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dv(t)
RC
+ v(t) = v s (t)
dt

L di(t)
+ i (t) = i s (t)
R dt










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&








 
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L di (t)
+ i (t) = i s (t)
R dt

dv(t)
RC
+ v(t) = v s (t)
dt






 

dy(t)
+ y(t) = x(t)
dt














 

v(t) for the capacitive case

y(t) = unknown variable = 
 i (t) for the inductive case

v S (t) for the capacitive case
x(t) = forcing function = 
 i S (t) for the inductive case
 RC for the capacitive case

= time constant = 
 L / R for the inductive case









 








 









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y(t) = y* (t) + y** (t)














dy* (t)
+ y* (t) = 0
dt















dy** (t)


+ y** (t) = x(t)
dt
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y* (t)
y HA (t)
y N (t)

dy(t)
+ y(t) = x(t)
dt

dy(t)


+ y(t) = 0
dt

 



  










 











  




 















 


 










 

  

y** (t)
y P (t)
y F (t)





  
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di
d (constant)
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dt

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di(t)
di
+ Ri(t) = 0
L dt + R i  dt = 0

dt
dt

 Ldi =
R i  dt 

di
R
=
dt
i
L

Rt
i (t)
R
di
=   dt  ln
=  t  i (t) = i(0)e  ( R / L ) t with t
0

i ( 0) i
L0
i (0)
L
i (t )













 


 









 
















i(0) = i (0
) = I 0

 
 


i(t) = I 0 e  ( R / L ) t with t
0



 









i(t) = I 0 e  ( R / L ) t with t
0





v(t) = R i (t) = RI 0 e  ( R / L ) t with t
0


















 











v(t) = R i (t) = RI 0 e  ( R / L ) t with t
0






















di L
dI 0

 




v(0) = L
= L
= 0 with t < 0
dt t =0
dt
















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d
( R /L )t
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= L ( I 0  e
= RI 0 with t
0
)





t =0
dt t =0
dt



 


















Is=I



v(0
) = R  i R (0
) = R  0 = 0

v(0+) = R
i R (0+) = RI 0




 













 









 








p(t) = i (t)v(t) = I 0 e (  R / L ) t  I 0 R e (  R / L ) t = I 02 R e 2( R / L ) t for t
0
t

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I 02 R
2
( 2 R / L ) t
2
( 2 R / L ) t t
w(t) =  p(t)dt = I 0 R   e
dt = I 0 R 
=

e
=
[
]

0
0
0
 2R / L 0 2R / L
1
= LI 02 (1 e ( 2 R / L ) t ) for t
0
2
t







  










 
  




 




 












 






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dt


 













 











 



 




 



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dv v
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v(0
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dv v
+ = 0 for t
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v(t) = v(0+)e

t

RC

= V0e

t

RC

for t
0


 





















v(t) = v(0+)e

t

RC

= V0e

t

RC

for t
0








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i(t) =
=
e
for t
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R


  






 
 



i (0
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V0
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V02 2t RC
p(t) = i (t)v(t) =
e
for t
0
R
2t
1
2
w(t) =  p(t)dt = CV0 1 e RC
0
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t

for t
0






  










 
  









 












 




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y(t) = A
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Ae st
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dt



 
 


 





s + 1 = 0

1
s + 1 = 0  s =

















 





 
 
 




 


 


 
 




  






 




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t / 
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e

e t /

dy(t) e t /

e t /

d t /

e t /

+
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e y(t)) =
x(t)
(
dt
dt

t /
t e
d t /
e y(t))dt =

x(t)dt


(
0 dt
0 
t



 








e t /

d t /

e y(t)) =
x(t)
(


dt
1t
t /

d (e y(t)) =
x(t)e dt
0
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t

y(t)e

t /

t /

1t
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x(t)e t / dt
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t /
t e
d t /
e y(t))dt =

x(t)dt


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0 dt
0 
t

1t
e y(t)  e y(0) =
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t /

y(t) = y(0)e

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1  t / t
+ e
x(t)e t / dt
0










 







 























 

 








 
























 












 






 




 








y complete = y natural + y forced
y complete = y(t)
y natural = y(0)e  t /
1  t / t
y forced = e
x(t)e t /
0



 























 






  























































 












 
























x(t) = X S (with X s being a constant)









 



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= X S  u(t)
x(t) = 
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0



 

x(t)
Xs




 



















 






























 






 




 








 
 










 



 







 




 











 










 








 

 
 
 
 










 









 


 





 









dy(t)

+ y(t) = X S
dt

y forced

for t
0

t
1  t / t
X S  t / t t /
X
t /
= e  X S e dt =
e  e dt = S e  t / [ e t / ] 0
0
0




for t
0

y forced = X S (1 e  t / ) for t
0

y natural = y(0)e  t / for t
0




 



 















  


y(t) = y natural + y forced = y(0)e  t / + X S (1 e  t / ) =
= y(0)e  t / + X S  X S e  t / for t
0




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y(
) = y(0)e 
+ X S  X S e 
= X S







 






y(t) = y(0)e  t /  X S e  t / + X S = [ y(0)  y(
)]e  t / + y(
) for t  0

 




 



 




y(t) = [ y(0)  y(
)]e  t / + y(
) for t  0 (with y(
) = X S )
t 

 0












  




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y(t) = [ y(0)  y(
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y(t) = [ y(0)  y(
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) for t  0 (with y(
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y transient (t) = [ y(0)  y(
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y(t 
) = [ y(0)  y(
)]e 
/ + y(
) for t  0 (with y(
) = X S )
**


 



 




y(t) = y transient + y steadystate

for t  0

 y transient = [ y(0)  y(
)]e  t /

 y steadystate = y(
)

for t  0

























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$











y transient = y(0)e  t /  y(
)e  t /

for t  0


 













y steadystate = y(
) = X S

!"


 









 





di (t)
di (t)
for t
0  VS u(t) = Ri(t) + L
dt
dt

V 
V 
i(t) = S +
I 0  S e  t / for t
0
R 
R

VS = Ri(t) + L












 

 




 




 








 


 

 















 









i(t) =

VS 
V 
+  I 0  S e  t / for t
0
R 
R










 









i(t) =

VS 
V 
+  I 0  S e  t / for t
0
R 
R

 

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v(t) = L

di (t)
= (VS  I 0 R)e  t / for t
0
dt


 








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!#$"%#

C

vC (t) = I S R + (V0  I S R)e  t / for t
0

iC (t) = C

dvC
V
= (I S  0 )e  t / for t
0
dt
R

dvC vC
dv
v
+ = I S for t
0  C C + C = I S u(t)
dt
R
dt
R


 


  


 
 
   
 



 

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vC (t) = I S R + (V0  I S R)e  t / for t
0


 

iC (t) = C

dvC
V
= (I S  0 )e  t / for t
0
dt
R





 



   
 


 










 




 


  
 











 


 
















 

 

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v aux
 7i  + i 
10K

v
i  = aux
20K

i aux =

i aux =

v aux
v
 6 aux = v aux (0.1 10 3  0.3 10 3 )
10K

20K

v aux
= 5K

i aux



  




  










 














 







































   

 

 

 



 




iC = i R  i
vO (t) =
Ri(t)
dv (t)
i(t) = C I
dt

dv I (t)
vO (t) =
RC
dt

 




 



 


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iC = i R  i
v (t)
i(t) = I
R
dv (t)
i(t) =
C O
dt

1 t
vO (t) = 

v I (t)dt + vO (0)
RC 0


  
 








 







 





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VI
t + vO (0)
RC











vO (t) =

dvO (t)
VI
=

dt
RC


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1 t
vO (t) = 

v I (t)dt + vO (0)
RC 0







 







  


  

 



















 










 

 


 


 

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