<$7$<<h.

'$95$1,,
=$<,)%(721$50(d(5d(9(/(51
d(/.d$35$=/,3(5'(/(5/(
*hd/(1'5/0(6

.HUHP 3(.(5
Q<N0K
(UGHPOL3URMHYH0DYLUOLN/WGWL
VWDQEXO7UNL\H

1HVULQ<$5',0&,
3URI'U
VWDQEXO7HNQLNhQLYHUVLWHVL
VWDQEXO7UNL\H

g=(7
<DSODUQ\DWD\ \N HWNLVLQGHNLGDYUDQQGDDQDSDUDPHWUHOHU\DSQQ\DWD\
GD\DQPYH\DWD\ULMLWOLLGLU
hONHPL]GH VNONOD NDUODODQ VDGHFH GH\ \NOHU LoLQ ER\XWODQGUOP
\D GD GN \DWD\ \N HWNLVL |QJ|UOHUHN WDVDUODQP EHWRQDUPH oHUoHYHOL
\DSVLVWHPOHULQLQ JoOHQGLULOPHVLQGHKHGHI \DSQQGDYUDQQWDQPOD\DQ
EXLNLSDUDPHWUHQLQL\LOHWLULOPHVLGLU
%X DUDWUPD ]D\I EHWRQDUPH oHUoHYHOHULQ \DWD\ \N HWNLVLQGHNL
GDYUDQQQ oHOLN oDSUD]O VLVWHPOHU \DUGP LOH L\LOHWLULOPHVL DPDoO
\DSODFDN WDVDUPODUD N WXWDELOPHN DPDF LOH \DSOP ELU JXUXS
SDUDPHWULNo|]PQGHUOHQPHVLLOHROXWXUXOXWXU
)DUNO JHRPHWULN NDUDNWHULVWLNOHULQYHoDSUD]HOHPDQQDULQOLNOHULQLQVLVWHP
GDYUDQ ]HULQH HWNLOHULQLQ LQFHOHQGLL oDOPDGD DQD DPDo HNRQRPLN ELU
PHWRW LOH PHYFXW VLVWHPLQ \DWD\ \N NDSDVLWHVLQLQ DUWWUOPDV YH \DWD\
ULMLWOLLQLQL\LOHWLULOPHVLGLU
1

$0$d
'N \DWD\ ULMLWOLNOL YH ]D\I \DWD\ \NGD\DQPOEHWRQDUPHoHUoHYHOHULQ
UHKDELOLWDV\RQXLoLQNXOODQODELOHFHNXFX]YHK]OPHWRWODUGDQELUL\DS\D
oHOLNoDSUD]OSHUGHVLVWHPOHULHNOHQPHVLGLU
6LVWHP ULMLWOLLQL YH GD\DQPQ DUWWUPDN DPDF LOH \DSODFDN E|\OH ELU
UHKDELOLWDV\RQ WDVDUPQGD \DS GDYUDQQGD HWNHQ SDUDPHWUHOHULQ
EHOLUOHQPHVL HWNLOHLPOL RODUDN LQFHOHQPHVL EX oDOPDQQ DQD DPDFQ
ROXWXUXU
3$5$0(75. d$/,0$
gQFHOLNOHNRQXLOH LOJLOLOLWHUDWUWDUDPDV\DSOPYH|QFHNLDUDWUFODUQ
GDYUDQQ LQFHOHGLL SDUDPHWUHOHU WHVSLW HGLOHUHN SDUDPHWULN oDOPDP]Q
YHULWDEDQROXWXUXOPXWXU
%X DPDoOD HNLO GH YHULOHQ WLSLN JoOHQGLUPH oHUoHYHVL LoLQ %oHUoHYH
WHRULNDoNO+oHUoHYHWHRULN\NVHNOLL/oHOLNoDSUD]WHRULNER\XYH
LoHOLNoDSUD]DWDOHW \DUoDSGHHUOHULQLQVLVWHPULMLWOLLYHGD\DQPQQH
|OoGHHWNLGLNOHULDUDWUOPWU

7DEOR GH EX LQFHOHPHOHULQ \DSODELOPHVL LoLQ SODQODQDQ SDUDPHWULN

oDOPDGDNXOODQODQVD\VDOPRGHOHOHPDQODUQQJHRPHWULNYHNDUDNWHULVWLN
GHWD\ODUYHULOPLWLU$\Q\NVHNOLHVDKLSDOWIDUNODoNONWDNLEHWRQDUPH
oHUoHYHQLQ KHU ELUL G|UW IDUNO QDULQOLN GHUHFHVLQGH PHUNH]L oDSUD]O
SHUGHOHULOHJoOHQGLULOPLWLU
7DEOR3DUDPHWULNoDOPDGDNXOODQODQIDUNOVLVWHPOHULQWDQPODU
L

L

L

L

PP

PP

PP

PP

/L 

/L 







































































+

%

/

PP

PP

PP





/L  /L 

dDSUD]HOHPDQODUVHoLOLUNHQIDUNOQDULQOLNHWNLVLGLNNDWHDOQPDVLOHELUOLNWH
oDSUD] HOHPDQQ DODQQQ GHLPHVL HQJHOOHQPL YH E|\OHFH GD\DQPODUQ
NDUODWUODELOPHVLPPNQROPXWXU
$1$/=0(72'2/2-6
gUQHNPRGHO\DSQQULMLWOLNYHGD\DQP|]HOOLNOHULQLQGHLHQSDUDPHWUHOHU
LOHWDNLELQLQ \DSODELOPHVLLoLQDQDOL]PHWRGXRODUDNOLQHHURODPD\DQVWDWLN
LWWLUPHDQDOL]LPHWRGXVHoLOPLWLU
dHOLN oDSUD] HOHPDQODU LoLQ EDVQo YH oHNPH GDYUDQODUQ \DQVWDFDN
SODVWLN PDIVDO GDYUDQ PRGHOL )(0$ UDSRUXQXQ LOJLOL WDEORODUQGDQ
DOQPWU%XHNLOGHSODVWLNGHIRUPDV\RQVUDVQGDWNHWLOHQHQHUMLOHULQGH

PRGHOOHQPHVLVDODQPYHVLVWHPVQHNOLLYH DNPDVRQUDVGDYUDQLoLQ
\RUXP \DSODELOPHVL VDODQPWU 2ODV ELUoRN oHOLN oXEXN WLSL DUDVQGDQ
KHU LNL GRUXOWXGD DWDOHW \DUoDS HLW ROPDV VHEHEL LOH ERUX NHVLWOHU WHUFLK
HGLOPLWLU
']OHP G VLVWHP GDYUDQ HWNLOHUL LKPDO HGLOPL YH DGPDGP DUWDQ
\DWD\ \N DOWQGD WHSH GHSODVPDQ WDNLS HGLOPLWLU %X GXUXPGD HNLO
HNLO DUDVQGD J|VWHULOHQ GHLNHQ 3 \DWD\ \N HWNLVLQGH ROXDQ '
\DWD\ WHSH GHSODVPDQ GHHUOHUL JUDILNVHO RODUDN KD]UODQP YH DDGD
VXQXOPXWXU

% PP


Q
R
7
N

<
\
DW
D
<












'HSODVPDQPP

HNLO% PP+ PP3'(ULOHUL





% PP



Q
R7

N
<\
DW 
D
<




















'HSODVPDQPP

HNLO% PP+ PP3'(ULOHUL

% PP




Q
R7

N

<
\D
WD
<













'HSODVPDQPP

HNLO% PP+ PP3'(ULOHUL

% PP




Q
R7

N
<\
DW
D
<


























'HSODVPDQPP

HNLO% PP+ PP3'(ULOHUL

% PP



Q 
R7

N 
<
\
DW 
D
<













'HSODVPDQPP

HNLO% PP+ PP3'(ULOHUL

% PP





Q 
R7
 
N
<\ 
DW 
D<














'HSODVPDQPP







HNLO% PP+ PP3'(ULOHUL

6218d/$59(7$96<(/(5
dDOPDP]
VUDODQDELOLU

VRQXoODU

GHHUOHQGLULOGLLQGH

DDGDNL

J|]OHPOHU

6HoLOHQ VLVWHPOHU RUWDN ELU GDYUDQ LOH \DWD\ \N DOWQGD

GHIRUPDV\RQ \DSPD\D EDODGQGD HODVWLN ELU ULMLWOLN LOH EDVQo
oXEXXQXQ DNPD YH EXUNXOPD \NQH NDGDU NDUDUO ELU GDYUDQ
J|VWHUPHNWHGLU %DVQo oXEXXQXQ EXUNXOPDVQ WDNLEHQ 
FLYDUQGD ELU GD\DQP ERDOPDV ROXXUNHQ oHNPH oXEXXQXQ
DNPDV YH SHNOHPHVL LOH EXQXQ \DNODN OXN ELU NVP JHUL
ND]DQOU 6LVWHP NDUDUOOoHNPHoXEXXNRSPDGHIRUPDV\RQXQD
XODWQGDRUWDGDQNDONDU

3' HULVLQLQ HNOL YH LoHUGLL VUHNVL]OLNOHU DoVQGDQ VLVWHPOHU

ELUELULQH EHQ]HU ROPDVQD NDUQ VLVWHP GDYUDQ WDPDPHQ

<$7$<<h.'$95$1,,
=$<,)%(721$50(d(5d(9(/(51
d(/.d$35$=/,3(5'(/(5/(
*hd/(1'5/0(6

.HUHP 3(.(5
Q<N0K
(UGHPOL3URMHYH0DYLUOLN/WGWL
VWDQEXO7UNL\H

1HVULQ<$5',0&,
3URI'U
VWDQEXO7HNQLNhQLYHUVLWHVL
VWDQEXO7UNL\H

g=(7
<DSODUQ\DWD\ \N HWNLVLQGHNLGDYUDQQGDDQDSDUDPHWUHOHU\DSQQ\DWD\
GD\DQPYH\DWD\ULMLWOLLGLU
hONHPL]GH VNONOD NDUODODQ VDGHFH GH\ \NOHU LoLQ ER\XWODQGUOP
\D GD GN \DWD\ \N HWNLVL |QJ|UOHUHN WDVDUODQP EHWRQDUPH oHUoHYHOL
\DSVLVWHPOHULQLQ JoOHQGLULOPHVLQGHKHGHI \DSQQGDYUDQQWDQPOD\DQ
EXLNLSDUDPHWUHQLQL\LOHWLULOPHVLGLU
%X DUDWUPD ]D\I EHWRQDUPH oHUoHYHOHULQ \DWD\ \N HWNLVLQGHNL
GDYUDQQQ oHOLN oDSUD]O VLVWHPOHU \DUGP LOH L\LOHWLULOPHVL DPDoO
\DSODFDN WDVDUPODUD N WXWDELOPHN DPDF LOH \DSOP ELU JXUXS
SDUDPHWULNo|]PQGHUOHQPHVLLOHROXWXUXOXWXU
)DUNO JHRPHWULN NDUDNWHULVWLNOHULQYHoDSUD]HOHPDQQDULQOLNOHULQLQVLVWHP
GDYUDQ ]HULQH HWNLOHULQLQ LQFHOHQGLL oDOPDGD DQD DPDo HNRQRPLN ELU
PHWRW LOH PHYFXW VLVWHPLQ \DWD\ \N NDSDVLWHVLQLQ DUWWUOPDV YH \DWD\
ULMLWOLLQLQL\LOHWLULOPHVLGLU
8

JL\GLULOHFHN ELU HN oHOLN oHUoHYH \DUGP LOH \N GDOPQ

VDODPDVKHPELOHLNoDOPD\JHUoHNOHWLUHUHNoHUoHYHGDYUDQQ
L\LOHWLULUKHPGHEDODQWSUREOHPOHULQLQDOPDVQNROD\ODWUU
dHOLNoDSUD]OSHUGHOHU LOHJoOHQGLUPHPHWRGXDW|O\HGH LPDODWQWHPL]
VDONO YH JYHQLOLU ROPDV \HULQGH \DS LoLQGH \DSODFDN LPDODW YH
PRQWDMQ PLQLPL]H HGLOPHVL \DS DUO DUWWUOPDGDQ \DS\D E\N ELU
ULMLWOLN YH GD\DQP NDWODELOPHVL YH oDSUD] VLVWHPL GQGD NDODQ DODQODUQ
EROXN RODUDN NXOODQODELOPHVL VHEHSOHUL LOH WHUFLK HGLOHELOHFHN PHWRWODUQ
EDQGD JHOPHNWHGLU $QFDN VLVWHP YH EDODQW WDVDUPQQ GD\DQGUODFD
VD\VDO YH GHQH\VHO oDOPDODUQ \D\JQ ROPDPDV X\JXODPD |UQHNOHULQLQ
VQUONDOPDVQDVHEHS ROPXWXU.RQXLOHLOJLOLGHWD\O VD\VDOYH GHQH\VHO
oDOPDODU \DSOPDV YH |]HOOLNOH EDODQW YH ELOHLN oDOPD ]HULQGH
GXUXOPDV oHOLN oDSUD]O SHUGHOHU LOH JoOHQGLUPH WDVDUPQGD X\JXODPDF
PKHQGLVOHULQ|QQDoDFDNWU

.$<1$./$5
 6KDKLQ76DGHN $:6HLVPLF XSJUDGLQJRIJUDYLW\ GHVLJQHGFRQFUHWH
IUDPHV XVLQJ VWHHO EUDFLQJ WK (XURSHDQ &RQIHUHQFH RQ (DUWKTXDNH
(QJLQHHULQJ5RWWHUGDP
 %DL -: 6HLVPLF UHWURILW IRU UHLQIRUFHG FRQFUHWH EXLOGLQJ VWUXFWXUHV
)LQDO5HSRUW IRU&RQVHTXHQFH%DVHG(QJLQHHULQJ,QVWLWXWH7H[DV
 $6&(  3UHVWDQGDUG DQG &RPPHQWDU\ IRU WKH 6HLVPLF













5HKDELOLWDWLRQRI%XLOGLQJV)(0$ SUHSDUHG E\ $PHULFDQ 6RFLHW\

RI &LYLO (QJLQHHUV IRU WKH )HGHUDO (PHUJHQF\ 0DQDJHPHQW $JHQF\
:DVKLQJWRQ'&
%DGRX[0DQG-LUVD -26WHHO%UDFLQJRI5&)UDPHIRU6HLVPLF
5HWURILWWLQJ-RXUQDORI6WUXFWXUDO(QJLQHHULQJ9RO 1RSS

%XVK 7' -RQHV ($ DQG -LUVD -2  %HKDYLRU RI 5& )UDPH
6WUHQJWKHQHG 8VLQJ 6WUXFWXUDO 6WHHO %UDFLQJ -RXUQDO RI 6WUXFWXUDO
(QJLQHHULQJ9RO1RSS
(OQDVKDL$6 DQG 6DODPD $,6HOHFWLYH 5HSDLU DQG5HWURILWWLQJ
7HFKQLTXHV IRU 5& 6WUXFWXUHV LQ 6HLVPLF 5HJLRQV 5HVHDUFK 5HSRUW
(6(((QJLQHHULQJ6HLVPRORJ\ DQG(DUWKTXDNH (QJLQHHULQJ6HFWLRQ
,PSHULDO&ROOHJH/RQGRQ
*RHO 6& 0DVUL $&  6HLVPLF 6WUHQJWKHQLQJ RI DQ 5& 6ODE
&ROXPQ )UDPHV ZLWK 'XFWLOH 6WHHO %UDFLQJ WK :RUOG &RQIHUHQFH RQ
(DUWKTXDNH(QJLQHHULQJ3DSHU1R
3LQFKHLUD -$ DQG -LUVD -2  6HLVPLF 5HVSRQVH RI 5& )UDPHV
5HWURILWWHGZLWK6WHHO %UDFHVRU:DOOV -RXUQDO RI6WUXFWXUDO(QJLQHHULQJ
9RO1RSS
7KHUPRX * DQG (OQDVKDL $6  3HUIRUPDQFH 3DUDPHWHUV DQG
&ULWHULD IRU $VVHVVPHQW DQG 5HKDELOLWDWLRQ 6HLVPLF 3HUIRUPDQFH
(YDOXDWLRQ DQG 5HWURILW RI 6WUXFWXUHV 63($5 (XURSHDQ (DUWKTXDNH
(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFK1HWZRUN5HSRUW,PSHULDO&ROOHJH8.

10

67,))(1,1* 5(,1)25&('&21&5(7(6758&785(6%<
67((/%5$&(',1),//6+($5:$//6$*$,1676(,60,&
/2$'6
.HUHP3(.(5

1HVULQ<$5',0&,

Q<N0K

3URI'U

(UGHPOL3URMHYH0DYLUOLN/WGWL

,VWDQEXO7HFKQLFDO8QLYHUVLW\

,VWDQEXO7XUNH\

,VWDQEXO7XUNH\

6800$5<
/DWHUDOVWLIIQHVVRID VWUXFWXUHXQGHUVHLVPLFORDGLQJFRQGLWLRQVLVWKHPDMRU
LQGLFDWRURIWKHVWUXFWXUHVVHLVPLFSHUIRUPDQFH
)RUWKHUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHIUDPHVWUXFWXUHVZLWKORZODWHUDOVWLIIQHVVGXHWR
ORZ FRGH VHLVPLF GHVLJQ DQGRU SRRU VHLVPLF HQJLQHHULQJ WKHUH DUH WZR
SRVVLEOH ZD\V WR LPSURYH WKH SHUIRUPDQFH HLWKHU VWLIIHQLQJ WKH VWUXFWXUH
DQGLQFUHDVLQJLWVFDSDFLW\RUGHFUHDVLQJWKHGHPDQGRQWKHVWUXFWXUH
,Q WKLV VWXG\ DXWKRUV ZLOO SUHVHQW D PHWKRG RI VWLIIHQLQJ 5&IUDPHV ZLWK
VWHHO EUDFHG LQILOO VKHDU ZDOO V\VWHPV &RPSRVLWH DFWLRQ RI VWHHO EUDFH
V\VWHPDQGWKHUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHIUDPHZLOOEHLQYHVWLJDWHG
6WUHQJWK VWLIIQHVV DQG GXFWLOLW\ SURSHUWLHV RI UHKDELOLWDWHG DQG XQ
UHKDELOLWDWHGIUDPHVZLOOEHFRPSDUHGDQGSUHVHQWHGE\SXVKRYHUFXUYHV
3URSRVDOV ZLOO EH SUHVHQWHG WR LPSURYH VHLVPLF SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH
FRPSRVLWHEHKDYLRURI5&IUDPHVWHHOEUDFHVKHDUZDOOV\VWHP
3URSRVDOV ZLOO EH SUHVHQWHG IRU GHILQLQJ WKH FRPSRVLWH ZDOO V\VWHP LQ IDVW
HODVWLF DQDO\VLV ZKLFK ZLOO DOVR FRQVLGHU WKH VWLIIQHVV DQG GXFWLOLW\
SURSHUWLHVRIWKHFRPSRVLWHZDOOV\VWHPV
11

'g(0(775(01(<g1(/.
7$6$5,0/.(/(59(
.$5,/$7,50$/,1&(/(0(

0XVWDIDd2%$12/8 
0XVWDIDd2%$12/8 

g]JU$.d$ 
g]JU$.d$ 

%LULP0K0/WGWL

%LULP0K0/WGWL

%LULP0K0/WGWL

QDDW0KHQGLVL

QDDW0KHQGLVL

QDDW0KHQGLVL

$QNDUD7h5.<(

$QNDUD7h5.<(

%LULP0K0/WGWL
QDDW0KHQGLVL

$QNDUD7h5.<(

$QNDUD7h5.<(

%XUDN'2$1 
%XUDN'2$1 

%LULP0K0/WGWL
QDDW0KHQGLVL

$QNDUD7h5.<(

%LULP0K0/WGWL
QDDW0KHQGLVL

$QNDUD7h5.<(

g=(7
%X oDOPDGD VNONOD NDUODODQ oHOLN oHUoHYHOL G|HPH VLVWHPOHULQGHNL
WLWUHLP VRUXQX LQFHOHQPLWLU gQFHOLNOH G|HPHOHULQ GLQDPLN \NOHU
DOWQGDNL GDYUDQ DUGQGDQ GD G|HPHOHUGH ROXDQ WLWUHLPLQLQ
NDUDNWHULVWLN |]HOOLNOHUL ]HULQGH GXUXODFDNWU 7LWUHLPH \|QHOLN WDVDUP
NULWHUOHULQLQNVD ELUWDULKoHVLQGHQVRQUDJQP]GHNLWDVDUP\DNODPODU
YHX\JXODPD SUDWLNOHULRUWD\D NRQDFDNWU*QP]GHHQoRNNDEXOJ|UP
YHHQNDSVDPOWDVDUPNODYX]XRODUDNNXOODQODQ$,6&$PHULFDQ,QVWLWXWH
RI 6WHHO &RQVWUXFWLRQQVDQ $NWLYLWHVLQGHQ .D\QDNODQDQ '|HPH
7LWUHLPL HOHDOQDFDNWU6RQRODUDNLVHNRPSR]LWELUG|HPHQLQGD\DQP
YH VHKLPH J|UH WDVDUPQQ WLWUHLPH \|QHOLN NRQWUROQQ $,6& G|HPH
WLWUHLP NODYX]XQD J|UH LQFHOHQGLL ELU |UQHNOHUH \HU YHULOHFHNWLU *HUHNOL
J|UOHQ GHSODVPDQ OLPLWOHUL G|HPH WLWUHLPL YH ROXDELOHFHN UH]RQDQV
HWNLOHULQLNDSVDPDPDNWDGU
%LULP0KHQGLVOLN YH0DYLUOLN/WGWL

0DKDWPD*DQGKL 6RNDN *23$1.$5$ 7h5.<(

7HO  )D[ 

13

*5
<DSVDO WDVDUP EHOLUOH\HQ HQ |QHPOL NULWHUOHUGHQ ELUL NXOODQODELOLUOLNWLU
*QP]GH ELUoRN \DS LQVDQ DNWLYLWHOHUL YH PHNDQLN WLWUHLPOHUGHQ
ND\QDNODQDQ ULWPLN \NOHUH PDUX] NDOPDNWDGU %X \DSODUGD NXOODQP
\NOHUL DOWQGD ROXDQ VHKLPOHULQ \DQ VUD ROXDQ WLWUHLP \DSQQ LOHYLQL
HWNLOHPHNWH YH NXOODQODELOLUOLLQL EHOLUOHPHNWHGLU 5LWPLN \NOHU DOWQGDNL
KHU WU \DSGD NDUODODELOHFHN WLWUHLP VRUXQX NHQGLQL EHWRQDUPH
\DSODUGDQ GDKD oRN oHOLN YH NRPSR]LW VLVWHPOHUGH J|VWHUPHNWHGLU
hONHPL]GH oHOLLQ DUWDQ |QHPL\OH EHUDEHU X\JXODPDODUGD NDUODODQ HQ
E\N VRUXQODUGDQ ELUL RODQ WLWUHLP GDKD oRN G|HPHOHUGH YH WD\F
NLULOHUGHKLVVHGLOPHNWHGLU<DSVDOWDVDUPNRXOODUQDHNRODUDNNXOODQP
NRXOODU EDNPQGDQ G|HPH WLWUHLPLQ GH J|] |QQGH EXOXQGXUXOPDV
NRQXW L PHUNH]L JLEL VRV\DO \DSODUQ \DQ VUD KDVVDV HNLSPDQODU LoHUHQ
\NVHN WHNQRORML ELQDODU LoLQ GH JHUHNOLGLU '|HPH WDVDUPQGD WLWUHLPH
\|QHOLN \DNODP YH NRQWURO \DSQQ NXOODQP NRXOODUQ EHOLUOH\LFL
QLWHOLNWHGLU 6NONOD NDUODODQ oHOLN \DSODUGDNL G|HPH WLWUHLPLQH GDLU
ONHPL]GH WDVDUP NULWHUL EXOXQPDPDNWDGU .DSDVLWH YH VHKLPH \|QHOLN
WDVDUP LONHOHUL GLQDPLN \NOHUH PDUX] NDODQ G|HPH YH WD\F
HOHPDQODUGDROXDQWLWUHLPLLoHUPHPHNWHGLU
$0$d
%XELOGLULQLQDPDFoHOLNWD\F VLVWHPOLG|HPHOHUGHNLWLWUHLPNRQXVXQGD
WHPHO SUHQVLSOHUL YH EDVLW DQDOLWLN \DNODPODU VXQDELOPHNWLU %X ELOGLULGH
G|HPHWLWUHLPLNRQXVXQGDNVDOLWHUDWU|]HWLYHWDULKoHVXQXOXSDUGQGDQ
WHPHO WDVDUP NULWHUOHUL oHLWOL WDVDUP NODYX]ODU HOLLQGH |UQHNOHUOH
X\JXODQPYHNDUODWUOPWU6RQRODUDNLVHoHLWOLVWDQGDUWODUQG|HPH
WLWUHLPLLoLQWDVDUPNULWHUOHULYHVHKLPNRQWUROOHULLQFHOHQPLWLU
7$5+d(
<DS DQOD\P] JQP]H NDGDU LQVDQODUQ GHQH\LPOHULQL LoHUHUHN YH
HYULPOHHUHN JHOPLWLU<DSODUQNXOODQPDODQYHNRXOODUGHLWLNoH\HQL
VRUXQODU YH IDUNO o|]P DUD\ODU YDU ROPXWXU <DSODUGDNL KDUHNHWOL YH

14

ULWPLN \NOHULQ \DS NXOODQPD DONDQONODUP] GHLWLNoH \DWD\ WD\F

HOHPDQODUGD PH\GDQD JHWLUGLL WLWUHLP GLNNDW oHNLFL ROPD\D EDODPWU
7UDJROG  NLULOHULQ X]XQ DoNONODU JHoHUNHQ ]HULQGHNLOHULQ
VDUVOPDPDV LoLQ GHULQOLLQLQ DUWWUOPDV JHUHNWLLQL EHOLUWHUHN WLWUHLP
VRUXQXQD LON NH] GHLQPLWLU =DPDQOD WLWUHLP VRUXQX NLWOHOHULQ
\RXQODW YH EHUDEHU KDUHNHW KDOLQGH ROGXX L\HUOHUL VSRU YH DVNHUL
\DSODUGD \DSQQWPNXOODQODELOLUOLLQLEHOLUOH\LFLKDOHJHOPH\H EDODP
KDWWD UH]RQDQV \DSODU WHKGLW HGHU ROPXWXU '|HPH ULMLWOLL YH UH]RQDQV
oHOLN WD\FO G|HPH VLVWHPOHULQGH EDVLW N|SUOHUGH YH \D\D JHoLWOHULQGH
|QHPVHQPH\H EDODQPWU .RQXWODUGD G|HPH GHSODVPDQ  N3D \N
DOWQGDDoNOQGDELUL / RODUDNVQUODQGUOPWU$,6&
DVPD WDYDQO oHOLN NLULOL G|HPHOHUGH / VQUODPDVQ WLWUHLP
NRQWUROQGHKDOD NXOODQPDNWDGU'DKDL\LULMLWOLNNULWHULRODUDNG|HPHQLQ 
N1OXN QRNWDVDO \N DOWQGDNL GHSODVPDQ  PP LOH VQUODQGUOPWU
$QFDNVRQ\OODUD NDGDU \UPH YHULWPLN\NOHUGHQND\QDNODQDQUH]RQDQV
LKPDOHGLOPLWLUODUGDVWDQGDUWODUQ|QJ|UGULMLWOLNNULWHULQHUDPHQ
G|HPHOHUGH WLWUHLP SUREOHPL GHYDP HWWL /HQ]HQ  G|HPH
VLVWHPLQLQ V|QPOHQPHVLQLQ YH NWOHVLQLQ VLVWHPLQ ULMLWOLLQGHQ oRN GDKD
|QHPOL ROGXXQX RUWD\D NR\GX 'HSODVPDQ NRQWUROQH HN RODUDN LYPH\H
GD\DO \HQL ELU \DNODP JHOLWLULOPH\H EDODQG '|HPHQLQ NWOH YH
V|QPOHQPHVLQLQ GLQDPLN GDYUDQQD HWNLVLQL EDVLW ELU DPSLULN WDVDUP
NULWHULQH G|QWUHELOPHN LoLQ$OOHQYH5DLQHUGDUEH\HGD\DOHWNL
WHSNL GHQH\OHULQL \D\PODPODUGU GH 0XUUD\ ELUoRN G|HPHGH
EHQ]HUGHQH\OHU \UWS YH$OOHQ LOHELUOLNWHWH \UPH HWNLVLDOWQGD
JHUHNOL G|HPH |]HOOLNOHUL YH WDVDUP PHWRGXQX DoNODGODU %X GHQH\OHULQ
VRQXoODU.DQDGD6WDQGDUWODU(QVWLWV&6$QJLOL]6WDQGDUWODU(QVWLWV
%6,WDUDIQGDQoHOLN\DSODUQWDVDUPNULWHULQGHNXOODQOPDNWDGU
d(/. 7$,<,&,667(0/'g(0(/(51'2$/ )5(.$16,
dHOLN oHUoHYHOL G|HPH VLVWHPOHUL JHQHOOLNOH LNL \|QO YH ELUNDo IDUNO
WLWUHLP PRGXQD VDKLS VLVWHPOHUGLU '|HPH VLVWHPOHULQLQ GRDO IUHNDQV
VRQOX HOHPDQODU \|QWHPL NXOODQODUDN PRGDO DQDOL] VRQXFX EXOXQDELOLU
)DNDW WP \DSQQ DQDOL]L YH\D \HUHO HWNLOHULQ GH KHVDED NDWOPDV EX

15

\DNODP NDUPDNODWUGQGDQ GROD\ G|HPHOHU LoLQ GRDO IUHNDQV

KHVDEQQEDVLWOHWLULOPHVL\HULQGHGLU
'|HPHOHULoLQHQNULWLNPRGDOGDYUDQQDNODUYHNLULOHUOHEHUDEHU GH\
KDUHNHWOHQPHROGXX|QJ|UOHELOLU '|HPH VLVWHPLQLQULMLWOLLGH\GH WHN
\|QO ELU VHUEHVWOLN GHUHFHVLQH LQGLUJHQHUHN KHVDSODQDELOLU 5LMLWOLLQ
GRUXVDO \D\ VDELWL ROGXX KDWUODQUVD DN YH NLULOHUOH PHVQHWOHQHQ
G|HPHSODQQGRDOIUHNDQVDNYH NLULOHULQPRGDOGDYUDQD\U D\U
GLNNDWHDOQSVRQUDELUOHWLULOHUHNEXOXQXU 7PEX VLVWHPLGH\GH WD\DQ
NRORQODUQ GD GH\GHNL |WHOHQPH\H HWNLVL J|] |QQGH EXOXQGXUXOPDOGU
$NODUQYH\D NLULOHULQG|HPH\OH EHUDEHUGDYUDQNRPSR]LWNHVLWRODUDN
GQOPHOLGLU%XNRPSR]LWNHVLWOHUOHPRGHOOHQHQDNYH NLULOHULQGRDO
IUHNDQVODU G]JQ \D\O \NOHQPL EDVLW PHVQHWOL NLUL RODUDN
GQOGQGH

S J  ( ,
 Z/
V

 



IQ'RDOIUHNDQV+]
J<HUoHNLPLLYPHVLPV
(VdHOLNHODVWLVLWHNDWVD\V
,W'|QWUOPDWDOHWPRPHQWLNHVPHHWNLOHULDOWQGDNLHWNLQDWDOHW
PRPHQWL
Z%LULPPHVDIHGHG]JQ\D\O\N6HUYLV\N
/(OHPDQX]XQOXX
'HQNOHP  G]JQ \D\O \N DOWQGDNL NLULLQ PDNVLPXP VHKLPL
Z/(V,W
LOH\HQLGHQ\D]OGQGD

IQ



J
'



16

'|HPHVLVWHPLQLQDNODUYHNLULOHUOHEHUDEHUoDODQNRPSR]LWDNSDQHO
YH NLULSDQHO HOHPDQODUQD LQGLUJHQPHVL\OH GHQNOHP GDNL JLEL GRDO
IUHNDQV KHVDSODQU <NVHN ELQDODUGD GH\ NRORQODUQ IUHNDQV ULWPLN
\NOHUDOWQGDUH]RQDQV\DUDWDELOHFHNNDGDU D]GU%XWU\DSODUGDNRORQODU
D\UFD HOH DOQPDOGU 'HQNOHP H NRORQODUGDQ ND\QDNODQDQ VHKLPGH
HNOHQHUHNVLVWHPLQGRDOIUHNDQVEXOXQXU
M

 PDNVLPXP DNVHKLPL
 PDNVLPXPNLULVHKLPL
 HNVHQHONRORQNVDOPDV

IQ



J
' M  'J



IQ



J
' M  ' J  'F



J
F

775(0.$%8/.57(5/(5
,62 ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 6WDQGDUG 2UJDQL]DWLRQ LQVDQODUQ LYPHOHQPH\H
KDVVDVL\HWLQLQ \DWD\GD    +] DUDOQGD GH\GH LVH    +]
DUDOQGDNL WLWUHLPOHUGH PDNVLPXP ROGXXQX NDEXO HGHU <DSODUQ
NXOODQODELOLUOLLQGH \DSODUQ IUHNDQVQD \DNQ RODQ GH\ WLWUHLP HVDV
EHOLUOH\LFLGLU QVDQODUQ G|HPH WLWUHLPLQH KDVVDVL\HWL DOJ VHYL\HOHULQGHQ
\DODUQDEHNOHQWLOHULQGHQ XUDWNODULOHUHJ|UHIDUNOONODUJ|VWHULU(YYH
L\HULQGHNL LQVDQODU DOJVDO  \HUoHNLPL LYPHVLQH NDGDU KDVVDVNHQ
DNWLYLWH LoLQGHNL NLLOHU  NDW GDKD ID]OD
LYPH\L  J DOJOD\DP\RU $OODQ YH
YPHOH
QPH
0XUUD\  GHQH\OHUL VRQXFXQGD HNLO
2UDQ
GHNL
GLQDPLN
\N
WLWUHLPLQLQ
LYPHOHQPHVLQH
RUDQQQ
LQVDQODUQ
KDVVDVL\HWLQH J|UH WDVDUP NULWHUL RODUDN
VQUGHHUOHUJHWLUPLOHUGLU
5LWPLN

DNWLYLWHOHU G

oPHNDQ\D\D

\ROODUDOYHUL
\HPHN YH GDQV

(Y

'LQDPLN \NOHULQ LYPHOHQPH RUDQ

]DPDQDJ|UHGHLHQEX\NQNDUHOHULQLQ
WRSODPQQNDUHN|NDOQDUDNEXOXQDQUPV
URRW PHDQ VTXDUH GHHULQLQ \HUoHNLPL

17

,62UPV

)UHNDQV
HNLOQVDQKDVVDVL\HWL
LoLQ WDYVL\H HGLOHQ

LYPHVLQH RUDQGU ,62 ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 6WDQGDUG 2UJDQL]DWLRQ $OOHQ YH

0XUUD\Q EX oDOPDODUQ VWDQGDUW RODUDN NDEXO HWPL YH EX QD J|UH
UHIHUDQVHUHVLEHOLUOHPLWLU%XUHIHUDQV HHULVLQLNRQXWYHL\HUOHULLoLQ
DOYHUL\HUOHULLoLQULWPLNDNWLYLWHOHULoLQNDWQDoNDUODUDNWDVDUP
VQUODPDODUJHWLULOPLWLU
0XUUD\ oRN VD\GD G|HPH ]HULQGH \DSW GDUEH WHVWOHUL VRQXFXQGD
G|HPH WLWUHLPLQLQ JHQOLLQLQ G|HPHQLQ GRDO IUHNDQV\OD RODQ LOLNLVLQL
DPSULN RODUDN PRGHOOHU '|HPHQLQ GH\GH LYPHOHQPHVL\OH G|HPHQLQ
ULMLWOLL DUDVQGD ELU LOLNL NXUPX ROXU 'HQH\OHULQGHQ VHQWH]OHGLL YH
WDEORODWUG GRDO IUHNDQV IQ YH GLQDPLN \N IDNW|U '/) LOLNLVLQL
G|HPHQLQ V|QPOHPHVLQL EHOLUOHPHNWH NXOODQU '|HPH LoLQ JHUHNOL
PLQLPXP V|QPOHQPH RUDQQ EXOXS HNLO  \DUGP\OD EXOXQDELOHFHN
PHYFXW V|QPOHQPH\OH N\DVOD\DUDN G|HPH WDVDUPQ NRQWURO HWPH\L
DPDoODU HNLO  \DUGP\OD WDVDUPF\D JHUHNOL V|QPOHQPH RUDQQD J|UH
WDVDUPQN\DVODPDRODQDQYHULU
.D\QDN

6|QPOHQPH

6DGHG|HPH



7DYDQ



0HNDQLN 6LVWHPOHU



(\D YH HNLSPDQPLNWDUQDYH FLQVLQH

J|UHGHLLU



%|OPHGXYDUODUQ G|HPH\HHQD] o
QRNWDGDQWXWWXUXOGXXYH HQD] KHU
EH G|HPHNLULLQGHELU E|OPHGXYDU
ROPDNNRXOX LOH

%|OPH 'XYDUODU

$oNODPD
+DILI EHWRQOXLQFH G|HPHOHU LoLQDOW
VQU
1RUPDODUONWDNLNDOQEHWRQ
G|HPHOHU LoLQVW VQU
$VPDWDYDQODULoLQ DOWVQU
.LULOHUHWXWWXUXOPX WD NDSODPDLoLQ
VW VQU

HNLO 0HYFXWG|HPHVLVWHPLV|QPOHQPHRUDQODULoLQWDYVL\HHGLOHQDUDONODU
(HU G|HPHQLQ PHYFXW V|QPOHQPH RUDQ GHQ E\N YH\D GRDO
IUHNDQV  +]GHQ E\N LVH G|HPH ]DWHQ \HWHUOLGLU %XQXQ GQGDNL
GXUXPODUGDPHYFXWV|QPOHQPHRUDQDDGDNL JLELEXOXQDELOHFHNJHUHNOL
V|QPOHQPHRUDQ\ODN\DVODQU

18

/
( , W


$RW

 '/) 

PD[

6
   
GH
$RW
1 HII

1 HII
$R
' UHTG



  u  

/

,W

' UHTG t ' DYDLO




 $R  I Q  

' UHTG d ' DYDLO



o '|HPH\HWHUOLGLU
o '|HPH\HWHUOLGHLOGLU

$RW.LULLQPDNVLPXP JHQOLL
$R'|QWUOPNLULLQPDNVLPXPJHQOLL
'/)'LQDPLN\NIDNW|U0XUUD\QDPSULNWDEORVXQGDQ
1HII7RSODPHWNLQNLULVD\V
6.LULDoNO
GH(WNLQNLULGHULQOLL
IQGRDOIUHNDQV
*HUHNOL6|QPOHQPHDUDO

$oNODPD

'UHTG

'|HPHVLVWHPLKLoELU E|OPH GXYDUODU ROPDVD ELOH

\HWHUOLGLU

 'UHTG 

7DVDUPF RILV \HUOHLPLQLYHNXOODQPQ GLNNDWOLFH

J|]GHQJHoLUPHOLGLU

 'UHTG

7DVDUPF V|QPOHQPHQLQND\QDQ NHVLQRODUDN

EHOLUOHPHOLYH\D \DSD\HN ELU V|QPOH\LFL
VDODPDOGU *HUHNLUVH G|HPH\HQLGHQ
WDVDUODQPDOGU

HNLO *HUHNOL6|QPOHQPH2UDQ.\DVODPD7DEORVX
/HQ]HQ  5HLKHU0HLVWHULQ GHNL LQVDQQ WLWUHLP DOJV ]HULQH
\DSWNODU oDOPDODUQ JHOLWLUHUHN V|QPOHQPH RUDQ GHQ NoN RODQ
G|HPH VLVWHPOHULQGH GRDO IUHNDQV YH VDOQP JHQOLL VHKLP

19

SDUDPHWUHOHULQLLQVDQQ DOJVQDJ|UHVQIODQGUGHNLOGH J|UOHELOHFHN

*HOLWLULOPL 5HLKHU0HLVWHU |OoHL\OH 0XUUH\ GHQNOHPOHULQGHQ HOGH
HGLOHELOHFHN WLWUHLP JHQOLL$R YH GRDO IUHNDQVD J|UH G|HPHOHU LoLQ
V|QPOHQPH\LLoHUPHPHVLQHUDPHQJHoHUOLELUGHHUOHQGLUPH\DSODELOLU


.DEXO
HGLOHELOLU

*HQOLN$R

<RXQ
DOJODQU



.DEXO
HGLOHPH]



+DILI
DOJODQU





)UHNDQVIQ+]PH]

HNLO *HOLWLULOPL5HLKHU0HLVWHUDOJODQDELOLUOLN|OoHL
$OOHQ YH 5HLQHU G|HPH WLWUHLPLQH \HQLOLN JHWLUHUHN WLWUHLPLQ
LYPHOHQPHVLQLQ HWNLVL ]HULQGH GXUGXODU 0DNVLPXP LYPHOHQPH\L GRDO
IUHNDQV YH V|QPOHQPH RUDQ FLQVLQGHQ LIDGH HGHQ oDOPDODU &6$
&DQDGLDQ 6WDQGDUG $VVRFLDWLRQ 66WHHO 6WUXFWXUH IRU %XLOGLQJV
/LPLW6WDWH'HVLJQHN RODUDNDOQG0DNVLPXPLYPHOHQPHDPD[ VDOQP
JHQOLL $R YH KDUPRQLN G|HPH WHSNLVLQLQ GRDO IUHNDQVQ IRQNVL\RQX
RODUDNDDGDNLJLELEXOXQXUYHHNLOGHNL &6$G|HPHWLWUHLPNULWHULQH
J|UHNRQWUROHGLOLU
D PD[



 S  I Q  $R

20



0DNVLPXPLYPHOHQPHRUDQDPD[
J
6|QPOHQPH 


6|QPOHQPH

6|QPOHQPH





 GHYLU



)UHNDQVIQ+]



HNLO&6$G|HPHWLWUHLPNULWHULQ

$,6& $PHULFDQ ,QVWLWXWH RI 6WHHO &RQVWUXFWLRQ &6$QQ NDEXO HWWLL

LYPH\H YH IUHNDQVD GD\DO G|HPH WLWUHLP NRQWUROQ JHOLWLUHUHN YH
0XUUH\ oDOPDODUQLoHUHUHN GH QVDQ $NWLYLWHVLQGHQ .D\QDNODQDQ
'|HPH7LWUHLPLEDONONDSVDPOELUWDVDUPNODYX]X\D\PODG
%X NODYX]GD PDNVLPXP LYPHOHQPHQLQ UH]RQDQV DOWQGD ROGXX
GXUXPODUGD G|HPH LYPHOHQPHVL DDGD EHOLUWLOGLL JLEL EXOXQXS NDEXO
HGLOHELOLUVQUODULoLQGHROXSROPDGNRQWUROHGLOLU

D 5D L 3
FRV S L I VWHS W 
J
E :
DJG|HPHLYPHOHQPHRUDQ
3.LLQLQDUOWDVDUPLoLQN1
DOQU
L  LLQFLKDUPRQLNNXYYHWLoLQGLQDPLN
\NNDWVD\V
L$GPIUHNDQVQQKDUPRQLL
21

IVWHS$GPIUHNDQV
5$]DOWPDNDWVD\V
\D\D \ROODULoLQ
G|HPHOHULoLQ
0RGDOV|QPOHQPH
:(WNLOLG|HPHDUO

<UPHGHQ ND\QDNODQDQ PDNVLPXPLYPHQLQELULQFLKDUPRQLNWHROPDVYH

GLQDPLN NDWVD\ YH IUHNDQV I DUDVQGDNL LOLNL
H[SI 
HNOLQGHVDGHOHWLULOGLLQGH
L

DS
J

3  H[S   I Q  D 
d
E :
J



D JG|HPHLYPHOHQPHRUDQ
D J/LPLWLYPHOHQPHRUDQ
3 6DELW\NG|HPHOHULoLQN1\D\D \ROODULoLQLoLQN1
I '|HPHGRDOIUHNDQV
R

'RDO IUHNDQV  +]GHQ NoN G|HPHOHU NHVLQOLNOH NDEXO HGLOHPH]GLU

%LUoRN\DSLoLQ+] DUDOWDYVL\H HGLOLU$,6&\HJ|UHGRDOIUHNDQV
 +]DUDOQGDRODQG|HPHOHUGHHNLOGHNL 0XUUH\LQ+]DUDO
LoLQ WDYVL\H HWWLL PDNVLPXP LYPHOHQPH RUDQ NXOODQOU 6SRU VDORQX JLEL
|]HO\DSODUGDGRDO IUHNDQVQ+]WHQE\NROPDVWDYVL\HHGLOLU'|HPH
GRDO IUHNDQV GHQ E\NVH DGP YXUXODUQQ GDUEH HWNLVL UH]RQDQVWDQ
GDKD NULWLN ROXU 'RDO IUHNDQVQ GDKD E\N RODELOHFHL GXUXPODUGD WP
NHVLWER\XQFDPLQLPXPN1PPULMLWOLNNRXOXJHWLULOPLWLU
g51(. 8<*8/$0$
.DEDLQDDWWDPDPODQPELULPHUNH]LELQDVQGDED]G|HPHOHUGH
WLWUHLPVRUXQX\ODNDUODOPWU%LQDQQG|HPHVLVWHPLoHOLNoHUoHYHOL
WD\FVLVWHPYHWUDSH]VDFVWQHEHWRQX\JXODQDUDNNRPSR]LWELU
G|HPHGLU'|HPHIUHNDQV+]RODUDNEXOXQPXWXU
3UDWLNWHEXIUHNDQVWDNLELUG|HPHGHWLWUHLPROPDPDVJHUHNPHNWHGLU
0XUUH\ V|QPOHQPHNULWHULQHEDNOUVD
.LULX]XQOXX/ P
.LULDUDO6 P

22

(WNLQG|HPHGHULQOLLGH FP $RW  FP

.RPSR]LW,W FP
1 HII 
'/) 
$R  FP
$RW FP
' UHTG

GHQNOHPGHQ
GHQNOHPGDQ
GHQNOHPGDQ

  J GHQNOHPGHQ

0HYFXWV|QPOHQPHRUDQHNLOQLQ\DUGP\OD
'DYDLO G|HPH DVPDWDYDQ PHNDQLNVLVWHPOHU
0HYFXWV|QPOHQPHRUDQJHUHNOLV|QPOHQPHRUDQQGDQ\NVHNWLU
'|HPH0XUUH\NULWHULQLVDODPDNWDGU
HNLOWHNLJHOLWLULOPL5HLKHU0HLVWHUDOJODQDELOLUOLN|OoHLQHJ|UH
PDNVLPXPVDOQPJHQOLL$R  FPYHGRDOIUHNDQVRODQ
G|HPHGHKDILIVDOQPKLVVHGLOHELOLU
'HQNOHP \DUGP\ODG|HPHGHNLPDNVLPXPLYPHOHQPHJRODUDN
EXOXQDELOLUHNLOWHNL&6$G|HPHWLWUHLPNULWHULQHEDNOUVD0XUUH\
NULWHULLoLQJHUHNOLV|QPOHQPHRUDQLoLQPDNVLPXPLYPHOHQPH J
RODUDNEXOXQDELOLU'|HPHVLVWHPL&6$G|HPHWLWUHLPNULWHULQH
X\JXQGXU
'|HPHWDVDUPWLWUHLPNULWHUOHULQHX\JXQGXU%LQDQQNDEDLQDDW
VUDVQGDWLWUHLPJ|]OHPOHQPLWLU'|HPHGHNLLQFHPDO]HPHOHULQYHE|OPH
GXYDUDVPDWDYDQPHNDQLNVLVWHPOHUJLELV|QPOH\LFLHOHPDQODUQELQDQQ
NDEDLQDDWQGDROPD\QGDQROD\WLWUHLPVRUXQXQROXWXX
GQOPWU%LQDWDPDPODQGNWDQVRQUDWLWUHLPLQRUWDGDQNDONPDVEX
GQFHQLQGRUXROGXXQXJ|VWHUPLWLU

23

6218d
'|HPHOHUGH ROXDELOHFHN WLWUHLP VRUXQX WDVDUP DDPDVQGD LNHQ
\DSODELOHFHN NRQWUROOHUOH UDKDWONOD |QOHQHELOLU <DSQQ LOHYL JHUHL
WLWUHLPH QHGHQ RODQ \NOHUH PDUX] G|HPHOHUGH EDWD G|HPH WD\F
HOHPDQODUQQGRDOIUHNDQVODUQQEHOLUOLELUDUDONWDWXWXOPDVROPDN]HUH
PLPDUL GHWD\ODU PDO]HPHOHULQ |]HOOLNOHUL WLWUHLPL HQJHOOH\HELOPHNWHGLU
%X NDSVDPGD NXOODQODQ DVPD WDYDQODU E|OPH GXYDUODU YH ELQD LoLQGHNL
G|HPH\H EDO WHVLVDWODU YH DNVHVXDUODU G|HPH WLWUHLPLQ HQHUMLVLQL
VRXUPDNWD YH WLWUHLPH HQJHO ROPDNWDGUODU 0LPDUL GHWD\ODU LoLQGH
|]HOOLNOH E|OPH GXYDUODU G|HPH WLWUHLPLQL HQJHOOHPH NRQXVXQGD
GLHUOHULQHJ|UHoG|UWNDWGDKDHWNLQGLUOHU
'DKDWDVDUPDDPDVQGD \DSQQLOHYLYHPLPDULVLJ|]|QQHDOQGQGD
NDUODODELOHFHNG|HPHWLWUHLPLSRWDQVL\HOLEDVLW|QOHPOHUOHJLGHULOHELOLU
8\JXODPD |UQHLQGH GH J|UOG JLEL WLWUHLPL RUWDGDQ NDOGUPDN LoLQ
VDGHFH WD\F VLVWHP HOHPDQODUQ JoOHQGLUPHN HWNLOL YH HNRQRPLN ELU
o|]P ROPDPDNWDGU .DOG NL EHOOL ELU GRDO IUHNDQVQ VWQH oNDQ
HOHPDQODUGDGDGLQDPLN\NOHULQGDUEHHWNLVLIDUNOELUVRUXQRODUDNRUWD\D
oNPDNWDGU %X QHGHQOH \DS WD\F VLVWHPLQLQ  +] GRDO IUHNDQV
DUDOQGD WXWXOPDV WLWUHLPLQ |QOHQPHVL LoLQ \XNDUGD EHOLUWLOHQ GLHU
PLPDULYHWHVLVDWHQVWUXPDQODUQGDQ\DUDUODQOPDVGRUXYHJHUHNOLGLU

.$<1$./$5
 $,6& 6WHHO 'HVLJQ *XLGH 6HULHV  )ORRU 9LEUDWLRQV 'XH WR +XPDQ
$FWLYLW\QG
 $' 'HVLJQFRQVLGHUDWLRQVIRU WKHYLEUDWLRQRI IORRUV3DUW
1HZ6WHHO&RQFWUXFWLRQ9RO1R
 +,&.66-.,1*&0 DQG'(9,1(3-
'HVLJQJXLGHRQWKH YLEUDWLRQRI WKH IORRUV6&,6HFRQG(GLWLRQ
 ,5& ,QVWLWXWHIRU5HVHDUFKLQ&RQVWUXFWLRQ
KWWS QUFFQUFJFFDSUDFWLFHJHQB(KWPO
 'HVLJQ3UDFWLFH WR3UHYHQW)ORRU9LEUDWLRQV)UD]DG1DHLP3K'6(

24

'(6,*1&5,7(5,(6)25)/225
9,%5$7,21$1'&203$5$7,9(
678'<

$%675$&7

,Q WKLV DUWLFOH EDVLF GHVLJQ SULQFLSOHV IRU IORRU YLEUDWLRQ SUREOHP RQ VWHHO
IUDPH V\VWHPVZHUH FRQVLGHUHG0RGDOEHKDYLRXUVRIWKH VODEXQGHU YHUWLFDO
ORDGV DQG RQ WKH G\QDPLF UHVSRQVH RI WKH VODE ZHUH GLVFXVVHG $IWHU WKH
KLVWRULFDOEDFNJURXQG RIWKHIORRUYLEUDWLRQDQGWKHIXQGDPHQWDOGHILQLWLRQV
ZHUH SUHVHQWHGGLIIHUHQWGHVLJQ SUDFWLFHVDQGGHVLJQJXLGHVZHUH GLVFXVVHG
WRJLYH WKHFRQFHSWRI WKH IORRUYLEUDWLRQFRQWURO)RUIORRUYLEUDWLRQFRQWURO
0XUUH\V $FFHSWDELOLW\ &ULWHULRQ 0RGLILHG 5HLKHU0HLVWHU 6FDOH &6$
6FDOH &DQDGLDQ 6WDQGDUG $VVRFLDWLRQ YH $,6& $PHULFDQ ,QVWLWXWH RI
6WHHO&RQVWUXFWLRQ'HVLJQ*XLGH6HULHV)ORRUYLEUDWLRQGXHWR+XPDQ
$FWLYLW\ ZHUHJRQHRYHU$FFHOHUDWLRQDQGWKHGLVSODFHPHQWFRQWUROVZHUH
H[SODLQHG DV D EDVLF GHVLJQ SDUDPHWHU $IWHU DOO D FRPSRVLWH VODE ZDV
GLVFXVVHGDVD FDVH VWXG\ RIWKH IORRUYLEUDWLRQ7R VDWLVI\ WKHVHUYLFHDELOLW\
DQG KXPDQ FRPIRUW VWUXFWXUDO GHVLJQV VKRXOG EH FKHFNHG IRU IORRU
YLEUDWLRQ

25

d(/. 9( 35()$%5.+$1*$5<$3,/$5'$
1$$7 0$/<(7/(511 .$5,/$7,5,/0$6,

1LQHO $7$
$U*|U

$\KDQ18+2/8
<UG'Ro'U

+LNPHW$<',1
3URI'U

(JHhQLY0K )DNQDDW0KHQGLVOLL%|OP
%RUQRYD]PLU7h5.<(
g=(7
dHOLN YH SUHIDEULN EHWRQDUPH RODUDN GL]D\Q HGLOPL RODQ EHQ]HU KDQJDU
\DSODUQQ LON LQD PDOL\HWOHUL DUDWUOP YH HOGH HGLOHQ VRQXoODUQ
NDUODWUOPDV \DSOPWU dDOPD NDSVDPQGD      PHWUH
DoNONOD PHWUH\NVHNOLNWHROPDN]HUHWRSODPDGHWKDQJDUWLSL\DS
oHOLN YH SUHIDEULN RODUDN GL]D\Q HGLOPLWLU %HQ]HU \DSVDO |]HOOLNOHU HVDV
DOQDUDN DQDOL] HGLOHQ \DSODUQ ]PLU LOLQGH LQD HGLOHFHNOHUL GQOPWU
%|\OHFH HOGH HGLOHQ WD\F VLVWHP ER\XWODUQD J|UH JHUHNOL NHLIOHU \DSODUDN
LON LQD WXWDUODU KHVDS HGLOPLWLU 0DOL\HW WHVSLWL \UUONWH RODQ UHVPL ELULP
IL\DWODU YH LQDDW E|OJHVLQGHNL SL\DVD IL\DWODU GLNNDWH DOQPWU dDOPD
NDSVDPQGD VHoLOHUHN LQFHOHQHQ \DSODU LoLQ HOGH HGLOHQ VRQXoODU
GHHUOHQGLULOGLLQGH SUHIDEULN KDQJDU \DSVQQ oHOLN KDQJDU \DSVQD N\DVOD
 DUDVQGD GHLHQ RUDQODUGD GDKD XFX]D LQD HGLOHELOGLL J|UOPWU
%XQXQODELUOLNWH \DSODUQHNRQRPLN |PUOHULEDNPPDVUDIODU JHULG|QP
|]HOOLNOHUL YH GHSUHPH NDU GDYUDQODU GLNNDWH DOQGQGD oHOLN WD\F
VLVWHPH VDKLS KDQJDU \DSODUQQ X]XQ ]DPDQ GLOLPLQGH GDKD DYDQWDMO RODFD
GHHUOHQGLULOPLWLU

27

*5
)DUNO DOWHUQDWLIOHU DUDVQGDQ X\JXODQPDVQD NDUDU YHULOHFHN \DS WLSLQLQ
VHoLOPHVLQH HWNL HGHQ ELUoRN IDNW|U YDUGU %XQODUGDQ JYHQOLN
X\JXODQDELOLUOLN IRQNVL\RQHOOLN HVWHWLNOLN LQD YH NXOODQP VUHOHUL JLEL
SDUDPHWUHOHU EDOFD RODQODUGU )DNDW WP EXQODUD EDO RODUDN VRQXo
GHHUOHQGLUPHGH HNRQRPLNOLN HVDV XQVXU RODUDN NDUP]D oNPDNWDGU
*QP]\DSPKHQGLVOLLQGHNL E\N\DSODU WD\FVLVWHPLQGHNXOODQODQ
PDO]HPH\H J|UHEHWRQDUPH oHOLNYH\DEHWRQDUPHoHOLN NDUPD ROPDN ]HUHo
VQIWD WRSODPDN PPNQGU %HWRQDUPH VQIQGD \HU DODQ SUHIDEULN \DSODU
ONHPL]GH|]HOOLNOHVRQ\OODUGD oHOLN \DSODUDGD DOWHUQDWLIRODUDNVNONOD WHUFLK
HGLOPHNWHGLU 8\JXOD\FODU \DSODFDN \DSQQ WUQH NXOODQP DPDFQD YH
ER\XWODUQD J|UH KDQJL WLS WD\F VLVWHPL VHoHFHNOHULQL JHQL NDSVDPO RODUDN
GHHUOHQGLUHUHN NDUDU YHUPHOLGLU 6UHNOL RODUDN JHOLHQ YH GHLHQ ONHPL]
LQDDW VHNW|U NRXOODUQGD KHU \|QGHQ X\JXQ \DS WLSLQLQ VHoLOPHVL\OH JHQHO
NDSVDPGD YHX]XQ YDGHGH|QHPOLNDWNODUQ VDODQDFDDLNDUGU
%XoDOPDGD EHQ]HU JHRPHWULN |]HOOLNOHUH VDKLS KDQJDU WLSLoHOLN YH SUHIDEULN
EHWRQDUPH \DSODUQ LON LQD PDOL\HWOHUL DUDWUOP YH HOGH HGLOHQ GHHUOHU
NDUODWUODUDN GHHUOHQGLULOPLWLU $oNONODU P P P P YH P
\NVHNOLNOHUL P YH P RODQ IDUNO ER\XWODUGDNL  DGHW KDQJDU oHOLN YH
EHWRQDUPH SUHIDEULN RODUDN GL]D\Q HGLOPL YH WD\F VLVWHPOHULQLQ VWDWLN oHOLN
YH EHWRQDUPH KHVDSODU D\Q G \N YHULOHUL LoLQ JHUoHNOHWLULOHUHN LPDODW
SURMHVLQH HVDV RODUDN ER\XWODQGUOPWU <DSODUQ ER\XWODU EHOLUOHQLUNHQ KHU
LNL WLS WD\F VLVWHPLQ GH \D\JQ RODUDN NXOODQODELOLU RODFD GQOPWU
<DSVDODQDOL]OHU\UUONWHRODQPHYFXW\|QHWPHOLNOHUNDSVDPQGD \DSOPWU
6|] NRQXVX \DSODU ]PLU LOL GDKLOLQGH LQD HGLOHFHL NDEXO HGLOPLWLU
)L\DWODQGUPDGD \DOQ]FD WD\F VLVWHP LOH LOJLOL RODQ WHPHO NRORQ PDNDV YH
EDODQWHOHPDQODU JLEL HOHPDQODU GLNNDWHDOQPWU
dDOPDQQ DPDF ONHPL] PHYFXW NRXOODUQGD oHOLN YH SUHIDEULN EHWRQDUPH
\DSODU DUDVQGD oHLWOL ER\XWODU LoLQ HNRQRPLNOLN N\DVODPDV \DSDELOPHNWLU
*HQHOOLNOH GHSR IDEULND YH\D DW|O\H JLEL VDQD\LDPDoOYH\D VHUJL DOYHULYH

28

J|VWHUL PHNDQODUROXWXUPDNLoLQNXOODQODQ KDQJDUWLSL\DSODU|]HOOLNOHE\N

DoNONODU GXUXPXQGD oHOLN YH\DSUHIDEULN EHWRQDUPH RODUDN LQD HGLOPHNWHGLU
dDOPDGD LQFHOHQHQ|UQHN\DSODUQ LoLQGH \DWD\ YH GH\WDPDODU VDOD\DQ
 WRQ NDSDVLWHOL NUHQ VLVWHPL GLNNDWH DOQPWU )DUNO DoNON YH \NVHNOLN
GHHUOHULQH VDKLS WD\F VLVWHPOHULQ VHoLOPHVLQGHNL DPDo PDOL\HW GHLLPLQLQ
\DSER\XWX\ODRODQLOLNLVLKDNNQGDGD ILNLUHGLQHELOPHNWLU

 d$/,0$<g17(0
dDOPD GHLLN ER\XWODUGDNL oHOLN YH SUHIDEULN EHWRQDUPH KDQJDU \DSODUQD
DLWELUGL]L\DSVDO KHVDSODUYHEX DQDOL]OHU VRQXFXQGDER\XWODQGUODQ\DSODUQ
WD\FVLVWHPOHULQHDLWLONLQDDWPDOL\HWL NHLIOHULQLLoHUPHNWHGLU
+DQJDUQ<DSVDOg]HOOLNOHULYH$QDOL]OHUL
hONHPL]GHNLoHOLNWD\F VLVWHPOHU JHQHOOLNOH IDEULND DW|O\H GHSRJ|VWHUL YH
VHUJL VDORQX JLEL \DSODUGD NXOODQOPDNWDGUdHOHEL  %X DPDoODUOD LQD
HGLOHQ YH KDQJDU RODUDN GD DGODQGUODQ \DSODUOD VNONOD NDUODOPDNWDGU
dDOPDGD LQFHOHQHQ \DSODUGD EX DPDoODUOD NXOODQODELOHFHN WP \DS
HOHPDQODU J|] |QQGH EXOXQGXUXOPXWXU +DQJDUODUGD oRXQOXNOD \DS
LoHULVLQGH \DWD\ YH GH\ WDPD \NOHPH YH ERDOWPDODUQ \DSOPDVQ
VDOD\DQ NUHQ VLVWHPL NXOODQOPDNWDGU <N KHVDSODUQGD  WRQ NDOGUPD
NDSDVLWHOL ELU NUHQLQ oDODFD GQOPWU QFHOHQHQ KDQJDUODUGD ELUNDo
IDUNO DoNOQ YH \NVHNOLLQ VHoLOPHVLQGHNL DPDo EX SDUDPHWUHOHUH EDO
RODUDN KDQJL PDO]HPH LOH \DSODQ \DSQQ GDKD HNRQRPLN RODFDQQ WHVSLW
HGLOPHVLGLU+DQJDUODU  YHPHWUH ROPDN]HUHEHIDUNODoNON
YHKHUELULLoLQ YHPHWUHROPDN]HUHLNLIDUNO \NVHNOLNWHGLU$NWLI RODUDN
NXOODQODFDN KDFLPOHULQ GH KHP SUHIDEULN EHWRQDUPH o|]PGH KHP GH oHOLN
o|]PGH D\Q ROPDV JHUHNWLLQGHQ oDW HLPOHUL GH D\Q NDEXO HGLOPLWLU 
 YH  PHWUH DoNONODU LoLQ oDW HLPL    YH  PHWUH LoLQ  GLU
0DNDV DUDONODU SUHIDEULN EHWRQDUPH X\JXODPDGD JHQHOOLNOH  PHWUH WHUFLK

29

HGLOGLLQGHQ WP VLVWHPOHUGH PDNDVODU DUDV PHVDIH LoLQ EX GHHU DOQPWU
'ROD\V\OD SODQGDNL PDNDV WRSODP VD\V  DGHW YH ER\XQD GRUXOWXGDNL
WRSODPX]XQOXN LVH PHWUHGLU
dHOLN KDQJDUODU dDW PDNDVODUG]OHP NDIHV VLVWHPRODUDN VHoLOPLWLU HNLO
 GH J|UOHQ +RZH 3UDWW YH 7UDSH]RLGDO 3UDWW WLSL oHOLN oDW PDNDVODU
PHWUH\H NDGDU RODQ DoNONODUGD YH GN oDW HLPOHULQGH X\JXQ o|]POHU
YHUPHNWHGLU +LEEHOHU  %X o PDNDV WLSLQGHQ KDQJLVLQLQ WHUFLK
HGLOHFHLQLQ WHVSLWL KHU ELU PDNDV LoLQ \DSODQ VWDWLN NHVLW YH DUON
KHVDSODPDODU VRQXFXQGD EHOLUOHQPLWLU dDW PDNDV NRORQ ELUOHLPL KHU LNL
PHVQHW QRNWDVQGDGDPDIVDOORODUDNGQOPWU

3UDWW

+RZH

7UDSH]RLGDO3UDWW

HNLO QFHOHQHQ oHOLNNDIHVPDNDVODU

.RORQODU WHPHOOHUH DQNDVWUH RODUDN EDODQPWU<DSODUQ HQ GQGD EXOXQDQ

DNVODUGD NDIHV NLUL \HULQH GROX J|YGHOL NLULOHUGHQ ROXDQ \DWD\ YH GH\
HOHPDQODUOD GHVWHNOHQPL NDONDQ GXYDU GL]D\Q HGLOPLWLU %LQDQQ \DWD\
\|QGHNL VWDELOLWHVLQLVDODPDNDPDF\ODoDW G]OHPLQGH YH \DQGXYDUODUGD 
 DNVODUDUDVQD \DWD\ VWDELOLWHEDODQWODU\HUOHWLULOPLWLU
dDW NDSODPD PDO]HPHVL RODQ DOPLQ\XP VDQGYLo SDQHOLQ ]DWL DUO YH NDU
\N DOWQGD JHoLOHELOHFHN PDNVLPXP DoNONODUD J|UH DN DUDO
EHOLUOHQPLWLU $NODU SODQGD VUHNOL NLUL RODUDN oDOPDNWDGU *HUHNOL
\HUOHUGH HN \DSODFDNWU $\Q ]DPDQGD DNODUQ oDW HLPL GRUXOWXVXQGD
VHKLPLQL D]DOWPDN YH GROD\V\OD DN NHVLWOHULQL NoOWPHN DPDF\OD LNL DNV
DUDVQGD oWHELUQRNWDODUGDQJHUJLoXEXNODUNXOODQOPWU
+HU ELU DoNONWDNL oDW PDNDVQGD HQ HNRQRPLN RODQ NDIHV VLVWHPL WD\LQ
HGHELOPHN DPDF\OD GLNPHOHU DUDV X]DNONODU IDUNO HNLOGH VHoLOPLWLU %X
VHoLPGH NXOODQODQ oDW NDSODPD PDO]HPHVLQLQ HPQL\HWOL JHoHELOHFHL

30

PDNVLPXP PHVQHW PHVDIHVL GLNNDWH DOQDUDN NDIHV VLVWHPOHU DDGD EHOLUWLOHQ

HNLOOHUGHROXWXUXOPXWXU
 YH PHWUH DoNONODUGDNDIHVVLVWHPGL]D\Q HGLOLUNHQ LONDOWHUQDWLIRODUDN
DNODUQ GLNPHGL\DJRQDO ELUOHLPOHUL ]HULQGH ROGXX NLQFLDOWHUQDWLIRODUDN
DNODUQ KHP GLNPH GL\DJRQDO ELUOHLPOHUL ]HULQGH KHP GH LNL GP
QRNWDVQQVWEDONWDNLWDPRUWDVQGDROGXXGQOPWU YH PHWUH
DoNONODUGD NDIHV VLVWHP GL]D\Q HGLOLUNHQ DNODUQ KHP GLNPH GL\DJRQDO
ELUOHLPOHUL ]HULQGH KHP GH LNL GP QRNWDVQQ WDP RUWDVQGD ROGXX
GQOPWU (NRQRPLN RODQQ EXOXQDELOPHVLLoLQEX HNLOGHIDUNOLNLGLNPH
DUDO GLNNDWH DOQDUDN LNL VLVWHP GL]D\Q HGLOPLWLU  PHWUH KDULo KHU ELU
DoNONLoLQLNLHU WLS NDIHVVLVWHPGL]D\Q HGLOPLWLU+HUELU DoNONWDLNLIDUNO
VLVWHP LoLQ DN DUDONODUQD EDO RODUDN DN NHVLWOHUL EHOLUOHQPLWLU +HU ELU
DoNON LoLQ VHoLOHQ NDIHV VLVWHPOHU |QFHOLNOH EDVLW PHVQHWOL NLUL RODUDN
o|]OPOHUGLU %|\OHFH  PHWUH DoNON LoLQ o    YH  PHWUH
DoNONODULoLQ DOWDUNDIHVVLVWHPEWQ \NOHPHOHU J|]|QQGH EXOXQGXUXODUDN
6$3 SDNHW SURJUDP \DUGP LOH VWDWLN RODUDN DQDOL] HGLOPLWLU 6WDWLN
DQDOL]OHU ONHPL]GHNL PHYFXW VWDQGDUWODU YH \|QHWPHOLNOHU GDKLOLQGH KD]U
ELOJLVD\DU SURJUDP NXOODQODUDN \DSOPWU <N DQDOL]LQGH ]DWL WDP NDU
\DUP NDUU]JDU NUHQ NUHQ IUHQL YHGHSUHP \NOHULGLNNDWHDOQPWU<DSODU
 GHUHFH GHSUHP E|OJHVL GDKLOLQGHGLU =HPLQ VQI = ]HPLQ HPQL\HW
JHULOPHVLWP GRQ GHULQOLLFPNDU\N NJPDOQPWU
P
P

P

P

P
P

P

P


P

P

31

P
P

P

P

P

P

P

HNLO )DUNODoNONODU LoLQVHoLOHQ oDW

%XNDSVDPGDEHOLUOHQHQ DNODUYH EXQODUQ]DWL\NOHULNDIHVVLVWHPLQ WDKPLQL

]DWL \N oDW NDSODPDVQQ ]DWL \N YH NDU \NQGHQ PH\GDQD JHOHQ \N
NRPELQDV\RQX LoLQNHVLW WHVLUOHUL PDNVLPXPGHHUOHULYHUPLWLU(OGH HGLOHQEX
NHVLW WHVLUOHUL LOH NDIHV VLVWHPOHULQ VW EDON DOW EDON GLNPH YH GL\DJRQDO
NHVLWOHUL WD\LQ HGLOPLWLU +HU ELU DoNON LoLQ KHVDSODQDQ EX SURILOOHULQ WRSODP
DUONODU YH ER\D DODQODUKHVDSODQPYH HQHNRQRPLN RODQoDWNDIHVVLVWHPL
EHOLUOHQPLWLU %X DQDOL]OHU VRQXFXQGD KHU ELU DoNON LoLQ VHoLOHQ NDIHV
PDNDVODUYH WLSLNKDQJDU GH\ NHVLWLHNLOGH J|VWHULOPLWLU
7D\FVLVWHPHOHPDQODUQQ ER\XWODQGUOPDVQGDLOJLOL VWDQGDUWODU LOHELUOLNWH
PHYFXW SL\DVD NRXOODU GD GLNNDWH DOQPWU dHOLN KDQJDUODUGD SL\DVDGD
\D\JQ RODUDN NXOODQODQ , / YH 8 NHVLWOL SURILOOHU WHUFLK HGLOPLWLU .RORQODU
oDWGDQ JHOHQ ]DWL YH NDU \NOHUL HQLQH GRUXOWXGDNL U]JDU \NOHUL GHSUHP
\NOHUL NUHQ YH NUHQLQ KDUHNHWLQGHQ GROD\ HWNL\HQ IUHQ \NOHUL WHVLULQGH
ROXDFDN HQ E\N PRPHQW YH HNVHQHO NXYYHW WHVLUOHULQL YHUHQ \N
NRPELQDV\RQXQD J|UH ER\XWODQGUOPWU .RORQODU EHWRQDUPH WHNLO WHPHOOHUH
DQNDVWUH RODUDN EDODQPWU dDW G]OHPLQGH NHQDU DoNONONODUGD YH DUWD
DoNONWD GL\DJRQDOVWDELOLWHEDODQWODUWHNLO HGLOPLWLU $\UFD KHUELU KDQJDU
LoLQX\JXQNDONDQGXYDUGL]D\QHGLOPLWLU

32

3UHIDEULN +DQJDUODU dHOLN RODUDN GL]D\Q HGLOHQ KDQJDUODU D\Q JHRPHWUL YH

\N GXUXPODU LoLQSUHIDEULNEHWRQDUPHRODUDNKHVDSODQPWU%X DPDoOD]PLU
E|OJHVLQGH SUHIDEULN UHWLP \DSPDNWD RODQ oHLWOL ILUPDODU LOH NRRUGLQH
NXUXODUDN oDOPDODU \DSOP YH WD\F HOHPDQODUQ ER\XWODU EHOLUOHQPLWLU
6WDWLN YH EHWRQDUPH KHVDSODU $IHW %|OJHOHULQGH <DSODFDN <DSODU +DNNQGD
<|QHWPHOLN  76   76 76   76 
NDSVDPQGD\DSOPWU7LSLNSUHIDEULN KDQJDUoDWNLULLYHNRORQGH\ NHVLWL
HNLO GHJ|VWHULOPLWLU

2OXNNLULL

$N

dDWNLULL

2OXN

dDW

.UHQ

HNLO3UHIDEULNoDWNLULLYHNRORQGH\ NHVLWL
3UHIDEULN DNODU 7 NHVLWOLGLU FP \NVHNOLN FP JHQLOLN YH VDoDNODUGD
FP[FP NHVLWLQGH ROXN NLULL PHYFXWWXU .RORQ KHVDE LoLQ oDW NLULLQGHQ
JHOHQ \NOHUOHROXN NLULLQGHQJHOHQ\NNRORQXQ]DWLDUONUHQ\NOHPHOHUL
YH GHSUHP \NOHPHOHUL GLNNDWH DOQPWU .ULWLN RODQ \NOHPH GHSUHP
\NOHPHVLGLU'HSUHP KHVDE(GHHU6WDWLN'HSUHP <NQHJ|UH \DSOPWU
.RORQODUD HWNL\HQ\NOHU KHVDSODQGNWDQVRQUD LNLQRNWDGDWRSDNODQPNWOHOHU
KHVDSODQP YH \DSODUQ ELULQFL GRDO WLWUHLP SHUL\RWODU 6$3  SURJUDP
\DUGP LOH EXOXQPXWXU 3HUL\RWODUD J|UH VSHNWUXP NDWVD\V YH VSHNWUDO LYPH
NDWVD\V KHVDSODQGNWDQ VRQUD \DSODUDHWNL\HQ GHSUHP NXYYHWOHULEXOXQPXWXU
%WQ \NOHU LOH o|]P \DSOP YH JHUHNOL NHVLW GHHUOHUL HOGH HGLOPLWLU
7HPHOOHU NDUH HNOLQGH YH \XYDO WHNLO WHPHO RODUDN GL]D\Q HGLOPLWLU 7HPHO
]HPLQVHYL\HVLQGHQFPGHULQOLNWHEXOXQPDNWDGU

33

0HWUDMODUYH0DOL\HW .HLIOHUL
+HU ELU DoNON YH \NVHNOLN LoLQ KHVDSODQDQ \DS HOHPDQODUQQ PHWUDMODU
\DSOP YH PDOL\HWOHUL KHVDSODQPWU 0DOL\HW KHVDSODUQGD %D\QGUON
%DNDQO ELULP IL\DWODU YH SL\DVDGD oHLWOL ILUPDODUGDQ DOQDQ IL\DWODU J|]
|QQGH EXOXQGXUXOPXWXU 3UHIDEULN EHWRQDUPH LPDODW LoLQ %D\QGUON
%DNDQOELULP IL\DWOLVWHVLQGH \HU DOPDGQGDQ SUHIDEULN EHWRQDUPH VLVWHPOHU
LoLQ PDOL\HW KHVDEQGD oHLWOL ILUPDODUGDQ DOQDQ IL\DWODU HVDV DOQPWU dHOLN
KDQJDUODUQLON LQDDWPDOL\HWL KHVDE KHUELUKDQJDULoLQ %D\QGUON %DNDQO
%LULP )L\DWODU LOH YH SL\DVDGD EX NRQXGD LPDODW \DSDQ oHLWOL ILUPDODUGDQ
DOQDQ DQDKWDU WHVOLP IL\DWODUQ RUWDODPDV LOH D\U D\U \DSOPWU 3UHIDEULN
\DSODU LoLQ IDUNO ILUPDODUGDQ DOQDQ DQDKWDU WHVOLP IL\DWODU DUDVQGD |QHPOL
RUDQODUD YDUDQIDUNODUQPHYFXWROGXXJ|UOPWU%XUDGDNLIL\DWODQGUPDGD
ILUPDODUQ YHUPLROGXX JHQHOIL\DWODUNLORJUDP ELULPIL\DWQDG|QWUOP
YHEXQODUQRUWDODPDGHHUL \DNODNRODUDNDOQPWU
dHOLN KDQJDUODULoLQ\DSODQPHWUDMODUGDDN JHUJL oXEXXoDWPDNDVNRORQ
YH NUHQ NRQVROX NDONDQ GXYDU VWDELOLWH EDODQWV NRORQ OHYKDV EHWRQDUPH
WHPHOLPDODWQD JLUHQ GHPLU ER\D YH EHWRQSUHIDEULN \DSODUGDLVH DN ROXN
NLULL oDW PDNDV NRORQ YH WHPHO LPDODWQD JLUHQ EHWRQDUPH LPDODWQ KHU ELU
NDOHPLQLQ PHWUDM\DSOPWU
dHOLN KDQJDUODUQ WD\F VLVWHPOHULQLQ PDOL\HW KHVDE %D\QGUON YH VNDQ
%DNDQO ELULP IL\DWODUQD  YH D\Q ]DPDQGD SL\DVDGD X\JXODQDQ
IL\DWODUD J|UH D\U D\U EXOXQPXWXU  PWHDKKLW NDU YH JHQHO JLGHUOHULQ
GDKLO ROGXX %D\QGUON IL\DWODU LOH \DSODQ NHLIWH QDNOL\H EHGHOLQH NDUON
RODUDN NHLI EHGHOLQLQX \DNODNRODUDN LODYH HGLOPLWLU 3L\DVDUD\LoOHUL
oHLWOL ILUPDODUGDQ DQDKWDU WHVOLP IL\DW WHNOLIL RODUDN DOQPWU 3UHIDEULN
\DSODUQ PDOL\HWOHUL EX WLS NDOHPOHUH DLW DQDOL]OHU %D\QGUON YH VNDQ
%DNDQO ELULP IL\DW OLVWHOHULQGH GRUXGDQ \HU DOPDGQGDQ \DOQ]FD SL\DVD
UD\LoOHULQHJ|UH\DSOPWU3L\DVDGDSUHIDEULN EHWRQDUPHUHWLPL \DSDQ IDUNO
ILUPDODUGDQ DOQDQIL\DWODUQRUWDODPD GHHULSL\DVDUD\LFLRODUDNX\JXODQPWU

34

7P ELULP IL\DWODUGD \OED WDULKL HVDV DOQPWU <DOQ]FD LQDDW LOH LOJLOL
LPDODW NDOHPOHUL GLNNDWH DOQP PDNLQH YH HOHNWLN WHVLVDW JLEL WP LPDODWQ
KHULNLWLS\DSGDGDEHQ]HUROGXX NDEXOHGLOPLWLU
<XNDUGD DoNODQDQ LONHOHU GRUXOWXVXQGD \DSODQ KHVDSODPDODUGD KHU ELU WLS
KDQJDU LoLQ HOGH HGLOHQ LON LQD PDOL\HWOHUL 7DEOR  GH NDUODWUPDO RODUDN
YHULOPLWLU
7DEOR  +DQJDUODUQ LON LQD PDOL\HWOHUL  WDULKL LWLEDU\OD YH
NDUODWUOPDV
+$1*$5

d(/.+$1*$5

%2<87/$5,

0$/<(7 <7/

/P

+P

$oNO
N

<NVHNO
LN

%D\QGUON
VNDQ
%DNDQO
)L\DWODULOH

3L\DVD
)L\DWODU LOH


35()$%5.
%(721$50(
3<$6$
+$1*$5
0$/<(7/
0$/<(7
(5
<7/
)$5.,1,1
3L\DVD
d(/.
)L\DWODUOH
0$/<(7
1(25$1,









































































































35

9HULOHQ GHHUOHU LON NHLI PDKL\HWLQGH ROXS \DNODN YHYH\D RUWDODPD

GHHUOHUGLU $\Q |]HOOLNOHUH VDKLS ELU \DS LoLQ IDUNO ILUPDODUQ IDUNO IL\DW
WHNOLIL YHUPHVL JQP] SL\DVD NRXOODUQGD RODDQGU 3UHIDEULN UHWLP
WHVLVLQLQNRQXPXUHWLP WHNQRORMLVLKDP PDGGH WHPLQLYH HNRQRPLN NRXOODU
SL\DVD IL\DWODUQQ IDUNO ROPDVQGDNL |QHPOL HWNHQOHUGLU 'ROD\V\OD EX
oDOPDGD HOGH HGLOHQVRQXoODU JHQHO GHHUOHUGHGLU%XQXQOD EHUDEHUKHUELU WLS
KDQJDUQ GD EHQ]HU NDEXOOHU YH HVDVODUOD \DSOG GLNNDWH DOQPDOGU %X
DDPDGDYXUJXODPDN JHUHNLU NLD\Q KDFLPOHUL |UWHQ IDUNO WD\FVLVWHPOHULQ
VHoLOPHVL LQDPDOL\HWLQL|QHPOLPLNWDUODUGD HWNLOH\HELOPHNWHGLU
7DEOR  GH HOGH HGLOHQ WD\F VLVWHPOHULQ LON LQD PDOL\HWOHUL SL\DVD IL\DWODU
HVDV DOQS GHHUOHQGLULOGLLQGH EHWRQDUPH SUHIDEULN KDQJDUQ D\Q
|]HOOLNOHUGHNLoHOLNKDQJDUD J|UHLOH  DUDVQGDGHLHQRUDQODUGDGDKD
D] PDVUDIOD LQD HGLOHELOGLL J|UOPHNWHGLU <DSODUQ DQDKWDU WHVOLP KDOLQGHNL
PDOL\HWOHUL GLNNDWH DOQUVDEXGHHUOHU\DU\D \DNQRUDQODUGDGHFHNWLU .H]D
EX WD\F VLVWHPLQ LQDVQGD VRQUD \DSODFDN LPDODWQ EHGHOL KHU LNL WLS \DS
LoLQ GH \DNODN D\Q RODFDNWU dDOPDGD \DSODUQ \DOQ]FD oHOLN YH\D
EHWRQDUPHSUHIDEULN RODELOHFHL NDEXOHGLOPLWLUgUQHLQoDWVoHOLN NRORQODU
SUHIDEULN RODQ NDUPD WD\F VLVWHPH VDKLS GLHU ELU DOWHUQDWLI
GHHUOHQGLULOPHPLWLU
dHOLNYH%HWRQDUPH 3UHIDEULN<DSODUQ g]HOOLNOHUL
dHOLN \DSODU LOH EHWRQDUPH SUHIDEULN \DSODU ELU oRN \|QGHQ
NDUODWUODELOLUOHU dHOLN \DSQQ SUHIDEULN \DS\D J|UH GDKD KDILI ROPDV
|]HOOLNOH ]D\I ]HPLQOHUGH WHPHO WD\F VLVWHPLQLQ PDOL\HWLQL ROXPOX \|QGH
HWNLOHU 3UHIDEULNWD\F VLVWHPGHNLNHVLWOHULQ oHOLN\DS\DN\DVODGDKDE\N
ROPDV\DS NXOODQPDODQQ YH IRQNVL\RQHOOLLQLROXPVX]\|QGHHWNLOH\HFHNWLU
dHOLN \DSODUGHSUHPHNDUGDKD WXWDUOELU GDYUDQJ|VWHULUOHU7HNUDUO\NOHU
HWNLVLQGH
KHU GHIDVQGD EHQ]HU ELU GDYUDQ VHUJLOHUOHU *HUHNWLLQGH
JoOHQGLULOPHOHUL YH RQDUOPDODU GDKD NROD\ YH SUDWLNWLU %HWRQDUPH SUHIDEULN
\DSODUQ LON LQD PDOL\HWOHULQLQ GDKD GN ROPDVQD NDUON GHSUHP

36

HWNLVLQGHNL ]DDIODU |Q SODQD oNPDNWDGU hONHPL]GH VRQ \OODUGD PH\GDQD

JHOHQ GHSUHPOHUGH ELU oRN EHWRQDUPH SUHIDEULN \DSQQ \NOG YH\D KDVDU
J|UG EX ROXPVX]OXNODUQ JHQHOGH \DS HOHPDQODU DUDVQGDNL X\JXQ
ROPD\DQ EDODQWODUGDQ YH DU \DWD\ GHSODVPDQODUGDQ ND\QDNODQG WHVSLW
HGLOPLWLU%D\ONH
dHOLN \DSQQ JHUL G|QQ GXUXPXQGD oRN D] ILUH LOH \HQLGHQ NXOODQP YH\D
HULWLOHUHN \HQLGHQ UHWLOPHVL PPNQGU dHOLN \DSODUGD NRUR]\RQ \DQJQD
NDU GD\DQP ]D\IO YH PDO]HPH \RUXOPDV NDUODODQ |QHPOL VRUXQODUGU
*QP]GHNL LOJLOL DUWQDPHOHULQGH WP \DSODU LoLQ \DQJQD NDU |QOHP
DOQPDV]RUXQOXNOQPWU *QP]GHNXOODQODQER\DODULOH oHOLN PDO]HPHVL
ELU VHIHUGH \DNODN  \O NRUR]\RQGDQ NRUXQDELOPHNWHGLU .RUR]\RQD NDU
\DSODQ X\JXODPDODUHNELUPDOL\HWHQHGHQROPDNWDGU %XoDOPDGD LQFHOHQHQ
KDQJDUODUGD ER\D PDOL\HWL WD\F VLVWHP PDOL\HWLQLQ \DNODN  VL
FLYDUQGDGU
dHOLN WD\F HOHPDQODUQ VUHNOL GLQDPLN \NOHUH NUHQ U]JDUPDUX] NDOPDV
\DSQQGD\DQPQD]DOWPDNWDYH DQLGHQ\NOPDVQDQHGHQ RODELOPHNWHGLU*X
YH DUNDGDODU WDUDIQGDQ \DSODQ ELU oDOPDGD  |QHULOHQ EDQWODU
GLNNDWH DOQGQGDEXUDGDLQFHOHQHQ KDQJDU \DSODUQQ |PU \DNODN  \O
ROGXX KHVDSODQPWU \L NRUXQPX YH \HWHUOL SDV SD\ VDODQP JQP]
EHWRQDUPH SUHIDEULN \DSODUQGD LVH EX VUH  \O RODUDN NDEXO
HGLOPHNWHGLU
6218d/$5
dHLWOL DoNONWD YH \NVHNOLNWHNL oHOLN YH SUHIDEULN EHWRQDUPH ROPDN ]HUH
IDUNO WD\F VLVWHPH VDKLS KDQJDU \DSODUQQ WD\F VLVWHPOHUL
ER\XWODQGUOP YH RODDQ SL\DVD NRXOODUQGDNL LON LQDDW EHGHOOHULQLQ KHVDE
\DSOPWU ]PLULOLPHUNH]LQGH LQDHGLOHFHL NDEXOHGLOHQYH DoNONODU P
P \NVHNOLNOHUL PP RODQ \DSODUQ WD\F VLVWHPOHULQH DLW LON LQD
PDOL\HWOHUL NDUODWUOGQGD EHWRQDUPH SUHIDEULN KDQJDU \DSODUQQ oHOLN

37

KDQJDU \DSODUQD N\DVOD  DUDVQGD GHLHQ RUDQODUGD GDKD GN

NDOG J|UOPWU%LUDQODPGD \DOQ]FDNDEDLQDDWLPDODW LoLQ EHOLUOHQHQ EX
GHHUOHU \DSODUQ DQDKWDU WHVOLP IL\DWODU GLNNDWH DOQGQGD \DU\D \DNQ
RUDQODUGDD]DODELOPHNWHGLU
dDOPDGDLQFHOHQHQ\DSODUNDEXO HGLOHQ \DSVDO|]HOOLNOHUHJ|UHLQFHOHQPLWLU
'HSUHP YHLNOLPE|OJHVL \DSQQNRQXPX ]HPLQVQIYHSL\DVD NRXOODUJLEL
|]HOOLNOHULQ GHLPHVL \DS PDOL\HWLQH GRUXGDQ HWNL HGHUOHU dHOLN WD\F
VLVWHPH VDKLS \DSODUQ NRUR]\RQD YH \DQJQ ]DDIODUQD NDUON GHSUHP
WHVLULQGH X\JXQ GDYUDQ J|VWHUPHOHUL JHUL G|QP |]HOOLNOHUL YH HNRQRPLN
|PUOHULQLQ GDKD X]XQ ROPDV JLEL IDNW|UOHU GLNNDWH DOQGQGD X]XQ ]DPDQ
GLOLPLQGHGDKD HNRQRPLN o|]PYHUHFHNOHULGHHUOHQGLULOPLWLU

38

.$<1$./$5
dHOHEL7 6DQD\L<DS3URMHOHULQNODS YH $ND%DVPHYL VWDQEXO V
'HUHQ+  dHOLN <DSODU 7HNQLN .LWDSODU <D\QHYL VWDQEXO
+LEHOHU5& 6WUXFWXUDO $QDO\VLV3UHQWLFH+DOO,QF  V
%D\ONH 1   +D]LUDQ  $GDQD&H\KDQ 'HSUHPLQGH 3UHIDEULNH <DS
+DVDU02$QNDUD XEHVL%OWHQL
$OODP $0 *UHQ 0* %XUJHVV ,: 3ODQN 5-  )LUH (QJLQHHULQJ 'HVLJQ
6WHHO)UDPH6WUXFWXUHV ,QWHJUDWLRQ RI 'HVLJQ DQG 5HVHDUFK -RXUQDORI &RQVWUXFWLRQDO
6WHHO 5HVHDUFK9RO V
*X 0;X < / &KHQ/ = ;LDQJ + ))DWLJXH /LIH HVWLPDWLRQ RIVWHHO JLUGHU
RI <DQJSX &DEOH6WD\\HG%ULJJH GXH WR%XIIHWLQJ -RXUQDO RI :LQG(QJLQHHULQJ DQG
,QGXVWULDO $HURG\QDPLFV9RO SS
76  dHOLN <DSODUQ +HVDS YH <DSP .XUDOODU7UN6WDQGDUWODU (QVWLWV
$QNDUD
76  <DS (OHPDQODU 7D\F 6LVWHPOHU YH %LQDODU  3UHIDEULNH %HWRQDUPH
YH gQJHULOPHOL %HWRQGDQ +HVDS (VDVODU LOH PDODW YH 0RQWDM .XUDOODU 7UN
6WDQGDUWODU(QVWLWV$QNDUD
76   <DS (OHPDQODUQQ %R\XWODQGUOPDVQGD $OQDFDN <NOHULQ +HVDS
'HHUOHUL 7UN VWDQGDUWODU(QVWLWV $QNDUD
$IHW %|OJHOHULQGH <DSODFDN<DSODU +DNNQGD <|QHWPHOLN  02 ]PLU XEHVL
]PLUV
76   %HWRQDUPH <DSODUQ 7DVDUP YH <DSP .XUDOODU 7UN 6WDQGDUWODU
(QVWLWV$QNDUD
6$3  ,QWHJUDWHG 6WUXFWXUDO $QDO\VLVDQG 'HVLJQ 6RIWZDUH &RPSXWHUV DQG
6WUXFWXUHV ,QF %HUNHOH\ &DOLIRUQLD86$
%D\QGUONYH VNDQ%DNDQO %LULP)L\DWODU %D\QGUON YH VNDQ %DNDQO
$QNDUD

39

<$3,0$/=(0(66(d0.h/7h5(0'$<$/,
<2.6$(.21209(0$17,$ 0,"
0UGHd(/.$
<UG'Ro'U&(QJ 0,&((XU,QJ)($1,
'RX$NGHQL]hQLYHUVLWHVL
*D]LPDXVD..7&

g=(7
*HOLPLONHOHUGHDNDGHPLYHHQGVWULDUDVQGD LNL WDUDIGDID\GDODQGUDQ
VDODP ELU LELUOLL YDUGU <DS PDO]HPHOHUL EX LELUOLL VD\HVLQGH VUHNOL
\HQLOHQLU 'DKD NDOLWHOL VDODP X]XQ |PUO YH HNRQRPLN \DSODU LQD
HGHFHN PDO]HPHOHUUHWLOLUQDDWVHNW|UQGHoDODQGHLLNNDGHPHOHUGHNL
NLLOHULQ VUHNOL HLWLPOH ELOJLOHULQL JQFHOOHPHOHULQL \DS PDO]HPHOHULQLQ
VHoLPLQL \DSDUNHQ PDQWNO GDYUDQS DPDFQD X\JXQ HNRQRPLN YH X]XQ
|PUO ROPDVQD GLNNDW HWPHOHULQL VDODU $] JHOLPL YH JHOLPHNWH RODQ
ONHOHUGHLVHLOHULWHNQRORMLDUDWUPDODUQQD]O\HQL\DSPDO]HPHOHULQLQ
UHWLPH JHoPHVLQGH\DDQDQ]RUOXNODULQDDWVHNW|UQGHoDODQODUQHLWLP
HNVLNOLNOHUL PHVOHNL HLWLPGHQ YH \HQL JHOLPHOHUGHQ KDEHUGDU ROPDPDV
LWKDO PDO]HPHOHULQLQ PDOL\HWLQLQ \NVHN ROPDV JLEL QHGHQOHU EX NLLOHUL
\DS PDO]HPHOHULQL VHoHUNHQ GDKD oRN NOWUH GD\DO KDUHNHW HWPH\H
\|QOHQGLULU 7UNL\H YH..7& JHOLPHNWHRODQ YH$% \HOLLLoLQ \RXQ
ELU HNLOGH oDOPD \DSDQ ONHOHU RODUDN \XNDUGD EHOLUWLOHQ VNQWODU
DDELOPH SRWDQVL\HOLQH VDKLSWLUOHU VWDWLVWLNL ELOJLOHU 7UNL\HGH oHOLN
NXOODQPQQ WXWDUO ELU HNLOGH DUWPDNWD ROGXXQX J|VWHUPHNWHGLU $\UFD
LQDDWVHNW|UQGHoDODQODUQPDOVDKLSOHULQLQGDKDELOLQoOLGDYUDQGQD YH
HLWLPLQ|QHPLQLQJLGHUHN DUWWQD LDUHWHWPHNWHGLU%WQEXJ|VWHUJHOHU
LOJLOL NXUXPODUQ oDOPDODUQ \RXQODWUDUDN GHYDP HWWLUGLNOHUL WDNGLUGH
LVWHQLOHQDPDoODUDYDUODELOHFHLQHLDUHWWLU

41

$0$d
dHOLN WRSOXPXQ KHU NHVLPLQGH JQON \DDPGD GHLLN DODQODUGD
NXOODQODQ YH oRN |QHPOL |]HOOLNOHUL RODQ ELU PDO]HPHGLU %X oDOPDQQ
DPDF \DSVDO oHOLLQ LQDDW PKHQGLVOHULQL LOJLOHQGLUHQ NXOODQPQ
|]HOOLNOHULQL LQFHOHPHN PKHQGLV YH PLPDUODUP] ELU DGP LOHUL\H
J|WUHFHN ELU WDNP JQFHO ELOJLOHUL DNWDUPDN \DSVDO oHOLLQ QHGHQ GDKD
\D\JQ NXOODQOPDGQ LUGHOHPHN YH QDVO GDKD \D\JQ NXOODQODELOHFHL
NRQXODUQGD|QHULOHUVXQPDNWU

<$3,6$/d(/. .,6$7$5+d(
\OQGDLON NH] UHWLPLEDOD\DQoHOLNDQFDN \OQGD%HVVHPHULQ
oHOLN UHWLPLQGHNL EXOXXLOH\D\JQKDOHJHOPLYHOL\OODUGDLON NH]
E\N N|SU \DSPODUQGD NXOODQOPWU VNRo\DGD KDOHQ NXOODQOPDNWD
RODQ)LUWKRI)RUWKGHPLU\ROXN|SUVEXQDoRNL\LELU|UQHNWLU
 \]\OQE\N ELU E|OPQGH \DSVDOoHOLN E\N \DSODUGDNXOODQODQ
ELU PDO]HPH RODUDN DOJODQP WDOHELQ NVWO ROPDV UHWLPLQ GQ\DGD
\D\JQ ROPDPDV QHGHQL LOH GH oHOLNIL\DWODU \NVHN NDOPYH GROD\V\OD
EX PDO]HPH NVWO ELU HNLOGH NXOODQOPWU %XJQ KDOHQ oHOLL oRN NDWO
\DSODUGDNXOODQODQELUPDO]HPHRODUDNGQHQELUoRNWHNQLN NLLYDUGU
<DSVDOoHOLNOLYHO\OODUGDNRPSR]LW NLULYHG|HPHQLQHWNLOL
ELU HNLOGH NXOODQP LOH ELUOLNWH $YUXSDGD |]HOOLNOH QJLOWHUHGH GDKD
SRSOHU ELU PDO]HPH GXUXPXQD JHOPLWLU %|OJHPL]GH KHQ] \HWHUOL
GHUHFHGH NXOODQOPD\DQ \DSVDO oHOLN |]HOOLNOH  .RFDHOL GHSUHPL
VRQUDVQGD LQDDW VHNW|UQGH DGQGDQ VNFD V|]HGLOHQ ELU \DS PDO]HPHVL
ROPXWXU'XUXP E|\OHLNHQEHWRQDUPH \DSODUKDODGDKDLON VHoHQHN RODUDN
VXQXOPDNWDYH JHQHOGHEXNRQXGDELOLQoVL] RODQ ELUH\OHUDOWHUQDWLIOHULWDOHS
HWPHPHNWHGLU +DOEXNL E|OJHPL]GH \DSODQ DUDWUPDODUGD  \DSODUQ
PDOL\HW IL\DWODU NDUODWUOGQGD oHOLN \DSODUGD EHWRQDUPH\H RUDQOD 
D YDUDQ ND]DQPODU HOGH HGLOGLL J|]OHPOHQPLWLU $\QL ]DPDQGD oHOLN
\DSODUGD HQ VRQ PDO]HPH YH PHWRGODUQ NXOODQP\OH ND]DQPODUQ DUWW
J|UOPWU  'ROD\V\OH E|OJHPL]GH oHOLN \DSODUQ D] ROPDVQD
42

JHUHNoH RODUDN J|VWHULOHQ EHWRQDUPH \DSODUGDQ GDKD SDKDO ROGXX J|U

JHoHUVL]GLU $VO QHGHQ EDQGD oHOLN oHUoHYHOL \DS VLVWHPOHULQLQ WDVDUP
UHWLP YH PRQWDM NRQXODUQGD PLPDU YH PKHQGLVOHULQ \HWHUOL ELOJL YH
GHQH\LPHVDKLSROPDPDODUGUdHOLN NXOODQPQQE|OJHPL]GHD] ROPDVQQ
oHLWOLQHGHQOHULDDGDNLE|OPOHUGHGHWD\OELUHNLOGHDNWDUOPWU
'h1<$'$d(/. h5(709( 7h5.<(11.21808
8OXVODUDUDV 'HPLU YH dHOLN (QVWLWVQQ ,,6, YHUGLL VWDWLVWLNVHO
ELOJLOHUGRUXOWXVXQGDJHQHOGHGQ\DGDUHWLOHQPLO\RQWRQKDP oHOLLQ
KHUJHoHQ\ODUWWQYHVRQG|UW\OGDHQ \NVHN RUDQODUQHOGHHGLOGLLQL
J|VWHUPHNWHGLU 7DEOR  'Q\DGD UHWLOHQ oHOLLQ   JHUL
G|QWUOP oHOLN PDO]HPHGHQ \DSOG  \OODU DUDVQGD oHOLN
UHWLPLQLQE|OJHOHUH J|UHGDOPQGD \]GHOLN RODUDN HQ \NVHN DUWQ
 LOH 2UWD 'RX %|OJHVLQGH ROGXX J|UO\RU $V\D E|OJHVL   LOH
LNLQFL VUD\ DOUNHQ GLHU ONHOHUGH RODQ DUWODU   YH DOWQGD
EXOXQPDNWDGU7DEOR \OHVDVDOQGQGDHQoRN KDP oHOLN UHWHQ
ONHOHULQEDQGD JHOHQ dLQ\OQGD WRQRODQoHOLN UHWLPLQL
\OQGD  WRQD oNDUPWU 7DEOR  'LHU \DQGDQ  \O VRQXQGD
KDP oHOLN UHWLPLQGH 7UNL\H F VUD\ DOUNHQ  \OQGD  WRQ
RODQoHOLN UHWLPLQL \OQGD WRQD oNDUPWU'Q\DGDKDPoHOLN
UHWLPLQGH LON  VUD\ DODQ ONHOHU DUDVQGD  \OODU DUDVQGD
UHWLPLQLDUWUDQ7UNL\HEXQHGHQOHGHDOWQFVUDGDEXOXQPDNWDGU

43

7DEOR<OODUDUDVQGDGQ\DKDP oHOLNUHWLPL
PLO\RQWRQ
<O















hUHWLP















<OONDYDUDME\PH RUDQ
<OODU
hUHWLP















7DEOR<OODUQGDE|OJHOHUGHWRSODP KDP oHOLN

UHWLPLPLO\RQWRQ
%|OJHOHU





$YUXSD%LUOLL
'LHU $YUXSD hONHOH
&,6
%DONDQ hONHOHUL
.X]H\ $PHULND
*QH\ $PHULND
$IULND
2UWDGRX
$V\D
2N\DQXV\D

























 

 



 













 ONHQLQ WRSODP





 



44

  GHLLP

7DEOR<OQGDHQ oRN KDP oHOLNUHWHQONHOHUYH\O

UHWLPOHULLOH

hONHOHU
6UDODPD
dLQ

-DSRQ

$%'

5XV\D

*QH\.RUH

$OPDQ\D

8NUDQ\D

+LQGLVWDQ

%UH]LO\D

WDO\D

)UDQVD

7DLYDQ dLQ

7UNL\H

VSDQ\D

.DQDGD

0HNVLND

%LUOHLN .UDOON 
%HOoLND

*QH\$IULND

3RORQ\D


7RQ






















6UDODPD 7RQ









































45


 GHLLP 6UDODPD





























































 G|QHPLQGH 7UNL\HQLQ oHOLN WNHWLPL  WRQGDQ  WRQD

NDGDUDUWW$\QLG|QHPGHRODQUHWLP DUWQDNDUQWNHWLP GH
 RUDQQGD DUWW %X LVWDWLVWLNVHO ELOJLOHU 7UNL\HGH oHOLN NXOODQPQGD
|QHPOL |OoGH ELU DUW ROGXXQX J|VWHULUNHQ QHGHQOHULQGHQ ED]ODU |\OH
VUDODQDELOLU
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

ONH JHOLLPL
HQGVWULOHPH
PHVOHNLJHOLLP
oHYUH\L NRUXPDDGQDJHULG|QPOPDO]HPHOHUHLOJL
NDOF\DS\DRODQ|QHPLQDUWPDV
GHSUHPHNDUJYHQOL\DSDUD\
WRSOXPELOLQFLQLQDUWPDV
$%VUHFLQGHX\XPOXOXNoDOPDODUQQSR]LWLI\DQVPDODU

\OHVDVDOQGQGD7UNL\HGHUHWLOHQPLO\RQWRQoHOLNWHQ
\DNODNPLO\RQWRQXQ\DSVHNW|UQGHNXOODQOGWRSODPLQDDWODUQ
LQGHYHNRQXWODUQLVHLQGH\DSVDOoHOLLQNXOODQOGV|\OHQHELOLU
>@
<$3,6$/d(/. .8//$1,0,1,1$570$6,d16h5(./
(709(%/1d/(10(
QDDW VHNW|UQGH oDODQODUQ NHQGLQL GHYDPO HLWPHVL YH \HQLOHPHVL
JHUHNOLOLL KHUNHVoH NDEXO HGLOPHNWH IDNDW EX HLWLPL DOPDN YH \HQL
ELOJLOHULX\JXODPD\DNR\PDN LoLQoRN D] NLLJHUHNOLoDED\J|VWHUPHNWHGLU
%X GD QDDW VHNW|UQQ JHOLPHVLQGH QH \D]N NL |QHPOL ELU HQJHO WHNLO
HWPHNWHGLU 6UHNOL PHVOHNL HLWLPLQ EHOOL NXUDOODU oHUoHYHVLQGH JHOLPL
ONHOHUGHROGXXJLELQJLOWHUH $PHULNDSURIHV\RQHONXUXPODUFDYH \DVDO
RODUDN ]RUXQOX KDOH JHWLULOPHVL VHNW|UQ VDONO JHOLLPLQGH |QHPOL ELU
DGPRODFDNWU
%XJQ E|OJHPL]GH LQDDW VHNW|UQGH \DDQDQ VNQW YH VRUXQODUQ
EDOFD QHGHQOHULQGHQ ELUL NHQGLQL JHOLWLUPHPL YH\D JHOLWLUHPHPL
PHVOHNWDODUP]Q VNoD WHNUDUODG KDWDODU YH EXQODUGDQ DOQPD\DQ
GHUVOHUGLU 'ROD\V\OH \HQL PDO]HPH YH \DS PHWRGODUQQ SL\DVDGD oDEXN
YH UDKDW ELU HNLOGH X\JXODQDELOPHVL R PDO]HPHQLQ YH\D PHWRGXQ VDGHFH
oRN L\L ROPDVQGDQ ND\QDNODQPD] NRQX\OD LOJLOL NLLOHULQ \HWHUOL ELOJL\H
VDKLSROPDVQGDJHUHNWLULU

46

6UHNOL HLWLP VDGHFH PKHQGLV LoLQ GHLO LQDDW VHNW|UQQ WP

NDGHPHOHULQGHoDODQNLLOHULoLQGH JHUHNOLGLU2QODUQGD ]DPDQLoHULVLQGH
ELOJLYH EHFHULOHULQL\HQLOHPHOHULJHUHNPHNWHGLU %XQRNWDGD XQXWXOPDPDV
JHUHNHQ PHVOHNL KL]PHW YHULOHQ NLLOHU YH NXUXPODUQ GD
ELOLQoOHQGLULOPHVLGLU
+LoNXNXVX] ONHOHULQVL\DVLYH HNRQRPLN \DSV GDED] GXUXPODUGDDU]X
HGLOHQ JHOLPHOHUL HQJHOOHPHNWHGLU )DNDWEL]LP HVDVVRUXQXPX] \HQLOLNOHUL
WDNLSHWPHPH YHX\JXODPDPDGU7UNL\HGHQEDOD\SGRX\D YH JQH\H
GRUX JLWWLNoH JHOLPHNWH RODQYH\D JHOLPLVD\ODELOHFHN ELUoRN RUWDGRX
YH N|UIH] ONHVLQGH KDQJL PDO]HPHQLQ NXOODQODFD NRQXVXQGD NDUDU
YHULOLUNHQ SURMHQLQ HNRQRPLN ER\XWX PDO]HPHOHULQLQ SURMH\H X\JXQOXX
oHYUH NRXOODUQD X\XPX JLEL JHUHNoHOHUL LQFHOHPHN \HULQH LQDDW
VHNW|UQGH oDODQODUQ \DSPD\D DON ROGXX ELU WU \DS NOWU KDOLQH
JHOPL \DS PDO]HPHOHUL NXOODQP WHUFLK HGLOPHNWHGLU 'RDO RODUDN
\OODUFD NXOODQOPD\D DOODJHOPL PDO]HPHOHU YH EX PDO]HPHOHUL
KHVDSODPD\D LQD HWPH\H DOP ELU NLWOHQLQ LoHULVLQGH EX NOWU
GHLWLUPHN oRN ]RUYH X]XQYDGHOLRODFDNWU'HLLPL K]ODQGUPDN VUHNOL
HLWLPL \D\JQODWUPDN YHLOJLOLNHVLPLELOLQoOHQGLUPHNOHPPNQGU
*HOLPL ONHOHUGH LQDDW PKHQGLVOHUL RGDODU PKHQGLVOHU NRQVH\L YH\D
ELUOLLPWHDKKLWOHUELUOLLYHPDYLUOHUELUOLLJLELNXUXOXODUSURIHV\RQHO
RODUDN oDODQ NLLOHULQ NRQWUROQGHGLU <|QHWLFL NLLOHU PHVOHN JHOLLPL YH
oNDUODU LoLQ JHUHNOL WP oDOPDODU \DSDU \DVDO G]HQOHPHOHU LoLQ
JLULLPOHUGH EXOXQXU PHVOHN LoL HLWLPGH JHUHNOL DODQODU VDSWDU \HOHULQL
SODQO YH G]HQOL ELU HNLOGH EX |QHPOL YH JHUHNOL DODQODUD \|QOHQGLULU YH
]DPDQQGD ELOJLOHULQ JQFHOOHQPHVLQL VDODU %XQGDQ |WH \HOHULQ ]RUXQOX
RODUDN PHVOHNWH ELU VHYL\H\H NDGDU LOHUOHPHVLQL NHQGLQL JHOLWLUPHVLQL
VDODPDN DPDF LOH oHLWOL NXUDOODU VQDYODU YH VHUWLILNDODU ]RUXQOX \DSDU
*HOLPHNWH RODQ ONHOHUGH LVHDGJHoHQ PHVOHNL NXUXPODU JHQHOGH J|QOO
NLLOHUFH ]DPDQ \HWWLLQFH oDOPD \DSDU 3URDNWLI GHLO UHDNWLI RODUDN
oDOU (NVLNOLNOHUL DUDGD ELU GLOH JHWLUHUHN DPD JLGHUPHN LoLQ \HWHUOL
DGPODUDWDPDGDQX]XQYDGHOLSODQODUROPDGDQG]HQVL] oDOU
352)(6<21(/0h+(1'6/.1('5"
$YUXSD %LUOLLQGH EXOXQDQ ONHOHUGH \XNDUGD EHOLUWLOHQ NXUXPODU PHYFXW
ROPDNOD ELUOLNWH JHUoHN DQODPGD SURIHV\RQHOFH \UWOHQ HQ EDDUO
NXUXPODUGDQ ELULVL QJLOWHUHQLQ QDDW 0KHQGLVOHUL (QVWLWVGU ,&(
%X YH EXQD EHQ]HU GLHU PKHQGLVOLN HQVWLWOHULQLQ EDO ROGXX
0KHQGLVOHU .RQVH\L (& YDUGU %X NXUXPD DLW QJLOWHUHGH X]XQ
47

\OODUGU YDU RODQ YH PKHQGLVOHULQ LP]D KDNN DODELOPHN SURMH

\|QHWHELOPHN LoLQ WDPDPODPDODU JHUHNHQ oRN |QHPOL ELU VLVWHP YDUGU
PWL\D]O 0KHQGLV &(QJ &KDUWHUHG (QJLQHHU 6RQ \OODUGD $%
EQ\HVLQGHEXOXQDQWPONHOHUHRUWDN ELUPWL\D]O0KHQGLV \HWLWLUPH
SURJUDP KD]UODPDN oDEDVQGD RODQ $YUXSD QDDW 0KHQGLVOHUL .RQVH\L
(&&( EX VLVWHPL NHQGLVLQH |UQHN DOP YH EHQ]HUL ELU VLVWHPL WP $%
\HVLONHOHUH]RUXQOX\DSPDGQFHVLQGHGLU
3HNL EX VLVWHP QHGLU" QDDW 0KHQGLVOHUL (QVWLWVQQ ,&( DNUHGLWH
HWWLL QLYHUVLWHOHUGHQ HUHI OLVWHVLQGH JLUHELOPL PH]XQ |UHQFLOHU ,&(\H
PH]XQ\H RODUDN GRUXGDQND\W\DSWUPDKDNNQDVDKLSWLU%X ND\WRQODUD
HQVWLWQQ ED] RODQDNODUQGDQ \DUDUODQPD\ VDODU IDNDW LP]D \HWNLVL
YHUPH] (Q \D\JQ RODQ X\JXODPD LVH \HQL PH]XQ PKHQGLVLQ oDOW
NXUXP LOH ELU DQWODPDO HLWLP DQWODPDV \DSPDVGU %X EDODPGD
oDOW NXUXP \HQLPH]XQXQJHUHNOLHLWLP |UHWLP YHVQDYODUQDVSRQVRU
RODFDQDGDLUWDDKKWYHULU%|\OHFH\HQLPH]XQ oDOW NXUXP YHHQVWLW
DUDVQGD ELU DQWODPD \DSOU <HQL PH]XQ PKHQGLV HQVWLWQQ WHPHO
DPDoODU YH oDOW ILUPDQQ |]HO DPDoODU GRUXOWXVXQGD HQ D] G|UW \O
VUH LOH HLWLOLU dRN G]HQOL YH SODQO RODQ EX \DNODP LoHULVLQGH WHNQLN
WDVDUPGDQ WXWXQ SURMH \|QHWLPL \DS HNRQRPLVL L \HULQGH VDON YH
HPQL\HW oHYUH GX\DUOO YH GDKD ELUoRN NRQX\OD LOJLOL HLWLP YH |UHWLP
\HUDOPDNWDGU %XQODU LOJLOL PKHQGLV WDUDIQGDQ PDYLUOLN YH\D
PWHDKKLWOLN EURODUQGD DQWL\HGHPHVOHN LoLHLWLP DPDoOHQD] RWX] L
JQON NXUVODUGD YH HQVWLWQQ JHFH WRSODQWODUQGD HQ D] G|UW \O VRQXQGD
WDPDPODQDELOLU
<HQL PH]XQ PKHQGLV ELOJL YH WHFUEH ELULNLPLQL HQVWLW\H SURMH UDSRUX
JHQHO WHFUEH UDSRUX HLWLP VUHVLQFH \D]ODQ UDSRUODU HQ D] RWX] L JQ
NXUVODUD NDWOP VHUWLILNDODU YH GLHU LOJLOL ELOJLOHULQ WRSDUODQ HNOLQGH
VXQDU %X UDSRUODUQ \HWHUOL EXOXQPDV GXUXPXQGD \HQL PH]XQ PKHQGLV
HQVWLWQQ VHoWLL WHFUEHOL PKHQGLVOHUWDUDIQGDQ|QFH PODNDWD DOQUYH
VRQUDVQGD VQDY RUWDPQGD YHULOHQ LNL NRQX LOH LOJLOL NVD PDNDOH
KD]UODQPDVLVWHQLU %X PDNDOHOHUGH \HQLPKHQGLVVDGHFH WHNQLN ELOJLVLQL
GHLO D\UFD ELU SURMH \|QHWLFLVLQGH DUDQDQ |]HOOLNOHUGHQ RODQ GLO ELOJLVLQL
NXOODQDELOPH \D]DFDNRQX\X SODQOD\SLVWHQLOHQELOJLOHULEDNDODUQDNVD
]DPDQ YH NVWO NHOLPH VD\V\OD ELUOLNWH HWNLOL ELU HNLOGH \D] LOH
DNWDUDELOPH \HWHQHLQL J|VWHUPHN ]RUXQGDGU (Q D] G|UW \O VUHQ EX
HLWLPGH O \OODUGD VDGHFH   RODQ EDDU RUDQ VRQ \OODUGD 
ODUDoNPWU

48

$UWN 7UNL\H YH..7&QLQGHNHQGLRUWPDODUQDX\JXQEHQ]HULELUVLVWHPOH

\HQLPH]XQPKHQGLVOHULQLJHUoHN KD\DWDKD]UODPDVJHUHNPHNWHGLU%XWU
ELU HLWLPGHQ JHoPH\HQ PKHQGLVOHULPL] oDOPD KD\DWODUQQ
EDODQJFQGD WHFUEH YH SUDWLN ELOJL HNVLNOLL QHGHQL LOH E\N VNQWODU
oHNPHNWH YH ED]HQ oRN FLGGL KDWDODU \DSPDNWDGUODU QDDW VHNW|UQQ
VDONO ELU HNLOGH LOHY J|UPHVL \HQLOLNOHUH DoN ROPDV NDOLWHOL JHUL
G|QPO NDOF \DSODUQ LQD HGLOPHVL E|\OH ELU VLVWHPLQ NXUXOPDV LOH
PPNQRODFDNWUQJLOL]OHUEX VLVWHPLQEXJQ EXOXQGXX QRNWD\D JHOPHVL
LoLQ oRN \OODU KDUFDGODU hONHOHULPL]GH GH EXQD EHQ]HU ELU VLVWHPLQ EHOOL
DDPDODUGDQ JHoHUHN EDODWOPDV YH NDGHPHOL RODUDN ]RUODWUODUDN
DPDoODQDQ QRNWD\D SODQO YH G]HQOL ELU HNLOGH YDUOPDV LoLQ oDED
J|VWHULOPHVLJHUHNPHNWHGLU
QDDW VHNW|U VDGHFH PKHQGLVOHUGHQ ROXPDGQD J|UH GLHU LOJLOL
NLLOHULQ GH NHQGL DODQODUQGD EHQ]HUL VLVWHPOHU oHUoHYHVLQGH HLWLOPHVL
DUWWU gUQHLQ DNDGHPLV\HQOHU GH E|\OH ELU VLVWHPGHQ JHoHUHN SL\DVD
GHQH\LPL HGLQGLNWHQVRQUDEDNDPKHQGLVOHUL\HWLWLUPH \ROXQDJLWPHOLGLU
%|\OHFH PKHQGLV DGD\ODUQD SL\DVD WHFUEHVL LOH GDKD HWNLQ HLWLP
YHUHELOPH YH KD\DWD KD]UOD\DELOPH DQVQD VDKLS RODFDNODUGU %X WU
SURIHV\RQHO \DNODPODU NLLOHUL JHOLWLUGLL JLEL PHVOHH EDN DoODUQ
JHQLOHWLUVHoHQHNOHULQLVDGHFHNOWUH GD\DOGHLOXODDELOHFHNOHULELOJLOHUL
PDQWNO ELU HNLOGH NXOODQDUDN HNRQRPLN ER\XWXQX KHVDSOD\DUDN
\DSPDODUQ VDODU .VDFD ONHOHULPL]GH ROXWXUXODFDN EX WU NXUXPODU YH
VLVWHPOHU $% ONHOHUL $PHULND YH .DQDGDGD ROGXX JLEL SURIHV\RQHO
PKHQGLVOHU \HWLWLULOPHVLQGH \DUGPF RODFDNWU dHOLN LPDODWoODUQQ GD
EHOOL VWDQGDUGODUGD EHQ]HUL VLVWHPOHUGHQ JHoHUHN XOXVODUDUDV NDOLWH\L
\DNDODPDV DUWWU %X QRNWDGD 7UNL\HGH X]XQ \OODUGU ]RU NRXOODUGD
K]PHW YHUHQ 7UNL\H 0LPDU YH 0KHQGLV 2GDODU %LUOLL 7002% 
QDDW 0KHQGLVOHUL 2GDV 02 YH 7UNL\H <DSVDO dHOLN 'HUQHL
78&6$JLELNXUXPODUDoRN|QHPOLJ|UHYOHUGPHNWHGLU
<$3,6$/d(/. %g/*(0=1$$76(.7g5h1(1(/(5
.$=$1',5$%/5"
<DSVDO oHOLN \XNDUGD GD J|UOHFHL ]HUH oRN GHLLN DODQODUGD HWNLOL ELU
HNLOGH NXOODQODELOLU +DILI \DSVDO oHOLL NRQXW DSDUWPDQ YH EHQ]HUL
\DSODUGD NXOODQDUDN GHSUHP E|OJHVLQGH EXOXQDQ E|OJHPL]H KDILI YH
GHSUHPHGD\DQNO \DSODUND]DQGUDELOLUL]+HUQHNDGDUGD \HUHOYHGRDO
PDO]HPHNXOODQDOP GL\RUVDN GDNXP ROVXQoDNOROVXQEXWUPDO]HPHOHULQ
DU NXOODQP |UQHLQ ..7&GH ED] \|UHOHULQ GRDO GHQJHVLQL
49

ER]PDNWDGU<HQLPDO]HPHOHULQYH\DSVLVWHPOHULQLQNXOODQP EXGHQJH\L
NRUXUNHQ EHUDEHULQGH \HQL GHWD\ YH \DQ PDO]HPHOHULQ NXOODQPQ GD
JHWLUHFHNWLU <HQL PDO]HPHOHU SL\DVDODUGD VHoHQHL DUWUUNHQ NDOLWHQLQ GH
\NVHOPHVLQGH \DUGPF RODFDNWU %D] \HQL PDO]HPHOHULQ \HUHO RODUDN
UHWLOHELOPHVL GXUXPXQGD \HQL VDQD\L NXUXOXODU YH L LPNDQODU
\DUDWODELOHFHNWLU
*HOLPL ONHOHUGH \] \O DNQ ELU VUH NXOODQODQ \DSODUD NDUQ
ONHPL]GH ED] \DSODUQ  \O JLEL NVD ELU VUH VRQUD FLGGL \DSVDO
VRUXQODUODNDUNDU\D NDOGQJ|]OHPOHPHNWH\L] +Lo SKH\RN NLX]XQ
|PUO\DSODUVDKLSOHULQHDYDQWDMODUVDODUNHQONH HNRQRPLVLQHGHE\N
NDWNODU JHWLULU dHOLN UHWLPL YH NXOODQPQGD EDWD JHOHQ ONHOHUGHQ ELUL
RODQ QJLOWHUHGH dHOLN .RQVWULNVL\RQ (QVWLWVQQ 6WHHO &RQVWUXFWLRQ
,QVWLWXWH 6&, VRQ \OODUGD \DSW DUDWUPDODUGDQ oNDQ |QHPOL VRQXoODU
DUDVQGD VRXN HNLOOHQGLULOPL JDOYDQL]H KDILI \DS HOHPDQODU LOH LQD
HGLOPL\DSODUQ\OJLELX]XQELU|PUROGXXGXU
<DSVDO oHOLNOH LOJLOL FD\GUF RODUDN VNoD V|\OHQHQ oHOLN SDVODQU \DQDU
JLELWDQPODUQoRN GDKDGLNNDWOLLUGHOHQPHVLYHQHGHUHFHGRUXROGXXQXQ
PDQWNO ELU HNLOGH GQOPHVL JHUHNPHNWHGLU dHOLN GH GLHU \DS
PDO]HPHOHUL JLEL GHLLN DYDQWDM YH GH]DYDQWDMODUD VDKLS ELU PDO]HPHGLU
.XOODQPQGDGLNNDWHGLOPHVLJHUHNHQGHWD\ODUYDUGUYHGRUX NXOODQOG
WDNGLUGHoRNL\LVRQXoODUYHUHELOLU
%XJQ ]RU DUWODUGD LQD HGLOHQ YH LOHY J|UHQ 2IIVKRUH 3ODWIRUPODUQQ
\DSPQGD NXOODQODQ DQD PDO]HPH oHOLNWLU %X \DSODU \NVHN SDVODQPD
RUWDP RODQGHQL]OHUGH YH \DQJQYHSDWODPD WHKOLNHVLoRN \NVHNRODQJD]
YH SHWURO LOHULQGH NXOODQOPDNWDGU <LQH oHOLLQ oRN VN NXOODQOG
HQGVWUL\HOELQDODUKHP SDVODQPDKHP GH\DQJQWHKOLNHVLQLQ\NVHN ROGXX
\HUOHUGLU
6218d
*HOLPHNWH RODQONHOHUGHHLWLPYHPHVOHNL JHOLLP \HWHUVL]OLL VRQXFXQGD
\DSVDOoHOLN JHUHNWLLQFHNXOODQOPDPDNWDGU%XPDNDOHGHYHULOHQELOJLOHU
LQGD \DSVDOoHOLLQDUWN ONHOHULPL]GHGDKDG]HQOLRODUDN NXOODQOPDV
JHUHNOLOLL DoNWU 0DO]HPH VHoLPL \DSOUNHQ LQD HGLOHFHN \DSQQ NDOF
JHULG|QPOoHYUH\H GX\DUOHNRQRPLN GHSUHPHGD\DQNOJLELELUoRN
NRQXGD X\JXQ ROPDV JHUHNPHNWHGLU <XNDUGD EHOLUWLOHQ |]HOOLNOHUH VDKLS
\DSODUQ LQDDV ONH HNRQRPLVLQL GH ROXPOX ELU G]H\GH HWNLOH\HFHNWLU
7RSOXP ELOLQFLQL DUWUPD LQDDW VHNW|UQGH oHLWOL NDGHPHOHUGH oDODQ
50

NLLOHUHG]HQOLPHVOHNLoL HLWLP VXQPD\DSVDOoHOLN NXOODQPQQDUWPDVQD

\DUGPF RODFDNWU %X RUJDQL]DV\RQODU \DSPD JHUHNOL \DVDODUQ
KD]UODQPDVQGD \DUGPF ROPD LVH 02 YH 78&6$ JLEL NXUXPODUQ DQD
KHGHIL ROPDOGU 6DODP YH VDONO ELU (QGVWUL$NDGHPL LELUOLL \HQL
\HWLHQ PKHQGLV YH WHNQLV\HQOHULQ EX NRQXODUGD \HWHUOL HLWLPL DOPDODUQ
VDOD\DFDN YH QLYHUVLWHOHULPL]GH \DSODQ DUDWUPDODUQ ONH LKWL\DoODUQD
GLUHN FHYDS YHUHELOHFHN WDU]GD ROPDVQ VDOD\DFDNWU $\UFD
DNDGHPLV\HQOHULQ HQGVWUL GHQH\LPOL RODPDODUQQ HQGVWUL LOH VDONO
LELUOLLLoLQE\N DYDQWDMVDOD\DFDQQGDYXUJXODQPDVJHUHNPHNWHGLU
(Q oRN ]HULQGH GXUXOPDV JHUHNHQ QRNWD LVH LOJLOL WP NHVLPOHULQ EX
\DNODPD LQDQGUOPDV SODQO YH G]HQOL ELU VLVWHPOH ROD\Q
o|]POHQPHVLGLU 8QXWXOPDPDV JHUHNHQ LVH KLoELU GHLLP YH JHOLLPLQ
VNQWV]ROPD\DFDJHUoHLGLU

.$<1$./$5


%R]NLU 6)HDVLELOLW\ RI XVLQJVWUXFWXUDO VWHHO LQ1RUWK&\SUXV 7XUNH\

067KHVLV(08-DQXDU\



&HOLNDJ 0 DQG 6 %R]NLU )HDVLELOLW\ RI 8VLQJ 6WUXFWXUDO 6WHHO LQ 1RUWK
&\SUXV DQG 7XUNH\  ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ 6WHHO DQG 6SDFH
6WUXFWXUHV2FWREHU6LQJDSRUHSS
WK



&HOLNDJ 0 (FRQRPLF DVSHFWV RI XVLQJ VWHHO IUDPHG EXLOGLQJV ZLWK
FRPSRVLWHIORRUFDVHVWXGLHVIURP 8QLWHG$UDE(PLUDWHV&RQVWUXFWLRQDQG
%XLOGLQJ 0DWHULDOV -RXUQDO  9RO  SS  (OVHYLHU 6FLHQFH
/WG86$



,QWHUQDWLRQDO ,URQ DQG6WHHO ,QVWLWXWH ,,6, :RUOG 6WHHO LQ)LJXUHV

(GLWLRQKWWSZZZZRUOGVWHHORUJ



7UN<DSVDO dHOLN 'HUQHL 78&6$ KWWSZZZWXFVDRUJWXF

51

$%675$&7
,Q GHYHORSHG FRXQWULHV WKHUH LV D VWURQJ FRRSHUDWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH LQGXVWU\
DQGWKHDFDGHP\ WKDWZRUNVIRUWKHEHQHILWRIERWKVLGHV 7KLVFRRSHUDWLRQ
KHOSV WR FRQWLQXRXVO\ GHYHORS WKH H[LVWLQJ YDVW VHOHFWLRQ RI FRQVWUXFWLRQ
PDWHULDOVDQGDOVRWRLQWURGXFHQHZRQHV,WKHOSV LQWKHSURGXFWLRQRIQHZ
FRQVWUXFWLRQ PDWHULDOV ZKLFK LQ WXUQ ZLOO KHOS LQ DFKLHYLQJ EHWWHU TXDOLW\
VWURQJHUVXVWDLQDEOHDQG PRUHHFRQRPLFVWUXFWXUHV ,W IRUFHVSHRSOHLQWKH
FRQVWUXFWLRQ LQGXVWU\ WR UHQHZ WKHLU NQRZOHGJH WKURXJK FRQWLQXLQJ
HGXFDWLRQ DQG PDNHV WKHP WR XVH WKHLU ORJLF DQG NQRZOHGJH IRU VHOHFWLQJ
FRQVWUXFWLRQ PDWHULDO WKDW ZLOO EH ILW IRU WKH SXUSRVH HFRQRPLF DQG
VXVWDLQDEOH ,Q XQGHUGHYHORSHG RU GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV WKHUH LV LQDGHTXDWH
UHVHDUFKLQWRDGYDQFHGWHFKQRORJLHVZKLFKPDNHVLWGLIILFXOWWR SURGXFHQHZ
DQGLQQRYDWLYHPDWHULDOV :KHQODFNRIWUDLQLQJ H[SHULHQFHDQGDZDUHQHVV
RISHRSOH LQWKH FRQVWUXFWLRQLQGXVWU\ LV DGGHGWRJHWKHUZLWKWKHKLJK FRVWRI
LPSRUW PDWHULDOV WKHQ LW LV QDWXUDO IRU HQJLQHHUV WR VHOHFW WKH FRPPRQ
FRQVWUXFWLRQ PHWKRGV DQG PDWHULDO IRU VWUXFWXUHV %RWK 7XUNH\ DQG 751&
DUHGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVZKRDUH JRLQJWKURXJKLQWHQVHDQGSODQQHGURXWHWR
EH PHPEHUV RI (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ DQG WKHUHIRUH WKH\ KDYH WKH SRWHQWLDO WR
RYHUFRPH WKH GLIILFXOWLHV DGGUHVVHG DERYH 6WDWLVWLFDO LQIRUPDWLRQ VKRZV
WKDW WKH FRQVXPSWLRQ RI VWHHO LV VWHDGLO\ LQFUHDVLQJ LQ 7XUNH\ ,Q DGGLWLRQ
WKHUH DUH LQGLFDWLRQV WKDW PRUH SHRSOH LQ WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ LQGXVWU\ DUH
UHDOL]LQJWKHEHQHILWVRIFRQWLQXLQJHGXFDWLRQDQGWUDLQLQJ DQGWKHFOLHQWVDUH
DOVR EHFRPLQJ PRUH DZDUH RIWKHLU FKRLFHV ,QWKHOLJKWRIDOOWKHVHLI WKH
SDUWLHV LQYROYHG FRQWLQXH WR ZRUN KDUG RQ WKLV PDWWHU WKHQ WKHUH DUH JRRG
LQGLFDWLRQVWKDWWKHREMHFWLYHVZLOOEHDFKLHYHG

52