3.

( )

, , .
(, , ...)
, .
,
.
( )
( )
. ( )
. ,
:
( R ) ( Ad )

R = Ad .

(1)

Ad .

(1):

.

Ad Ad*

.
(),
(, ).

1.

. (S) ( )
S = S ( ) ,

dAd = dR = S ( )d ,
(2)

28

Ad = R = S ( )d .

(2)

S
dS

Sk
S

1.
S = S ( ) .
= (S )

dAd* = dR * = (S )dS ,

(3)

SK

Ad* = R * = (S )dS .

(3)

Ad
.

Ad + Ad* = R + R * = S K K .

(4)

,
( 2).

Sk

Ad*
Ad

2.
:

,
29

 , ,

Ad = Ad* =

1
S .
2

(5)
'

Ad ,
,

Ad' =

dAd
.
dV

(6)

( )
,
, , : dV = dxdydz .
.

: z
dxdy z ,

z dxdy . dz
dz = z dz , z z
( 3).

zdxdy
Z
dz
X

dz
Y

3.

dAd =

1
2

S d =

1
2

( z dxdy )( z dz ) =

z z

dV .

(7)

30

 z z

Ad' =

(7)

.
dV = dxdydz . dxdz

yz yz dxdz .

( 4),
,
yz . yz dxdz = tg yz dy yz dy .

dy

yz

yzdxdz
yzdy

4.

dAd =

1
1
S = ( yz dxdz )( yz dy ) = yz yz dV ,
2
2
2

(8)

Ad' =

yz yz
2

(8)

, ,

.

. x , y , z

Ad' =

xy

, xz , yz )

dAd 1
= ( x x + y y + z z + xy xy + xz xz + yz yz ) .
dV 2

(9)

= E ,

(10)
31

= G ,

(10)

E 2
A =
=
=
,
2 2E
2
2 G 2
'
Ad =
=
=
.
2 2G
2
'
d

(11)
(11)

()

,
( 5).

L
z

dz
z

A(z)

5.
l z .
z A .

,
,

f ( x, y, z )dV = f ( x, y, z )dAdz .

0 A

(12)

N(z)

N(z)
X

A(z)

6.
32

 l z .
z
( A( z ), N ( z ) ).

z (z ) =

N (z )
.
A( z )

(13)

1 2 (z )
1 N 2 (z )
1 l N 2 ( z )
1 l N 2 (z )

AdN =
dV =
dV =
dz .
dA dz =

2V E
2 V EA2 ( z )
2 E 0 A2 ( z ) A
2 E 0 A( z )

(14)

l , A
N ,

1 N2
AdN =
l.
2 EA

(15)

d(z)

M u (z)

M u (z)
Z

X
7.
d ( z )
M ( z ) .

z ( , z ) =

M u (z )
.
I 0 (z )

(16)

1 2 (z )
1 M u2 ( z ) 2
1 l M u2 ( z ) 2
1 l M u2 ( z )
Adu =
dV = 2 dV =
dz .
dA dz =

2V G
2 V GI 0 ( z )
2G 0 I 02 ( z ) A
2G 0 I 0 ( z )

(17)

33

1 M u2
Adu =
l.
2G I 0

(18)

Ty(z)

M x (z)
Ty(z)

M x (z)

8.

Ty = T y ( z )

M x ( x y )
z , M x = M x ( z ) . ,
A = A( z ) .

z ( y, z ) =

M x (z )
y.
I x (z )

(19)

1 2 (z )
1 M x2 ( z ) 2
1 l M x2 ( z ) 2
1 l M x2 ( z )
Adx =
dV = 2
y dV =
dz .
y dA dz =

2V E
2 V EI x ( z )
2 E 0 I x2 ( z ) A
2E 0 I x (z )

(20)
,

1 M x2
Adx =
l.
2E I x

(21)

Ty = Ty ( z )

34

~
Ty ( z ) S x ( z , y )

,
z ( y, z ) =
I x ( z ) ( z , y )

(22)

( ) I x , S x

.

AdTy

2
~
2
2
1 z ( y, z )
1 Ty ( z ) S x ( z , y )

dV =
=
dV =
2V G
2G V I x2 ( z ) ( z , y )
2
~
2

1 l Ty ( z ) A( z ) S x ( z , y )
dz .

=
dA

2G 0 A( z ) A I x ( z ) ( z , y )

(23)

(23)

2
2
~
~
A( z ) S x ( z , y )
A( z ) S x ( z , y )
dA = 2

dA ,
x ( z ) = 2
I x ( z ) A( z ) ( z , y )
A( z ) I x (z ) (z, y )

(24)

Ax

Ax ( z ) =

A( z )
.
x (z )

(25)

Ty

AdTy

2
2
1 l Ty ( z )
1 l Ty ( z )
=
x ( z )dz =
dz .

2G 0 A( z )
2G 0 Ax ( z )

(26)

Tx ( z ) = const .
A( z ) = const. ,
2

AdTy

1 Ty
=
l.
2G Ax

(27)

M y Tx
(20) (26):

35

2
2
2
1 M y (z ) 2
1 l M y ( z ) 2
1 l M y (z )
Ady = 2 x dV =
dz ,
x dA dz =
2 V EI y ( z )
2 E 0 I y2 ( z ) A
2 E 0 I y ( z )

AdTx =

1 l Tx2 ( z )
1 l Tx2 ( z )

(
z
)
dz
=
dz .
y
2G 0 A( z )
2G 0 Ay ( z )

(28)

(29)

x y

(24) 1.20,
1.20, 1.11.

(14), (17), (20), (26), (28) (29)

Ad =

1 F 2 (s )
ds .

2 s J (s )

(30)

F (s ) , ,
, , J (s )
, s
.
F (s ) , , J (s )
().
1.

F (s )

J (s )

Mu

Mx

Ty

My

I 0

I x

Ax

I y

Tx

Ay

36

dz
N
Tx

Mu

Ty

Mx

My
9.

dz ( 9.)
N , M u ,
M x , M y Ty , Tx .
.


,

dAd = dAdN + dAdMu + dAdMx + dAdMy + dAdTy + dAdTx .

(31)

2
2
2
1N
1 M u2
1 M x2
1 My
1 Ty
1 Tx2
dAd =
dz +
dz +
dz +
dz +
dz +
dz .
2 EA
2 GI 0
2 EI x
2 EI y
2 GAx
2 GAy

(32)

l
(32)
l

Ad = dAd .

(33)

n
-,
m = 1, n ( 10).

,
n bm

Ad = (dAdN + dAdMu + dAdMx + dAdMy + dAdTy + dAdTx )m .

(34)

m =1 am

37

...
1

zm

...
10. n
am bm m ( 0

lm ).
, ,
. (
) (
), .

.

Si , i = 1,2,..., n ( ,
** ).
,
i , i = 1,2,..., n . Si = S i ( i ) .
,

Ad = Ad [S1 (1 ), S 2 ( 2 ),..., S i ( i ),..., S n ( n )] ,

Ad = Ad (1 , 2 ,..., i ,..., n ) .

(35)

i i
Si d i Si ,

dAd = S i d i .

(36)

38

dAd =

Ad
A
A
A
d1 + d d 2 + ... + d d i + ... + d d n ,
1
2
i
n

(37)

(37) .
(36) (37)

Si =

Ad
.
i

(38)

,
i i
Si ,

i .

(Lagrange)
.

Si , i = 1,2,..., n . i = i (Si ) . ,
,

A* d = A* d [1 (S1 ), 2 (S 2 ),..., i (S i ),..., n (S n )] ,

A* d = A* d (S1 , S 2 ,..., Si ,..., S n ) .

(39)

Si i
dS i i , .

dA* d = i dSi .

(40)

A* d
A* d
A* d
A* d
dA d =
dS1 +
dS 2 + ... +
dSi + ... +
dS n ,
S1
S 2
Si
S n
*

(41)

(41) .
(40) (41) CrottiEngesser-

A* d
.
i =
S i

(42)

39

,
Si i ,

i i Si .

,

,

i =

Ad
,
S i

(43)

1 n b F 2 (s )
Ad =
ds ,
2 m=1 a J (s )
m

(44)

(43),

n b
Ad
F (s ) F (s )
=
ds .
i =
S i m=1 a J (s ) Si
m

(45)

n
,
, (45)
n
Ad
1 b
M ( z )
i =
=
M (z )
dz .

S i m=1 Em I m a
S i
m

(46)

, :
1.
.


;
,
,
.
40

2.
.
3. .
4. ,
, .
5. .

,
,
. ,
. ,
.
( )
, ,
.
.
1.
l EI ,
F .
.

F
Z

.
:
M ( z )

M ( z ) = Fz

1.

EI

0, l

Ad =

1
2 EI

(Fz ) dz =
2

F2 l 2
F 2l 3
z
dz
=
.
2 EI 0
6 EI

Ad Fl 3
f =
=
.
F 3EI

41