Lecture10 TurbCombModel 2014

Modeling Turbulent Combustion
CEFRC Combustion Summer School

2014
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Heinz Pitsch
Copyright 2014 by Heinz Pitsch.

This material is not to be sold, reproduced or distributed
without prior written permission of the owner, Heinz Pitsch.
Course Overview
Part II: Turbulent Combustion
Moment Methods for reactive scalars

Simple Models in Fluent: EBU,EDM, FRCM,
EDM/FRCM
Turbulence
Introduction in Statistical Methods: PDF,

CDF,
Turbulent Premixed Combustion
Transported PDF Model
Turbulent Non-Premixed
Modeling Turbulent Premixed Combustion
Combustion

Applications
BML-Model
Level Set Approach/G-equation

Modeling Turbulent Non-Premixed
Combustion
Conserved Scalar Based Models for
Non-Premixed Turbulent Combustion
Flamelet-Model
Application: RIF, steady flamelet model
Moment Methods for Reactive Scalars

Balance Equation for Reactive Scalars
The term reactive scalar
Mass fraction Y of all components = 1, N
Temperature T
Balance equation for
Di: mass diffusivity, thermal diffusivity

Si: mass/temperature source term
3
Balance Equation for Reactive Scalars

Neglecting the molecular transport (assumption: Re)
Gradient transport assumption for the turbulent transport
Averaged transport equation

not closed
idea: approach similar to (simple) turbulence models: expression as

a function of mean values
4

Assumption: heat release expressed by
B: includes frequency factor und heat of reaction

Tb: adiabatic flame temperature
E: activation energy
Approach for modeling the chemical source term
Proven method decomposition into mean and fluctuation

Taylor expansion at
Pre-exponential term
Exponential term
Leads to
(for
) of terms

As a function of Favre-mean at
yields
Typical values in the reaction zone of a flame
Intense fluctuations of the chemical source term around the mean value
Moment method for reactive scalars inappropriate due to strong non-linear
effect of the chemical source term
7
Example: Non-Premixed Combustion in Isotropic Turbulence

Favre averaged transport equation
Gradient transport model
One step global reaction
Decaying isotropic turbulence
Example: Non-Premixed Combustion in Isotropic Turbulence
Product Mass Fraction

Flamelet Closure Assumption
DNS data
Evaluation of chemical source

term with mean quantities
Closure by mean values does not work!
Course Overview

EDM/FRCM
Turbulence

CDF,
Combustion

Applications
BML-Model

Combustion
Flamelet-Model
10
Simple Models for Turbulent Combustion
Example: standard models in

Fluent
Very simple models,
e.g. based on
3.
4.
2.
5.
very fast chemistry

no consideration of turbulence
Quelle: Fluent 12 users guide
11
1. Eddy-Break-Up-Model
First approach for closing the chemical source term was made by Spalding (1971)
in premixed combustion
unburnt
mixture
hot burnt gas
flow
Assumption: very fast chemistry (after pre-heating)

Combustion process
Breakup of eddies from the unburnt mixture smaller eddies
Large surface area (with hot burnt gas)
Duration of this breakup determines the pace
Eddy-Break-Up-Model (EBU)
12
1. Eddy-Break-Up-Modell
Averaged turbulent reaction rate for the products
: variance of mass fraction of the product

CEBU: Eddy-Break-Up constant
EBU-modell
turbulent mixing sufficiently describes the combustion process
chemical reaction rate is negligible
Problems with EGR, lean/rich combustion

further development by Magnussen & Hjertager (1977): Eddy-DissipationModel (EDM)
13
2. Eddy-Dissipation-Model
EDM: typical model for eddy breakup
Assumption: very fast chemistry
Turbulent mixing time is the dominant time scale
Chemical source term
YE, YP: mass fraction of reactant/product

A, B: Model parameter (determined by experiment)
14
2. Eddy-Dissipation-Model
Example: diffusion flame, one step reaction
YF > YF,st , therefore YO < YF YE = YO
YF < YF,st YE = YF
15
Rsum EDM
Controlled by mixing
Very fast chemistry
Application: turbulent premixed and nonpremixed combustion
Connects turbulent mixing with chemical reaction
rich or lean?
full or partial conversion
Advantage: simple and robust model

Disadvantage
No effects of chemical non-equilibrium (formation of NO, local extinction)
Areas of finite-rate chemistry:
Fuel consumption is overestimated
Locally too high temperatures
16
3. Finite-Rate-Chemistry-Model (FRCM)
Chemical conversion with finite-rate
Capable of reverse reactions
Chemical source term for species i in a reaction
kf, , kb,: reaction rates(determined by Arrhenius kinetic expressions
models the influence of third bodies
Linearization of the source term centered on the operating point

Integration into equations for species, larger t realizable
Typical approach for detailed computation of homogeneous systems
17
Rsum FRCM
Chemistry-controled
Appropriate for tchemistry > tmixng (laminar/laminar-turbulent)
Application
Laminar-turbulent
Non-premixed
Source term: Arrhenius ansatz

Mean values for temperature in Arrhenius expression
Effects of turbulent fluctuations are ignored
Temperature locally too low
Consideration of non-equilibrium effects
18
4. Combination EDM/FRCM
Turbulent flow
Areas with high turbulence and intense mixing
Laminar structures
Concept: Combination of EDM and FRCM

For each cell: computation of both reaction rates
and
The smaller one is picked (determines the reaction rate)
Choses locally between chemistry- and mixing-controlled
Advantage: Meant for large range of applicability

Disadvantage: no turbulence/chemistry interaction
19
5. Eddy-Dissipation-Concept (EDC)
Extension of EDM Considers detailed reaction kinetics
Assumption: Reactions on small scales (*: fine scale)
Fluent: C = 2,1377
Volume of small scales:

Reaction rates are determined by Arrhenius expression (cf. FRCM)
Time scale of the reactions
Fluent: C = 0,4082
20
5. Eddy-Dissipation-Concept (EDC)
Boundary/initial conditions for reactions (on small scales)
Assumption: pressure p = const.

Initial condition: temperature and species concentration in a cell
Reactions on time scale
Numerical integration (e.g. ISAT-Algorithm)
Model for source term
Problem:
Requires a lot of processing power
Stiff differential equation
21
Mass fraction on small scales of

species i after reaction time *
Rsum: Simple Combustion Models
Solely calculation by Arrhenius equation

turbulence is not considered
Calculation of Arrhenius reaction rate and
mixing rate; selection of the smaller one
local choice: laminar/turbulent
3.
4.
2.
5.
Solely calculation of mixing rate

Chemical kinetic is not considered
Quelle: Fluent 12 users guide
Modeling of turbulence/chemistry
interaction; detailed chemistry
22
Course Overview

EDM/FRCM
Turbulence

CDF,
Combustion

Applications
BML-Model

Combustion
Flamelet-Model
23
Introduction to Statistical Methods
Introduction to statistical methods
Sample space
Probability
Cumulative distribution function(CDF)
Probability density function(PDF)
Examples for CDFs/PDFs
Moments of a PDF
Joint statistics
Conditional statistics
24
Pope, Turbulent Flows
Sample Space
Probability of events in sample space
Sample space: set of all possible events
Random variable U
Sample space variable V (independent variable)
Event A
Event B
25
Probability
Probability of the event
Probability p
impossible event
26
sure event
Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF)

Probability of any event can be determined from cumulative distribution
function (CDF)
Event A
Event B
27
Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF)

Three basic properties of a CDF
1.
2.
3.
Occuring of event
is impossible
Occuring of event
is sure
F is a non-decreasing function
as
CDF of Gaussian distributed

random variable
28
Probability Density Function (PDF)

Derivative of the CDF probability density function
Three basic properties of a PDF

1.
2.
CDF non-decreasing
PDF
Satisfies the normalization condition
3.
For infinite sample space variable

PDF of Gaussian distributed
random variable
29
Probability Density Function (PDF)

Examining the particular interval Va U < Vb
Interval Vb - Va 0:
30
Example for CDF/PDF

Uniform distribution
Source:
31
Example for CDF/PDF

Exponential distribution
Source:
32
Example for CDF/PDF

Normal distribution
Source:
33
Example for CDF/PDF

Delta-function distribution
or
Source:
34
Moments of a PDF
PDF of U is known n-th moment
Example: first moment (n = 1): mean of U
35
Q: random function,
with Q = Q(U)
Central Moments
n-th central moment
Example: second central moment (n = 2): variance of U
36
Joint Cumulative Density Function

Joint CDF (jCDF) of random variables U1, U2 (in general Ui, i = 1,2,)
Source:
37
Joint Cumulative Density Function

Basic properties of a jCDF
Non-decreasing function
Since
is impossible
Since
is certain
equally
marginal CDF
38
Joint Probability Density Function

Joint PDF (jPDF)
Fundamental property:
Source:
39
Joint Probability Density Function

Basic properties of a jPDF
Non-negative:
Satisfies the normalization condition
Marginal PDF
40
Joint Statistics
For a function Q(U1,U2,)
Example: i = 1, 2; n = 1;
, covariance of U1 and U2
Scatterplot of two
velocitycomponents U1
and U2
Covariance shows the correlation of two variables
41
Conditional PDF
PDF of U2 conditioned on U1 = V1
Bayes-Theorem
jPDF f1,2(V1,V2) scaled so that

it satisfies the normalization condition
Conditional mean of a function Q(U1,U2)
42
Statistical Independence
If U1 and U2 are statistically independent, conditioning has no effect
Bayes-Theorem
Therefore:
Independent variables uncorrelated

In general the converse is not true
43
Course Overview

EDM/FRCM
Turbulence

CDF,
Combustion

Applications
BML-Model

Combustion
Flamelet-Model
44
The PDF Transport Equation Model
Similar to moment methods, models based on a pdf transport equation for the
velocity and the reactive scalars are usually formulated for one-point statistics
Within that framework, however, they represent a general statistical description of

turbulent reacting flows, in principle, independent of the combustion regime
A joint pdf transport equation for the velocity and the reactive scalars can be derived,
Pope (1990)
45
The PDF Transport Equation Model

There are several ways to derive a transport equation for the joint probability density
function P(v, ; x, t) of velocity v and the vector of reactive scalars (cf. O'Brien,
1980)
We refer here to the presentation in Pope (1985, 2000), but write the convective
terms in conservative form
where
is gradient with respect to velocity components, angular brackets are
conditional means, and the same symbol is used for random and sample space
variables
46
PDF Transport Equation: Closure Problem

The first two terms on the l.h.s. of
are the local change and convection of the probability density function in physical
space
The third term represents transport in velocity space by gravity and the mean
pressure gradient
The last term on the l.h.s. contains the chemical source terms
All these terms are in closed form, since they are local in physical space
47
Note that the mean pressure gradient does not present a closure problem, since the
pressure is calculated independently of the pdf equation using the mean velocity
field
For chemically reacting flows, it is of particular interest that the chemical source
terms can be treated exactly
It has often been argued that in this respect the transported pdf formulation has a
considerable advantage compared to other formulations
48

However, on the r.h.s. of the transport equation
there are two terms that contain gradients of quantities conditioned on the values
of velocity and composition
Therefore, if gradients are not included as sample space variables in the pdf
equation, these terms occur in unclosed form and have to be modeled
49
The first unclosed term on the r.h.s. describes transport of the probability density
function in velocity space induced by the viscous stresses and the fluctuating
pressure gradient
The second term represents transport in reactive scalar space by molecular fluxes
This term represents molecular mixing
50
When chemistry is fast, mixing and reaction take place in thin layers where molecular
transport and the chemical source term balance each other
Therefore, the closed chemical source term and the unclosed molecular mixing term,
being leading order terms in a asymptotic description of the flame structure, are closely
linked to each other
Pope and Anand (1984) have illustrated this for the case of premixed turbulent
combustion by comparing a standard pdf closure for the molecular mixing term with a
formulation, where the molecular diffusion term was combined with the chemical source
term to define a modified reaction rate
They call the former distributed combustion and the latter flamelet combustion and find
considerable differences in the Damkhler number dependence of the turbulent burning
velocity normalized with the turbulent intensity
51
PDF Transport Equation: Solution

From a numerical point of view, the most apparent property of the pdf transport
equation is its high dimensionality
Finite-volume and finite-difference techniques are not very attractive for this type of
problem, as memory requirements increase roughly exponentially with
dimensionality
Therefore, virtually all numerical implementations of pdf methods for turbulent
reactive flows employ Monte-Carlo simulation techniques (cf. Pope, 1981, 1985)
The advantage of Monte-Carlo methods is that their memory requirements depend
only linearly on the dimensionality of the problem
52
PDF Transport Equation: Solution

Monte-Carlo methods employ a large number, N, of so called notional particles (Pope,
1985)
Particles should be considered different realizations of the turbulent reactive flow
problem under investigation
Particles should not be confused with real fluid elements, which behave similarly in a
number of respects
Statistical error decreases with N1/2
-
Slow convergence
53
Application TPDF Model in LES of Turbulent Jet Flames

LES/FDF of Sandia flames D and E (Raman & Pitsch, 2007)
Joint scalar pdf
Density computed through filtered enthalpy equation for improved numerical
stability
Detailed chemical mechanism
Modeled particle stochastic differential equations
54

Flame D:
Temperature
55
Flame E:
Temperature
Flame E:
Dissipation Rate
56
Course Overview

EDM/FRCM
Turbulence

CDF,
Combustion

Applications
BML-Model

Combustion
Flamelet-Model
57
Bray-Moss-Libby-Model
Flamelet concept for premixed turbulent combustion: Bray-Moss-Libby-Modell (BML)
Premixed combustion: progress variable c, e.g.
or
Favre averaged transport equation (neglecting the molecular transport)

not closed
Closure for turbulent transport and chemical source term by BML-Model
58
Assumption: very fast chemistry, flame size lF << << lt
burnt
burnt
unburnt
Fuel conversion only in the area of thin flame front

in the flow field
Burnt mixture or
Unburnt mixture,
Intermediate states are very unlikely
59
Assumption: progress variable is expected solely to be
c = 0 (unburnt) or c = 1 (burnt)
Probability densitiy function
: probabilities, to encounter
burnt or unburnt mixture in the
flow field
No intermediate states
: Delta function
60
instantaneous
flame front
unburnt
61
mean
flame front
burnt
BML-closure of Turbulent Transport

For a Favre average
Therefore the the unclosed correlation

joint PDF for u and c
(Bayes-Theorem)
Introducing the BML approach for f(c) leads to
conditional PDF
62
delta function
BML-closure of Turbulent Transport

With
follows
63
Bray-Moss-Libby-Model: countergradient diffusion

Because of u = const. through flame front: u just as much as
Because of c 0
Flame front
c
Within the flame zone

conflict
Gradient transport assumption would be
uu
ub
uuu = bub
Conflict: countergradient diffusion

64
BML-closure of Chemical Source Term

Closure by BML-model f(c) leads to
Closure of the chemical source term, e.g. by flame-surface-density-model
local mass conversion

per area
Flchen-Dichte
(flamen area per volume)
I0: strain factor local increase of burning velocity by strain
Flame-surface-density
e.g. algebraic model:
Or transport equation for
65
Flame crossing length
BML-closure of Chemical Source Term

Transport equation for
local
change
convectiv
change
turbulent
transport
production due to
stretching of the flame
No chemical time scale

Turbulent time ( = k/) is the determining time scale
Limit of infinitely fast chemistry
By using transport equations
model for chemical source term independent of sL
66
flameannihilation
Course Overview

EDM/FRCM
Turbulence

CDF,
Combustion

Applications
BML-Model

Combustion
Flamelet-Model
67
Level-Set-Approach
Kinematics of the flame front by
examining the movement of
single flame front-particles
Movement influenced by
instantaneous
flame front
Local flow velocity ui, i = 1,2,3

Burning velocity sL
particle
normal
vector
68
G-Equation
Instead of observing a lot of particles
examination of a scalar field G
Iso-surface G0 is defined as the
flame front
Substantial derivative of G (on the flame front)
unburnt
69
burnt
Example: Level-Set-Method
70
G-Equation for Premixed Combustion

Kinematics
normal vector
and
lead to
unburnt
G-Equation for premixed combustion

71
burnt
G-Equation in the Regime of Corrugated Flamelets
local
change
convective
change
progress of flame front

by burning velocity
No diffusive term
Can be applied for
Thin flames
Well-defined burning velocity
Regime of corrugated flamelets ( >> lF >> l)
72
unburnt
burnt
Kinematic equation f()

Valid for flame position: G = G0 (= 0)
For solving the field equation, G needs
to be defined in the entire field
Different possibilities to define G, e.g.
signed distance function
unburnt
73
burnt
Influence of chemistry by sL
sL not necessarily constant,
influenced by
strain S
curvature
Lewis number effect
Modified laminar burning velocity

unburnt
74
burnt
Laminar Burning Velocity: Curvature

influence of curvature
uncorrected laminar
burning velocity
unburnt
G<0
burnt
G>0
75
Laminar Burning Velocity: Markstein Length
uncorrected laminar
burning velocity
Markstein length
Determined by experiment
Or by asymptotic analysis
density
ratio
76
Zeldovich number
Lewis number
Extended G-Equation
influence of curvature
uncorrected laminar
burning velocity
Markstein length
Extended G-Equation
77
influence of strain
G-Equation: Corrugated Flamelets/Thin Reaction Zones

Previous examinations limited to the regime of corrugated flamelets
Thin flame structures ( >> lF >> l)
Laminar burning velocity well-defined
Regime of thin reaction zones
no longer
valid
Small scale eddies penetrate the preheating zone

Transient flow
Burning velocity not well-defined
Problem: Level-Set-Approach valid in the regime of thin reaction zones?
78
G-Equation: Regime of Thin Reaction Zones

Assumption: G=0 surface is represented by inner reaction zone
Inner reaction zone
Thin compared to small scale eddies, l <<
Described by T(xi,t) = T0
Temperature equation
Iso temperature surface T(xi,t) = T0
79

Equation of motion of the iso temperature surface T(xi,t) = T0
With the displacement speed sd
Normal vector
80

With G0 = T0
Diffusion term normal diffusion (~sn) and curvature term (~)
G-equation for the regime of thin reaction zones
81
Common Level Set Equation for Both Regimes

Normalize G-equation with Kolmogorov scales (, , u)
leads to
82
Order of Magnitude Analysis
O(Ka-1/2)
Non dimensional
Derivatives, ui*, * O(1)
Typical flame
Sc = /D 1 D/ = O(1)
Parameter: sL/u
Ka = u2/sL2 sL/u = Ka-1/2
sL,s sL
83
O(1)
G-Equation for both Regimes
O(Ka-1/2)
O(1)
Thin reaction zones: Ka >> 1

curvature term is dominant
Corrugated flamelets: Ka << 1
sL term is dominant
Leading order equation in both regimes
Assumption:
84
const.
const.
Statistical Description of Turbulent Flame Front

Probability density function of finding G(xi,t) = G0 = 0
Experimental determination
in weak swirl burner
85
Statistical Description of Turbulent Flame Front

Consider steady one-dimensional premixed turbulent mean flame at position xf
Define flame brush thickness lf from f(x)
If G is distance function then
86
Favre-Mean- and Variance-Equation

Equation for Favre-mean
instantaneous
flame front
Equation for variance
can be interpreted as the area ratio of the

flame AT/A
Variance describes the average size of the flame
averaged
flame front
averaged
temperature profile
instantaneous
temperature profile
87
Modeling of the Variance Equation

Sink terms in the variance equation
Kinematic restoration
Scalar dissipation
are modeled by
88
G-Equation for Turbulent Flows

Introducing turbulent burning velocity
Equation for Favre mean
Equation for variance
89

Modeling of turbulent burning velocity by Damkhler theory
90

Favre mean of G
instantaneous
flame front
averaged
flame front
Favre-PDF
Mean temperature (or other scalar)

averaged
temperature profile
T(G)=T(x) taken from

laminar premixed flame
without strain
91
instantaneous
temperature profile
Example: Presumed Shape PDF Approach (RANS)
experiment
computed
numerically
92
Example: LES of a Premixed Turbulent Bunsen Flame
Premixed methan/air flame

Re = 23486
Broad, low velocity pilot flame heat losses to burner
Dilution by air co-flow
temperature
axial velocity
93
Time-Averaged Temperature and Axial Velocity at position x/D = 2.5
temperature
94
axial velocity
Time-Averaged Temperature and Axial Velocity at position x/D = 6.5
temperature
95
axial velocity
Turbulent Kinetic Energie at Position x/D = 2.5 and 6.5
x/D = 2,5
96
x/D = 6,5
LES Regime Diagram for Premixed Turbulent Combustion
97
Course Overview

EDM/FRCM
Turbulence

CDF,
Combustion

Applications
BML-Model

Combustion
Flamelet-Model
98
Conserved Scalar Based Models for Non-Premixed Combustion

Mixture fraction Z
Definition of Z
Coupling function:
1
With the dimensionless quantity
Mass of air per fuel mass: m2/mB

Mass of air per fuel mass at
stoichiometric conditions
99
Mixture Fraction Z
Stoichiometric Conditions (=1) Stoichiometric mixture fraction
Relation between Z and
Z: normalized local
=0Z=1
= 1 Z = Zst
=Z=0
100
Transport Equation for Z

Transport equation
Advantage: L(Z) = 0 No Chemical Source Term

BC: Z = 0 in Oxidator, Z = 1 in Fuel
If species and temperature function of mixture fraction, then
Needed:
Local statistics of Z (expressed by PDF)
Species/temperature as function of Z: Yi(Z) and T(Z)
101
Presumed PDF Approach

Equation for the mean
and the variance of Z
are known and closed
102
Presumed PDF Approach
b-function pdf for mixture fraction Z
With
103
Conserved Scalar Based Models for Non-Premixed Turbulent Combustion
Infinitely fast irreversible chemistry

Burke-Schumann solution
Solution = f(Z)
Infinitely fast reversible chemistry

Chemical equilibrium
Solution = f(Z)
Flamelet model for non-premixed combustion

Chemistry fast, but not infinitely fast
Solution = f(Z, )
Conditional Moment Closure (CMC)

Similar to flamelet model
Solution = f(Z,< |Z>)
104
Conserved Scalar Based Models for Non-Premixed Turbulent Combustion
Infinitely fast irreversible chemistry

Burke-Schumann solution
Solution = f(Z)
Infinitely fast reversible chemistry

Chemical equilibrium
Solution = f(Z)
105
Burke-Schumann Solution
106
Course Overview

EDM/FRCM
Turbulence

CDF,
Combustion

Applications
BML-Model

Combustion
Flamelet-Model
107
Flamelet Model for Non-Premixed Turbulent Combustion
Basic idea: Scale separation

Assume fast, but not infinitely fast
chemistry: 1 << Da <<
Reaction zone is thin compared to
small scales of turbulence and hence
retains laminar structure
Transformation and asymptotic
approximation leads to flamelet equations
108
Flamelet Model for Non-Premixed Turbulent Combustion

Balance equations for temperature, species and mixture fraction
With
it follows
109
Flamelet Equations
Consider surface of stoichiometric mixture

Reaction zone confined to thin layer
around this surface
Transformation to surface attached
coordinate system
x1, x2, x3, t Z(x1, x2, x3, t), Z2, Z3,
110
x3, Z3
x1, Z
x2, Z2
Transformation rules
Transformation: x1, x2, x3, t Z(x1, x2, x3, t), Z2, Z3, (where Z2 = x2 , Z3 = x3, = t)
Example: Temperature T
0
Analogous for x3
111
Flamelet Equations
Temperature equation
Transformed temperature equation:
112
Flamelet Equations
small
Local change
Describes mixing
Source term
If the flamelet is thin in the Z direction, an order-of-magnitude analysis similar to that

for a boundary layer shows that
is the dominating term of the spatial derivatives

Equivalent to the assumption that temperature derivatives normal to the flame
surface are much larger than those in tangential direction
T/ is important if very rapid changes, such as extinction, occur
113
Example
Example from DNS of Non-Premixed Combustion in Isotropic Turbulence
Temperature (color)
Stoichiometric mixture
fraction (line)
114
Flamelet Equations
Same procedure for the mass fraction
Flamelet structure is to leading order described by the one-dimensional timedependent equations
Instantaneous scalar dissipation rate at stoichiometric conditions
[st] = 1/s: may be interpreted as the inverse of a characteristic diffusion time
115
Temperature profiles for methane-air flames

Temperature profiles for methane-air flames
116
Flamelet Equations
Asymptotic analysis by Seshadri (1988)
Based on four-step model
Close correspondence between layers identified in premixed diffusion flames
117
Flamelet Equations
The calculations agree well

with numerical and
experimental data
They also show the vertical
slope of T0 versus st which
corresponds to extinction
118
Flamelet Equations
Steady state flamelet equations provide i = f(Z,st)
If joint pdf
is known
Favre mean of i:
If the unsteady term in the flamelet equation must be retained, joint statistics of
Z and st become impractical
Then, in order to reduce the dimension of the statistics, it is useful to introduce
multiple flamelets, each representing a different range of the -distribution
Such multiple flamelets are used in the Eulerian Particle Flamelet Model (EPFM)
by Barths et al. (1998)
Then the scalar dissipation rate can be formulated as function of the mixture
fraction
119
Flamelet Equations
Modeling the conditional Favre mean scalar dissipation rate
Flamelet equations
Favre mean
120
Flamelet Equations
Model for conditional scalar dissipation rate
One relates the conditional scalar dissipation rate to that at a fixed value Zst
by
With
121
n-Heptane Air Ignition

The initial air temperature is 1100 K and the initial fuel temperature is 400 K.
122
Representative-Interactive-Flamelet-Modell (RIF)
123
Example: Diesel engine simulation
VW 1,9 l DI-Diesel engine

(Fuel: n-Heptan)
Simulation:
KIVA-Code
RIF-Model
n-Heptan detailed chemistry
Soot and Nox as function of EGR
124

RIF-Temperature
2700
2400
2100
1800
1500
T [K]
1200
900
600
300
20
0.0
10
0.2
0.4
0.6
Mischungsbruch
Kurbelwinkel [nOT]
0
-10
0.8
1.0
300
125
600
900
1200 1500 1800 2100 2400 2700

Temperatur [K]
Mischungsbruchverteilung
Schadstoffbildung
126

Comparison with Magnussen-/
Hiroyasu-Model
127
Steady Laminar Flamelet Model

Assumption that flame structure is in steady state
Assumption often good, except slow chemical and physical processes, such as
Pollutant formation
Radiation
Extinction/re-ignition
Model formulation
Solve steady flamelet equations with varying cst
Tabulate in terms of cst or progress variable C, e.g. C = YCO2 + YHO2 + YCO + YH2
Presumed PDF, typically beta function for Z, delta function for dissipation rate or
reaction progress parameter
128
Example: LES of a Bluff-Body Stabilized Flame
Bluff-body stablized methane/air flame

Fuel issues through center of bluff body
Flame stabilization by complex recirculating flow
RANS models where unsuccessful in predicting
experimental data
Here, LES using simple steady flamelet model

New recursive filter refinement method
Accurate models for scalar variance and scalar
dissipation rate
Exp. by Masri et al.

129
130

Temperature
131
CO Mass Fraction
Flamelet Model Application to Sandia Jet Flames
Flamelet model application to jet flame with extinction and reignition

Flamelet/progress variable model (Ihme & Pitsch, 2008)
Definition of reaction progress parameter
Based on progress variable C
Defined to be independent of Z
Joint pdf of Z and l

Z and l independent
Beta function for Z
Statistically most likely distribution for l
Exp. by Barlow et al.

132
Flame D:
Temperature
133
Flame E:
Temperature
Flame D
Flame E
Flame E
Flame D
134
Summary

EDM/FRCM
Turbulence

CDF,
Combustion

Applications
BML-Model

Combustion
Flamelet-Model
135

Lecture10 TurbCombModel 2014

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Lecture10 TurbCombModel 2014

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Modeling Turbulent Combustion

CEFRC Combustion Summer School

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Heinz Pitsch

Copyright 2014 by Heinz Pitsch.

Moment Methods for reactive scalars

Introduction in Statistical Methods: PDF,

Turbulent Premixed Combustion

Transported PDF Model

Modeling Turbulent Premixed Combustion

Modeling Turbulent Combustion

Level Set Approach/G-equation

Application: RIF, steady flamelet model

Moment Methods for Reactive Scalars

Balance equation for

Di: mass diffusivity, thermal diffusivity

Balance Equation for Reactive Scalars

Averaged transport equation

idea: approach similar to (simple) turbulence models: expression as

Moment Methods for Reactive Scalars

B: includes frequency factor und heat of reaction

Approach for modeling the chemical source term

Proven method decomposition into mean and fluctuation

Moment Methods for Reactive Scalars

Moment Methods for Reactive Scalars

Typical values in the reaction zone of a flame

Example: Non-Premixed Combustion in Isotropic Turbulence

Gradient transport model

One step global reaction

Decaying isotropic turbulence

Example: Non-Premixed Combustion in Isotropic Turbulence

Product Mass Fraction

Evaluation of chemical source

Closure by mean values does not work!

Moment Methods for reactive scalars

Introduction in Statistical Methods: PDF,

Turbulent Premixed Combustion

Transported PDF Model

Modeling Turbulent Premixed Combustion

Modeling Turbulent Combustion

Level Set Approach/G-equation

Application: RIF, steady flamelet model

Simple Models for Turbulent Combustion

Example: standard models in

very fast chemistry

Quelle: Fluent 12 users guide

hot burnt gas

Assumption: very fast chemistry (after pre-heating)

: variance of mass fraction of the product

Problems with EGR, lean/rich combustion

Chemical source term

YE, YP: mass fraction of reactant/product

YF > YF,st , therefore YO < YF YE = YO

Advantage: simple and robust model

kf, , kb,: reaction rates(determined by Arrhenius kinetic expressions

models the influence of third bodies

Linearization of the source term centered on the operating point

Source term: Arrhenius ansatz

Consideration of non-equilibrium effects

Concept: Combination of EDM and FRCM

Choses locally between chemistry- and mixing-controlled

Advantage: Meant for large range of applicability

Volume of small scales:

Assumption: pressure p = const.