-

,
via ,

.
- ,
. , ,
2012

Primum non nocere V-
, .
,
. ,
( ., 1948),
,
, .

,
, .

, . ,

,
Al Kindi, Ali Abbas Ibnu Sina. ,


, . ,

.
:
Thomas Percival
(1740-1804), 1803.
,
,
, .
, Percival
. 1847.
American Medical Association (AMA),
. , ,
!

,

.

 .. ,
(International
Military Tribunal).
, ,
, (Dachau,
Auschwitz, Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen), .
: , , ,
, .
:
(.. !); ,
, ;

( !!!).
, ,
.
XX - ,

, .
,
,
. , (1939-1945)
,

!
!
-
, : 1. -
- , ( :
; ; ; ; , ,
, , , ;
; ; / , ); 2.
, ad hoc ,
( ;
; ); 3.
,
( , , ,
). , ..
:
, : ,
, , ,
- , , .
, ,
.
, ,
( ) ,
!
, ,
! ,
,
: , ..
-

 SS - ?
- ,
.
, ,
, .
, ,
. -
-
,
. ,
,
-
- ?
,
- .
,
-
(.. , ),
(
),
.
,
..
,
. ,

[ Oak Ridge,
Manhatten (1944);
; (1940),
(1944-1946) (1945); Tuskegee
]. ,
!
,
:
.
,
- (, , , ),
. ,

,
,
.
,
..
, . ,

primum non nocere
. , 19 1947 .,
10
,

 , .

. ,
, - ,
. (absolutelly essential)
, ,
, - .
.

; ,
.

, , , ( !)

.
,
.
, ,
.

.

.

,
. , ,
, / . ,
,
.
,
.

. ,

.
;
World Medical
Association ( 1948 1949, ; 2006)
.
,
, (,
), ,
. ,
, ..
,
. ,

 , 18-
1964 . , , World Medical
Association .. .
,
, ,
.
, (
!) , -
- .
,

.
: (,
, , ,
);

;
, , ,
;
- ;
;
,
(.. );

- (
!);
, (
, ; ;
, );
;
() , ,
, ,
, / .

,
. placebo.
,
/, ,
. , 2008 .
placebo (
!) :
-
; ,
placebo /
, placebo (.. )
/.

,
-

 placebo. , 2004

,

placebo! , .. 2008 .
: ,
.
,
.
( placebo),
?
1964
( 59- WM 2008 ., ),

.
Tuskegee US Public Health Service
1932-1972 ., 400
- (
, !), 1974
, 1979

, , .. .
,

: ( -
); ; , / ( do no harm
do good.).
. Tuskegee -
1997 ., ,
.
: 1. Guidelines for Good Clinical
Practice for Trials on Pharmaceutical Products (WHO, 1995); 2. Guideline on Good Clinical Practice,
designed to ensure that data generated from clinical trials are mutually acceptable to regulatory
authorities in the European Union, Japan and the United States of America (International Conference
on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use
(ICH), 1996); 3. UNAIDS Guidance Document Ethical Considerations in HIV Preventive Vaccine
Research (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, 2000); 4. CIOMS
(The Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences), WHO: Proposed
International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects (1982),
Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects (1991), International Guidelines for
Ethical Review of Epidemiological Studies (1991), International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical
Research Involving Human Subjects (1993, 2002).
, ,

,
- ,
: ,
,

. ,

 , ,
,
. , ,
, (
, ),
,
HIV/AIDS XX- (
/) . ,
, ,
.
,

. , .
Institute for Cytology and Preventive Oncology, New Delhi,
- Indian Council for Medical Research;
1158 1976-88,
..
- carcinoma in situ ( end-point !);
, . New England
Journal of Medicine Quinn et al; 15127
, 1994-1998,
-1 ;
( ,
);
(
,
!); ( )
, placebo. : 415
( placebo) 4 . ,
thalidomid 1962. (
): 10 000
(phocomelia, etc.) ,
/
. FD ,
,
.
.
,
, ,

: , brain-washing brain-mapping, mind-controlling
(
), ( , ,
/ ,
), () stem-, ()
(, , , ), ,
, .
,
; , ,

 .
,
, .


-
.
, (
) ,
. ,
,
,
.
, .. ,
.
- ,
.

1. Harvard Law School Library. Nuremberg Trials Project: A Digital Document Collection.
The Thirteen Nuremberg Trials.
http://nuremberg.law.harvard.edu
2. NUREMBERG CODE: Directives for Human Experimentation, Reprinted from Trials of
War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No.
10, Vol. 2, pp. 181-182. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1949.
http://ohsr.od.nih.gov/guidelines/nuremberg.html
3. Grodin , Annas G. Physicians and torture: Lessons from the Nazi doctors. International
Review of The Red Cross: September 2007, Vol. 89, No 867.
http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/irrc-867-grodin.pdf
4. Cohen B C.The Ethics Of Using Medical Data From Nazi Experiments.
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/naziexp.html
5. Annas GJ, Michael AG.The Nazi doctors and the Nuremberg Code: Human rights in
human experimentation. Oxford University Press: New York, 1995: 2-32.
6. Shuster E. Fifty Years Later: The Significance of the Nuremberg Code. N Engl J Med
1997; 337:1436-1440.
7. Horner JS. Retreat from Nuremberg: Can we prevent unethical medical research? Public
Health 1999; Vol.113 (5): 205-210
8. The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the protection of human
subjects of research. The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of
Biomedical and Behavioral Research. April 18, 1979.
http://ohsr.od.nih.gov/guidelines/belmont.html
9. Guidelines for the Conduct of Research Involving Human Subjects at the National
Institutes of Health, 5th printing, August 2004
http://ohsr.od.nih.gov/guidelines/GrayBooklet82404.pdf
10. Jamrozik K. The case for a new system for oversight of research on human subjects.
Western Australia Journal of Medical Ethics 2000; 26: 334339.
11. Devlin . Human Research Must Protect Participants. Network 2002; Vol. 21, No. 2

12. International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects.
Prepared by the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) in
collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO). Geneva, 2002.
http://www.cioms.ch/publications/layout_guide2002.pdf.
13. Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights. Aadopted by UNESCO's General
Conference on 19 October 2005.
http://www.unesco.org
14. WMA Declaration of Helsinki - Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human
Subjects. Adopted by the 18th WMA General Assembly, Helsinki, Finland, June 1964 and
amended by the 59th WMA General Assembly, Seoul, Korea, October 2008.
: http://www.wma.net/en/index.html
15. Quinn et al.: Viral Load and Heterosexual Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency
Virus Type 1. NEJM 2000; 342 (13): 921-929.
16. Indian study of women with cervical lesions called unethical. BMJ 1997; 314:1065.

10