri lov c6\,o\,.

f(u,u,')

15

226
,tFz I )dzlx+(2xltt'zzlqd0, 6rou s r
Jlxz'aFz+(x
s
tnfi1a,.!z,

eloEil drtqdvelq:
(llolurexvlolDnvdv1976)

z=ot.

i0dl:
rou .
H entodveLoS elvoL KleLglr1KoL r.ox0ouv6^eq oL npo(Jlrc06o[q
rou Gauss. EIIo!6v0jq0q (dvoutrEocotroviotov r0lroi

llfa3=
llluinFaxau..
sn

=z'
ro divi. Etvou
ELvorP=x22,0-xr0-23,R-zx'ls!':2.eo unoloyaooutr
,!!
fi

=*., .# =U., 6nlo6i dlvF=xznlz+zz.

Enouavoq:

roxa,raz.
lliaSlll rx,.+,...
sn

+22
=o21. MErooxnlorlcouua
H orEpdre9loxi 0 e(,voLn {(x,U,z)elRl:x2+r)t2
2.p4y0.EloE o{roLoLK6c
ouvlarovuavaq.
06touue
x=pouvoouve,
0"pouvgnle,
vor 0rq:2[, olpso, ose:+ Kd[ il-O'ouve.:uvn6q:

' "aeouueae
f' hfIo'o'o*eooarae=["0'oo
f
'JJf
a ',r'*'-.',ororo,=
'
r o ,[+
,
!.

=lt l-tn,el;.r"=
T'.*- !f: .'apqv=ff .
55. ilo uroloyrdel

!e tov r0rc tou causs ro ed.0avarar6 olorful9ouo:

I=llFdS, 6nont=xri{rj+rtt,

droo s lvoL n o?d[pox'?r{'z+Z':=l (t}

(ro

6!6vuqa fi ra[Eooovelor rgoc ro fcrcola6 tnc eq[Fc].

(rbenrErird Tti||o ndvErro[t|llou &ofirovamc 1977)
lton:
II-.

(tl

oo KdvouuE
qopuovi
rou r':nouJJF.ias6noun ELvoLn
JJldivFdxd{idz.
so
cepad npLoxinou nepL(leLEroL
on6 Tnv nledveldS. ELvc!:

227

di"i"'(f ) {P

.9

=3x?+3u,+32,-3(x,+{,,+2,).

IT=T II''
II(
I- l, Fds=
Jl F.nds.,Jl3(x,,t.*2, )dxdtdz.rlo vo unoloy(oouie
ro rplnt6 o^o_
Lligolq gelooxnUorl,(oule
oe o0o!pl(6q ouvteloyltvq. 'Eror e6tou!
X:
.pns9ouvo,
{Fpnuonle,z.pouvp.Elvor O:e:Zh,Os9ln,oipjt,
j=prnug.,AlJ
tn
--. -. 'r
.doJ"nuuao=s1Ai"l
eo: r=3["["['e,o.n!eapueae=3['"a6['o

,0,,

f J,t_*"011=

=s.e-({)rer=f
".
55. lt urolovld(

ro n!|ovelord oloxliH&:
IIt
r.ff
lawz_f axo,.foar,

firoos e[yd!n eErtolrilerlalvrorq, el 4oer6odc

5.#.

=r.
i

l0at:
c unotrovLooute
ro otro(IdprtE! tq godororou ttnou rou Gauss.E(_
ftI

'
*' r=fllar"({r-f
i.*r)o^aoa'=
ll[,
o
oJ[ ;

.,,

- -;

'var
)dxdtdz (o

nploxf x" * !f . :: rt\.

n cnod
o' 9' v1 ,l
fLc vo unolovloouue
ro toLnl6 oiotdlipuuo
(dvoullernv ovrLioxddroon:

x=ou, rFBu, z=y|l. 'EroL n o[pe6 nepLoxllQ oleLKova(Etol o!9llovoorllovro

ornvolEpdnploxiorr uz+u2+ut2
=1. rtvoe ${ffi.oBv.

,Apo:

.fr ,fr)"e,ou"o,=
IJl(i ; r;a'a,r,a'=-iiJ(fr

=+t{
l,f+
+y'f |IJiXy'+
8o unoloyloouuro np6roolo(liqrlo.

E(voL

III

dududl{

0r

228

r\0"=[[f*l'ro*,,-ft
u J-r|';F=F
I

=[{**[ffif
'-li;-7\

,f

i;

,t'"1

-=:lgq.
dj" li:rr::F

Tu, avd! ro Xr,plourr2+rr2s1,

Iilerooxnldrl<oope
o rlol|-(tc ouvreroylevsc.

'Ooo,
o6rou!
u-pouv,
u=prm.Etvo!Osprl,O-.e=2n,
$fo}ti =r.

-, Il #=-['r,-o,r-ror,-o,rJ'.ae=-;z1r-p
]zn=+n.
ll
#
/l-u'-u'
,!;s t1-p'
f'r
'eo.

[[[
d;

o'acd*-,n.
-u'

Avdlovoggl,okouge
6rL ro 6E0repoKor tp(xo olo(liootto aavoL Lod u
4n.
'Erd!

eLvoL

{lt*

oF\
-1-*)a*ar,o+"(ry.g.
Tt' 6nIo6il

'*"(+.f.f,).

57. ild unotovioeelro errooverdtdolorliftF

(B' et6ouc) I.JJld,

6-

nou F=(x'.,1,t""tV,0t*a2ex+2.22+t2e{+x)
xor s e[$d! rl xlcrorll Err06velo:
(ro
bldvuolEi raE.raove&Lngocro 6Er).
{x'1+{'?-l
,Forz=x+l }

(ncve[|,orlhroiovDavou
)
/t6oll
eo unol\oyloou!
ro anr@vLoK6
oloK^l1pouo
!e rn BoioeLdrou x0nou
It-- I
rou Gauss:.l.lFdS=
6r.lJdivFdxdUdz,
5A

nou 0 eLvol n oEepd

nploxf trou
nepL(lLatcLcrl6 rnv Klaloti erl0dvLoS. E{.wL:
q = 1 1 x , 9 , 2n; e
": x?+02=O
1 ,: z : x l t) .
' EXouU
'Apoar"f=
P-Xr+(J'zez*'P,
R=',+x2e'r+x.
Q=U'?+z'zex+z,
ff

- j$ - $ =

229
IIT
tLq vo uno^ovioor,ler0
-z),'Aeo I-lJJ2(X.{,'z)dxdUdz.
=?Xr2++22=2lx+
0
ouvtroY!6veq. gerouue
oe KUlLvdpLKeq
rpLIII6 otroKIipdUquETooxnuorL<ouu
0<zlpouv+l' lJl=
x:pouve!t=pn!, z=2. Elvar O:e<h, 0<p<1,0sz:x+1+
=p.'Apo:

dz]de]ds=
r=zJfJ
Lo',",v0-nus)-zel
, h , r^-+-.r*ar,a.=z{'.1
, 0 L l'
, o fL{'.'""'
'o
- 2 . r1 + P o u v g

=2J"
delds=
+5
l,
[l. Lo'(o,vs-nue)z-o
'
(
ap]ae'
=zf"
1r*eo,uelaI *pofue)'
]
[f [o't*'errer
-J'"

IJ'f

dezo'"rue*o'nro+2p!ouvr8+2o3nreouvo+or2prouv0+p3ouv

'L*'eae.zJ'o'aoJ'"nueow
'o'ooJ'"***tJ'o'oof
=oJ'o'ooJ""**e.zf
rL

/'

de-r'r'
!.odoJ,
58. lh unotoylogelro n[0dvLo(6oloxAipotia:

6nou
4r*'
s

t=

] ) rdl S avor
=(2lll|!'tr6xz'?,-2luu-e'/,zl,ze-v +alzouvtl+z
n enlocvLo t|tc
@L.Er, X'z+i'.+L2=|.

A0on:
oo unolovloouge to o^oKl{pttuo u Tov rtlno tou Gauss. ELvdL:
R=
+ Qr=-2nuU-2'i'ouv0-e0'20,
+ P\=2nu{i+62':,
P=2xn!0*6x2'z
Q=-20nur!-ev'
AOoPr+qo*p,=922.51o. o
=2,Uze-t't2rltzouvl*21
+ Rz:z{e-{_+2uouvu+322.
n

lll

nptdnou0 clvoLn oteped

rinoqrou caussotveu: Sfas-JJlsz'dxdudz,
).
oxi: 0={(X,U,z)lR3:x'z4!2+L'z.1
[Lc vo unotrovaooutero rpLntr6 oioKillpolo lerooxnlorleoou oe dpoLpl-

230
KdqouweraylavC.e6rou!x=pnlqoover{Epnt0nug,z:oouv9.Etvol 0!:2n,
'Apo
6xouu:
0$:n, orp:l Kot lJl=P'znlo.

*,]ae+J'"o1"*,',*,0,r'u*=
[|,
ili"-""oo"nuoao]
F"=1,'
-ouu,oaouvo)l
=rtrr:"(1,
+ I =E I-*# | =iT
IL

JO

JO

59. Io v(var crcMouontou t0nou rou 6auss vlq q ouvoqdl

=(2x-z)l+rtj-xz'?{ roL ylo tnv .[L96yEtqtou r69ounou oplcror
en(ne6o
x=0, X=|, '1F0,'lFl, z=0, z-1.

('(6 u

A0al:

'exoru",
E(vor:
0 uiroq
roucauss
(;i .*$ * ,r!!)axa,J,ar.
Ijt.*r"llf
sn
o
0 ={ ( X , { , 2 ) l R ! : 0 5 X 5 10, e ! 5 1 , 0 : z s 1 ) , I a v o Lo K 6 U P"2X-2,
Q=X,0,R=-X2,.

'Aro

rxi-"2, ;i +"

.# =-2x2.EnolavrK:

. * . * )**,.=i.
IIIt*
[I.[J.(z.x'-zxz)did',]dx'
0
=1,[l'r'*-'.''r:r,r]o'=J'[J'r,-*'*ro,r,]*=J'tz,r,-,',
i*-J'rz.*'-xta

=k*$-ail,"-*-j={ru.
Iox0el ox6!o 6rL:

eo unoloytoou!ro otro(lipouo:

rour0ll(2x-z)fids,urn Boieelo
(sEli6o 149). H En!0dlrou (9)
vEr.os x(,Jpl,<ToL
oe 600 enlpdveLeq.
'EtoL
LodEeLq
E[.voL:
X=|, X=0.
trE

231

fJrzx-.rfias=t-r
ffrr.,-,ror,o'.r-,r
ffrr.o-,ro,r,*=
JJ.u"ff'0,r,"-"
,n.
I+,
Tu,
"!'
'c
.

Il

rt rr

J l z d r d z =|zd1q d z = 2 1 , ! l ; [ z ] ; a .
TT
(10)
0c unoloyloouuE!o otroK^ipr,.,uq
llx,0JTds uE tn BoigELorou runou

(0I[60 149). H [r0dverocnoilelrcl 01166uo nLodvelrctla LodoELq

o'Apo
vrloroLxo |]Fl, {F0.
elvoL:

o=-i.
JJx'ofius=t-t
Jjx'tax6.*1-1,lJx,oaxcz=l
ll x.axla'-l
I r 0l{
r _ J| 0
s
r;,
i:"
l4Eovd,\ovo
oulloyLoti6
6rL JJf*..fmas=--!,
Bpao(ouue
s

' E r o L ( 2 )o r v efut * r
n
l l F . i a s = z - { - } =S

(3).

AIId(2) KoL(3) nOoKtnr[

rou r0rourou causs,
n Loxoq
It _60. tb unoloyLda
ro olorMrqro JJrotf.nds,drour"Ji+(x-2xz)J-rrli
s
rol S e(vo! n nl0dverd
|r sEaol|j!4
xr+{rr+zr{r, z$ (oto).
tdol:

o') rp6nos:
EtvqrrotF=;=(lLlU- atx::x.t)f-(.ij t$P):.
.( a(x:4zt- j$
(- zz{.
)i= r* *, rt- ro+)j. I 2zI )t-xt+0j0o ullolovloouue
ro bLdvuogo
rnc eflLedvELqe
i. H eEaor,ron
avoL
z=
'E1ou1.r6:
=6-x\12.
----:L
2"=
. :0uquvc uE roue
- /o,-x,_{, , ,,,=
r 4
/oz_x,-,
r0[ouqqC sIL6os23, dxouuE:

ouuo=@=
E:F:F_x
--nr
/:'
r-

"-x,1,. "-x,a,

tra+:V

o'

232
ovdlovd
orr.ouvo=*, ouvv=3. 'ooo;=(*,*,f)
Bplo(ouuE

't-

roL ^olnovsavul:

( * . I - 4 ) * **
-.r.;a'=[h.;a.-'[h.r
r=ll
=! **-ll
'd
,4,..
" ",+
d li.(l
u
=l{t"+'-zto'-"-u'rr
o'ot'
+,o'-*.-r. a'ar'=
[[ Ltr1.+1Lls:
'i
,i
/o'-x'-v'
H npoBoli rnq EnlodvLoq
S oro ontn66ooXU,sLvql o kuxl[K6q6(oxoc:
'Etou axouue
!a lerqoxnufiLo!6o noILKdsouvtetoylaveq:
x'!+r!2:o'z.

-i"' axar,= !e'-?"'

*=
r={{ : rx:',r:r
['- f [' to'-9' o6o]
to
/o'-x'-'!'
ii

lo

. l l l | - r t o - - e -o) . - 9
laoloe=
, o L , o L/ o , - 0 ,
/o,-o, I l
.l cll j to'-o'rr$
- to'-o'1-'la1o'-o"t=
^-L
= [ 0 ] ; l ( o u- o ' ) ' - o ' ? ( o ' ! - 0 ' z ) r ] - - 2 f l ( - o ! + o i ) = 0 .
B') Trdtro(: (dvoule eqoployi rou l0nou rou Gauss:
II

III

(1).
JJicS=Jllarvfi+aua'
sn
H (1) B6<owac
onouai=iasrou 6noui=rotf 6tver.;

axau.ieo.
.lJroti.f,cs=
lllai vtrotF)
sn

61. e|4oduero oreted Q nou oxruar(Glor. dr6 r|N nprdtpotal tou r0rlLrci 6(.oxoo({Fl)'z+z'zil, x'0 ytpo ond rov 6Eovoz'2. tld 6Lx0e[ 6t!l

(a),
TLltroE

**

Eiv0L div(rotF):o.

oIa6d 148.

233
tl

s n EttrEEplxile|trfdverorou 0, ! z:0.
Jlxz'dxdlFo,6nou
s
liiot:
8E|,|po0!etnv |(lelari nL0dvelo Sr,
nou nepLxlol,etol ndvo ord rnv enL9dveLo S KoL Kdr[, ond xlv en[pdvelq Sr,
'Exoule
afld tov t0ro
!E olLqoon z=0,
It
at

Gauss:l.l xz'dxd'!=llodlrdz+odxdz+xz3dxd0.

=fif( * -;g.* )*.scz=r{fi

x,'uxar,a,=0, 6r6rL n ufl6 ro otroklipr,lgoouvdprnonECvoLneplxrll oq npoq x koL i
orpd rtploxi Ql e{'vol orrllerpr(il oC rooc to fi('roo {nz. EnoUdvoC
lvor

jJx.'axa'r=o
(r).
s)
Etvol 6goq xoL:

o-fJ^,'a,a,r,Jf
,.o'*a,r
's'
Jl.,o'o*-JJxz3dxd'
fl'.'*o*=
i'',
S;
ii

6i

II

llxz!dxd{Fo.
s
62. t{dv[ve! ercMeeuolrou r0no0tou 6aussyr,orn ouvdpqol F-4xi-

-zltj*2"(

ror rny orpd reploxi o, fiou llprrlaEEo! 016 qv (ulLv6ol$1

(ndvEn0ot|fulo Oeodlovtnlc}
nrO6YLcX'?{r2=11ro! lo en(n6a F0, F3.
iiq:

8o Eno,\ntoouue
rov rino:

II. -

III

r, F.nds=
llJ divFdxdudz.
s0

a) 6d urlo^ov{.ooutsro rpLn^6 olo|(Iip|,|lo- El.vqr:

,rr"t
- al:391- + " #
. . . .{1!.
ax
aU

tat
'Aoo:I I t divrdxd0dz)dxdodz.
l,J
lll (a-a,!.22

=4_4,!t22.

234
llerooxnlorL<ouuE
oe KUI!v6p!(6q
ouvreroyudvaq.
06rouuE
x=pouv0, 0:
=pnpg,z:2. El,voL0:pJ2,0 E 0 s z n , 0 a z 1 3 ,

fiffffi

=o'Enorfvue:

t(I
}oxoq,0z=
,r, {a-av+zz
a

=l ll ll tq-qPaue
) P- zdl'd
z Pl d o =

=[

f[ [oo'"0'nre.."ot]colce=[
lf (r2e-tze'nroao)de]d0-

-J, lao'-ao'n
e.

1 o'I; de=J,{24-32nu0.18)ds=az[]"*32[ouvl;"=

ro enL0ovetoKd
o^oK^ipr,)Uo,
eooorJ!
rlq nLqdvELeC
B) 0a unolovLoouu
Sr, 5r, Si ! lLotloerc
ovr(oroLxo
2"0, z=3, x'z]U'?=4,
tCvo[:

lJr.a,JJr.;,,.Jfr.;o,.lJi.;0,=,,.,,.,,(1).
SSTSTS:

I l g o u n o l o v a o oruol e
l , = f f F . i a s .E l v o l; " ( 0 , 0 , - 1 ) . A p oi . i - - z r . r sl
II

II

Sr

ar,t

noudvnc
I,=ll -z'as=Jl0,F-I;OdxdrtFo.
lI) 0o unoj\ovl.ooule
ro Iz, ond lov rino:
trr -

tl

{-Pzx-02{+R)dxdU
lJ F.nds=rJJ

t2).

H rplrn olvLqtdoorou 6LdvrJoloroqfi (yro tnv EnLqdv[o

f (X)Ujz)=z-3=0),
6Lvero[ofl6 tov rr]no

,FT6tt"

=t=,

,&ori

'

'epoi.Lt'0.

Erorxle-

yout/To flpoonuo"+,,. Eivol q(6ud zx=0, z{=0. ' A p oq ( 2 ) 6 l v e ! :

235

r.;t= JJ
^?r')=e(Eupo.dv
Kdxup,:or
Jf
JJyo*r*air,
ff *",r=r,.lgqoov
t:i.t!"r*u,-,'.*,,
!',
KIou x'z+U'z=2'z)=9n2'z=36n.

III) 0q unoioylsou!
ro I3. H KUlLvbpLKi
nLqrdveLo
dXt6Lovuoportxi
nopouerpLKi
elo(,ron
Ezouv0l+2n
0jz:3, ElvoL
io=
uej+zR
, ua Oa0<2n,
=-2nr:si+2ouve3+o{,
i,=Oi+Oj*t{. Eavq!qK6!c:

iu"i"

j
r
I
-znue
=l

rl

.+ iu'i" =2.
2ouvs 0 =2ouvei+zn
uo3*0R
|
0
tl

Enoucvoq
fi= l"'1": =o*ei-1pejot.'Eror.
6xouue:
ru'r!
|

r , =J l l . ' i o fsf-t + x-,a u , , z){,o u v o , n)! 0i o, 0' i , l a e a z =

A

9,
II

- 2 ( 4 n u) ,' e2 ' :(1o u v e , n u) 2eo, 0o dI Iz(=sJoJu v ' ? o - )8zrdue3dez =

= r J1 4
( 2 o u)v,e
AA

.t6l

( o u v , B - n ! r B ) d 0 d zd=zt 5
l l{ouv,e-4u1e)do"

= 1 6 .,zL ilo' l o
l u v ' z s dnsu- l, o d o l : a s l l - ' ' e . - , r n u- l2Soql - g- o u v e ll .
ln

tL.

t,

"

lol

'11

= 4I8 1I rrr--L1 - +r - 1 1 ] = 4 8 r' .A p ol r = 4 8 n

'Lro"

IT-*
n ( 1 ) b t v e r :J J F . n d S = 0 , 3 6 n , 4 8 n = 8 4 n .
s

63. 'Eqto 5 Uto snlil Kl|.rE{ mrilvelq ge er[nl dtl qv E|,'rptxi.

'fsro qxdgoi=xi+i*z{
n bLovuoudElKiarEavqrou ruxoaouo||/d.ouI(X,0,2)
rlq erlotlv|.oq. I{o unoloyLoaro otroxliq,uo

'=f[io<'
6 "
rr.r.n. nap66orq)

Jnr,'oao=Jrr,'s,ruoau-Jrt-'-'uru.*"=J.""ea*"0-Ja^"s=!!!.1!-"

236
ndol:
E i v d LF ( X , U , z ) =

Ftva' F- ------4--l1 * ' t t 1+2 2 ,) 2

A P= \b'z*zz-zx'z
'
AX

zl
.L

rt'

lx'zaI'1+z')'?

, a= ---:--fl x , q z + 2 ,) z

aQ

;u -

(*,-0,..1'

p=----a-

,*,..9,tz")u

z'z+x'z-2,!'z aR

,'

(r,.,,,.;'
AP
'-

E C v c Lo K 6 ! o :

x ' z4 ! 2 - 2 2 '

'Apo:
!

AQ AR=0=di
vF'
.:
.-

ALqKplvou!e
rLc flpLflrdoeLc:
o) H opxn tov oq6vov6v neOLKILrqL
on6 rnv E[LedvLd.Tdre e{0ool6<EToro Tonoqrou Gauss.ElvoL:
(II

II.,

(II

(0 cvoL
rpLoxirou lEptn orEpd
JlFds=JJrdivEdxdrldz=JlJOdxdldz=0
s00
K l e a e x dqLn 6 r n v 5 ) .
Eorl,JdrL n opxi rrJVq6vov cviKL orn orpEd nEplox 0, T6rE

B)

P , Q , R ( K q e 6Kco ro r
#,

3$, #)

u * s l v o Lo u v x oLrqn vQ

(-

oro (0,0,0)). Aporo Eedpnlorou causs6Ev Eedoov6v elvqr oovExEaq

{rqp!6<6roL. >rnv neptnrl,ronduri epyo(6loor 0Jce{ic: oopo[! lLs oQoiod
qE6v0i!(oL oKrivq o 1o>0), nou va nepLdxrdL
orn
! xdvrpornv qpxi r{,JV
'Eor0r
srEpedneploxi 0.
Sl n lorepLKridun rns oqqlpoqouriq.
oopo0u
rnv rour'1T Tnq Q ! ro encne6ooXU.oeoiporlrrnv afiLedv6rd
>, noo onorEtrelroL qII6 tnv dvoonr0jv anrqdvLrirv
S xoL Sr. H: eopLroL
oov n 6vuon:
(Bldne
S USTUT U I
nporo oxiuo). [oru 0r n arpdnpLoxirou .IEpLKIErlErcL
cfld rrq S, Sr (6nlq6non6 rnv:). Tdre dxoule:

llioi=llia3'lli"i.llf"3.lliai.llia(.llias

':

:*

;+

;-

:'

:i

i'-

{1).

fLo r4v K;\eLorinledvLo: KoLrn dEped[EpLoXi0r Loxtel To eedjpnlo

rou Gauss, APs:

a'"io*o,r,o,
* JJroio
JJf
fft 0ioe=
E

1 2 ,)

237

{ 6 L 6 rdLi v i = o )A. n 6( 1 ) K o !( z ) n p o ( t mJJr A ; J fi o < =*t

I( , -

-!
llFds=ll
':+

:+

ds. ELvoL6ur,iclil

'=(x,+t,+2,J,-o
. Apa:

- llrds
Fds=

ll
,a4

ll FdS=llFdS

st

{3).

o, t?

'tor" Q,n oreped

nepLoxi
rounplKr[ErqL
0ounolovLoouue.o
l[ioi.
sl
ondrq oaolpq(0,o).lLq rn oovdprnsn
i, rnv enredveLq
Sl xout4 oteped
'Apol
noroxiQ, ro 0e6pn!o
rou Gausseeop!6(Erqr.

rr.r-rra,a,ra,=
[[;os=
[[[ar"raxa,r,a.=
[ttf\ +"r . +dv - {o. )a^ara,=
{{l
,lr
/
'ri;
..'

t:*

' E r o L ( 3 ) 6 a v E ! : I t - - - .- 4 r o ' - 4 n .
n
llFdS=
'ri
o'
y) n9ar@n:To on!lo (0,0,0) dviKEr
otnv enLedveLo
S. To odjpnuo
rou GaussrdlL 6ev Eaqp!6<erdl.:fiv np[nr0r[ duri etr
yo(6|roore
oq tisr oEopotlE
6vqn!LoeoapLo
U leroBlnlll aKrcvod (0tr6n8dtrEoooxi6ToLro sntElo0. 'Euo) xoLorolrov6vouu
oro 52 n e0lrEplKi
enlodvLc
rou ntLoeoLpiou KoLsr n ypolrlrooKrosu6vn
E[LedveLo.
Erou elvoLn dvllonsius;
orc: I nLqdvro
a6ploxircu nepLK.\LEEL
KoL01 n orEpEd
c
n6 rnv :. T6rELvqL:
fi--lt--1-l l F d s = lfld s * l l F d s

(l)

It- * tlt
( 20) .
llFdS=ld
l lj v F d x d u d z =
lor

xo.
X+rr+z=C

238
(r-

r II- rr-.
++
A n 6( 1 ) ' ( o(r2 )n p o K J mJer F
L :d s i l l F ds =,oJF d s - f l F d S ( 3 ) .

r r e L b, : t ' - 6 , .n ( 3 )6 i v [! [ i o + r '''i
f[;i
6'
:'i

ror.

t (- o unotroyaoob!
ro llrds. oeupo0le
rnv nl@dveLo
S!: X{r+z-o,H .n!-

tl

5lU S; lvoLKtrLori.'Esr(,J
02 n orpdnprox{rlou nEpLrleaeL.
QdveLa
It .-lt--I--ltl
T d r l v o L : l l r d s = l l r d s . lrld s = l l l d i v r d x d 0 o+z
r; ! -i:
r;
n2
.l
+

--

tr-.

l l l d i v "r d x d ' l d z -rldl s

l l d s - ';':
'!i
'!;

(5).

Itr
ul
Etvor JJJdividxd.!dz=3f
oKravqc
6)tuLoao!piou
lJaxaUaz=:tovxoc
0r
ar
=:-l

f no'=zno,,Eivol oKdpo:
l,

I|
(-pz^-02,,.n)dxa,r3
rx+-z
roxar=lloaxa+=0.
ll ;dS=Jl
JJ
:i
3'.

li

'EroL (5) 0c"","

n
4 {4) 6r".. 's'i
[[ia3=znr,-0.Enou6voq
[[id3=12"6'=
's't
63
=zn.Eivor6!0rc:Ilio5-rt'l[Fd=r ''*=^.
'!
6-r'^1

d.o

'ooo[[ i
U

i j

6!-2n.

64. l{q ulolovrooa |re tn Borl0loroo ur|rou rou Stokes to elrlrqmllr\Lo

ororlllpli!

(o+z)dx+(
z+x)4+(xr{)dz, dtrouc saval o rdrloc:
{x'z+tl,,+z'?=o"
x{'[+z=0}'

Ila rn! ixiOj*"i

zx=-t, z[=-1,

.ivc!

P=x, Q:0, l:2.

ILa tnv x+O+z:o.!vcL z:,x-o

239

Aton:
'Eyoupe:

6nout (r!+z,z+1,x+|).
$ratJJ-tr.ias,
c s
-11

"""=lr
.i,L1,,.,n*

'Apo:

To EnLKo!fl0ILoolo(lipr,ttto Lvor Loo tl

l l r o t F . n d s = 0ErIou6v0JC
.
s

ro !n6dv.

55. [o eltoMoeutt ro ocim|n rou Stokes vL! rnv blovuotrrrxi ouvdprnon F=(z,Xz,0) rc! lnv orlgdvelo S ! ettoGrn z.t. H S EXE!odvopo tnv
getlxd n9odvctortroU6vn
nepauetporerpoy6vouue nleupdc=2 Ko! xdvrooll.
-(0,0,1).
(G. 8rran: .Probl*s d- Annlyselintltutique.l
n0dn:
qq enLqdvLqq
0 npoocvorolLou6q
S (oL rou ouvo9ouTnq QoLvovroLoro
6Lllav6oxito. q enslnea|joouue
rov
runo y, for;Jjr0!rds.
o) 0o unoloy|:oou!ro nL(o!no-

lLo otroKtrrlpoto.
H Kou[0lnc onore IaroLqn6rq eueuypouuo
ruitord AB
BT, fA, 8A. 0o gpof!rLq ncpouErpLl(eq {lsdrerq rov uouvpdluorv
ourdv
r l n l i d r o v .E L v o LA (1 , - 1 , 1 ) , B ( 1 , 1 , 1 ) ,f ( - 1 , 1 , 1) , d ( - 1 , - 1 , 1) .

I ) H A Ba x rn o p o l e r p L (e6E
q r o d o exl c- 1 = t ( 1 - 1 ) , 0 + 1 - t { 1 + 1 )z, - 1 =
= t ( 1 - l ) i x = l , { = 2 t - 1 , 2 = 1 ,! e t [ 0 , 1 ] . : r o o n u E i .Aoo v r r o r o r x ena r l l i
t=0 KqLoro onuloB n rLli t=1. EivoLqKduodx-o, d(r=2dt!dz-o. Avdlovo ov pyoorou!BpLoKouue:
o e { v q !t = 0 K o L
I I ) B f : x . - 2 t + 1 ,U = 1 ,z = 1 ,! t 1 0 , 1 . ]t.r o o n u s LB
oro on!Lot [.voLt-1. ELvoLo(6uodx=-zdt,ct!=o,dz=o.
I I I ) f A : x - - 1 , { = - 2 t + 1 ,2 . 1 , ! t [ 0 , 1 ] . : r o o n u e l oT o w L o t o L x ni
1. Eavq[:
rLui rnq nopouCrpou
0 (qL oro onleLoA n rlui rnc noooudrpoo
dx=ot d0=-2dt!dz=0.

240
l Y ) M : X = 2 t - 1 t, - - 1 , z = 1 ,r r t e [0,1]. Iro onpetod ovrLotolxE( n
rLUi rne nopoldrOou
0 xqLoro oluLoA n rLui tnq nctoudrpou
1. Eavq[i
dx=2dt,dl,-0, dz-o.
H npoBol{rou rerpovrirvou
AgTdoro
Il{ne6o0X0ivoL To rETpdyuvo
AlErfrA! ue Eqro6oe!q
r'),eup6vx= 1,
x--1, 0=l, U=-1, Apo:
IITII
r D =| - t . t + t = r , + r , + r , + r , .
CABBTTAAA

r t v o L t: r . f
rzdx,xzdl*0.=J','r'zat=z1q'=2,

( - 1 ) 1( - 2 )d t = 2[ t ] r = 2 ,
I ,=j_ozax-xzal*az=j'
.2dt=2[t]
I,=J
;=2.
J'1
^.axu.al+ar( -F d F 2 + l - 2+) 2 + 2 = 4 ( r ) .
9

--iri l

otroKlip0ruo.
B) 0d unoloy(ooule!o rLeoveLoKd
EavoL:

'loo

rovriro:
ttt-x)i-li.ztildi.ooeopu6oouuc
fJ'otFa3=ll
ss

II

= 1 J , ( - P z ( - Q z 0 + R ) d x d ' l , . EPi -v{al -Lx ) , Q . 1 , R , 2x o Lz = 1 =

IIas=
s
z{,=0.n6Y{,}

rou npooovorotrLoUorJ
eKl6you! to npdonlo "+,,. Elo!6v0Jq:

,|'|*t FdS=

241
(I
It
= zdxd,I= dxdl,=
( eu0a66v
A(u)+4 +
ll
,.|
6xt
axv

rf _(2). And(l) xoL(2)

JJrotFdS=a
s

npo(0nrLn <nrodtevnEnolieuon.

66. ilq umtov.da ro cnlxounttAlooloKfipqE l= 6x Uxreu4*rllzdz

6
KaEdtdroc trtc oErlrd ngo@vcrotrlo|r6ulqrcumlfulc c, rou o[o(6FretoL crd
rnv rilvero S roo r |regLqlo4ic rE ogortoel6odqz=z-X,{,, ond ro na[e6o z-1.
Aton:
go unoloy{.ooutrr
ro enLKoundlLo
oloKlipotq UErn BoieErotou tunorrou
Stokes, Ioxd[ 6ruC LvoLvv0jord6rL:

f ia; [[*a F.ias.eruo,,

ir i n I

cu.rF=l
L +" : *" ' l l+i.oj-x,t.
I x's ev nuzI

l*It'Aeol-rlcu
(uJro((8),
rrFnds=Jl-xrknds=

i"t,,'=1
\oEltdo 1a9)-+lJ -Xrdxdu-o (to 6rrt16oJ\oKlipdtoavoLu466v,6L6rL n un6

Txo

to oloxlipuuoouvdprnon
f(x,i!).-x: e(voLnep!ftrioq npoqx (oL ro XopLo
Tx{, 6ntrobio (0KIL(6q6t'o(oqx'z*U'z.1
elvoLouuu.rpLKd
uc npoexov dEovq0 0).
67. ilo urcloyloe( rc rn 0o{0e!arou uJrou rou Stokesto lrlrourj^Lo
olo(ldqaro {D a}dx+3xdt-z'dz, 6roil S avoLI sn.tdvLa tou nllooolt(ou
Ix'z*'+z?=g, zl0) rdl c ro ortvopotrl( s.

Ax{! .ildu

I ipoBori rou i.rpaydlou ABrA oro eiir.6o

ox{,.

242
Aoon
i
t,,Il-

eo KdvouuEeqplovllrou r(Jnou OFdr=ll(e,F)nds. EivoL:

cs

rJ"l
a
a lr
a{, az I -'
3x -Z'zI

a
ar
2

oo Bpo0uero (d8ro o[nv erL{ldvlos DLdvuogo

fi, H ellooorl rnq enLouvd=
odveLoqtvor f (x,{,,2}=x'1rl,'?+2'?-9=0.'Aoq:

+-=___!_
rtFitrT Fa;-z'

olrvB=

nolrvu,c,
ri'iri-itr-+
\

lx'ztu'z+2'z

,FFpq FA4z

'ro.$Fa;=[[ri'rrrc'=
fi+
'd
laz
i

j. +
n= +
lxz atr'z+z'z t

r- 4/x"

*.'
"1,2

. E L v q L -

lx'zai'z+z'z

"b'.2'

or+[[ 4r*.ii

i!" /x'"11'.r'

.r"l

o,ot-

=il -----z- .z4:"t'* axar=

[[axq.
2,
ii
ii, /x'n'".2'
I(

To oloKlipruo ll dxd! 6aveLro ugo66vqq flpoBo^iq rnq enledvELoc

Tx'l'
s oro Encne6o
0x0, IIou Cvarro t]Bo66v
rou K r J k l o ! : x 2 { r 2 = 3 ' ? ( I I p o ( d t l r E r
yLo z=0). To E u 0 q 6 6 vr o u K t K l o u l v o L n 3 2
ond rnv eliooonrnc nlqdvloc
'Aoo: 6tudx*3rd0-z'zdz-9nt
68. flo enoln0euoe(
o nlrloc rou Stotes ylq tn olvdptqonF (zx-{,)iyld
trtv xoFllln (c) rcu onoxdnrgtcLand rtl qoapo s:
{z'?j-g'zzi rc!
0'16ro Ertr6o z=0.
{X'?+o'z+2'?=l.r,l,z:0},
/lild:
t--Il

oo .notrnedoouue
tov rr:no SFci=llcurlF';ds. H xolnirn (c) LvoL o
TJio< ( s) , 06Ii6o 136.

243
(d(locr {X'z{!'z=1,2=0},
eLo0belq
!e rcpouetgll(Cc
X=ouvt,o.nUt, 2.0, tt
0:t:2'I. Elvd[:

'-nqto(nut)
'-(n!'t)o]dt=
$ iai=$ rzr+r*-,1.'a,l+',a,L"
ltz*ut-n!t)(ouvt)
=J'n{zouvt-nrt)
{-nrt)*J'"+nrt*tor.J""nu,tat--J'"*
nuaazt-J'"
= + l o u u z r-ll'-^ n l t g u v- !; t l

1l

-l"l
E c v ooL( 6 u oc u r l F =+l

=+ = n ( 1 r .

l=i.

'loo,

I 2x-u -uz' -0'z I

-"o,r,lo*=
-"
[f.,.rr.;os-[[i.;os=[[ioe+
[[o,o*.
1'Il/' o,r,lo,*
['f[''
SSSA

-F *+r f4 r,47, *.ornuxl'-c

* /I'r -t,U
f* or*l[',1
[*.ornur]
-"
,
L
Jo L.
I
=z]="

121.

An6(1)KaL (2) fipo(UnreL

n anto0levnIlqh1oEuon.
59. ilo rdlnoeutl o tonoq rou Stokesyro ro olotdipl,Uol

(r+)dr+(x-z)da+(0-x)dz,

drou c ly[. n negatEtgoctou ror,v6vqi-A8f u rcp||dc A(o,0,0),B(0,o,0)

r(0,0,a).
Mol:
ELvoLc-48+BT+fA.
0[ lorioLctov r^uo6vAB, Bf, TA ecvoLonlo[olXo X+{,:o! {,+z:o! z+X-o. 0L noOduerplKdqEE[odtrLC
rruv r eup6v Eavo! owastoLxo {X-t,{,=o-ttz=0}} {X4,U-t,z=o-t), {x=t,0=0,z=o-t}, rl t [0,o]
*
**

T J i o <( 8 ) , d e l i 6 a 1 4 s .

**r

lpooaldtolLdudvn:

A' r6ros, o6ri6a 1a9, dornon(1).

A -

B +

f .

244
' A p ot P = l . l
6

+l =l l(0-o.t)1-(t-0)t-1),(o-t-t)0ldr+

-AB'Br'rA'a

- l [ ( o - u - t t o * ( o - a * t t t + ( t - 0) l)d( -t ,t| [ ( o - r - 0 ) 1 , ( t - o , t ) 0 * ( 0 - r)]l (d-t1=

to

ro

= l 1 - c . t - t 1 a t *(l - o + r - r ) d t +( la - t - t ) d t = l - o t l 0 * L - o t l i * i o t l " = o , - o , , o , ,o
/o
tn
= 3 o 3 ( 1 ).
0o unolovLoou!
rripq ro enL(qUn0ILo
olo(Iip0uq u Tn BoieeLqtou rdflouroti Stokes.0o XpnoLlonoLioouue
rov DJno(2) (oEl[60168). To enr]n60 rou rorydrvou(n EnLedveloS) axr l|:olJrdn
Xq!+z=o+ X+U+z-o-o.o
goorju
rd ouvo,ouvp,ouvv,rou rtnou (2).

..:!
---L(6nouF(x,U,z)=x.ar+z-c1=
ELvorouvc=
./fl:f
lFi+F,tr+Fi
orug=---j!-

"Fi+i+ri

= -L,

lr

-L . ;gy.nr..

ouur=L=

.,+i4tv+i lr

jj
(
taz=
$ z-,r)ax*(x-z)a,r+(rr-x

* ;u + l"=f["=
z-q, x-z

.It-.

= -L
"

ll hi+i.1 dxd0=
;

lx,

= -.1- ,
15

{,-x

T*u)rpuyrirvou
ll "5 dxdq=6
JJdx4,:6(ErBo6dv

"" lx,

Tx,

=6
=3oz \21.
iAn6(l) xo! (2) npoKdmL
eflotri8euort.
I eqro|luvt
70. tlo noln0eu0e{o r0rroerou Stokesyto rrt ouvdpqond: d-ali-xzj*
r0z'z(, yuo qv nlqdrELos: zz=x'z$'z (rcpdolo!6ee) xar qv (ouxrh c
nou eavcl rqtl rou mpo8oloL6ous
!e to {ane6oz-2.
Ailol:
H {|or,ronrnq (our trnqc [po(tnrL qn6 qv E(ordsn
rnq fiLedveLoq
S,
*

H n p o B o l i r o u t o u . r d v o uA B f d r o e r i n e 6 o 0 x { , . i r d L

ods (0,0), (a,0), (0,d).

ro rpi.rovo ue ropu-

av Bdloul.lE z=2.
L,

'EToL

c: x'z{r2=4.oeopodu
rov rtflo rou Stokes:

eLvqL

(I +,,

v . q ' id s . E t v q L :
9odr Jl{ )

S uo0o BpotlE ro KdoEroornv nLedvELo

fr,
H
eti.or,ron
rnq
ElLod
vobloio b|dvuolo
'O*
veLcqS lvqL F(X,0,2)=X'?+0'z-22=0.

o u v o = - : : - - =- - - - r - -

, ouus=4=4,

/Fl+Fi+i /x'1*+z*l'z
/Fj+Fi.Fi
=:g.
Enoucvr,rc
fi=-4
T------Y-

,+i+Fi+F|
.#

[.

j-

'/x'zAl'z+1'z

lx'z+rt'z+1z

E r o Lr o v u v d u e (vio' d ) i e a v o (Lo ou :

.
)f={#
+tx"+'.1' [(z'-x)x-o*(-z-3){-1
r'x'+{r'+
r'
(
'eo"6 aal=
[[rv.ar;os-:-'i[[ x z'*xI.2.: 4JFE
'.
'|x,aI,+1,

=[
ffi
=Ijlt( {#

=JI
dxd,r,=
r.*x
)*z*3]
[x(

ry
)'.-]-

oro"-

|F.|

f#

=tx r'ogotric enLedverdc

-:laxa,r,
sror.ne-

odroutlX=pouvo,t!=pnle)=
60 Ox06LvoLo KU(lLK6q6lo(oq x'z+U'a1z'z.

d *o)ao]ae=
=1,"1,'[,",*1
+,*"'), 4 .,]o'*=J"
[J'( 4 *v'*p3ouv'e*
{,'[# -"r. $ "*"e.$ - Y]",*1",'(touve,+orv'e*e)te=
=f
*

2rr=20n.
hrel1".1o*re-rol;".s
lol;'=0'(0,4n).s
TJros (5),

dEri6d 136.

246
'Apo

{DAd;=20n {1)- 0o unoloy{.oouyrdrporo ErLt(ogndllo oloKlipo-

rov tino rou Stokes,0L nopourpLl(ec

uo 9ddi, Xl,rptc
E[LCfiisLq
rrtq Koun0lnec: X'z+U'z-2'1
eavoLX-2ouvt,tJl-Zmrt,
z=2, t [0,2n]. 'Apo:
I

dd;=
I3udx+(-xz)d0*qrr,dz=

=fl 0 - 13'2nut(zouvt)'-2ouyt2\2ttrt)'+znvt.2212)'ldt=l
(-12n!rt-Bouv,t)dt=
!.,

=l

( 1 z n u ' z t + 8 o u v ' ?.t.). d =

t -2 0 n .

(EnE!6i;.(-0ouvo-0ouvp+louvy=
-!-

<0, noLpvouge
oov OrL(i eopd

tX.+9.+1

rnc (otrfl0trnq
c rn gogd(Lvnoncrov 6eL(rdvlorr OoloyLo0).
71. ilo vl.vot flo^/i8uontou r0mu lou Stokes yld q ouvdprnol F=
=(r+0)i+(2x-z)i+(0+z)R,rdvr,roto rplylro Agr xo orolo (mor6nrouvro ouweroY!w nlnEfo0116rnv enLtdve[cS: 3x+al+z=6.

A0on:
0d nclno|]oouu
Tovttno:
I

(1).

Fdi=JJrotF.nds

ol Ynoloylou6s rou en[0ovELo(06

o^oKlnpd|ldroq.0o ullotrovlooult To
/"b

^n\

/^.

rotF. [LvoLrotF={ :+--l! li.{ :l-+ " n \ lj\aqr a2l \az axl
'Exouu
p=x+q,,
Q=zx-z,R=u+z+ R{=r, Qz=-t, pz=g,Rx=o,
,A)L
'Apo
rotF=(2,0,1).eo urotroyloout/
Qr=2,Pr=1,
!o 6tdvuoso
i. 'Exouue,
-(#

f(x,{,2)=3x+2{,+z-6
+ ouno. --L-

hi_fi+fz

,,qtT:T

- -L

/t(

, guyg--L

6 *o* 1 = J- , 'p.qt
ouvy=-!- . tnor6vrac
roti.i.
.&.r.
t14
/1[
,44
/14

ltT

247

rti+ti+t'
axor,=
fl.tt.ias=ll -L o: ll 1
ll 7 f
g
ltt
nE
E
di,
tf,l
di, nt

a,ar,=

(I
=7 dxdtFi(eu9o06v
rprvd,vou0Ag)=7.3-21.
JJ
OAB
B) YnolovrdudCrou nlrolrlrolrou olorlngdtrdoc:
ti ovrto[oLxn npoc rn oopd tor: i, oetuxrl eogd blovpoqic rnC rcqrdtrnq

c L v oAL -

I +

r +

n . r ; o u p ef

.[

.[

- [ = r , - 1 . - r , .e o u n o -

'AB-B' .TA
ABTA

l o y [ o o u ureo I 1 , I z , I ! .
l) To suoiypoguoruiuo Ag 6XrEErodprq
3X+29=6,z=0. 0L ropogrpLx,c e{[o['oLq
rou e[vor x-t, G--it+3,

2"0. To onle(oA ror B cvrlolroL'Apo:

Xo[v orLqrl!6c t-2 Ka! t.0 rnc noodudroou.

'
(-* t-s)-(-*.-:o\ola.=[' 1r-1,*s-r,\ar=
ra;"
r,.
t' -rzt-or
f [/t-9z r-r)
_ rll g
.
,:L\
,r
\ .
|
\ .
t.\
I
|
.!

=l (-+t+3)dt:+li I *ttll-r+=r.
II) T0 8f repvdon6ro onIlo B(0,3,0),r(0,0,6). 'Apotxer nqpourpL(6qqLodFLc
x-0-t(0-0), U-3=t(0-3),z-0"t(5-0) + x-0, (r.-3t+3,z=
.6t. Td ongloI Ko! f ovrloxoLxoovorlc tu6c t=0 Kclrt.l rnq nopop6t o o , : . n p c r , = l t a i - l f t o - r t * s t o . l z , o - G t ) ( - 3 t + 3 ) ' + ( - 3 t +(36+t )6ltd) t =
'gr
t'
r.ztr
= l ( 1 8 r + 1 8 t + r 8 ) d t .;3 6 lI + 1 8 l t l : = 1 8 + 1 8 = 3 6 .
III) To fA negvdondro ontelol'(0,0,5) Ko! A(2,0,0). 'A9a6x! nopqutprxfeElrodloelq
X-0=t(2-0),U-0=t(0-0),z-6=t(0-6) + X=2t,0-0,2=-6t+5,To onuetoT (o! A ovrLo[oLxo0v
orrq tL!6( t=0 KoLt.1 rnq nopo! 6 r p o u . ' A p ot:, - l F a i = l [ ( z t * 0 ) ( z t ). ( 4 t , 6 t - 6 ) 0 + ( 0 - G t + d ) ( - 6 t + 6 ) ' ] d t .
'rn
'

Tiios (5), o.),i6q136.

2B

=J,

-36[t];-20-35=-16.
(4t+36t-36)dt=40
|i I
Elo!6v0,q
[vol I=Ir+Ir+I!=l+36-16=2l.EroLlor-rl6vn {1)elEmtroL.
72. l{c uroloyrool!G 6uo tp6rouc ro cnlFvEtoxd oloxlipr,F:

II
-.
I=ll(mtF)nds,
6nouS (vol ro rtha tnc nlg6veroq
z=2{x1+0'} (l), u
.t.

orzs] ror F+i-xj+'i. r(wr.l.i.o.

(f. CKER:
"TheCalculusProblmSolver")

Afon:
H enrodve[o
S LvaL
ro rpilo rnq
erL06vLoqrou flapa9oloar6o0c, nou
gp{,oKelaL
uetoE! rov EnL[460v z= 0,
1

z=-T.

a') T96roc:ECvoL:

eo uflotroyLooule
ro 6Ldvuolofi. A116
rnv ('oootrnc ertodvaLocrpox0r

nrELr,-'vo=
+./1.2'tzi

-:lL.------1!
, s,rvc=

t1-16x2+16$,

/1+16x,-16{, /1+16xr+15U1

1
ouvv=-;. Eno!6voc
eavoL
i=
r'1+16x'?+160'z
*##
voLi.{.0

. Erer6n6soc Ea-

yrlvtqu rov dEovoz'z) nL1o4tf4 ro i oxnuatt(elolBJ\eLo

-t=
Iavouue
ro ordvuolo
ffi

. EroL
Eivdl-;i-

enoutvr,rq:
I=,i[[1ru1i1fi*=
I[ :!I3:?---"g
t /t+r6x,*t60,
ll
r,,
= lllI -- t--" . 2
r'1+16x'+161'z
dxd'!=ll (axz*2)dxd'!+
i', /1+16x'+16'!z
4,
T i t r o s ( a ) , o l a 6 o 1 3s .

ffi

249

(x'-t' )'2]dxd,!
'
ll [8x
ox{i ivol o (uKl!K6q 6lo(oc
H npo9oli rnq ElLedvLqq
S oro enCne6o
ro 6!fi16 olordipluo (dvouraxpion noJ\L. flo vd unoloyt'oou!

xt-ot;*'

xtiivouwerdyltv{,iv.
egroulex=pouvo,0=pnue.
Etvor 0s0s2n,osp:|, lJl=p,
, , a, t

cvor:I1

'Ero! lo|'rt6v

, 1 ,r , t

d0=
dodo-1. (8e'o'rv0-2e)del
[8p(ouv0]o'*zj
r,p
U.
o

]ue-['"
' rza
' t2n
.['"[9gj o,ue.o,l
[9 /+'l'ouu,} -"( + )"'
ouveae*i1.oe=
j, L ,
r0 ,o L, \./
ldo=zbJ.

'"-{
=2! tnrel
let'"-" .
ro enleovElox6otroKlior,ld eoaoud<ovtoc
8') fofuoc: 0d unolovl.ooule
rov riro ror, tao*".' 6toi[[t"o,F)ias.

x rosnfln c e{.valo (dxloq x2+

cS

,u,"-+, ,-+,

eEr,odroe
ucx=*ouvo,v.|nue, ,=|,
unopouErprKdq

ae=-l nredo,
dU.+ (n!8)'do={ouvodo,
dz-0.
oreszlt.
ELvorax=* touvel'
Kordtnv
Enel6rlro fi axgLeopdrdroLo nou t.fi.0, 1 roun0trnc SLovpdoerol
l --

opvnrlxi gop6.'EroLe[wL: f Fai=$ IUT*J+zltaF

ror.t.\rl.\/rr|t
=1,,
j' nue,;--iouve(i
ouve/-(in!0+/01d8=
l* nm(-

. [' ({*.+{*"',)*=-*

tet].=i.
[' ae=-{

73. lb unolovrot ro mrFvelord olorftbq!

I

z=2

,"ownrvi oe eJJrot.
s

x o cz - z ( x , + + , )' .n " j = z < x . + o " l *

r,*+,=i

250
niroFrtho. E!vo! t (x'1-3x+2,'!,-2(X-l
) z) rcL S U.o rr|avLc roo r.ovono!l rle |rpollno6oercrou orpihEtoc rou Stoles tol rlou axeL oov oovogo
tn geE[xd|rpocr'q.ollou6vnxq|ndh {X=ouvt,'lErut,z=l
), t [0,2n].
A6on:
oo FpoiuuLdouvdprqon
&(P,O,R), rdroro nou roti=F (1). H (1) e(voL ouvori e06oov
aivlo (noOuml e(voudivE r(x':3x+2) . !9.
= 2 x _ 3| _+2{ x _I ) = 0 ) .
(R{,-Qz
(x'-3x*2)i*Uj-2(x-t)21 +
H ( I ) ypdqEroL
)i+(Pz-Rx
)j+(Qx-Pv)t=
+ tRV-qz=X'-3X+2,PZ-RX=U,QX-PV=2(l-X)z).'tofu
R=0,T6te etvdL-Qz=X2-3x+?,Pz-tlt,Qr-lr=211-r,t.0r 6uonodfq6[@op[K6q
cELodoeLc
davouvQ=
=-(x'z-3x+2
(X,U). EroLn tparl ygdqror.
:
)z+cr(x,0), P=02+c,
- (2x-3)z+(c;)x-z-(c; )x=2(1-x)z -9r:!::!^ 41- 2=211-xtz.
Og o :
E n o ! 6 v 0Ll K
q o v o n o L E a r o L . ' tEr o
r ol nLd E
v l v o ra - ( 0 2 , -( x ' z - 3 x + 2 ))z, ,' A
Il .

It

p;a;=I 1zdx{x,-3x+2
)zdl,+odzllfc5-lJ.odoS"
ss

= l l a ! t ( - n u t ) - ( o u v ' t - 3 o u v t * 2 ) o u v(t-l n
du
t =' zl t - o u v ' t + 3 o u v , t - 2 o u v t ) d t
'-ouu..ur"ouu,tat*zf
=["{orv2t-o,ru't*zoru'zt-20uvt)dt=l
ouv2td.-f
lo

l,

Jo

ld

-zf"ouutat=
=zn.
|L $. l'"h",-+o ll'".
f,- nult
l"' -z1nutli'
z
,o
lo
L
o
L
Jo
74. lb 6o!x0ea 6rL yld r&e alrli, Aelo xo! rletoEil n[dvao S !oldft.-.

c.: l/v.Fds=o.
s
Arto[:
'[fio Q
crr6tnv en[edvElo.
AIrdlov
n orpdn6pLoxinounEpLKtrLroL

rrnorouGauss
er**' fffotJffai"ro
edrouuectrlv {1) 6nouF, i'i

drou npoxrLnrer:

(1).

jfJ;rt,rt*=o(6,611
ai"r?trao=
i(i"F)=o).
Jff
flas"
75. 0e0po0ue
tn ouy@rnolf(x,U,z) troutvo! oprou,vnorn oreoclltr6ploxil 0, nou rteolxleaercl ord r|lv r06vELcS. Hf exLouvsxslc !tlrec
moovdryou(u6xr! rot 6ut60dCtdEoc. lhoolrorru 6rL ro lovri6lo(o roaro
('tov nr0alylos 6!6vrrouqi rcteu06{ator moc to d(!.

o) ro 6elxoe(
*. l[ ,r * f[[;,r**d,.
san

9) Av or6F tvo! (if),=4f

fi) ro! dtv(fif)=lof

(2), w

6erx0sa

6rr -.{
ff + ds=8no!,6nous (vcr n nlgilveld tnc ooaoo( a2+!2+22-o2.
an
(ilqIuqttrd T!6trorbvrrdtlltou oeooorrovl,rm
i90)
l0ol:

o) ELvor
o.' lj =ttfl;=(S,S,r.{
vvr,sr6
r"

ai

fl
'^
,d
an ".1[(*
d.

'roo,
)(orvo,ouu9,-uv).

c1!-a'r..e1!)a1a1,0.o'vo*g ouv6*.:{
**)"H[[[f
2
/ !eu8s,,/ \
/
ax, e

az2

=lllf.roro,r,o..
n
: i - ; i ; i ' i . lI *\'-qr o
F ) H ( 1 ) y p d 0 r q(rA
,

/.f

\z

/ :f

\2

(;i).(;,il.(#;

/ i+ \2

=o' (3) Etvo'[:

':;t - t# div(r'if)=divLr(r;i+r;i-r;{)l=div(rrii.rril*r;tl=
{} s
=f
;f if f ;if if ;+ff ii+f ;f ;+tf;;=(f ;r, +lf il, 4f ;f rr G;;+f6+f ;;t
-4f+fl!-+jl+:_:l.

\ ax'z ar!'z az" /

'Eror (2)
n
vpderor-:

q r + (A ,

dI * 3ll\=roro

a z r+ a 2 t+ - Q 1=! 6e

\ ,x'
ao'? az' I
ax" a$2 az2
'EroL Lodrrtrorou o' epumllmoqypdrpEro!:
n

9"1=6.

252

II
'd

aKr.voc
o)=o* no,=eno,.
ror*0,ooolpoc
-"
'h'
IIIr*o*"" 'A'
IJforo,r,o.=o
a'i "76. io 6a!x0ea6r! o r0noc:

'u -, c)as trr'

[[1,
'[[ftro'n-no"*rorora.a'
t\ ai ail

6nou9,9 etvou flr!;rorcdq

ouvcpriloLc
r|ooovd,youc
6uuE ouvxlcgEpLKCc
r6psc r6EEr.K.
/!ton:
Eopot!rov r0ro rou causs:

. +6 e ). llo ' )oro,ro,=

tftf +S
tz).
'f[rrouuo+Qouvg+Rouvv)ds
d
'^
/

';'\

06!ouue:

r=ojf -s-q

eoj$-sf$
-9
R=eJz39
!239

-' ).
- #. S.# =(**''; -3i.a
ff

-'
r:r- i: -t -n
.(*$if * - .3fr
*
*$
-t
).(,,t
# )=
#
"t
*(+-+-4t-nt4'4.4\='t'n-nr?o
\ ax' a{,' az' / \ ax. auJ. az. I

(3).

EivoL oK6!oi

j$
PsuvoaQoovo+Rouvy=e
j} ouvv{$ ouvB+v
# ouuo-s
ff ouvo*,r ouv9-s

-s jl *w=,r(lf ouvo*,!s
ouvp+
jfr ouvo*
j| ouvv)f: *w)-r(;* ouvo.
= 0 {v ? . n) - 9( e 9 . n ) + q 5 - g : r
an
an
A n 6 ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) K o L ( 4 ) n p o K u n t enL ( 1 ) .

TJros ('r), ocli6a 15.

{4).

z. lb unoloyLooea
ro Err.xqmolLo
or..Meq- Il(x'i'f
s

i.z'?f) 'ids, d-

noo S e[vq! I enldlvla rou r00ou (-'19(,1,2!l] m! i to !or,{tla[o Kl$ero

oIr|v nrihrelc uldvrro|f rou Ktru06Yctor,ngoc ro 6{t.
iim:

'EoroE(x2,i!',z'z). 'Earns1, s' s3, s4, ss, 56 oL C6pecrou krjBou

u e e E L o r i r oz=L-q1 ' z = 1 'X = - l ' X = 1 ,U = - 1 ,U = l , o v l l o l o l x o .E ( v o ui = - R , 6 =
=*, fr=-i, fi-1, i=-j, fi-j, vlo rLq nponyoiuevec
enLedveleq,
ovraoroLxo.l-

{r}+r]+r{+r5+r6.
6.1JJr;dsllr
"r".1[.ll.
l!,ll,
JI
"x,r..
",
s
sr
s2srs{s5s6
ro oAoKlnpd,lorq
II Ir, ..., 16.
eo unoloycoouuE
o) Ylotroyrodcrou Ir: ELvoL:

l. l, :,l=*.,.,,,
0

-1 |

'o'',
-*.i-*.3ros=
axa,r'
Jfr-0"i.,.Jr,4Effi
JJ;,;"=|J,
=[' [' r-+.i.x.j-olrri;oooxar=['
[' -u.1,r,*.1'
[' x'Jdxdut .t .
, .1
., .r .

=-rJ',a'J',,r'au,.iJ',"axJ',or-r1x11,[
l,=
$ ]',.:lS ]',r-r
=-z{rrzf:=-{r-{i-or.
rou 13: EavqL:
B) Ynoloyrol0c

lr

{ |

F,'i=lx, ,r,, z, l=oi-z'i.'r'1.

l-r o o l
y=[f ,ei-,'3a.s1
(0r-z,i-,!.665
rt*fi*fi 6,162=
r,=[fi,;ds=l[
'uz

-f

n d,r,dz=J,
r-.,:-o,lr
J_,1,u''io,r,o.=
J-,-z,3d0dz'
,J_,

254
,;
t
|
r - J, tl d. '.Itl z ,. .d z 2
r r l o z l q r ' o q i =t r-tJ, l1 l J |r _ .* f f , t, ,_ rlrv J. , | _ _ i z + ,
+ k 2 += 0 i - t j + - T k .
KoLto dl,\a oloKtrnpduqro.
14ovdioyorpdno unotroyL<ovroL