24 ra, 1, OTKPbITHE 3AKOHA BCEMHPHOFO TATOTEHHA Ill. Kpagpath nepuoxopo6pamenuit nuanert oT- HOCATCA Kak Ky6On Gonbmux noayoce ux op6uT. Yue Ketinepy Gbino u3BeCTHO, YTO STH 3aKOHHI, 3aBePLIHBINKe co3aHHe SMNHPHYeCKOM KHHEMATHKH COHEYHOM CHCTeMbI, He a6co- moTHO cTporu. XoTA 118 WAaHeT OHM BEINOJHAIOTCH C Combo TOU- HOCTbIO (OcoGeHHO 4Ba NepBEIX), HO YTOObI MpeAcTaBHTb CKOJIbKO- HHOYAb YLOBNETBOPHTeAbHO ABHKeHHE JIYHHI, HYKHO GplnO emule cye- JaTb SIMNTHYeCKYO OpOuTY NOABWKHOH Hu AOGaBUTD SBeEKUHIO Bapnanuro. IIpHyvHbl BCeX STHX OTKOHEHHM CTA ACHE Nocie OT- KPBITHA 3aKOHa BCEMMPHOTO TATOTEHHA. Bekope nocne nosaBlenuaA reaMoleHTpuyecko Teopun Spasm Pefinromba cocTaBH OCHOBaHHEIe Ha Heli HOBbIe TaOMHULI OBHKe- HUA cBeTHI, Gonee TOUHLIe H Gonee nospobHHe, HExKeNH TAOTHUb camoro Konepuuka. Stu Ta6anuh, HasBaHHble uM «IIpycckumu Ta6- auuamH» (Tabulae Prutenicae, 1551), Onicrpo BEITecHHaN «AbipoH- CoBbI TAGMHUBI>, HMeBIUIHE elle LIHpOKOe pacnpoctpaHeHne. Orkpsis caow nepsblé 2Ba 3aKona, Kenwep mpucrynua K cocta- BJ€HHIO OCHOBaHHHIX Ha HAX TaGaHU. OHH Gblin ony6nuKOBaHI B 1627 r. nox HasBanuem «Pyzoanhosnx ta6anu» (Tabulae Rudol- phinae) H no cBoe ToONHOCTH QaqeKO MpeB3ounM BCe npeKHHe TaOHUbI. § 3. Dewxernne no sakonam Kennepa Mokaxem, Kak KOOpAHHaTbI MaaHeTb, ABHxKyUWelcA BOKpyT CouHua Mo 3akonam Kenviepa, MOryT ObITb BbIPaxKeHb! B CYHKUHH BpemeHuH. Lentp C saaunca, onucpipaemoro naanetoi M (puc. 3) npn- MeM 3a Havao KoopAuHNaT; 3a och Cx npuMem HanpaBneHne Sonb- wok nonyocu CIl=a, npoxogzameli yepes dboxyc S, B KoTOpoM Haxo- aurca Coanue; 3a och Cy npumMem HallpaBaeHHe Majoii mosyocu CB=b. YpapHenve a1nunca B STO CHCTeMe KOOpAMHaT S4+4=1 (3.1) 3aMeHHM MapaMeTpHyeCKHMH YPaBHeHHAMH, BLIGpaB napamerp cue- AyrouuMm o6pasom. W3 rouxn M(x, y), u306paxKatomleh nonoKenne ilaveTbl, OnycTHM NepnenaAukyaap MN ua ocb a6cuucc. Ilpogon- *#eHHE STOTO NepneHANKyApa Mo nepeceyeHHA ¢ OKPyXHOCTHIO, ONH- caHHofi Ha Gobo ocu samunca AIT kak Ha Quamerpe, qaeT TOU- xy M’. 3ananue Kamgoi v3 Touek M u M’ onno3sna4uno onpexenset zpyryto. Ho nonoxkenne Touxn M’ MoxxHo onpezenute yraom E, ot- CUHTBIBAeMBIM OT GombwWOH Nonyocu CII qo paquyca CM’ B Hanpa- BCHHH ABWKCHHA MlaHeTH. ITOT yrou HasbIBaeTCA 9K CUE HT Pp H- yeckoH anomasaned,§ 3. ABM)KEHHE MO 3AKOHAM KEMJEPA 25 Ypapuenne (3.1) skBHBaweHTHO MapaMerpH4eckHM ypaBHeHHaM x=acos E, y=bsinE. Ornowenve e=CS/CII, xapaktepu3yromee copMy sqauneca, Hasbl- BaeTca €fo 9KCHEHTPHCHTETOM. OueBHdHO, CS=ae, CB=b=aVi—e&. Bsejem Tenepbh CHcTeMy MpAMOYTOJbHBIX OPOHTAbHEIX KOOpIH- Hat SEn, ocv KoTOpoH Napasuenbubl OcaM cuctempl Cxy, a Hayano Haxogutca B okyce S. Torza %t=acosE—ae, | (3.2) q=aV1—esinE. . Uepes r wu v o603HauHM NomApHble op6uTasbuble KOOp- AuHaTE, cooTBeTcTByollne — u oy. Yron v, oTcunTHBae- Mbit oT paquyca-BekTopa SII, HallpaBJieHHOrO B nepure- aut I], waspipaeTcA HCTHH- HOw aHOMaaHeH Naanethl. Tak Kak t=rcosv, n=rsiny, (3.3) Puc. 3. TO CpaBHeHHe paBeucrs (3.2) n (3.3) maeT cnenyioulHe dopMyaE: rsinv=aV1—esinE, } (34) rcosv=a(cosE—e), " cayKallve LA BRYHCICHHA NOMAPHEIX OPOHTANBHBIX KOOPAHHAT, korga 3anano E. V3 @opmya (3.4) aerKo HaxolHM r=a(i—ecos£). (3.5) Kom6uHnpopanne STOO paBeHcTBa CO BTOPHIM H3 paBeHcts (3.4) aaeT r(1—cos v)=a(1-+ e)(1 — cos E}, r(1+ cos v) =a(1— e)(1+ cos £), Vrsing=Val+esing, 2 2 _ gg (3.6) Vrcos 5 =Va(l—e)cos 5.6 fl. 1, OTKPbITHE 3AKOHA BCEMHPHOTO TATOTEHHA opHyeM ABOMcTBeHHOCTh 3Haka TIpH H3BJe4YeHHH KOPHA yCTpaHAeTca 1 1 TEM coo6paxkenuem, 4TO xv u ZF HaxogaTca Bcergqa B O2HOM H TOM Ke KBagpaHte (sHa4eHuIO E=180° cooteercrByet v= 180°). Ms (3.6) sbireKaer cegyloman YacTo ynotpe6useman hopMywa: tes=V wre e. (3.7) Takum o6pa3om, 118 BbIuHcCaeHHA Fr HU TO 3aqaHHoMy E MoxKHO BMecto (3.4) ynotpe6ustb mu60 copmysb (3.6), 1H60 dopmyan (3.5) # (3.7). SameTum ele, uTo uckmoyeHHe E v3 papexcts (3.4) u (3.5) WaeT ypaBHeHHe SAAHNCa B NOAAPHEIX KOOpAHHaTaX r= p{(l-+ecosv), (3.8) rae p=a(1—e*) ecrp napaMerp 9aautica, T. €. OpAMHaTa TOUKH, AAA koTopoi v=90°. TlonesHo HaoMHuTb, 4TO ypaBHeHue (3.8) aABaaeTcA o6mHM ypaBHeHHeM KOHHYeCKHX ceyeHHH. Tipx e=| ono npegcrapnaer na- pa6ony, a npx e > | —serTBb runep6osH, BOrHYTYIO NO OTHOWeHHIO K doxycy S. O6patumca Tenepb Ko BropoMy 3aKony Kensepa. Ecau uepes T u ¢ 0603Ha4HTb MOMEHTHI BPeMeHH, B KOTOPbIe MaHeTa 3aHHMaeT nojoxenus II u M, a 4epe3 P o6o3HaunTb NepHog oOpamenua ma- heTH, TO STOT 34KOH MacT Takoe COOTHOWeHHE: Q _t-T =P (3.9) rae yepes Q o6osHayeHa noulagb cextopa STIM. Bauncaum Q. Ecan uepes A o603HaunTb Mollagb KpuBonnHea- HoH tpanenun NMII, To Q=A—na. ANMS. (3.10) Coornomenus (3.4) noKxasbiBaloT, ¥TO na. ANMS = — 4 r’sinv cos v= — 4 ab sin E (cos E — e). C apyroi cropoHil, uMeem ala A= 74, rae uepes A’ o6o3HateHa naomaab KpuBonHHehHol Tpaneyun NMI, Jlerko BuyeTb, ITO A’ = 4a? (E—sin Ecos £).§ 3. JBHKEHHE MO 3AKOHAM KENWIEPA 27 Tlozcranopka nowy4eHHbIx BEIpaxeHHii B paBexncTBo (3.10) aaeT 1 Q= ab (E— esin£), BesleqcTBHe “ero ypaBHeHHe (3.9) MoxkHO HanHcaTb Tak: E—esinE=M, (3.11) M=n(t—T), n=2n/P. BeawunHa n, mpeacTaBasiowlad cpeXHIOIO CKOpOcTh u3MeHeHAA yraa E, wa3biBaetca Cpe HUM ABU KEHHEM MaHeTH; BeNH- uuna M nonyunaa Haspanue cpeqHelt aHoMasun; a ypasHenne (3.11) HasbipaeTca ypaBHeHHeM Kensepa. 3Haa semMeHTb Op6uTHI a, e, P u T, MbI MOXKeM, Mocae Toro Kak ypasHenve Kenzepa pettexo orHocutenbuo E, suuncautb op6uTasb- HBI€ KOOPAMHATH MaHeTH 160 mo dopMysam (3.2), 1460 no op- mysiam (3.4) nau (3.5), (3.7). Hpumeuanue. Tipu weOonbuux 3Hayennax e opOuTanbuble Koop- AMHaTbI yLOOHO MpeACTaBHTb, NOAb3yACb Pa3OKeHHAMH B PADH, B Bue ABHEIX PyHKUHA Bpemenu. B raape VI stor Bonpoc Gyzer pac- CMoTpeH Mogpo6Ho. Celiuac noKa%kem TOKO, YTO NepBble WeHb TaKHX pa3snoXenHi Aerko NOMyUHTb d1eMeHTAPHEIMH MpHeMaMH. Ypasuenne (3.11), HamucanHoe B dopMe rae E=M-+esinE, qaetT B Nepsom npv6amKeHuu E=M-+esinM. Bo sropom npH61W2keHHH HMeeM E=M+esin(M+esin M), waK E=M+esinM++ersinIMt ... (3.12) CnegosatembHo, £=1—ecosM-+e?sin? M-+3 &cos M sin? M+ see (3.13) Us @opmya (3.4) aerKo HaxogHM, ¥TO dv= Vi-@deE ~ Tes E* toraa Kak ypasHenue Kenzepa gaer ae a ~ T—ecosE28 Tl, 1, OTKPbITHE 3AKOHA BCEMHPHOTO TATOTEHHA CaneaosatenbHO, dv = V1 84 dE=V1—a (4) aM. Tlogcrasus ciofa Bbipaxkenne (3.12) 1 mpownterpuposas, nosy- 44M v= M+ 2esinM+4-5 singM— —Fesina(1—Beost M+... (3.14) STH pas10%KeHWA NO3BONAIOT yROOHO CpaBHHTh dsIHNTHYECKOE ABWKEHHE C ABHXKeHHEM MO SKCIEHTPUKY, KOTOPbIM MOMb30BaNHCb ao Kenzepa. Z[suxexve no aKcleHTpHky —9TO TBH2KeHHE PaBHOMEpHO O6pa- maroulelica TouKH M’, Bumumoe #3 ToOUKH S (puc. 3). O6o3Hataa Nlo-ipexkueMy Yepes 7 H_U palHyc-BeKTOp H HCTHHHY!O aHOMaJHIO touxu M’, a 4epes e=CS/CII — akcuentpucutet, u 3ameyas, 4TO Jia pacCmMaTpuBaemoro Tenepb ABHxKeHHA E=M=n(t—T), aerxo HaliqeM 1/2, —_ sin r=a(l—2ecosM+e)"; tgu=—arma oTky 2a —ecosM + fetsin? M+ 46° cos M sin? M+ tees v=M fesinM-+ +e?sin2M —-4 esin M(1 —4cos?M)+ ... CpasHenne STHx dopMya Cc NpeABYUMMH MOKasbiBaeT, YTO B3AB e=2e, Mbl MpeAcTaBHM H3MeHeHHe UV Cc OLHOKOH NopagKa e?, HO Br own6Ka GyfeT nopayKa @; eCAH 2%Ke B3ATb SKCUCHTPHK, AA KOTO- poro e=é, TO XOpOWlO NpeACTaBATCA PaMHyCl-BeKTOPHI, HO Npescra- BuleHHe YPMOBOH KOOpAHHAaTH GyJeT HeyAOBNeETBOpPHTeEAbHO. § 4. Anwamnueckne cneactena saxoHos Kennepa Saxon Kennepa cymectsenHo nomormu Ucaaky Hpwrony (1642—1727) saBepwiuTb oTKpbITHe OCHOBHEIX 3aKOHOB AWHAaMUKH, Hauatoe Tanuneem (1564—1642), Texaprom (1596—1650) u Tof- rencom (1629—1695). Co3qaHve JHHAMHKH N03BO7H10 B CBOIO O4e- sow CcOBCeM 0-HOBOMY nogzouTH K Bonmpocy 0 ABHKeRHH MlaHer. Me€CTO CMYTHBIX nipexcraprenHit © TIPHYHHE MA aHeTHBIX aBwKeHHA, KopeHaluelica B ConHue, KoTopble pykopoquan KonepHuKom 4, B ropasqo Gonee oruetnuBol copme, Kenazepom, Hptorox cmor u3y- UWTb ABJICHHE KONHYECTBEHHO H HaliTH CHAY, MPOH3BOJALLyIO DBHKe- HHe MaHeTbl.