BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM) - THS VNG TUN CNG

Trong nhng nm gn y, do s pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin, ngy cng nhiu cng ngh mi
c to ra v c ng dng vo trong ngnh Xy dng. Nhng cng ngh mi ny lm tng
nng sut lao ng, cng nh tng tnh hiu qu ca cng vic, gim lng ph trong xy dng. Mt
trong nhng cng ngh mi ny l Building Information Modeling, c vit tt l BIM v tm dch
l M hnh thng tin cng trnh.
I.

1.S ra i ca BIM
Nhng nm u ca thp k 70, mt cng ngh mi vi thut ng l Building Information Modeling
(BIM) xut hin trong ngnh cng nghip xy dng, l cng ngh s dng m hnh ba chiu
to ra, phn tch v truyn t thng tin ca cng trnh.
Ngay t giai on ban u, BIM c xem nh l mt cng c hiu qu trong vic qun l v chia
s thng tin gia ch u t, kin trc s, k s t vn, nh cung ng, v nh thu xy lp. S dng
BIM qun l v chia s thng tin v cng trnh gip tng cng s cng tc, phi hp gia cc
thnh vin ca d n, do s lm gim lng ph, tng cht lng, tng tnh hiu qu ca cng vic.
C th ni, cng vi s ra i ca BIM, ranh gii phn chia cng vic gia cc thnh vin trong mt
d n xy dng ngy cng b xa m.
Theo Vin Kin trc Hoa K, tn gi Building Information Modeling (BIM) c Autodesk t ra
(Autodesk l mt cng ty ln ca M, chuyn cung cp cc phn mm ha phc v cho cng tc
thit k v thi cng xy dng) v c ph bin rng ri bi Jery Laiserin (mt chuyn gia phn tch
cng nghip ngi M) miu t h thng my tnh s dng m hnh khng gian ba chiu th
hin cc vt th. y l mt qu trnh trao i v chia s thng tin ca cng trnh di dng s
ha. Cc nh t vn thit k cng nh cc nh thu xy dng c th s dng cc phn mm BIM
(chng hn nh Autodesk Revit Architectural, Revit Structure, Revit MEP, v.v.) to nn mt m
hnh ca cng trnh trn my vi tnh m m hnh ny s ging ht nh cng trnh thc t ngoi cng
trng. M hnh khng gian ba chiu ny c lin kt vi c s d liu thng tin ca d n. BIM th
hin tt c cc mi lin h v mt khng gian, cc thng tin hnh hc, kch thc, s lng, v c cu
to vt liu ca cc cu kin, b phn ca cng trnh. N c th c s dng th hin ton b vng
i ca mt cng trnh xy dng t khu thit k, thi cng, cho n khu vn hnh s dng.
Cng ngh khng gian ba chiu ny khng b hp trong khi nim rendering mt thit k kin trc
hay s to ra mt m hnh ba chiu trnh by phi cnh ca cng trnh sau khi cng trnh c thit
k xong. y l mt qu trnh bao gm nhng thay i mang tnh cch mng trong vic thng tin ca
cng trnh xy dng c to ra, th hin, v sau ny c s dng trong qu trnh xy dng. Do hp
nht thng tin t tt c cc kha cnh ca qu trnh xy dng cng trnh nn BIM c th lm tng tnh
hiu qu v s dng v tnh sn c ca cc thng tin ny ln gp nhiu ln.

Bng di y gii thiu mt s nh cung cp cc phn mm BIM v ng dng ca chng:

S dng bi
Tn
cp

nh

cung

T vn kin
trc

T vn kt
cu

Autodesk Revit Architectur Revit

al Desktop Structure:
(www.autodesk.co
m)
Revit
Building

T vn c,
in, nc

Autodesk
Building
System

Visual BIM

Innovaya

Visual
Quantificati
on

(www.innovaya.co
m)
Revit-based
systems
Bentley Systems Bentleys
Bentleys
Architectur Structural
(www.bentley.com e
)

Nh thu xy
lp

Visual
Simulation
Bentleys
Mechanical
and
Electrical
System

ArchiCAD
Graphisoft
(www.graphisoft.c
om)

Graphisoft
Constructor
Graphisoft
Estimator
Graphisoft
Control

Navisworks

Navisworks
Roamer

(www.navisworks.c Navisworks
om)
Presenter

Navisworks Navisworks
Clash
Timeliner
Detective

Navis
Publishers

I.

2.Hn ch ca h thng CAD hai chiu

Cc d n xy dng hin nay kh phc tp, din ra nhanh, v mang tnh c th ring ca tng d n.
Di p lc ca s cnh tranh cng nh thi hn bn giao cng trnh, cc thnh vin ca d n xy
dng u c gng hon thnh cng vic ca mnh mt cch nhanh nht chuyn giao cho cc thnh
vin lm cng vic tip theo, m b qua cht lng ca cng vic. Mt khc, s cng tc, phi hp lm
vic gia cc thnh vin ca d n xy dng vn cn rt hn ch. Hu qu l cc li cng nh s thiu
hiu qu xy ra trong tt c cc giai on ca d n xy dng, t khu thit k, u thu, cho n khu
cung ng vt t, thi cng. S gia tng cc chi ph pht sinh v cc cng vic phi thc hin li trong d
n xy dng chnh l cc minh chng cho iu .
Nhng thp k trc, ngnh cng nghip xy dng tri qua nhng thay i ln vi vic pht minh
ra my tnh phc v cng tc thit k (computer-aided design - CAD). Ngnh xy dng, vn ch
quen vi vic v bng tay, nay lm quen vi vic s dng my tnh nh mt cng c mi h tr cho
vic thit k. Tuy nhin h thng CAD tn ti nhiu hn ch. S ri rc trong cch truyn ti thng tin
ca h thng CAD t lu l ro cn cho vic chia s thng tin gia cc thnh vin ca d n xy
dng. N c v cho vic chuyn nghip ha trong thit ktrong khi li sao nhng vic h tr trao i
thng tin qua li gia cc thnh vin ca d n. Cc bn v c pht trin do mt thnh vin s c
cc thnh vin khc s dng nhng thiu s nh gi mt cch cn trng xem l bn v ny c ph
hp cho ngi khc s dng hay khng. Hn th na, cc bn v CAD ch n thun l nhng hnh v
minh ha. Rt t t ng ha sn xut v thit k c th hin qua h thng CAD. Ni cch khc, h
thng CAD n thun ch l thay th bn v tay bng my vi tnh.
C th nhn thy mt cch r rng rng, trong qu trnh lm vic vi h thng bn v hai chiu CAD,
dng chy ca thng tin v cng vic gia cc thnh vin d n c thc hin lp i lp li v gy ra
lng ph. Th t thc hin mt cch tun t theo cp bc trong qu trnh ny chnh l mt ro cn ln
lm hn ch s truyn ti thng tin mt cch c hiu qu gia cc thnh vin ca d n. Thng tin
c truyn ti t cc thnh vin lm cng vic trc (v d nh t vn kin trc) xung cc thnh
vin lm cng vic tip theo (t vn kt cu hoc t vn c, in, nc) v ngc li lm cho ton b
qu trnh b ri rc v khng ng nht. Cng c truyn ti thng tin l h thng cc bn
v hai chiu rt cng knh v bt tin. Qu trnh truyn ti thng tin ny tiu tn nhiu nhn lc v l
mnh t mu m cho cc li lm xut hin v pht trin. Thng tin ca cng trnh c truyn ti qua
li c th b mt mt, sai lch trong sut c qu trnh thc hin. Nhng thay i xut pht t pha ch
u t s ko theo nhng thay i trong thit k kin trc. Nhng thay i trong thit k kin trc ny,
n lt chng, li dn n thay i trong thit k kt cu v thit k c in. Hn th na, trong qu
trnh ny, vic thc hin v ph duyt thit k cng c thc hin lp i lp li trong tt c cc giai

on ca d n cng tiu tn nhiu thi gian, gy lng ph. C th ni, qu trnh lm vic vi h thng
bn v 2 chiu ny gy lng ph nhiu thi gian v cng sc ca cc thnh vin d n xy dng.
I.

3.ng dng BIM trong cc giai on ca d n xy dng

Trong giai on thit k tng, BIM c s dng truyn ti tng thit k n ch u t.
Nhng hiu ng hnh nh khng gian ba chiu c sn trong BIM gip cho vic truyn ti tng kin
trc c thc hin mt cch c hiu qu hn rt nhiu. Khng ch n thun th hin hnh nh
p, BIM cn trnh by mt cch hon chnh v y v cng trnh cn xy dng bao gm hnh
dng, kch thc, cu to vt liu, hon thin, v nhiu thng tin khc na. Thng qua BIM, ch u t
ca d n c th d dng khi qut hnh dng ca cng trnh, cc khong khng gian quan trng, v s
ha hp ca cng trnh vi cnh quan xung quanh. Ch u t c th d dng nhn ra c cng trnh
ca mnh s thc t trng nh th no trong tng lai. BIM gip cho ch u t khng ch hiu c
tng thit k mt cch tt hn m cn d dng phn hi thng tin n nh t vn kin trc t vn
kin trc c th sa i thit k sao cho p ng yu cu ca ch u t. Hn th na, BIM cn c
s dng nh gi nhiu phng n thit k khc nhau, gip cho vic xem xt v ra quyt nh c
chnh xc hn.

Trong qu trnh thit k k thut v thit k thi cng, BIM c s dng xy dng cc m hnh
khng gian bachiu thit k ring bit. T vn kin trc pht trin m hnh kin trc ring. T vn kt
cu xy dng m hnh kt cu. T vn in, nc, c kh xy dng m hnh cho mng li k thut
in, nc, v iu ha khng kh. Sau , cc m hnh ring bit ny c tch hp vo mt m hnh
tng hp, thng nht. Tt c cc thnh vin ca d n xy dng s lm vic cng vi nhau trong mt
phng lm vic chung tm ra cc xung t gia cc b phn, cu kin ca cng trnh, ng thi tm
ra gii php cho cc xung t mt cch thch hp v hu dng nht to ra c mt h thng bn
v thi cng c tnh chnh xc cao, dn n vic gim thiu ti a cc chi ph pht sinh trn cng
trng. Nh vy, vi BIM, cc thnh vin ca d n xy dng khng cn lm vic mt cch tch bit
trong mi trng ring ca mnh na, m lm vic trn khi thng tin thng nht ca cng trnh.
Nhng thay i trn m hnh BIM tng hp s c t ng cp nht trn cc m hnh thnh phn,
trn cc bn v, bng thng k, tiu chun, v.v., gip duy tr tnh thng nht ca dng thng tin. Vi
vic s dng BIM, cc thnh vin ca d n c th r rng nm bt c cc thnh vin khc ang lm
g vi cng trnh mt cch r rng v do h c nhiu nh hng hn i vi cng vic ca cc
thnh vin khc.
V d di y th hin qu trnh lm vic vi BIM trong giai on thit k. Cc thnh vin ca d n
phi hp vi nhau tm ra cc li xung t gia cc b phn ca cng trnh v cng tm ra cc gii
php cho cc li xung t .

Hn th na, cc thnh vin ca d n c th s dng BIM khm ph cc phng n thi cng khc
nhau, trnh t thi cng, hoc tnh c th thi cng c ca cc b phn cng trnh cng nh ton b
cng trnh. ng thi, do BIM l m hnh khng gian 3 chiu vi y cc thng tin v cc b phn
ca cng trnh t hnh dng, kch thc, cho n cu to vt liu, hon thin, nn cc thnh vic ca d
n c th d dng tnh ton khi lng, gip xy dng d ton v tin i ca cng trnh. BIM cn c
th c s dng khm ph vic b tr mt bng ca thit b cu lp, vt liu, cng nh cc cng
trnh tm trn cng trng. Muc tiu l xy dng nn mt k hoch thi cng cng trnh, trong khi
vn lm tng gi tr v lm gim lng ph.
V d di y th hin qu trnh s dng BIM nghin cu trnh t thi cng cc b phn ca mt
cng trnh.

I.

4.So snh qu trnh lm vic gia ba chiu BIM vi hai chiu CAD hin nay
Trong qu trnh lm vic vi hai chiu CAD hin nay, cc thnh vin ca d n s dng cc bn v hai
chiu (mt bng, hnh chiu, mt ct, v.v.) trao i thng tin vi nhau. R rng l vic trao i thng
tin theo hnh thc ny s khng t hiu qu cao bng vic trao i thng tin s dng m hnh BIM ba
chiu. Trong khi cc hnh v hai chiu ch n thun th hin hai ng kch thc ca vt th, m
hnh BIM th hin r rng ba ng kch thc hnh khi khng gian ca cc b phn ca cng trnh.
Ngi s dng s phi cn n hai bn v hai chiu, sau tng tng chng trong u c th
nm bt c thng tin truyn ti mt cch r rng bi mt m hnh n nht. Hn th na, BIM
truyn ti thng tin di dng thng tin in t s nhanh chng, thun tin, v hiu qu hn nhiu so
vi cc bn v in hai chiu, ng thi, cc li pht sinh s c gim thiu n mc t nht.

Bn cnh vic tng cng kh nng trao i thng tin gia cc thnh vin ca d n xy dng, BIM
cng c th gip cho cc thnh vin tng cng c tnh thng nht ca cng vic. Trong qu trnh
lm vic vi bn v hai chiu hin nay, cng vic thit k c thc hin khng thng nht v lp i
lp li. Mi lin h cng vic gia cc thnh vin b sao nhng v kt ni lng lo. Nhng thay i
xut pht t cc thnh vin lm cng vic trc s dn n thay i trong thit k ca cc thnh vin
lm cng vic sau. Cc thnh vin lm cng vic sau s phi cp nht nhng thay i , ri phi
trnh cho cc thnh vin lm cng vic trc kim tra v ph duyt. Qu trnh ny tiu tn nhiu thi
gian v to iu kin cho cc sai st pht trin. Ngc li, BIM, nh l mt m hnh thc ca cng
trnh thc trn thc t, s gip cho mi thnh vin c th d dng tip cn vi cc thng tin ca cng
trnh. Cng vic ca cc thnh vin s c thng nht v kt hp cht ch. Tt cc nhng thay i
c to ra t mi thnh vin s c t ng cp nht trn m hnh. iu ny s duy tr s thng nht
v chnh xc ca tt c cc thng tin v bn v th hin. M hnh cng trnh s tr thnh trung tm ca
ton b qu trnh thit k. Vi BIM, cc thay i s c theo di cht ch v chnh xc hn. Cc
quyt nh s c quyt nh nhanh hn. Tt c nhng li c kh nng xy ra s c ch , gii
quyt, v cp nht ngay vo m hnh. iu ny s gip to ra mt h thng bn v thi cng chnh xc
tuyt i, ng thi gim thiu ti a nguy c pht sinh ph pht sinh, chm tin , v tng chi ph
xy dng.
BIM l mt cng ngh hin i, mi xut hin trong ngnh cng nghip xy dng. Vic s dng BIM
trong thit k v thi cng cng trnh xy dng hin vn cn ang trong giai on th nghim nc
M v mt vi nc khc trn th gii. Tuy nhin, vi nhng u th vt tri ca mnh, BIM chc
chn s l mt xu th pht trin tt yu v l tng lai ca ngnh xy dng.