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Chapter 8 Special Senses
Chapter 8 Special Senses
Anatomy of Olfaction
Olfactory receptors
first order neurons
bipolar neurons ( exposed tips are knobbed
dendrites)
site of olfactory transduction: olfactory
hairs
Supporting Cells
Physiology of Olfaction
1.odorants bind olfactory receptors that are
linked to G proteins
2.activation of the enzyme adenylate cyclase
3.Na+ channels open
4.inflow of Na+ ions
5.depolarization
6.generation and propagation of action
potential
7.nerve impulse
low threshold
decreasing sensitivity
Olfactory Pathway
NASAL POLYP
NASAL POLYP
4 classes of stimuli
sweet
salty
sour
bitter
gustation is thousands of times less
sensitive than olfaction
colds block olfaction not gustation
Anatomy of Gustation
Receptors for gustation are located in taste
buds
10,000 receptors are distributed in the
supporting cells
50 gustatory cells
basal cells
fibers of CNs
gustatory hair
gustatory receptor
cell
supporting cell
basal cell
Taste buds
Papillae
circumvallate
fungiform
filiform - no taste buds
Physiology of Gustation
1. chemicals are dissolved in saliva
2. Contact with plasma membrane of
gustatory hair
3. receptor potential stimulates exocytosis of
neurotransmittercontaining synaptic
vesicles
4. Nerve impulse arise in the 1st order
neurons that synapse with gustatory
receptor cells
lowest
sour: higher than that of bitter
sweet
about the same but higher
salty
than sour & bitter
complete adaptation occurs in 1-5 minutes
of continuous stimulation
cranial nerves:
Facial nerve: anterior 2/3 of tongue
glossopharyngeal nerve: posterior 1/3 of
tongue
vagus: throat & epiglottis
Gustatory Pathway
from taste buds, impulses propagate to
medulla oblongata
taste fibers
eyelids
eyelashes
eyebrows
lacrimal apparatus
extrinsic eye muscles
palpebrae
palpebral fissure
medial commissure
lateral commissure
lacrimal caruncle
meibomian glands
conjunctiva
ciliary glands
sty
Ciliary Body
Lacrimal apparatus
lacrimal gland
excretory lacrimal
ducts
lacrimal puncta
nasolacrimal duct
superior rectus
inferior rectus
lateral rectus
medial rectus
superior oblique
inferior oblique
Uvea
choroid
ciliary body: ciliary body and ciliary muscles
iris: colored portion of eyeball
pupil: hole at the center of iris
Retina
macula lutea
fovea centralis
blind spot
Fovea
Lens
cataract
inverted
Accomodation
Near point of Vision
Presbyopia
Light enters the front of the eye through the pupil and is
focused by the lens onto the retina. Rod cells on the retina
respond to the light and send a message through the optic
nerve fiber to the brain.
Refraction Abnormalities
Myopia: Near sightedness
Hyperopia: Farsightedness
Astigmatism
Nyctalopia
Binocular vision
Photopupillary reflex
Accomodation pupillary reflex
Physiology of Vision
Photopigments:
rhodopsin (rods)
opsin
retinal
1. Light causes
isomerization of
photopigments
trans
retinal
3. retinal isomerase
converts trans to
cis
2. Trans-retinal
separates from opsin
Light Adaptation
Keratitis
Mydriasis
Nystagmus
Strabismus
external ear
middle ear
internal ear
External Ear
auricle
pinna
eardrum
Middle Ear
malleus
incus
stapes
oval window
round window
tensor tympani
muscles
stapedius
Eustachian tube
Inner Ear
2 main divisions
bony labyrinth
semicircular canal
(crista ampullaris & cupula)
vestibule
cochlea: receptors for hearing
membranous labyrinth
K+
utricle and saccule
contain
receptors for
equilibrium
Cochlea
snail-shaped
spiral organ of Corti
sound waves
pitch
decibels
conduction deafness
sensorineural deafness
Round window
vestibular membrane
endolymph in cochlea
basilar membrane
stereocilia
generation of action
potential
Auditory Pathway
External auditory canal
tympanic membrane
auditory ossicles
oval window
cochlea
organ of Corti
Mechanisms of Equilibrium
Vestibular Apparatus
Otitis media
AURICLE KELOID
AURICULAR ABSCESS
Auricle Perichondritis
vestibular apparatus
vestibule
The central cavity of the bony
labyrinth of the ear containing the
functional components of the
membranous labyrinth involved in
the sensations of static
equilibrium which are two
vestibular structures, each
containing a specialized
mechanoreceptor, a maculae,
within the utricle and saccule.
Dynamic Equilibrium
dynamic equilibrium
The special sense which interprets balance when one is moving,
or at least the head is moving;
the semicircular canals contain the receptors for dynamic
equilibrium; within each semicircular canal is a complex
mechanoreceptor called a crista ampullaris which contains the
mechanoreceptors (Hair cells) for dynamic equilibrium;
when the perilymph in one of the semicircular canals moves, the
hair cells in the crista ampullaris are stimulated to send nerve
impulses to the brain;
this advises the brain of whether or not a person has their
balance during body movements or if their body is in motion,
e.g, riding in a car or turning one's head from side to side.
semicircular canals - The functional components of the membranous labyrinth, a series of three
interconnected perilymph-filled tubes with enlarged ends, involved in the sensations of dynamic
equilibrium; the contain the cristae ampullaris which detect acceleration in the three
perpendicular planes (superior, horizontal, and posterior); these accelerometers make use of hair
cells similar to those on the organ of Corti, but these hair cells detect movements of the fluid in the
canals caused by angular acceleration about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the canal; tiny
floating particles aid the process of stimulating the hair cells as they move with the fluid; the nerve
impulses thus generated are transmitted along the vestibular branch of cranial nerve eight to the
CNS.