GSA GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE

MESOZOIC

OLIGOCENE

C9

11

13

19

C18

20
C20

45
21

50

C21

22 C22
23

140
28.1
150

RUPELIAN

37.8

BARTONIAN
41.2

LUTETIAN

180

190

47.8

YPRESIAN

C23

26
C26

60
27

C27

28 C28

65

29
C29

30 C30

PALEOCENE

C25

300

ALBIAN
113

320

APTIAN
EARLY

BARREMIAN
HAUTERIVIAN

126
131
134
139

LATE

MIDDLE

KIMMERIDGIAN
OXFORDIAN
CALLOVIAN
BATHONIAN
BAJOCIAN
AALENIAN

152

380

157
164
166
168
170
174

400

56.0

220

THANETIAN
SELANDIAN

59.2
61.6

230

240

DANIAN
66.0

250

PERMIAN

Cisuralian

PLIENSBACHIAN

420

440
191

SINEMURIAN
HETTANGIAN

199
201

460

209

480
LATE

CHRON.

ERA

PERIOD

228

LADINIAN
ANISIAN

EARLY

OLENEKIAN
INDUAN

MIDDLE

MOSCOVIAN

EARLY

BASHKIRIAN

LATE

SERPUKHOVIAN

MIDDLE

VISEAN

EARLY

TOURNAISIAN

LATE

237

520

241
247
250
252

540

1250

315
323

1500

331

347

MIDDLE

1750

359
2000

372

GIVETIAN
EIFELIAN

383
388
393

PRIDOLI

LUDLOW
WENLOCK
LLANDOVERY

LATE
MIDDLE
EARLY

Epoch 3
Epoch 2
TERRENEUVIAN

LUDFORDIAN
GORSTIAN
HOMERIAN
SHEINWOODIAN
TELYCHIAN
AERONIAN
RHUDDANIAN
HIRNANTIAN

KATIAN
SANDBIAN
DARRIWILIAN
DAPINGIAN

FLOIAN
TREMADOCIAN
AGE 10
JIANGSHANIAN
PAIBIAN
GUZHANGIAN
DRUMIAN
AGE 5
AGE 4
AGE 3
AGE 2

408
411
419
423
426
427
430
433
439
441
444
445
453
458
467
470

635

CRYOGENIAN
850
1000

1200

MESOPROTEROZOIC

ECTASIAN
1400

CALYMMIAN
1600

STATHERIAN
1800

OROSIRIAN
PALEOPROTEROZOIC

2050

RHYACIAN
2250

2300

SIDERIAN
2500

2500

NEOARCHEAN
2750

2800

3000

3250

478
485
490
494
497
501
505
509
514

541

STENIAN

EMSIAN
PRAGIAN

BDY.
AGES
(Ma)

TONIAN
1000

290
296
299
304
307

NEOPROTEROZOIC

750

FRASNIAN

FURONGIAN

CARNIAN

260
265
269
272
279

ARTINSKIAN
SAKMARIAN
ASSELIAN
GZHELIAN
KASIMOVIAN

EDIACARAN

252
254

FAMENNIAN

NORIAN
500

MIDDLE

CHANGHSINGIAN
WUCHIAPINGIAN
CAPITANIAN
WORDIAN
ROADIAN
KUNGURIAN

LOCHKOVIAN

183
EARLY

LATE

EARLY

TOARCIAN

200

210

Guadalupian

360

145

TITHONIAN

M22

340

RHAETIAN

C24

25

280

93.9
100

BERRIASIAN

160

170

83.6
86.3
89.8

CENOMANIAN

VALANGINIAN

M25

24

55

TURONIAN

M12
M14
M16
M18
M20

M29

PRIABONIAN

C17

C19

130

M0r
M1
M3
M5

SANTONIAN
CONIACIAN

M10

33.9

EOCENE

18

120

CHATTIAN

C13

15 C15
16 C16
17

40

C12

PALEOGENE

35

C11

HIST

BURDIGALIAN

23.0

10 C10
12

110

AQUITANIAN

7 C7
7A C7A
8 C8

34 C34

EON

PROTEROZOIC

16.0

6C C6C

30

100

LANGHIAN

20.4

6B C6B

13.8

C6

6A C6A

25

11.6

AGE
(Ma)

3500

ARCHEAN

20

5E
6

C5E

SERRAVALLIAN

90

CAMPANIAN
LATE

PENNSYLVANIAN

5B C5B
5C C5C
5D C5D

TORTONIAN

260

MISSISSIPPIAN

C5A

33
C33

Lopingian

72.1

CARBONIFEROUS

15

C5

MAASTRICHTIAN

32 C32

80

AGE

PRECAMBRIAN
PICKS
(Ma)

66.0

30 C30
31 C31

7.2

AGE
PERIOD EPOCH
(Ma)

DEVONIAN

5A

C4A

MIOCENE

NEOGENE

4A

10

C4

5.3

70

AGE

PALEOZOIC
PICKS
(Ma)

ORDOVICIAN SILURIAN

MESSINIAN

3A C3A
4

PIACENZIAN

ZANCLEAN

0.01
1.8
2.6
3.6

CRETACEOUS

PLIOCENE

C3

CALABRIAN
GELASIAN

PERIOD EPOCH

JURASSIC

HOLOCENE

QUATERNARY PLEISTOCENE*

2A C2A
3

AGE

MAGNETIC
POLARITY

TRIASSIC

C1
C2

EPOCH

AGE
(Ma)

RAPID POLARITY CHANGES

1
2

PERIOD

PICKS
(Ma)

ANOM.

CHRON.

HIST.

ANOM.

MAGNETIC
POLARITY

CAMBRIAN

CENOZOIC
AGE
(Ma)

v. 4.0

MESOARCHEAN
3200

PALEOARCHEAN
3600

3750

EOARCHEAN

521
529

FORTUNIAN

541

4000

4000

HADEAN

*The Pleistocene is divided into four ages, but only two are shown here. What is shown as Calabrian is actually three agesCalabrian from 1.8 to 0.78 Ma, Middle from 0.78 to 0.13 Ma, and Late from 0.13 to 0.01 Ma.
Walker, J.D., Geissman, J.W., Bowring, S.A., and Babcock, L.E., compilers, 2012, Geologic Time Scale v. 4.0: Geological Society of America, doi: 10.1130/2012.CTS004R3C. 2012 The Geological Society of America.
The Cenozoic, Mesozoic, and Paleozoic are the Eras of the Phanerozoic Eon. Names of units and age boundaries follow the Gradstein et al. (2012) and Cohen et al. (2012) compilations. Age estimates and picks of boundaries
are rounded to the nearest whole number (1 Ma) for the pre-Cenomanian, and rounded to one decimal place (100 ka) for the Cenomanian to Pleistocene interval. The numbered epochs and ages of the Cambrian are provisional.
REFERENCES CITED Cohen, K.M., Finney, S., and Gibbard, P.L., 2012, International Chronostratigraphic Chart: International Commission on Stratigraphy, www.stratigraphy.org (last accessed May 2012). (Chart reproduced
for the 34th International Geological Congress, Brisbane, Australia, 510 August 2012.)
Gradstein, F.M, Ogg, J.G., Schmitz, M.D., et al., 2012, The Geologic Time Scale 2012: Boston, USA, Elsevier, DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-59425-9.00004-4.