GII MU THI CUI K GII TCH 1

Bn quyn thuc v Ngn Hng Thi H Bch Khoa HCM

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Cu 1

Kho st v v th hm s:
y=

1.1

x3 2x2

Hng dn gii

- Tp xc nh ca hm s: D = R
1
- Ta vit li hm s: y = (x3 2x2 ) 3
- o hm ca hm s:
1 3
1 3x2 4x
1 3x2 4x
2 23
2
p
y = (x 2x ) (3x 4x) = 3
= p
3
3 (x3 2x2 )2
3 3 x4 (x 2)2
0

1 3x 4
p
3 3 x(x 2)2

4
3
+ im lm o hm khng xc nh l: x = 0 v x = 2
- Bng bin thin:
y0 = 0 x =

y0

4
3

+
0

- Kt lun:



+ Hm s ng bin trn: (, 0] 43 , +
 
+ Hm s nghch bin trn: 0, 34
1

32
3

+ Hm s t cc i ti x = 0 v yC = 0
3
+ Hm s t cc tiu ti x = 43 v yCT = 332
- Tm im un:
+ Ta c:
1
2
1
1 3x 4
= (3x 4)x 3 (x 2) 3
y0 = p
3
2
3 x(x 2)
3
+ Logarith ha 2 v:
 
1
1
2
ln(y ) = ln
+ ln|3x 4| ln|x| ln|x 2|
3
3
3
0

y 00
3
1
2
=

0
y
3x 4 3x 3(x 2)

27(x2 2x) 3(3x 4)(x 2) 6(3x2 4x)

9x(x 2)(3x 4)


8
1 3x 4
8
00
=
y = p
3x(x 2)(3x 4)
3 3 x(x 2)2 3x(x 2)(3x 4)
=

8
y 00 = p
3
9 x4 (x 2)5
- Bng xt im un v dng th:
x
y 00

0
+

2
+

- Cc im m lm cho y 00 i du l cc im un.
- Cc khong m lm cho y 00 mang du (+) tc l lm, du () l li.
- Cc im c bit dng v th:
x=0y=0

3
4
32
x= y=
1, 0582
3
3
x=2y=0
- TIM CN NG:
+ Do tp xc nh ca hm s l R nn:
2

 hm s khng c tim cn ng.

- TIM CN XIN:
r

3
x3 2x2
2
3
= lim 1 = 1
a = lim
x
x
x
x
"
!#
r

2
3
3
b = lim ( x3 2x2 x) = lim x
1 1
x
x
x
q
3
1 x2 1
2
2
= lim q
= lim
=
1


x
x
2
3
x
3 3 1 x2
tim cn xin l y = x 23
khng c tim cn ngang.
- TH HM S:
+ Lu l ta v tim cn xin trc.

Cu 2

Tnh din tch mt trn xoay to bi cung

x

y = e 2 , 0 x +
quay quanh trc Ox.

2.1

Hng dn gii

- Ta c cng thc tnh din tch mt trn xoay to bi cung quay quanh trc
Ox l:
Z b
p
|f (x)| 1 + [f 0 (x)]2 dx
S = 2
a
x2

- Do hm f (x) = e lun dng vi mi x nn |f (x)| = e 2 .

- o hm ca hm f (x):
1 x
f 0 (x) = e 2
2
- Lc ta c:
Z
S = 2

x2

1
1 + ex dx
4

e
0

+ t:

x
2
t = e 2 t2 = ex 2tdt = ex dx dx = dt
t

+ i cn:
x=0t=1 ;

x = + t = 0

+ Tch phn tr thnh:

 
Z 0
Z 1
t
2
S = 2
4 + t2
4 + t2 dt = 2I1
dt = 2
t
1 2
0
+ t:
u=

t
dt
4 + t2
dv = dt v = t

4 + t2 du =

+ Vy tch phn I1 tr thnh:

Z

1
2
I1 = t 4 + t |0

t2

dt
4 + t2
0
Z 1

Z 1

= 5
4 + t2 dt +
dt
4 + t2
0
0
Z 1

2I1 = 5 +
dt
4 + t2
0
4

5
I1 =
+2
2

dt
4 + t2

+ M ta bit cng thc tch phn bt nh sau:

Z

dx

= ln|x + x2 a2 | + C
x 2 a2
+ Nn suy ra:

5
+ 2ln(t +
2

I1 =

5
1
t2 + 4)|0 =
+ 2ln
2

- Vy din tch cn tnh l:

"
"
!#

1+ 5
5
+ 2ln
=
5 + 4ln
S = 2
2
2

!
1+ 5
2

!#
1+ 5
2

Cu 3

Tm tch phn sau hi t

1
2

Z
I=

dx
1 4x2

Tnh tch phn khi = 2

3.1

Hng dn gii

- Ta thy 2 cn ca tch phn lm cho biu thc di du tch phn khng

xc nh. Nn ta tch ra thnh 2 tch phn suy rng loi 2 nh sau:
Z
I=
0

1
4

dx

+
x 1 4x2

- Xt tch phn I1 :
Z
I1 =
0

1
2

Z
1
4

1
4

x
5

dx
= I1 + I2
1 4x2

dx

1 4x2

Xt khi x 0+ :
+ Khi < 0:
x
I1 hi t.
+ Khi = 0:
x

1
0
1 4x2

1
1

1
1 4x2
1 4x2

I1 hi t.
+ Khi > 0:
x

1
1

2
x
1 4x

- Nh vy th I1 hi t th trong trng hp ny phi tha 0 < < 1

- Tng hp li th vi < 1 th I1 hi t!
- Xt tch phn I2 :

1
2

Z
I2 =
1
4

+ Xt khi x
+ Khi < 0:
x

dx

1 4x2

1
:
2

1
1
1
1p
= p
2

1 4x
x (1 + 2x)(1 2x)
2 2 (1 2x)
=

1
q
2 21 2

1
2

=

1
2+1

1
2

12

do y l tch phn suy rng loi 2 v = 12 < 1 nn I2 hi t.

+ Khi = 0:
1
1

1
x 1 4x2
2 1 x 2
2

I2 hi t.
+ Khi > 0:
x

1
1

1
1 4x2
2+1 21 x 2
6

 I2 hi t.
KT LUN: Do I2 hi t nn cho I hi t th I1 phi hi t. Vy
< 1 tha mn.
* Tnh tch phn khi = 2
- Khi = 2 th ta c tch phn sau:
1
2

Z
I=
0

x2
1

dx =
2
1 4x2

+ t:
x=

1
2

Z
0

x2
q

1
4

dx

x2

sin t vi t
2
2
2
1
dx = cos tdt
2

+ i cn:
x=0t=0 ;

x=

t=
2
2

- Tch phn tr thnh:




Z
Z 
1 2 1 cos 2x
1 2
x
sin 2x 2

2
sin t =

dt =

|0 =
8 0
8 0
2
2
16
32
32

Cu 4

Gii phng trnh:

0

a) y =

2x + y
x

2
,

y(1) = 2

b) y 00 2y 0 + 2y = e2x (3 cos x sin x)

4.1
4.1.1

Hng dn gii
Cu a
0

y =

2x + y
x

2


y 2
= 2+
x

- t:

y
y = ux y 0 = u0 x + u
x
- Thay vo phng trnh ta c:
u=

du
.x + u = 4 + 4u + u2
dx

u0 x + u = (2 + u)2

- Ly tch phn 2 v:
Z

- Tnh I1 :
+ Bin i:

u2

du
dx
=
+ 3u + 4
x

du
=
2
u + 3u + 4

du
=
2
u + 3u + 4

dx
I1 =
x

Z
u+

du


3 2
2

dx
x

7
4

+ t:

3
7

u+ =
tan t vi < t <
2
2
2
2

7 1
dt
du =
2 cos2 t
+ V ta suy ra c:



3
2

t = arctan u +
2
7

+ Tch phn I1 tr thnh:

7 1
2 cos2 t
dt
7
tan2 t + 74
4

Z
=

7 1
2 cos2 t
dt
7 1
4 cos2 t

2
= t
7

- Vy ta c:
2
t = ln|x| + C
7



2
3
2
ln|x|
C = arctan u +
2
7
7
8

2
C = arctan
7



y 3
+
x 2


2
ln|x|
7

- Thay iu kin ban u y(1) = 2 vo ta c:





2
2
2
3
= arctan 7
C = arctan 2 +
2
7
7
7
- Vy nghim ca phng trnh l:




2
2
y 3
2
arctan
= ln|x| + arctan 7
+
x 2
7
7
7
4.1.2

Cu b
y 00 2y 0 + 2y = e2x (3 cos x sin x)

- Phng trnh c trng:

k 2 2k + 2 = 0 k1 = 1 i k2 = 1 + i
- Vi k1 = 1 i, nghim ca phng trnh thun nht:
y0 = ex (C1 cos x C2 sin x)
- Ta c:
f (x) = e2x (3 cos x sin x) = ex [Pn (x) cos x + Qm (x) sin x]
+ T suy ra c:
=2 ;

= 1 ;

Pn (x) bc 0 ;

Qm (x) bc 0

- Nghim ring c dng:

yr = xs ex (Hk (x) cos x + Tk (x) sin x)
+ Trong :
s = 0 v + i = 2 i khng l nghim ca phng trnh c trng.
Bc ca Hk (x) v Tk (x) xc nh bi: k = max{m, n} = max{0, 0} = 0
(m, n l bc ca a thc Pn (x) v Qm (x)).
+ Khi ta c:
yr = e2x (A cos x B sin x)
9

yr0 = 2e2x (A cos x B sin x) + e2x (A sin x B cos x)

= e2x [(2A B) cos x + (A 2B) sin x]
yr00 = 2e2x [(2AB) cos x+(A2B) sin x]+e2x [(2AB) sin x+(A2B) cos x]
= e2x [(3A 4B) cos x + (4A 3B) sin x]
+ Thm nhn thm h s cng theo v, ta c:
2yr = e2x (2A cos x 2B sin x)
2yr0 = e2x [(4A + 2B) cos x + (2A + 4B) sin x]
yr00 = e2x [(3A 4B) cos x + (4A 3B) sin x]
+ Cng 2 v li, ta c:
yr00 2yr0 + 2yr
= e2x [(2A 4A + 2B + 3A 4B) cos x + (2B + 2A + 4B 4A 3B) sin x]
= e2x [(A 2B) cos x + (2A B) sin x]
+ T ta c:
e2x [(A 2B) cos x + (2A B) sin x] = e2x (3 cos x sin x)
+ T ta c h sau:
(
A 2B = 3
2A B = 1

(
A=1

B = 1

- KT LUN: Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh l:

y = ex (C1 cos x C2 sin x) + e2x (cos x sin x)

Cu 5

Gii h phng trnh:

(
x0 = x + 2y + et (1)
y 0 = x + 3y (2)

10

5.1

Hng dn gii

5.1.1

Phng php kh

- Cng 2 v ca phng trnh (1) v (2) li ta c:

x0 + y 0 = 5y + et

(3)

- o hm 2 v ca phng trnh (2) theo bin t, ta c:

y 00 = x0 + 3y 0 x0 = y 00 + 3y 0

(4)

- Thay (4) vo (3), ta c:

y 00 + 3y 0 + y 0 = 5y + et y 00 4y 0 + 5y = et
+ Phng trnh c trng:
k 2 4k + 5 = 0 k1 = 2 + i k2 = 2 i
+ Nghim ca phng trnh thun nht ng vi k1 = 2 + i:
y0 = e2t (C1 cos t + C2 sin t)
+ Ta c:
f (t) = et = Pn (t)et
+ Suy ra:
=1 ;

Pn (t)bc 0

+ Nghim ring ca phng trnh khng thun nht c dng:

yr = ts et Qn (t)
Trong :
s = 0 do = 1 khng l nghim n ca phng trnh c trng.
Qn (t) = A v Qn (t) cng bc vi Pn (t)
+ Lc , ta c:
yr = Aet
yr0 = Aet
yr00 = Aet
11

+ V ta c:
5yr = 5Aet
4yr0 = 4Aet
yr00 = Aet
+ Suy ra:
yr00 4yr0 + 5yr = 2Aet
+ M ta c:
et = 2Aet A =

1
2

- Ta c nghim ring:
1
yr = et
2
- Suy ra nghim tng qut:
1
y = e2t (C1 cos t + C2 sin t) et
2
+ o hm theo bin t nghim tng qut va tm, ta c:
1
y 0 = 2e2t (C1 cos t + C2 sin t) + e2t (C1 sin t + C2 cos t) et
2
1
= e2t [(2C1 + C2 ) cos t + (C1 + 2C2 ) sin t] et
2
+ Thay vo phng trnh (2), ta c:


1 t
1 t
2t
2t
e [(2C1 +C2 ) cos t+(C1 +2C2 ) sin t] e = x+3 e (C1 cos t + C2 sin t) e
2
2


1
1
x = 3 e2t (C1 cos t + C2 sin t) et e2t [(2C1 +C2 ) cos t+(C1 +2C2 ) sin t]+ et
2
2
= e2t [(3C1 2C1 C2 ) cos t + (3C2 + C1 2C2 ) sin t] et
= e2t [(C1 C2 ) cos t + (C1 + C2 ) sin t] et
- Vy nghim ca h phng trnh l:
(
x = e2t [(C1 C2 ) cos t + (C1 + C2 ) sin t] et
y = e2t (C1 cos t + C2 sin t) 21 et
- kim chng li nghim ca h ng hay khng, ta thay cc nghim
tng ng ny vo h, sao cho 2 v bng nhau l c.
12