INDEX Afghanistan, British policy towards, 14-15, 102 Aga Khan, 141-2 Agarkar, G.G., 81-96 Age of consent agitation, 71 Agrarian relations, 32-5 Agricultural labourers, 35, $3, 340-1, 439, 442-6 Agricultural production, 36-7, 257- 61, 454 Ahmed, Muzaffar, 248-9 Akal: movement, 210-11, 228 al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din, 79 Ah, Muhammed, 133-4, 149, 195 Ali, Shaukat, 144, 149, 195 Aligarh movement, 76-78; and Muslim League; 140-4; ‘Young Party’ in, 143-4, 151 Alwar, 1933 revolt in, 321 Ambedkar, B.R., 56, 243 Anandamath, 83 Andhra, tribal movements in, 45-6, 154, 239-40; peasant movements in, 242, 270, 300, 317, 333-4, 364, 442-6; caste movements in, 57; linguistic movement in, 130, 16: extremism in, 130; non-coopet in, 214-16; civil disobedience 300; left movements in, 368-9, 442-6 Anushilan Samiti, Calcutta, 123-5 Anushilan Samiti, Dacca, 120 Anti-Circular Society, 115, 120 Army, 16-17, 410-11, 423-5 Arya Samaj, 74-6 99, 127-9 Assam, peasant movements in, 53; coolie exodus from, 217; non-co- operation in, 217-18; civil disobedi- ence in, 301; and Pakistan, 408, 416, 430, 452 “August offer’, 377 Azad, Abul Kalam, 144, 149, 415-17 Azad Hind Fauj, 410-11 Babbar Akalis, 211 Bachargunj (Barisal), $1, 110, 113, 117, 12041 Banerji, Aswinicoomar, 118-19 Banerji, Sasipada, 61 Banerji, Surendianash, 20, 66, 88, 92, 96, 111-12, 114 Bande Mataram, hymn, 83; journal, 113-15 Bardoli, peasant movement 155-6, 211-12, 231, 277-9, 297 Bardoli resolution, 225-6 Basu, Kshudiram, 123, 125 Bengal, intelligentsia of, 66-7; peasant movements in, 51-3, 411-3, 439-41; caste movements in, 55-8 ‘Swadeshi movement in, 112-25; non-cooperation in, 218-21; civil disobedience in 301-3, 322; Quit India in, 400-1; communalism in, 121-3, 233-7, 432-3; left move- ments in, 212-14, 247-50, 269-74, 302, 331-6, 411-13, 421-4, 439-41 Bengal Pact, 231-2 Beasant Annie, 73 Rule agitation, 151- Bhagat Singh, 268-9, 311 Bihar, tribal movements in, 46-8, 154; peasant movements in, 155-6, 183-4, 201-2, 333-4, 340-1, 363-5, 399-400; caste movements in, 55-8; non-cooperation in, 221-4; civil disobedience in, 304-5: Quit India in, 329-400; communalism in, 60, 157-8, 433-45 left_ movements in, 333-4, 340-1 Bijolia, peasant movement in, 155, in,480 200-1, 211, 240-1 Birla, G.D., 171, 238-9, 279-81, 292, 307, 311-12, 345-8, 349, 358-61, 407-8 Bolshevik revolution, impact in India of, 177, 252-3, Bombay Plan, 407-8 Bombay city, labour in, 61, 133-4, 199-200, 212-13; intelligentsia of, 66, 69-70; commi.nal riots in. 60, 80, 433; extremisia in, 132-5, none civil dis- Quit India, 394; RIN revolt in, 423-5; see also Business groups (Indian) Bose, Subhashchandra, 218, 231-2, 252-3, 281, 2K3, 360-2, 368. 370, 372-5, 382-3, 410-1 Boycott, in 1905-8, 111, 115-17, 1325 in non-cooperation, 207; in civil disobedience, 290-6 Brahmo movement, 70, 76, 81 Burma, British policy towards, 15-16 Business groups (Indian), and capita- list development, 38-41; and social reform, 63-4; and colonial government, 64; and Swadeshi movement, 132; and First World 171-3; and non-cooperation, ; and Swarayist, 232, 2389, 295-7, 311, 325-8; and Congress Right, 330-1, 345-50; and Cong- fess ministues, 358-61; and Planning, 360-1; and = Quit India, 393, 397; and Second World War, 405-8; and post-war crisis, 420-1 Cabinet Mission, 428-32 Calcutta, labour in, 269-74, 361-2, 421-3; Swadeshi_ movement in, 108, 111-12, 116-21, 123-4; non- cooperation in, 218; civil dis. obedience in, 301; Quit India in, INDEX 394; communal riots in, 60, 62-3, 157-8, 432-3 Canal Colonies, 128-9 Cargo-cults, 50 Caste, varna and jati, 54-5* and class, 54-8. 158; and colonialism, 54-5; of, 5358; caste move- ments, $4-8, 158-62, 242-4 Central Provinces, non-cooperation in, 213; ewvil disobedience in, 298; Congress ministry in, 352 Champaran, peasant movement in, 155-6, 183-4 Chattopadhyay, Bankimchandra, 874 Chouri Chaura, 206, 224-6 Chiplunkar, Vichnukrishna, 73-84 Chittagong Armoury Raid, 286 Civil Disodedience. 1930-1, phases of, 292-6, 307-8; social composition of, 290-6, regional variations in, 296-3007; in NWIP, 287-8, 2¢ Bombay in Gujarat, 297; in Maharashtra, 298; 1n Central Provinces, 298; in Karuatak, 298-9; in Kerala, 300: in‘Jamilnadu, 299-300; in Andhra, 300; in Orissa, 300-1; in Assam in Bengal, 301 in Bihar, Civil Dirobediene, 1932-4, 320-5; repression, 120-1; regional varia- tions in, 322-4 Commerialzation of agriculture, 30-2 Communalism, nature of, 59-6 protection riots, 60, 62, 79-80, 157-8; in Swadeshi Bengal, 12 growth im mid-19205 of, 2347. and Congress miniinies, 352-7; riots of 1946-7, 432-9; see alo Aligarh movement, Arya Samaj, Hindu = Mahasabha, = Muslim League and Rashtriya Swayam- sevak Sangh Communist. movement, foundationsof, 177, 212-14, 219, 247-80; and labour, 269-74, 284, 421-4, 431, 438-9; and civil disobedience, 289, 297, 302; and united front, 331-6, 338-43, 370-2; and Peoples’ War, 411-13; and post-war upsurge, 421-4, 427, 438-46; and culture, 342-3, 413 Congress, Indian National, founda- tions of, 65, 88-9; sessions of, 135-7, 194-5, 197-8, 281-4, 311-13, 343-4, 347, 366, 372-5, 481 also moderates, extremism, Gandhi, non-cooperation, civil disobedience, Quit India and Congress ministries Congress ministries, 1937-39, forma- tion of, 349-50; general impact of, 350-1; and officials, 352; and ‘Communalism, and Gandhian ideals, business groups, 358-61; and Planning, 361-1; and labour, 361-2; and kisans, 362-5; and divi- sions within Congress, 370-5; resignation of, 375 ‘Congress Socialist Party, 331-6, 338, 344, 370-2, 394 ff. Constructive swadeshi, 97, 113 Constructive work, Gandhan, nature of, 229-31, 328-31 Cripps Mission, 385-8 Curzon, 95-6; foreign policy, 101-25 administrative reforms, 102-5; and Congress, 105-6; and Partition of Bengal, 106-7 Dange, S.A., 200, 212-13, 248-50, 362 Darshananand, Swami, 200, 208 Das, Chittaranjan, 152, 195, 197, 204, 218-22, 225-6, 227-8, 231-3 Dawn Society, 99, 113, 117 Dayanand, Swami, 74, 80; see also ‘Arya Samaj Deccan Agriculturists’ Relief Act (1879), $1 Deccan Education Society, 81, 96 481 Deindustrialization, 28-30 Deoband, 76, 78, 147-9 Depression, impact on India of, 257-61, 293, 296, 305-6, 315-16 Divide and rule, British policies of, (20-1, 138-41; Drain of wealth, 24-8;and nationalism, 86-88, 90; ‘and First World War, 169 Dravidian movement, 57-8, 159-60 Dutt, Aswinikumar, 98, 113, 120-1 Dutt, Romeshchandra, $2, 64, 81, 87-8, 92, 103 Dyarchy, 165, 167 Educated unemployment, and nation- alism, 81-2 Education, British policy towards, 105-6 ‘Egmore’ faction, 96 Eka movement, 224 Elite interpretation of nationalism, 6,66 Extremism, roots of 96-100; critique of moderates, 97-8; social base of, 110-11; trends in, 112-15; in Bengal 114-125; in UP, 125-6; in Gujarat, 126; in Punjab, 126-9; in Andhra and Tamilnadu, 129-31; in Maha- rashtra, 131-35 Factions, role in nationalism of, 7, 96-7, 112, 129-30, 135; in caste movements, 158, Factory Acts, 61, 87 Famine, 36-7, 406 Fazi-i-Husain, 263, 275 Federation plans, 255, 336-7 Finance, 17-18, 168-78 First World War, impact in India of, 168-78 Forest laws, Congress criticism of, Forest movements, 153-5, 213-14, 221, 224; see also tribal movements Foreign capital, 37-8, 360, 405-8 Foreign policy, 14-16, 101-2 Ganapati Utsava, 60482 ‘Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand, 92, 146, 153, 156; and South Africa, 178-9; basic ideas of, 179-181; rumours about, 181-3; and Champaran, 183-4; and Kheda, 184-6; and Ahmedabad, 186; and Rowlatt satyagraha, 187- 94; and capture of Congress, 195-8; and —non-cooperation— Kihilafat, 204-26; and Swarajists, 227-8; and Purna Swaraj, 267; and salt satyagraha, 281-4; and civil disobedience, 289, 294-5, 310-11; and Harijans, 328-31; and Cong- it, 345-8, 372 Congress ministries, 350-1, 357-8; and states peoples, 366-70; and Tripuri, 372-5; and individual civil disobedience, 381-3; and Cripps Mission, 386; and Quit India, 388-91; and riots of 1946-47, 437-8; and partition, 437-8, 453 Gandhi-Irwin Pact, 310-11; ambi- ‘guous impact of, 311-14 Ganguli, Dwarkanath, 62, 88, 91 Ghosh, Aurobindo, 64, 97-8, 123-5, 146 Ghadr movement, 145-9 Girni Kamgar union, 246 Gokhale, G.K , 20, 67, 69, 92, 95-6, 136 Government of India Act (1935), 336-7 Gujarat, peasant movements in, 54, 155-6, 184-6, 211-12, 228-9, 231, 277-9, 297; non-cooperation in, 211-12; civil disobedience in, 297 2 Har Dayal, 145-6, 149 Harijans, 328-31, 357-8 ‘Hat’ looting, 53, 176, 221-2 Hindu Mahasabha, 235-7, 356-7, 368-9, 412 Hindu Mela, Hindustan Socialist Republic Asso- ciation, 251-2, 267-9 Historiographical trends, 4-11, 66, 262-3, INDEX 96-7, 112, 129-30, 135, 158; ist, 5-6; communal, 5-6; “Cambridge School’, 6-8, 96; Marxist, 9 Home Rule agitation, 151-3 ‘Hume, Allen Octavian, 88-9, 93-5 Hossain, Liaquat, 118, 121 Hug, Fazlul, 157, 354-5, 377-80 Indentured labour, 41, 91 Indian Association, 66, 88, 95 Indian Councils Act, 1861, 12 Indian Councils Act, 1892, 19-20, 95 Indian Councils Act, 1909, 139-40 142 INA trials, impact of, 418-1, 422-3 Indian Peoples’ Theatre Associa- tion, 413 Industrial labour, recruitment of, 41, 61-2; early conciousness of, 61-3; and Swadeshi movement, 118-19, 133-4; and First World War, 174-6; in 1920s, 244-6, 269-74; in 1930s, 289-91, 297, 334-5, 361-2; in Quit India, 394-97; in 1945-47, 421-4, 431, 438-9 Intelligentsia, social roots of, 65-70; regional va sin, 67-70; cultural trends in, 70-81 Intermediate tenure-holders, and Rengal politics, 110-11 Jallianwallabagh, 191 Jinnah, Muhammad Ali, 262-3, 344-5, 353-7, 377-80, 408-10, 436-7, 448-9, 482 Joshi, G.V. 81, 88 Joshi, P.C., 339, 413 3, 231-2, 439-41 Justice Party, $7-8, 159-60 Kanungo, Hemchandra, 115, 123-5 Carnatak, civil disobedience 298-9; Quit India in, 402-4 Kashmir National Conference move- sment in, 316-17, 324, 450 Kerala, caste movements 55-7,INDEX 161-2; civil disobedience 19, 300; Peasant movements in, 383, 441- 2; communist movement 331-6, 340, 369, 441-2 Khaliquzzaman, Chaudhuri, 153, 353, 379-80 Khan, Abdul Ghallar, 287, 449 Khan, Sikander Hayat, 377-8 Kheda, peasant movement in, 54, 155-6, 184-6, 212, 228-9; Khilafat movement, 79, 195-6, 198-9; see also Non-coopeiation Krishnavarma, Shyamayi, 145 Kukas, 78 Laypat Rat, Lala, 74-5, 81, 96, 99, 127-9, 135-7, 210, 233, Lancashue textiles, impact on India Of, 28-30, 61, 168-78, 259, 325-7 League Against Imperialism, 252-3 Lees-Mody Pact, 327-9 Left movements, see Communist movement, Congress Socialist Party, Kisan Sabha, Industrial labour Lucknow Pact, 149-151 MacDonald Communal 319-20 Madras Mahajan Sabha, 68, 88, 95 Maharashtra, peasant movements in, 48-9, 50-1, 242-4, 402-3, 439; caste movements in, 56-7, 84, 158-62, 242-4; extremism in, 99-100, 132-5; terrorism in, 135; non-cooperation in, 213; civil disobedience in, 298; Quit India in, 402-4; communa- ism in, 79-80, 357, 412 Malaviya, Madan Mohan, 70, 125-6, 233, 235-7 Mehta, Pherozeshah, 69, 82, 88,91, 95, 126, 136-7 Midnapur, caste movements in, 58; © peasant movements in, 218-21, 301-3, 439-41; terrorism in, 123-5, 302; non-cooperation in, 218-21, civil disobedience in, 301-3; Quit Award, 483 India in, 400-1 Mitra, Dinabandhu, and Nil Darpan, 8 Moderates in Congress, objectives and methods, 89-92; phases of, 92-5; criticism of, 91-92; split with extremists, 135-7 Montagu-Chelmsford reforms, 165-8 Moplahs, background to revolts, 49; revolts in 19th Century, 49-50} 1921 rebellion, 216-17 Mountbatten Plan, 446-9 Muslim League, 140-4, 262-3, 349, 353-7, 377-80, 408-10, 415-17, 426-27 ‘Mylapore’ faction, 96, 129 ‘Mymensingh, peasant movement im, 51, 439-41; non-cooperation in, 218-21; communal riots in, 121-3, 301-3, Namboodiripad, E.M.S., 161-2, 340, 369 Naoroyt, Dadabhai, 64, 70, 81, 87-8, 90-3, 95, 99, 135 Narayan, Jayaprakash, 332. 344, 370, 373-4, 396, 399-400 National education, in Swadeshi ‘Bengal, 117-18; in non-cooperation 204, 218, 221-2 National income, estimates of, 41-2, ut ‘National Planning Commuttee, 360-1 Nationalist economic theory, 86-8; limitations of, 87-8 Naujawan Bharat Sabha, 268, 288 ‘Nehru, Jawaharlal, 153, 197, 204, 222, 252-3, 264, 266-7, 283-5, 294, 305, 312, 316, 331-2, 338, 343-4, 353, 356, 360-2, 371-5, 385, 386-7, 420, 426, 430-3, 435-6, 448-50, 453-4 Nehru, Motilal, 125, 196, 204, 227-8, 262, 312 Nehru Report, 261-5 Non-Brahman movements, in Madras484 Presidency, 57-8, 163, 242-4; in Maharashtra, 57-8, 162, 242-4 Non-cooperation, phases of, 204-6; social composition of, 206-10; in Punjab, 210-11; in Rajasthan, 2U1; in Sind, 211; in Gujarat, 211-2; in Bombay city, 212-13; in in Madras city, in Maharashtra, 21: 213-14; in Tamilnadu, 214; Andhra, 214-16; in Assam, 21 in Bengal, 218-2); in Bihar, 221-2; in UP, 222-4 North-West Frontier Province, and civil disobedience, 287-8, 291; and partition, 449 Orissa, and civil disobedience, 300- 4; and Quit India, 401-2 Pakistan, genesis of concept, 378-9; Lahore resalution, 379-80; Pakistan movement, 408-10, 436-7, 448-9, 452 Pal, Bepinchandra, 81, 83, 101, 112, 118, 136 Pan-Islamism, 63, 79, 143-4 Partition of Bengal (1905), motives of, 106-7, struggle against, 107-25; revocation of, 143 Passive resistance, extremist muulations of, 100, 113-14 Patel, Vallabhbhai, 277-8, 313-14, 345-8, 421, 424-6, 450-2 Patriotic literature, in Bengali, 83, IIL, 115, 122-3; in Marathi, 83-4; in Hindi, 85, 223, 342-3 Peasant movements, types of, 50-4; and communal divisions, 52, 157; in Andhra, 270, 300, 317, 333-4, 364, 442-6; in Assam, 53; in Bengal, 51-3, 220-1, 274-5, 307, 323, 341, 364, 400-1, 439-41; in Bihar, 201-2, 221, 276, 304-5, 333-4, 340-1, 363-5, 399-400; in Gujarat, 54, 155-6, 184-6, 211-12, 28-9, 231, 277-9, 297, 313-145 Karnatak, 402-3; in Kerala, 383, for- INDEX 441-2; in Maharashtra, 48-51, 402-4, 402-3, 439; in Orissa, in Punjab, 275-6, 303-4, 364" in Rajasthan, 155, 200-1, 211, 240-1; in United Provinces, 168, 202-3, 223-4, 306-7, 315-16, 323, 400; see also Non-cooperation, Civil Disobedience, Quit India, Kisan Sabha and Communist movements Peshawar, popular rising in, 287-8 Phadke, Vasudeo, 48-9 Phule, Jyotiba, 57, 84 Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, 53-4, 88, 95 Population, 36, 111, 261 Praja movement, in Bengal, 157 Prarthana Samay, 70, 76 Premchand, 223, 342-3 Prices, fluctuations in, 109, 111, 170-1, 257, 394 Prunces, 64, 102-3, 255, 264-5, 336-7; and integration, 450-2 Progressive Writers’ Association, 342-3 Punjab, Arya Samay in, 74-5; Land Alienation Act, 103; extremism in, 126-9; Rowlatt Satyagiaha in, 189-92; non-cooperation in, 210-11, civil disobedience in, 302-4; ter- rorism in, 129, 144, 148-9, 307; peasant movements in, 275-6, 303-4, 364; Akalis in, 210-11, 228; communal riots in, 60, 434-5 Punnapra-Vayalar, popular rising in, 441-2 Quit India movement, roots of, 388-94; all-India pattern of, 394-6; social composition of, 396-9; in Bihar, 399-400; in east U.P., 400; in Midnapur, 400-1; in Orissa, 401-2; in Bombay Presidency, 402-4; impact on British of, 404-5; impact on Congress of, 405INDEX Racism, white, functions of, 22-4 Rajagopalachari, C.R., 214, 389, 399, 415, 420 Raju, Alluri Sitarama, 182, 239-40 Ramakrishna Mission, 72 Ramchandra, Baba, 168, 182, 202, 223 Ranade, Mahadev Govind, 70, 81, 83, 92, 133 Ranga, N.G., 242, 340 Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, 357, 412 Revivalism, Hindu, 70-76, Muslim, 78-80 RIN Mutiny, 423-5 Round Table Conference, 308-9; second, 319-20 Rowlatt Satyagraha, 187-94; prepara- tions for, 187-9; in Punjab, 189-92; in Delhi 192-3; in Gujarat, 193; in Bombay city, 193; in Calcutta, 194; in Madras, 194; in C.P., 194 Roy, M,N., 147, 177, 225, 247-9 Rumour. role in Gandhian nationa- lism of, 181-3 114-15; first, Salimulla, Nawab of Dacca, 140-2 Samitis, in Swadeshi Bengal, 119-121 Sanatan Dharma Sabhas, 75 *Sanskritization’; see caste, mobility jwami Sahajanand, 216, 317, 333, 340, 364-5 Sasmal, Birendranath, 218, 220, 233 Satyashodhak Samaj, 57, 158, 162 Savarkar, V.D., 135, 145 Sayyid Ahmed Khan, 76-8, 93 Second World War, economic impact Of, 38%-4, 403-8 Self-respect movement, 58, 159-60, 243 Sengupta, J.M., 218-19, 233 Sharecroppers, 53, 439-42 Shivaji, interpretations Shivaji-utsava, 114 Sholapur, popular rising in, 288-9 Shraddhanand, Swami, 74-5, 193 Simla Conference, 415-17 of, 83-4, 485 Simla Deputation, 140-1 Simon boycott movement, 265-7 Social reform movements among Hindus, 70-71, 73-6; among Muslims, 76-8 Sri Narayana Guru, 55-6 States’ Peoples’ movements, all- India, 341, 365-70; in Kashmir, 310-17, 324, 450; in Rajasthan, 155, 200-1, 211, 240-1, 341, 450; in Gujarat, 241, 366-7; in Orissa, 367-8, 451; in Hyderabad, 368-9, 442-6; in Mysore, 367. 383, 451; in Travancore, 369-70, 441-2 Surat, Congress split in, 135-7 ‘Swaraj party, 227-8, 231-3 Tagore, Rabindianath, 52, 98-9, 108, IML, 115, 122-3, 164, 194, 342, 372, 384 Tamilnadu, extremism in, 130-1; terrorism in, 131; caste movements in, 56-8; non-cooperation in, 214: civ disobedience in, 299-300 Taruff policy, 69, 168-78, 257-61 ‘Tebhaga movement, 439-41 Telengana, peasant rebellion 442-6 Terrorism, in Bengal, 97, 123-5, 144, 147-8, 250-2, 287-8, 302, 314 Punjab, 129, 144, 148-9 303; in Maharashtra, 135; in Tamilnadu, 131; abroad, 144-7, 149 Thakurdas, Purshottamdas, 238-9, 310-11, 327-9, 343-4 ‘Theosophical movement, 72-4 Tilak, Balgangadhar, 20, 53-4, 57, 60, 69, 73,81, 84, 96, 99-100, 132-7, 151-3, 195 Tribal movements, nature of, 44-5; in Rampa-Gudem, 45-6, 154, 239-40; in Bastar, 154; among Khonds, 154; in Mayurbbanj, 154; in Birsa Munda, 46-8; Tana Bhagats, 154; in Manipur, 154; among Bhils, 155, 201, 240-1; among Worlis, 439; and civil dig:486 Obedience, 298-301; and British divide-and-rule, 253 United Provinces, non-couperation in, 222-24; civil disobedience in, 3057; Quit India in, 400; com- miunal riots in, 60, 434; peasant movements in, 202-4, 223, 241 Universities Act (1904), 105 Urdu-Nagri Controversy, 79, 85 Venkatappaya, Konda, 244 Vidyanand, Swami, 182, 201-2 Vidyasagar, Iswarchandra, 70, 76 Virasalingam, 71 INDEX Viswanand, Swami, 182, 200, 208, us Vivekananda, 72-3, 98-9, 108 Wacha Dinshaw, 69-70, 91-2, 132 Wahhabi movement, 78 Women, and social reform moves ments, 70-1, 73-6; role in civil disobedience of, 290; role in terrorism of, 314-5 Yayntk, Indulal, 153, 340 Zamindars, 51-3; role in Swadeshi movement of, 10-11, 117