Chapter 1 Basic Measurements 2 me fhow to measure resistance using an ohmmeter. ot DISCUSSION oy a>, ‘All materials possess electrical resistance which is the pposiion tothe flow of electrical current in a circuit. The electrical resistance Ig Measured in ohims (2). One ‘ohm may be defined as the electrical resistance of a copper wire yihich is is 1000-ft long and 0.1-inch in diameter. The instrument used to measure electrical resistance is called an ohmmeter. x > Basicaly, the ohthineler contaiis a do power source (usually a battery), @ miliammeter, afid a range swich {0 select internal calibration resistances. The meter scale is calibrated in terms o Of the resistance amount that will produce a given current, ‘The unknown resistance is placed across the probe terminals of the ohmmeter and the resistance value is read from the scale under the pointer. @ a ge? ‘An ohmmeter is normally a separate function of another test instrument, such as. a, VOM, VTVM, TVM, analog multimeter, or digital multimeter (DMM). The,ohmmetet scale in an analog meter is scaled by a crowing of the scale divisions atone end as shown in Fig.1-1-1. This is called a non-linear scale. Zero ohms may be either on the left or on the right end of the scale, depending 6h the type of instrument used. Most of the instruments have control knobs for'Zere and ohms adjust operations. PON Ve The ohmmeter must be conected tony Gircuit element under no power condition. The steps for resistance measurement sing the ohmmeter are: 1H1. Select a proper measure range by switching, tHél}range selector. Analog multimeters usually contain Rx1, Rx10, R100, Ret andi Rx10K ranges. 2. Connect the probe terminals together and zero. your ohmmeter by turning the 0 ‘ohm adjust knob. eo 3. Connect the terminals of the ohmmeter‘across the element (such as a resistor) whose resistance you wish to measure, and read the reading on the scale. 4. Determine theymeasured resistance value by calculating the product of the reading ste sae and the range multiplier. For instance, if you set the range at RPO and sed the reading of 11 as shown in Fig.1-1-1, you will obtain a « “testes vate of 110.0. Digital muttimeters ‘usually contain ranges: 200, 2k, 20K, 200K, and 2M. To measure resistance using a digital multimeter, select an appropriate range and directly tead a EQUIPMENT REQUIRED 1. KL-22001 Basic Electricity Circult vb 2. KL-24001 Basic Device Modile AD 3. Multimeter o... 12PROCEDURE Bester |) Measured Value (2) fa. Fe < Table 1-1-1 CONCLUSION When using the chmmeter to measure the, resistance of a resistor in a circuit, you Must be sure that the circuits applied no-Power to prevent ohmmeter from damage. For the sake of precise measurement, do not touch the terminals of the resistor under test by your hands. € te . A sv oR 13Experiment 1-2 Potentiometer Characteristics gif CR? et \" oe SaXs OBJECTIVE c 1. To study the:characteristcs of potentiometer 2. To 0 méasurethe résistance values of a potentiometer. Bon? A Co ee’ DISCUSSION / Resistors can be simply divided into two types: fixed resistors and variable resistors. A fixed resistor has two terminals and its resistance is constant. A vatiable resistor (VR) or potentiometer has three terminals and its resistance is vaflable A A (am ‘The circuit symbol of a variable resistor is shown in Fig. 1-2-1. The three terminals are the end terminals A, C and a wiper terminal B. The resistance between the end terminals Rac is fixed and is always equal to its nominal value. The wiper resistances between the wiper terri 2nd the end terminals, Res and Rec, are variable. The wiper resistances, Pirespond to Given position of the potentiometer shaft. When the potentiometer with a linea Fesistance is used, the wiper resistances are proportional to the potentiometer shaft position. However, the value of Rac is always equal to the ‘sum of Rag and Rac. The characteristics of a semi-variable resistor (SVR) are identical to those of a potentiometer. A eon c i ow, @ 1 2a: 4 Vatiable resistorEQUIPMENT REQUIRED A ND ig SS > 5 oe | 1. KL-22001 Basic Electricity Circuit Lab 4 2. KL-24002 Basic Electricity Experimer 3. Multimeter x B “5 o PROCEDURE, +. OF >, 2 ae, 1. Set the KL-24002 Module on the KL-22001 Basic Electricity Circuit Lab, and © jocat\VR1> en Ce ee 2. Using the ohmmeteri!measire the resistance between terminals 1 and 3 and =e record the value: oR D Srv ae Tum the control knob towards the right (CW direction) and then the left (CCW direction) and observe the reading Does the resistance R,3 change’ s ae 3. Tum the VR1 control knob completely to the left (fully CCW position), Measure and record the resistance between terminals 2 and 3. st d Ree Then tum the control knob towards the fight (CW direction) and observe the reading indicated by the ae & D 1sMeasure and record the resistance when the control/kfiob is tuned completely to the right (fully CW position). © fee resistance between terminals 1 and 2. Rie=__aa si, Q ? a nem th ‘control knob towards the right and observe the reading indicated by thé ohmmcter. “Does the resistance increase? Measure and record the resistance when the control knob is turned completely to the right. ath. > Ree tea) ah 29 at ee € tes 5. Measure and record other resistances shown in Table. 6. Examine the column of Riz+Rzs in Table 1-2-1and Ris of step 2. Is the equation RyztR = Rig true? Fein =Rn te? —__ ceanrocio | ORC [ fa [Rs eum cole OT Fully COW fon 1/4 Turn * | 1/2 Turn 3/4 Turn Fully CW Table 1-2-1 CONCLUSION You have completed this experiment forthé ¢haracteristics of an SVR and a VR. From procedure steps, you can conclude that the end resistance of a potentiometer Ris is fixed and the wiper resistances Ry and ‘Ra are variable depending on the potentiometer shaft position, and the equation Riz + Rs = Rs is always true. 1-6