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    © All Rights Reserved
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    12 views14 pages

    Windshear

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    sandeshbaheti
    Windshear

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    STUDY UNIT SIXTEEN WIND SHEAR (8 pages of outline) 16.1 Wind Shear ......-.-... coh bse (12 quuplions). 767, 760 162. Glear Air Turbulence (CAT) toscrertsseas (10 questions) 758, 762 16.3 Microbursts .. (12 questions) 758, 764 16.4 _Wingtip Vortices/Wake Turbulence... 6... sssesste es eeesseese sss (10 questions) 759, 768 This study unit contains outlines of major concepts tested, all FAA test questions and answers regarding wind shear, and an explanation of each answer. Each subunit, or subtopic, within this study Unit is listed above with the number of questions from the FAA pilot knowledge test pertaining to that particular subunit. For each subunit, the first number following the parentheses is the page number on which the outline begins, and the next number is the page number on which the questions begin. There are 45 questions in this study unit. We separate and organize the FAA questions into meaningful study units. As an analogy, it is easier to deal with the “trees” if you understand the “forest. In this context, “trees” are individual FAA questions and the “forest” is the ATP knowledge test. The ‘organizational units between the overall ATP knowledge test and individual ATP test questions are study units and subunits in this book. CAUTION: The sole purpose of this book is to expedite your passing the FAA pilot knowledge test for the ATP certificate. Topics or regulations not directly tested on the FAA pilot knowledge test are omitted. Much more information and knowledge are necessary to fly safely. This additional material is presented in Gleim’s other pilot training books (see the order form on page 839) and in many FAA books and circulars, as well as in airplane POHs and other commercial textbooks. 16.1 WIND SHEAR 1. Wind shear is a change in wind velocity over a given distance. a. Itmay be associated with either a wind shift or a wind speed gradient (horizontally or vertically) at any level in the atmosphere. j 2, A severe wind shear is defined as a rapid change in wind direction or velocity causing : airspeed changes greater than 15 kt. or vertical speed changes greater than 500 fpm. | 3. When surface wind directions vary at different places on the airport, there is a possibility of ] wind shear over or near the airport. 4, _ As the wind shears from a headwind to a calm wind, there is a quick reduction in the headwind component, The indications will be as follows: a. Decrease in indicated airspeed b. Pitch down of the airplane’s nose ©. Decrease in altitude 5. _ Increase in headwind component, e.g., shear from a tailwind to a headwind or a tailwind to a calm wind, results in the following sii a. Increase in airspeed b. Increase in pitch c, Increase in altitude hin 58 SU 16: Wind Shear During an approach in which thrust is being managed to maintain desired indicated airspeed and the glide slope is being flown, a tailwind shear to a constant headwind results in the following: a. Increase in pitch b. Decrease in vertical speed c. Initially an increase, then a decrease in airspeed 7. If airspeed and lift are lost due to wind shear, you should maintain or increase pitch attitude and accept the lower-than-normal airspeed indications. 16.2 CLEAR AIR TURBULENCE (CAT) 1. Clear air turbulence (CAT) is best defined as turbulence encountered outside of convective clouds, a, The term CAT is used to describe the turbulence within and in the vicinity of cirrus and standing lenticular clouds. b. The term CAT is commonly applied to high-level turbulence associated with wind shear, ©. CATs often encountered in the vicinity of the jet stream, Turbulence encountered above 15,000 ft. AGL, not associated with cloud formations, should be reported as CAT. A preferred location of CAT is in an upper trough on the polar side of a jet stream. A curving jet stream associated with a deep low-pressure trough can cause the greater turbulence. CAT associated with a mountain wave may extend from the mountain crests to as high as 5,000 fi. above the tropopause and can range 100 NM or more downstream from the mountains. When constant pressure charts show 20-kt. isotachs less than 60 NM apart, there is sufficient horizontal wind shear for CAT. As the first ripple of CAT is encountered, you should adjust airspeed to that recommended for rough air In severe turbulence, you should attempt to maintain a constant attitude. When encountering turbulence due to a wind shift associated with a sharp pressure trough, you should establish a straight course across the storm area If jet stream turbulence is encountered with a direct headwind or tailwind, change altitude or course to avoid a possible elongated turbulent area, When making an altitude change to get out of jet stream turbulence, you should a. Descend if the ambient temperature is falling. b. Climb if the ambient temperature is rising 16.3 MICROBURSTS 1. Microbursts are small-scale intense downdratts from thunderstorms which, on reaching the surface, spread outward in all directions from the downdraft center. a. Hazard. Microbursts cause the presence of both vertical and horizontal wind shears that can be extremely hazardous to all types and categories of aircraft, especially at low altitudes. b. Intensity. The downdratts can be as strong as 6,000 fpm. SU 16: Wind Shear 759 eed 4 ¢. Duration. An individual microburst will seldom last longer than 15 min. from the time it e strikes the ground until dissipation 2. Horizontal winds near the surface can be as strong as 45 kt., resulting in a 90-kt. shear (headwind to tailwind change for a traversing aircraft) across the microburst. 3, The aircraft may encounter a headwind (performance increasing) followed by a downdraft and tailwind (both performance decreasing), possibly resulting in terrain impact. a. See Fig, 144 on page 767 184. WINGTIP VORTICES/WAKE TURBULENCE tive 4. Winglip vortices (wake turbulence) are created when airplanes develop lit. a. The vortex characteristics may be altered by extending the flaps or changing the and speed, 2, The greatest wingtip vortex strength occurs behind heavy, clean (flaps and gear up), and slow aircraft. a, For example, the takeoff of a jet transport airplane, when it has a high gross weight and a high angle of attack 3. Vortices circulate outward, upward, and around the wingtip (from the higher pressure below to the lower pressure above) 4. Wingtip vortices created by larger (transport category) aircraft tend to sini of airplanes operating below the generating airplane. Aight crosswind can result in an upwind vortex remaining in the touchdown zone for a longer period of time. Fp 6. _ Light quartering tallwinds hold the vortices of preceding aircraft on the runway for the longest x period of time. ‘ 7. When taking off behind a departing jet, climb above and stay upwind of the jet aircraft's flight path until you are able to turn clear of the wake 8. _ When taking off behind a jet that has just landed, plan to litt off beyond the point where the jet touched down, 9. To allow pilots of in-trail lighter aircraft to make flight path adjustments to avoid wake turbulence, pilots of heavy and large jet aircraft should fly a. Onthe established glide path. yr b. On the approach course centerline or to the extended centerline of the runway ot intended landing, as appropriate to conditions. io the flight path QUESTIONS AND ANSWER EXPLANATIONS All the FAA questions from the pilot knowledge test for the ATP certificate relating to wind shear, | clear air turbulence, microbursts, and wake turbulence and the material ouilined previously are ; | reproduced on the following pages in the same subunits as the outlines. To the immediate right of | each question are the correct answer and answer explanation. You should cover these answers and | answer explanations while responding to the questions, Refer to the general discussion in the | Introduction on how to take the FAA pilot knowledge test. Remember that the questions trom the FAA pilot knowledge test bank have been reordered by topic and organized into a meaningful sequence. Also, the first line of the answer explanation gives | the citation of the authoritative source for the answer. | | 760 SU 16: Wind Shear QUESTIONS 16.1_Wind Shear 1. What is an important characteristic of wind shear? ‘A. tis primarily associated withthe lateral vortices generated by thunderstorms. B. Itusually exists only in the vicinity of thunderstorms, but may be found near a strong temperature inversion. ©, Itmay be associated with either a wind shift or a windspeed gracient at any level in the atmosphere, 2. Which isa definition of "severe wind shear"? A. Any rapid change of horizontal wind shear in excess of 25 knots; vertical shear excepted, Any rapid change in wind direction or velocity Which causes altspeed changes greater than 45 knots or vertical speed changes groater than 500 fin, Any change of airspeed greater than 20 knots Which is sustained for more than 20 seconds or vertical Speed changes in excess of 400 fimin, 3. What information from the control tower is ingicated by the following transmission? “SOUTH BOUNDARY WIND ONE SIX ZERO AT TWO FIVE, WEST BOUNDARY WIND TWO FOUR ZERO AT THREE FIVE.” ‘A downburstis located at the center of the alrport Wake turbulence exists on the west side of the active runway. ‘There is a possibilty of wind shear over or near the airport. 4, What airport condition is reported by the tower when more than one wind condition at different positions on the altpor is reported? A. Light and variable. B. Wind shear, C. Frontal passage. Answer (C) is correct, (AV Chap 9) DISCUSSION: Wind shear is the rate of change of wind velocity. The differences may be in wind speed, wind direction, or both. An important characteristic is that wind shoar may be ‘associated with either a wind shift or a wind speed gradient at any level in the atmosphere, ‘Answer (A) is incorrect because wind shear can be vertical (as well as lateral in thunderstorm clouds between the updrats ‘and downdrafts, as well as in other areas such as frontal zones ‘and low-level temperature inversions. Answer (B) is incorrect because wind shear can be encountered in areas other than thunderstorms, eg, within a fontl zone, in and near the et stream, in low-level inversions. ‘Answer (B) is correct, (AC 00-54) DISCUSSION: A severe wind shear is defined as a rapid ‘change in wind direction or velocity causing airspeed changes (greater than 16 ki. or vertical speed changes greater than 500 fpr, ‘Answer (A) Is incorrect because a severe wind shear can ‘occur with both horizontal and vertical shears. ‘Answer (©) 's incorrect because a severe wind shear causes airspeed changes ‘greater than 15 kt, nol 20 kt, or vertical speed changes greater than 500 fpm, not 100 fpr. ‘Answor (C) is correct. (AIM Para 4-3-7) DISCUSSION: The information for the transmission was provided by the Low-Level Wind Shear Alert System (LLWAS). This system detects the possibilty of low-level wind shear aver ot rear the airport. The system compares the wind measured ‘around the airport with the wind measured ai the centerfold location. When conditions exist, the tower controler will provide the site's location and wind. Note that the transmission in the question indicates wind from diferent directions at the eirpon, ‘Answer (A) Is incorrect because a downburstis a vertical ‘movernent of alr which is not measured by the LLWAS unlit has horizontal riovement. Also the wind direction is toward the Cconter of the airport, not away from it. Answer (B) Is incorrect because wake turbulence doos not produce wind. It is generated by an aircraft that is producing if, which could be on either side of the active runway. Answer (B) is comect. (AIM Para 4-3-7) DISCUSSION: When the tower reports more than one wind condition at different positions on the airport, it means that wind Shear is probable, Various sensors of the Low-Level Wind Sheer Alert System measure the wind, and when differences become excessive, the tower will provide more than one wind condition at different positions ‘Answer (A) is incorrect because light and variable is used fo report the wind conditions when wind speed Is lass than 5 kt ‘Answer (C) Is incorrect because a frontal passage is normally indicated by a change in wind direction, but itis usually not reported by the tower. ‘SU 18: Wind Shear 5, Which INITIAL cockpit indications should a pilot be aware of when @ heacwind shears to a calm wind? A. Indicated airspeed decreases, aircatt pitches Up, and altitude decreases. B, Indicated airspeed increases, aircratt pitches own, and aliude increases, C. Indicated airspeed decreases, airralt pitches down, and altitude decreases, 6. Which condition would INITIALLY cause the indieated airspeed and pitch to increase and the sink rate to decrease? |A.. Sudden decrease in a headwind component. 8. Taiwind which euddenly increases in velocity ©. Sudden increase in a headwind component. 7. Which INITIAL cockpit indications should a plot ie aware of when a constant tallwind shears to a calm wind? |A. lttude increases; pitch and indicated airspeed decrease, B. Altitude, piteh, and indicated airspeed decrease, C. Alitude, pitch, and indicated airspeed increase, ‘8. Which wind-shear condition results in an increase in airspeed? |A. Increasing tallwind and decreasing heacwind, BB. Increasing tallwind and headwind. .. Decreasing tallwind and increasing headwind ‘9. Which wind-shear condition results in a loss of airspeed? A. Decteasing headwind or tailwind. BB. Decreasing headwind and increasing talline. ©. Increasing headwind and decreasing tailwind. Answer (C) is correct. (AC 00-54) DISCUSSION: As the wind shears from a headwind to a calm wind, there is a quick reduction in the headwind component fand.a decrease in aircraft performance. The indications will be & decrease in indicated airspeed, a pitch down of the airplane's hose, and a decrease in altitude. “Answer (A) is incorrect because the aircratt will pitch down, rot up, due to the relatively small angle of attack used during the eadwind and the sudden decrease in the airflow over the wing ‘when the wind shears fa calm, Answer (B) is incorrect because Jess power is required to maintain an indicated airspeed in a hheadwind than in calm alr because of ram ait; thus, @ shear from {2 headwind to calm is indicated by a decrease in airspeed and a ‘decrease, not an Increase, in altitude. Answer (C) is comect. (AC 00-54) DISCUSSION: A sudden increase in a headwind component, le. a tallwind shearing to a headwind, Is intially, Indicated by an increase in airspeed, pitch, and altitude, A sun ncfease na headvind component wt erease arr performance, “Aniswer (A) is incorrect because a sudden decrease in @ headwind component decreases aircraft perlormance and is indicated by a decrease in airspeed, pitch, and altitude. ‘Answer (B) is incorrect because an increase in tailwind velocity {decreases performance and is indicated by @ decrease in firspeed, pitch, and altitude Answer (C) is comect, (AC 00-54) DISCUSSION: When a constant talwind shears to a calm wind, the shear inereases indicated airspeed and thus increases perfomance, The airplane tends to pitch up and gain altitude. “Answer (A) is incorrect because pitch and indicated alrspeed ‘also inerease. Answer (B) is incorrect because altitude, piton, {nd indicated airspeed decrease when a heacwind, not tailwind, sheers 10 a calm wind, Answer (C) is comect, (AC 00-54) DISCUSSION: When @ tailnind shears to a headwind, the airspeed intially increases, the alrcrat pitches up, and the alitide increases. ‘Answer (A) is incorrect because, when a headwind shears to ‘a tailwind, inoreasing talwind component and decreasing hheadwind component, the reduction of the ram ait pressure on the pitot tube causes an intial reduction of indicated airspeed. ‘The reduced heaewind component will also cause a pitch down moment and a decrease in altitude. Answer (B) is incorrect ocause, when a headwind shears to a tailwind, increasing ‘ailwind Component and decreasing headwind component, the ‘eduction of the ram air pressure on the pitot tube causes an intial reduction of indicated airspeed. The reduced heading Component wl aso cause apc down moment ard a decrease inalttude, ‘Answer (B) is comect,_ (AC 00-54) ‘DISCUSSION: When the headwind component decreases or te taiwind component increases, initially he alrspeod Gecreases, the aitcrafl pitches down, and the altitude decreases. ‘Answer (A) is incorrect because, in a decreasing tailwind condition, airspeed intially increases, not decreases. Answer (C) is Incorrect because both an increasing headwind and a Hecreasing lailwind inerease, not decrease, airspeed intially. 762 SU16: Wind Shear 10. Which airplane performance characteristics should be recognized during takeoff when fencountering a tallwind shear that increases in intensity? A. Loss of, or diminished, airspeed performance. B, Decroased takeoff distance. ©. Incroased climb performance immediately after takeott 11, Thrust s being managed to maintain desired indicated airspeed and the glide slope is being flown. Which characterstics should be observed wnen a taliwind shears fo a constant headwind? A. PITCH ATTITUDE: Increases, VERTICAL ‘SPEED: Increases. INDICATED AIRSPEED: Decreases, then Increases to approach speed, PITCH ATTITUDE: Increases. VERTICAL SPEED: Decroases, INDICATED AIRSPEED: Increases, then decreases. PITCH ATTITUDE: Decreases. VERTICAL SPEED; Decreases. INDICATED AIRSPEED: Decreases, then increases to ‘approach speed. 12._ In comparison to an approach in a moderate headwind, which is an indication of a possible wind shear due to a decreasing headwind when descending on the glide slope? A. Less power is required. B. Higher pitch attitude is required. ©. Lower descent rate is required 13, What is the recommencied technique to counter the loss of airspeed and resultant It from wind shear? Lower the pitch attitude and regain lost airspeed. ‘Avoid overstressing the aircraft, “pitch to airspeed,” and apply maximum power. Maintain, or increase, pitch atitude and accept the lower-than-normal atepeed indications. 16,2_Clear Air Turbulence (CAT) 14. Turbulence encountered above 15,000 feet AGL, rol associated with cloud formations, should be reported as A. convective turbulence, B,_high-alttud turbulence. ©. clear air turbulence. Answer (A) is correct, (AC 00-54) DISCUSSION: As a tallwind shear increases in intensity, the aircraft performance decreases, More power will be required 12 Counter the decrease in airspeed. As the tallwind intensity increases, there will be a loss of, or diminished, alrspeed performance. ‘Answer (B) is incorrect because, as a tailwind shear increases, takeoff distance Is increased, not decreased, because more power or distance is required to altain lit off speed. ‘Anawer (C) is incorrect because, as atallwind shear increases dluring cimboul, the climb performance will decrease, not ‘Answer (B) is correct. (AC 00-54) DISCUSSION: When a tallvind shears to a constant headwind, the indicated airspeed wil initially increase, then decrease, The vertical speed will decrease, and pitch aude willinerease. Initially, thrust wil be reduced to slow the airspeed, then increase as more power and a slower rate of descent are needed to maintain tne glide slope in a constant headwind ‘Answer (A) Is incorrect because indicated airspeed will Initially increase, not decrease, and vertical speed will decrease, ‘not inerease. Answer (C) is incorrect because both pitch and indicated airspeed wil intaly increase, not decrease. ‘Answer (B) is correct. (AC 00:54) DISCUSSION: A decreasing headwind shear will decrease indicated airspeed and performance capability. Due to alossot airspeed, the aifplane wil tend to pitch down. Thus, a higher pitch attitude is required, ‘Answer (A) is incorrect because, as airspeed decreases, more, not less, power is required... Answer (C) is incorrect because, as the headwind decreases, groundspeed wil increase, requiring a higher, not a lower, descent rat. Answer (C) is correct. (AC 00-54) DISCUSSION: A loss of airspeod and resuitant lit indicates an inoreasing tailwind (or decreasing headwind) shear Successful recovery from a wind-shear encounter requires maintaining or increasing pitch attitude and accepting lower than ormal airspeed indications “Answer (A) Is incorrect because lowering the pitch attitude fo regain lost airspeed is a result of past training emphasis on airspeed control Its not the recommended technique for recovering from a wind shear. Answer (B) is incorrect because the recommended technique to recover from a wind shear isto maintain or increase pitch altitude and not “pitch to airspeed’ ‘which may decrease pitch to regain lost airspeed. ‘Answer (C) is correct. (AWS Sec 13) DISCUSSION: High-level turbulence encountered above 15,000 ft. AGL, not associated with curnulform cloudiness, should be repartad as clear air turbulence. ‘Anower (A) is incorrect because convective turbulence is normally associated with cumulform clouds and is reported as, turbulence, Answer (B) is incorrect because turbulence above 15,000 ft AGL, not associated with clouds, Is trmed clear ar turbulence, not high-alttude turbulence. 15, A. B ©. 168. SU 16: Wind Shear What isa likely location of clear air turbulences? Inn upper trough on the polar side of a jot stream, Near a ridge aloft on the equatorial side of a high-pressure flow. Downstream of the equatorial side of a jet stream, Which type jet stream can be expected to cause the greater turoulence? 7, AA straight jet stream associated with a high pressure ndge. {jet stream associated with a wide isotherm spacing ‘A curving jet stroam associated with a deep low pressure trough. Clear air turbulence (CAT) associated with a mountain wave may extend as far as A B iC. 18, 4,000 miles.or more downstream of the ‘mountain, '5,000 feet above the tropopause. 4100 miles or more upwind of the mountain, Under what conditions would clear air turbulence (CAT) most ikely be encountered? 9, the fi ‘When constant prossure charts show 20-knot igotachs less than 60 NM apart ‘When constant pressure charts show 60-knot isotachs less than 20 NM apart. When @ sharp trough is moving at a speed less than 20 knots, \what action is appropriate when encountering rst ripple of reported clear air turbulence (CAT)? Extend flaps to decrease wind loading, Extend gear to provide more drag and increase stability ‘Adjust airspeed to that recommended for rough ‘Answer (A) is correct. (AV Chap 13) DISCUSSION: A proferred location of clear alr turbulence is, In an upper trough on the polar side of the jet steam. Cold and warm advection along with strong wind shears develop near the Jet stream, especially whore the curvature ofthe jet stream Sharply increases in deepening upper troughs, ‘Answer (B) is incorrect because CAT is likely to occur on the polar side ofa jat stream in an upper trough, not near a ridge Biloft on the equatorial side of a high-pressure flow. Answer (C) is incorrect because CAT is likely on the polar, not equatorial, side of ajet stream. Answer (C) is correct, (AVY Chap 13) DISCUSSION: Gold outbreaks colicing with warm air trom the south intensity weather systems in the vicinity ofthe jat stream along the boundary between cold and warm air. Cold and ‘warm advection along with sirong wind shears (turbulence) ‘eevelop near the jet stream, espocially where curvature of the jet Stream sharply increases in deepening upper trough. ‘Answer (A) s incorrect because greater turbulence is ‘expected in a curved, not straight, jet stream. Answer (B) is incorrect because greater turbulence is more pronounced when isotherm spacing is narrow, not wide. ‘Answer (B) is correct. (AVY Chap 13) DISCUSSION: Mountain waves can create clear air turbulence (CAT), Mountain wave CAT may extend from the mountain crasts to as high as 5,000 fl, above the tropopause and ‘oan range 100 mi, or more downstream from the mountains, ‘Answer (A) s incorrect because mountain wave CAT can range 100, not 1,000, mi. or more downstream of the mountain. ‘Answer (C) is incorrect because mountain wave CAT Is, downwind, not upwind, of the mountain. ‘Answer (A) is correct. (AC 00-308) DISCUSSION: When constant pressure charts show 20-kt isotachs less than 60 NM apart, there is suficient horizontal sheet for CAT. These conditions normaly oocur on the polar side of the jet stream. ‘Answer (B) is incorrect because, when constant pressure charts show 20-Kt,, not 60", isotachs less than 60 NM, not 20 NM, apan, CAT is most likely to be encountered. Answer (C) is incorrect because CAT can be expected upwind of the base of ‘a deep upper rough, not because a sharp trough is moving, ‘Answer (C) is correct. (AV Chap 13) DISCUSSION: When encountering the fist ripple of clear air turbulence (CAT), itis appropriate to reduce airspeed to that recommended fot rough alr. This action decreases the amount (of stress that is put on the aiplane while in turbulence, ‘Answer (A) is incorrect because use cf flaps increases the ‘camber of the wing and angle of attack but does not decrease the amount of wing loading. Cruise airspeed usualy exceeds the flap operating airspeed. This slow airspeed with a higher angle of attack groally increases the possibilty of a stall due to a \artical gust of wind exceeding the airplane's critical angle of attack, Answer (B) is incorrect because extending the gear increases the drag but does not change the stablity of the airplane. The reduced airspeed to extend the gear requires a Figher angle of attack, which may cause the critical angle of attack to be exceeded during a wind shear. 764 SU 16: Wind Shear 20. If sovere turbulence is encountered, which provedure is recommended? ‘A. Maintain a constant altitude. B. Maintain a constant atitude. Maintain constant airspeed and altitude. 21. What action is recommended when encountering turbulence due to a wind shift associated with a sharp pressure trough? A. Establish a straight course across the storm B. Climb or descend to a smoother level C. Increase speed to get out ofthe trough as soon as possible. 22, Which action is recommended if jet stream {urbulence is encountered with a direct heading or tailwind? ‘A. Increase alrspeod to get out of the area quickly. B. Change course to fly on the polar side of the jet stream, Change altitude or course to avoid a possible tlongated turbulent area, 23. Which action is recommended regarding an attitude change to get out of jt stream turbulence? A. Descend if ambient temperature is faling B. Descend it ambient temperature is rising. C. Maintain alttuce # ambient temperature is not changing, 18.3_Microbursts 24, Maximum downdrafts in a microburst encounte may be as strong as A. 8,000 fvmin. B. 7,000 fvmin. ©. 6,000 fumin, Answer (B) is correct. (AVW Chap 11) DISCUSSION: When severe turbulence is encountered, as, ina thunderstorm, itis almost impossible to hold a constant altitude. Maneuvering in an attempt to do so greatly increases Stress on the aireral, ‘Stresses will be least f the aircrafts helt ina constant allude and allowed to ride the waves o! updrats and downdrafts. ‘Answer (A) is incorrect because severe turbulence causes large abrupt changes in altitude, and attempting to hold a ‘constant altitude may overstress the airplane. Answer (C) is incorrect because severe turbulence causes large variations in bboth indicated airspeed and altitude. Any attempt to maintain Constant airspeed and altitude may overstress the aicrat Answer (A) is correct. (AC 00-308) DISCUSSION: turbulence is encountered in an abrupt \Wind shift associates with a sharp pressure trough line, you Should establish a straight course across the storm area. This action is recommended because the turbulence normally i parallel to the trough and by crossing the storm area you will minimize the turbulence. ‘Answer (B) is incorrect because climbing or descending toa ‘smoother level is recommended when encountering jet stream turbulence with direct tallwinds or headwinds, not because ofa wnind shift associated with a sharp pressure trough. Answer (C) is incorrect because speed should be decreased, not increased, to the recommended airspeed for rough air o avoid over- stressing the airplane. ‘Answer (C) is correct. (AC 00-308) DISCUSSION: |i et stream turbulence is encountered wth direct lailwinds or headwinds, a change of altitude or course ‘should be intiated since these turbulent areas are elongated wih the wind and are shallow and narrow. ‘Answer (A) is incorrect because an increase in airspeed may overstress the airplane in turbulent conditions. Normally, a reduction in airspeed is required for turbulent air penetration. ‘Answer (B) is incorrect because CAT is normally on the polar side of the jet stream, so you would be fiying info more turbulent weather. Answer (A) is correct. (AC 00-308) DISCUSSION: If turbulence is due to a sloping tropopause, ‘watch the temperature gauge. ‘The point of coldest temperature willbe the tropopause penetration. Turbulence will be more pronounced in the tomperalure-change zone on the stratospheric (ipper) side of the sloping tropopause. To get out ofthis furbulence, descend ifthe ambient temperature is faling, and climb with a rising torperature. ‘Answer (B) Is incorrect because, to get out of jet stream turbulence wth a rising ambient temperature, you would climb, hot descend. Answer (C) is incorrect bacause you would need to rake an altitude change duo fo jel stream turbulence, and there Should be a temperature change due to a sloping tropopause. ‘Answer (C) is correct. (AC 00-54) DISCUSSION: Downdrafts in a microburst can be as strong 18 6,000 fpm. Horizontal winds near the surface can be as Strong as 48 it, resulting in a 80-Kt. wind shear. The strong horizontal winds occur within a few hundred feel of the ground. ‘Answer (A) is ncorrect because maximum downdratts in a microburst may be as strong as 6,000, not 8,000, fpr. ‘Answer (B) is incorrect because maximum downdrafts in a ‘microburst may be as strong as 6,000, not 7,000, fpr. | : SU 16: Wind Shear 25. Maximum downdrafts in a microburst encounter may be as strong as A. 1,500 fin. B, 4,500 f/min ©, 6,000 tuin. 26. Whats the expected duration of an individual mmicroburst ‘A. Five minutes with maximum winds lasting approximately 2 to 4 minutes B. One mioroburst may continue for as long as an . Seldom longer than 15 minutes from the time the burst strikes the ground until

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