‘TRUONG DAI HOC SU PHAM THANH PHO HO CHi MINH
KHOA VAT LY
sola
VO TH] TUYET PHUQNG
THIET KE CAC BAI THI NGHIEM
CHO PHONG THI NGHIEM VAT LY HAT NHAN
TRUONG DAI HOC SU’ PHAM TP. HO CHi MINH
LUAN VAN TOT NGHIEP DAI HOC
Chuyén nganh: Vit ly Hat Nhan
Nguoi hwéng din: ThS. Hoang Dire Tam
TP. Hé Chi Minh, 5/2010 LOI CAM ON
‘Trong qua trinh thye hign va hon thanh khéa ludn nay, ngoai nhimg né lye cia
c4 nhan, em edn nhin duge sur gitip 40 nhiét tinh va 18i dong vien cia quy thay c6
trong Khoa Vat ly Trudmg Bai hoc Su pham TP. HO Chi Minh da tao moi diéu kign
thudn loi nbat dé em hoan thanh vige do dae thye nghiém
Xin cho em duge bay to long biét on dén thay Hoang Ditc Tim, thay da tan tinh
huéng din em, truyén thy cho em nhiing kién thite dé hoan thanh tét khéa luan nay,
Em xin cam on dén thay Tran Thign Thanh ~ gidng vién Trrdmg Dai hoc Khoa
hoc Ty Nhién da gitp 46 em va truyén det kién thie thye nghigm vé hat nhan dé em
hodn thinh lun vin nay.
“Xin cdm on gia dinh ludn sét cdnh bén con trong suét thd gian hoc dai hoe,
Iu6n 1a ché dya tinh thin cho con,
(Cam on tap thé lop Cir nhan ly khéa 32 da luén & bén canh va gidp 4 minh trong
ahiing lic kh6 Khiin vi dng vien em trong suét thi gian Lam bai lufin may
‘Vo Thj Tuyét Phugng MO BAU
1, L¥ do chon a8 tai
‘Neay nay vige trién khai dmg dung Vat ly hat nhdn trong ede linh vue di séng dang duge
‘quan tim vi nhig higu qua va loi ich ma n6 dem Igi. Bén canh 46 hign nay nude ta dang chun bi
xy dyng nha may dign hat nhan tai Ninh Thuan. Do vay vige chudn bj ngudn nhan lye 1a hét sire
clin thiét, Hign tgi, cdc truimg dai hgc trong cd nude dang dao tao sinh vién chuyén nganh Vét ly hat
nhdn trong d6 e6 tring Dai hoe Su pham Tp.Hé Chi Minh.
Dé tao diéu kign
it cho sinh vién thy hanh chuyén dé Vat ly hat nhan trudng da xdy dung
Phang thi nghigm Vat ly hat nhan, nhim phyc vy cho cng tie nay cée thigt bj nay trong Phong thi
nghigm hign tai dang duge dua vio phye vu cho céng tic dio tio.
Chinh vi ly do trén ma em da chon dé tai “THIET KE CAC BAI THI NGHIEM CHO
PHONG THI NGHIEM VAT LY HAT NHAN TRUONG DAI HOC SU PHAM TP.HO CHi
MINH” nhim hoin chinh thém vige wing day thye hinh cho sinh vién nginh Cir nhin Vat ly,
‘Trudmg Dai hoe Sur pham Tp.Hé Chi Minh,
2. Myc tiéu d8 tai
- Tim hiéu co ché hogt dng cla céc thiét bj ghi do bite xq may do alpha, beta phong thap UMF
2000, may do dom kénh Ludlum Model 2200, may do Gamma Ray 8K.
~ Thiét ké 5 bai thi nghiém dya trén céc thiét bj ghi do trong phdng thi nghiém vat ly hat nhan.
2. BO cyc lun vin
[Ngoai phiin mé diu va két ludn lun vin chia Lim 3 chuong:
Chuong 1: Téng quan vé bite xa va thiét bi ghi nha bite xa
‘Chuong 2: Thiét ké cde bai thi nghiém
Chuong 3: Két qua bio e4o thye nghigm CHUONG 1. TONG QUAN VE BUC XA VA THIET BI GHINHAN
BUC XA
1.1. Ngudn phéng xa alpha , beta va gamma
Nguén phéng xg d8 chi cde chit dng vi phéng xg phat ra céc tia alpha, beta va gamma, Céc
nguén phong xa nay duge sin xuat trong eae Io phan img hat nhan hay cic may gia toc.
(Co 2 dang ngudn phéng xa:
Nguén phéng xa kin: la ngudn phéng xa duge boc kin trong vé thép khéng gi. Nguén nay d3
duge kiém tra vé tinh bén eo hoe, tinh chiu nhigt, 46 kin, chiu 4p suit..Nguén kin edn duge dat
trong budng bing chi dé vira che chin vira bao vé. Cac ngudn phong xa kin thudmg duge ding trong.
cdc thiét bj do mite vat ligu, do mft d6, nghién eiru khoa hgc, chiéu xq khir tring y té...
Ngudn phong xa hé duge san xuat duéi dang dung dich long, dang rin hay dang bot chia
trong lo thily tinh hay plastic ma khong c6 v6 boc kin nhur trong ngudn kin, Cée ngudn duge sit
dung 48 nghién cfru hay chan doan, nghién edu sx van chuyén vat ligu trong cée qui trinh sin xuit
cong nghigp..
Cac chit dng vi phéng xa khi phin ri phét ede hat alpha hoje beta va sau dé phit tiép
gamma, Ching duge sir dung nhur mot trong cic dang nguén phéng xa. Do 46 ngudn phéng xe logi
nay duge xem nhw la ngudn alpha, beta hoe nguén gamma tiy theo myc dich sir dung. Baing 1.1: Mgt sé ngudn phéng x9 alpha, beta, gamma
Dong Thoi gian | Dang
Ten Loai bite xa | Ning lugng (MeV)
vi banra — ngudn
Am @ 348) 458nim| Kin
Americium
Y 0,060
Cobalt "Co Y 1,173;1,332/ 3.27 nam| Kin
Cacsium | "Cs Y 0,662| 30nim/ Kin
Strontium | "Sr B 227| 28nim| Kin
Krypton | "Kr B 0.67) 10,6nim | Kin
He
9.080; 0,284; | Ha
"y Y nga a
0,364;0,637 ae .
sich
He
Technecium | "Te Y 1405) 6 giv) Dung
dich
Phosphorus | =P B 17] 15ngiy| He
451.10
™y a 418 Kin
nam
2.48.10
Ho ou @ 4,763 Kin
nim
uranium
24,10
™Th B 0,193; 0,103 Kin
ngay
=P B 05) 666h| Kin
1.2. Twong tic cia bite xa véi vat chit
Khi di xuyén qua vét chét cdc hat tuong tac véi che nguyén tit méi trang, tte ld tuong the
‘v6i electron va hat nhin, Néu bd qua tuong téc hip din thi cde hat s€ tham gia cée twong tée manh,
tuong tée yéu, twong tac dign tit. Céc hat alpha, deutron, proton, neutron e6 thé tham gia vio trong
‘tae manh. Ngoai ra lung tir gamma tham gia vio tuong téc yéu.
Trong qua trinh tuong tac ciia bite xq véi vat chat, nding lrgng ciia tia bite xg duge truyén cho
cde electron quy dao hode cho hat nhan nguyén ti, tay thude vao loai hgt va nding Ingng cia bite xa
ding nhwr ban chat cia moi truémg hip thy. Céic higu tmg chung khi tong tée cia bite xa véi vat
chit la kich thich va ion héa nguyén tir mOi trudng, 1.2.1. Twong tic cia hat alpha voi vat chit
1.2.1.1. Sy truyén ning lwgng cia hat alpha
Co ché mit nang Iugng cia hat alpha la kich thich va ion héa nguyén tr, Sy kich thich li dura
nguyén tir cia moi trrdng & trang thai og ban lén trang thai mite nang hrong cao hon (mite kich
thich). Si ion héa nguyén tir 1a hat alpha truyén nang lugng cho electron nguyén ti va electron nay
C6 ning Iugng lén hon ning long lign ket c
Do hat alpha 6 din tich 18 +2e 1én hon hat beta va khéi Iuong rit lin, do d6 van tbc cia nd
electron véi hat nhan nén bay ra ngoai.
thip, nén d6 ion héa riéng cia hat alpha rit cao, vao khodng hang nghin cp ion trén 1 cm trong.
khong hi.
1.2.1.2. Quang chay ciia hat alpha trong vat chat
Hat alpha c6 kha nang dam xuyén thap nhét trong s6 cae bifc xq ion hoa, Trong khong Khi
ngay ci hat alpha 06 nang hong cao do cée nguén phéng x9 phit ra cing chi di durge vai em, cn
trong méi trudng mé sinh hoc quing chay ciia né c& micromet.
Hinh 1.1: Dudng cong hip thy cia hat alpha
C62 dinh nghia vé quaing chay hat alpha 18 quing chay trung binh va quing chay ngoai suy.
‘Duong cong hap thy cia hat alpha cé dang phing vi né la hat don ning. G cudi quing chay,
s6 dém cic hat alpha giém nhanh khi ting bé day chat hap thy. Quang chay trung binh duge xic
dinh 6 mira chiéu cao dudng hap thy con quang chay ngoai suy duge xéc dinh khi ngoai suy dung
hap thy dén gid tri 0.
(Quang chay cia hat alpha trong khong khi 6 0°C va 4p suét 760 mm thity ngin duge bigu dién
bing cach gan ding, voi sai sé twong doi 10% nhw sau
R =0,56E em v6i E< 4MeV ay
R=1,24E-2,62 em voi4MeV Ene
~ Higu ting xay ra chi yéu Eptoios lon hon mt it Ex dic bigt 1a d6i vi electron lign két chat ché
iigu dmg quang dig
nhat v6i nguyén tir (electron lép vo K).
= Higu ting gi khi Ej tng,
~ Higu ting ting khi s6 nguyén tr ting (t9 18 vei Z).
Do nang lvong lién két thay déi theo sé nguyén tir Z nén tiét dign tuong tée quang dign phu
thuge vio Z theo quy lugt 2°
Tiét dign higu img quang dign
(18)
(19)
Trong d6 E 1a ning lugng cia bite xa gamma, Ex, lé nang lugng lién két eta electron voi hat
hin nguyén ti
+ Higu img Compton
Photon 6 ning Iugng cao hon, va chgm vao electron cia nguyén tir truyén mot phin ning
lugng cia né cho electron. Khi dé electron duge gia téc, photon bj Iéch hutng va chuyén dong voi
nang lugng thdp hon.
Higu img xy ra chi yéu di voi photon nang lugng trung binh va gidm khi Epos ting.
Hinh 1.6: Higu img Compton Qué trinh tén xq Compton 6 thé xem 1a qué trinh tén xa din hdi lén electron ty do. Trong qué
trinh tin xq dan hdi cia gamma véi ning lugng E lén electron dimg yén ta cé céng thire véi ning
lugng E’va electron E, sau tin xa phu thude vao géc bay @ cia gamma sau tin xa
a(l-cose)
b SE paper" supaaspery 1.10)
T+a(l—cos) Ce
1
—— Lar
Tr-eos@) ae
Trong dé a Am, =9,110 kg la khdi hrgng electron.
(1.12)
Gée bay cia gamma sau tin xa cang Ién thi E’ cang bé, nghia la gamma cing mit nhiéu nang
Iuong.
Tidt dign qué trinh tin xa Compton ty 1é thudn véi dign tich Z cia nguyén tir va ty 1 nghich
‘v6i ning lugng gamma
ee
ome
(1.13)
= Su to cip
Photon cé ning Ingng >1,02 MeV dap vio nguyén tir thi hoe 1a né tuong tae véi trxémg
Coulomb ciia hgt nhan hod 1 cite electron (it gp hon) tgo think cp eye" (duge goi I higu tmg tao
cp). Nang long gamma vugt qué 1,02 MeV duge ding dé cung cap dong nang cho e’, e*
Positron duge tao ra sé két hgp véi electron cua nguyén tir va bj hily véi sy phat ra 2 photon
ning lugng 0,511 MeV cho méi photon va chay theo cic hudng nguge chigu nhau (hign tuyng nay
goi la hign twong hy c&p).
‘Tiét dign tao cp phite tap trong mign nding lngng § mc” < E< 50 mc”
ZInE (1.14)
Se
Trong c6ng thise (1.14) thi tiét dign tao cap electron-positron gan ty 1§ véi Z* nén c6 gid tr}
Ion déi voi chat hap thy véi s6 nguyén tis len, Hinh 1.7: Higu img sinh c§p electron-positron
1,3. Cae detector trong phong thi nghigm
it, thi cde hat sé
Khi cac hat alpha, beta vi gamma di qua méi trong vét cl
cia minh trong qué trinh tuong te khéc nhau véi céc electron va hat nhin ciia nguyén tir va
Khi dé cde hat chi mét mot phin hoe ton b9 nang luong cita ching mét céch timg phin hay cing,
mét le, phy thuge vao dang tuong tac, Cae detector s@ bién déi nhing nang Iwong nay thanh mot
dang ning lwgng nao d6, phit hop véi qua trinh ghi nhjin cdc hat. Thong thudng, ning long ciia cde
hat bj mit di trong qua trinh tuong téc v6i vat chét duge bién thanh dién nang.
Sy hogt déng cita hau hét cfc detector dya trén sy phat hign céc higu img ion héa hoi kich
thich ede nguyén tir hay phan tr vat chét gay nén do cfc hat trong moi trudmg vat chit di qua. Vike
ua chon céc detector dé nghién ctu céc hat alpha, beta va gamma phu thude vio tinh chét cia
ching, tinh chét twong tée v6i vat chit, nhiing digu kign de thi cia timg bai thi nghigm. Nhimg
detector nay cho phép ta phat hign va ghi nhdn cfc hat do duge ning lugng toan phan, kha nang ion
hhéa cia ede hat, hoat d6 ciia nguén phéng xa.
1.3.1. Detector nhip nhay Nal(TI).
Bao gém:
= Tinh thé nhdp nbdy bing chit Nal e6 pha thém hoat hoa Thallium
~ Ong nhan quang dign
Vai tr cita tinh thé nhap nhdy: khi Iugng tir gamma tuong tée véi vat chit nhip nhay, né sé
tao ra electron tyr do 06 déng nang lin qua mét trong ba eo ché trén, Electron nay sé kich thich cée
phan tir cia chit nhip nhay va khi cde phan tr nay tré v8 trang thai cor ban s& phat ra chép sing.
Chit nhép nhay v6 co 1a Todine sodium, duge kich hoat bi thallium Nal (Tl), c6 cudmg d6 sing rit
‘cao va phu thudc tuyén tinh vao nang Ingng hat bite xa, c6 mat d6 3,67 g/m’ va sé nguyén tir higu
dung bing 50, do 46 higu suat ghi tuong ddi cao va duge sir dung tit trong hé pho ké gamma, DO
ning Inong cia detector Nal (T!) phy thude vao kich thie eta n6, tinh thé Nal (TI) hinh my
Céc tin
thuée 3°x3” 06 46 phan giai c3 7,5-8,5 % tai vach nang Iwang tia gamma la 0,661 MeV.
16 kich thud Iém hon hoe bé hon cé 49 phan giai kém hon.
‘Tin higu Idi ra & detector nhip nhay c6 bién 46 kh lén, théri gian nhdp nhdy cé 0,25 us nén
khéng thudn tign khi sir dung trong vige dém nhanh, Vi tinh thé Nal (Tl) d& hit am nén né durge dat
trong m6t v6 nhém kin vé 3 phia, m§t cén lai duge dan vao cita sé dng nhan quang dién.
Vai trd ciia éng nhan quang dign: éng nhan quang dign bao gdm mot photocatot, mot anot va
‘mot hé cde dign eye trung gian goi la dynot. Mot dign dp cao due dit giira catot va anot, cic dynot
duge cung cép mét phan dign Ap cao béi mot b6 chia thé,
‘Tia sing phat ra tir tinh thé nhdp nhay dap vao photocatot sé tao ra higu img quang dign va
cae photo-electron. Céc photo-electron nay duge gia te bai dign trudng gitta cic dynot va mdi Kin
dap vao dynot Iai tgo ra electron thit c4p, sé electron duge nhan 1én 2-5 lin sau mdi lin dap vao
dynot.
Sau khi dp vio n dynot thi chiim electron ting Ién M lin
Me(avy" (ts)
M: hé s6 nhan cia éng nhan quang dién.
Tai anot ta c6 mOt xung dong dign, Xung dong nay tgo ra trén din tro anot mot xung dign &p
€6 bien d6 1716 v6i ning Iwong gamma bi hp thu trong tinh thé nhdp nhdy.
1.3.2. Detector ban dn §
‘Chat bin din thudng sir dung 1a Si va Ge. Khi lugng tir gamma bay vao chit ban din, né st
{go nén electron tyr do théng qua 3 higu img chit yéu nhw v6i tinh thé nhdp nhay. Electron yr do di
chuyén véi dng nang lin sé kim kich thich ede electron chuyén lén ving din va dé Igi 16 trong
Nhu vay thong qua cde higu img twong tic, bite xa gamma d& tao nén m9t loat electron va 16 tng
trong tinh thé ban din, Dudi tic dng cia dign trudmg cdc electron sé chuyén déng vé cue duong,
céc I8 tréng chuyén dng vé phia cy am, két qua la ta c6 mét xung dang dign & Idi ra
‘Nang lung cin thiét dé tao ra duge mot cp electron - 15 tring trong Si 1a 3,61 eV. Sir dung
Si dé ché tgo detector, tinh thé ban din nay c6 d6 rong ving cim nhé va dO linh dng cia electron
vva 16 tréng Ion. DO rng ving cim nho cho nén ning lugng cin thiét dé tgo ra mot e§p ion trong
chat ban din nhé hon trong chat khi hang chye lan, D6 linh dng cia electron va 16 trong cao bio
dam cho bién 46 xung tin higu khong phy thuge vao quy dao cia hat ion hoa v6i kha nang phan gid CHUONG 2. THIET KE CAC BAI THi NGHIEM
2.1. H¢ do Alpha-Beta UMF 2000
2.1.1, Thiét bj
2.1.1.1. Gi6i thigu hg do
May do tng hoat 6 alpha va beta duge sir dung véi cfc mye dich sau
~ Bo ting hoat dé beta cia hat nhin phéng xa trong ce miu nhw thye phim, mau dat, nude,
phin loc khéng kh
= Bo ting host d9 alpha cia hat hin i xadéi vai min day va ming.
Hin 2.1: May UMF 2000
May UMF 2000 1a thiét bj ding trong phong thi nghiém 1a chi: yéu. May e6 5 bd phiin chinh:
thiét bj do, b6 phan digu khién, b6 phan béo vé hoat dong, b6 phan dign tt, b6 phan dém g6p hai
kkénh cing voi ding ho dém,
= Thidt bi do
~ Detector bin dn duge lim tr silie nhém e6 dign tri cao voi dign
cita detector 18 20x20
mm, né duge dit trén m6t gid bing ding cé ma Crom. Gid 4 dung miu duge dat sit detector.
~ Detector ban din bién ddi nang krgng cia hat alpha va beta thanh tin higu dign 6 tién khuéch
ai. Detector 66 kha ning do ning luong beta tir mite 50 keV.
* BO phan diéu khién
- Gm cd nguén cung cp, cao thé va b6 phan bdo vé mach dign.
~ Dign thé cung dp 14 220 V.
* BO phan bio vé hoat dong
Dang dé lam gidm sy anh hwong ciia nhimg tia bite xa vii try anh hong dén két qua do.
* BG phan dign tir
Buge
u tao tir efe phin rigng bigt: tién Khuyéch dgi, khuyéch dai, kh6i wo dang xung, khdi
bién déi trong tu 36 (bién ddi xung thanh 86).
* BO phan dém g6p hai kénh cling voi ding hé dém_ BO phan nay cho phép may lam vige véi hai ché 46 dém : alpha va beta ; beta va thi gian
dém,
2.1.1.2. Die trung ky thudt
‘Do nang lwgng bite xa beta trong khoding tir 50 dén 3500 keV.
~ Do ning hong bite xa alpha trong Khoding tir 3500 dén 8000 keV.
= Do hogt d6 nguén phat beta tir 0,1 dén 3.10° Bq.
~ Bo hoat d6 nguén phat alpha tir 0,01 dén 3.10° Bq.
6 tuong dai thap + 15%.
= bi véi ht alpha thip hom 0,001/giay.
~ Sai
~ bi véi hat beta thip hon 0,025/eily.
= Thai gian dém duge an dinh tir 1-9999 giay.
~ Sai sé dém : 0,0001 giay.
~ Sy anh hurémg eta kénh do alpha Ién kénh do beta v6i ngudn alpha thap khong qué + 8%.
~ Thai gian siy may khong qué 30 phat, thai gian hoat déng 1én nhét la 24 gid.
~ Tinh 6n dinh cia may trong lam vige sudt 8h la hon 95%
‘Ngudn cung eép 1 ngudn dign xoay chiéu 220 voi tin sé 50 Hz
~ Céng suit tigu hao : khong qué 40W.
Nhigt d6, 49 am khong khi, ap suat Ia : 10 dén 30°C.
Kich thud :350x300x190mm.
~ Can ning 30kg
2.1.1.3. Caich vgn hinh my
+ pé vin hinh may an toan ta thye hign ede bude nhur sau :
Bude 1: Dit ngudn dign vio ngudn cung cp, dé trinh hu hong. Ngudn dign thé la 220 V.
Bude 2: Bat nit POWER 6 phia sau may,
Bude 3: Bat ON dén LED sang dé may
Bude 4; Dit ngudn cin do vao khay, day khay vio trong dé
Bude 5: Bat nit START trén may, sau d6 cai dit thoi gian do.
* Khi muén do Alpha, hay Alpha va Beta thi diéu chinh bing mit trin may dé chon ehé d9 do
thich hop.
* Khi két thic thdi gian do thi nhén nit STOP.
sing hoat dng.
hanh do.
* Ly ngudn ra, va dem
2.1.2. BS tri thi nghigm
ing ngay vi tri noi gitengudn,
2.4.2.1. Sit dyng ngudn chudn Hinh 2.2: Ngudn chuin “Us "*U, "Th, "Pa
‘Trong dé °*U,*U phat alpha véi hoat 6 18 30,7 Bq
Ngay san xudt: 25/12/2007
Th, Pa, phat beta vi hoat d6 18 44,1 Bq.
Negay san xudt; 25/12/2007
2.1.2.2. Higu suat ghi cia detector
Higu suat ghi cua detector la s6 xung ma detector ghi nha duge so véi sé xung dén detector,
tinh theo cOng thie:
Qa)
Trong d6 i: te 49 dém trung binh
A li hogt d6 cia nguén phéng xa
Sai s6 cita te 6 dém
sa) =194{ Bt) @2)
ts
‘Trong d6 n, la toc 46 dém thye cla mau
1,96 14 d9 tin edy 14 95%.
ng la tc 46 dém phong
1, la téng thi gian do mau
tld ting thai gian do
23)
‘86 dém phéng cia alpha khéng lén nén n,= 0
Do quing chay ciia alpha trong mdi tring khong khi ngén chi di duge vai em khi d6
detector khong ghi nhan duge sé dém cia alpha trong moi trudng.
Sai sé tuyét a
igu suat ghi SO sac (4)
Cae bude tién hanh
Bude 1: Séy may trong vong 30 phat.
Bude 2: Tién hinh do phong 1000 gidy cho 1 phép do.
Bude 3: Bat nguén ™U,™“U, "Th, *Pa vdo ding vi tri va do 300 gidy.
Bude 4: Chon ché 46 do Alpha-Beta, nhung ta quan tam dén s6 dém alpha.
Bude 5: Thyc hign 5 phép do va ghi s6 dém hién thj trén may.
Bude 6: Tinh higu suat ghi ciia detector. Sau khi do ct nguén vao ding vj tri.
2.1.2.3. Xe djnh hogt 49 cia ngudn phit alpha bing phuong phap tuyét adi.
‘Dya vao higu suat ghi da ¢6 tir nguén chudn.
Hoat d6 cia mu
5)
Téc 49 dém trung binh 26)
Sai s6 tuyét d6i cua hoat 46 1a:
S(A) a7
Sai sé tuong déi cia hoat do
S(A)
(ay =A) 2.8)
if re @8)
Cae buée tiém hanh
Buse I; D§t nguén chuan “U,™U, Th, ™Pa tién han do.
Bude 2: Do khodng 25 lan. Ghi sé dém trén may va tinh hoat dO va sai s6 trong déi cua hoat
4,
Khi tién hanh do alpha cin Iuu ¥: hat alpha c6 kha nang dim xuyén khé thap trong s6 cae bite
xq ion héa, Do dé khi do cae ngudn alpha nguoi ta thiét ké khay dat nguon sat dau do.
2.1.2.4. Khao sat sy phan bé sé dém theo ham phan bé Possion
‘Trong thi nghigm hat nhan thi mau nghién citu chiza rat nhiéu hat nhan phong xa nhung hé do
kign
chi ghi nhgn duge m6t phan nhé céc hat phng xa. V6i di
p<<1 van lon, Trong dé p 18 xe suat xy ra tire la xe suat 48 hat nhén phéng xa phat ra tir nguén
va duge ghi nhan bing detector edn n la sé hat nhin phong xa phat ra tir ngudn, ‘Trong do huang phong xa, sit phan ri hat nhén tuan theo quy lust tl
Pin} 9)
a!
$6 dém trung binh trong k lin do
2a
a5 (2.10)
Va xéc suit xiy ra s6 dm n, trong mét Hin do véi thoi gian t tin theo quy ludt phan b&
Poisson, dudng biéu dién phan bé Poisson khong d6i xting,
(2.11)
Cac buée tién hanh
Bude 1: Mé hg do én va sy may khodng 30 phi
Bude 2; Dat nguén chudn ““U,”*U,™Th,”*Pa vio khay dé do v6i thoi gian mdi lin do la 2
sity.
Bude 3: Chon ché 4 chi do s6 dém beta va thai gian do.
Bude 4: Sau dé xir ly s6 ligu va vé dé thi phan bé Possion.
2.1.2.8. Khio sit s6 aém theo phin bi Gauss
Khi téc 6 dém ting, xc suat dé c6 toc 46 dém n, trong 1 lin do tudn theo phan bé Gauss.
(2.12)
(Cae bwée tién hanh
ién hanh gidng nhu Khao sit s6 dém theo phan bé Possion.
Bude 2: Thai gian cho mdi phép do la 30 gidy va do 200 lin.
Bude 3: Sau dé xit ly s6 ligu va tién hah vé dé thi phan b6 Gauss.
2.1.2.6. Téi wu héa thi gian do
Buée
La xi ty 16 thdi gian dém ngudn va phong téi wu nhiim eye tiéu hoa d6 Iénh chudn.
‘Xe dinh thoi gian do t6i vu ép dung theo nguyén If truyén sai s6.
Goi S la thc 46 dém that tir mOt ngudn phong xa va B la tc 9 dém phéng,
Phép do téc d} dém that thutng duge thyc hign bing céch do s6 dém téng cia nguén kém
phéng trong khong thii gian Ts.5, sau d6 do riéng phéng trong khoing thai gian Ts. Tée 46 dém
that cia riéng nguén duge xac dinh nhu sau;
NL_N,
gai _N
Tag Ts
(2.13) ‘Trong d6 N; 1a s6 dém tong nguén va phdng, N2 la s6 dém phong.
‘Theo dinh Init trayén sai 6 ta 6
(2.14)
(2.15)
2.16)
duge:
2.17)
‘Véi mot khoang thai gian khéng di, T = Ts,n+Tp= const, thi dTsintdTa= 0.
Dit do, =0, ta thu duge didu kign t6i uu cho ti Ig thoi gian do nhur sau:
T (2.18)
Dat one 1a d6 Ich chuan ty déi cua t6c d6 dém thyc tir nguén. Chuyén Tsin va Ta ve thoi
gian tong T, ta duge hé thite gitta T va
lip
T © WS+B+VBy
Céng thite (2.19) xde dinh théi gian cn thiét voi mot d6 chinh xc dinh truée (¢)
Cac bwée tién hanh
2.19)
Bude 1: Dit ché 49 lam vige: dé mit chinh cao thé & eye tiéu, bat cao thé, cho hg do én dink
trong 30 philt.
Bude 2: Sau dé xéc dinh cao thé Lim vige chia may.
* Xéc dinh 6 Igch chun tuong d6i
‘Tién hanh 10 phép do phong trong diéu kign nhu nhau trong khoang thoi gian Ty=30 s cho 1
phép do va duge day s6 dém phéng. Tinh s6 dém phéng trung binh.
Tién hanh 10 phép do véi nguén phéng xa cing diéu kign hinh hoc giéng nh do phdng trong
hoiing thai gian 30s cho 1 phép do dé e6 day
Ni. Tinh s6 dém trung binh,
‘Tinh toc d6 dém thét trung binh $ cia ny va dé Igch chuan o, suy ra d6 Igch chuan ty d6i
2, ttong img + Xée dinh ty 1g thoi gian
Ding céng thite (2.19) xdc dinh ty sé ti wu, suy ra Tyg vi Ty sao cho Ts.y+Ty= 60
ify.
‘Thue hign Igi cic phép do vdi théi gian di
Tinh te a6
tuong ting,
So sanh ¢, giam may lin so véi ¢,
2.2. HG do gamma don kénh
2.2.1. Gidi thigu may Ludlum Model 2200 Sealer Ratemeter
May don kénh Ludulum Model 2200 1a thiét bi durge ding cho vige phan tich phd nang Iuong
‘gamma ciing véi detector nhp nhay, Sng dém Geiger-Muller va Ong dém ty Ig. $6 dém duge hién
thj trén dén LED va may 6 thé két ndi véi may vi tinh thong qua céng RS-232 va ¢6 phin mém xit
ly két qua do.
2.2.1.1. Mit truée eiia my
Hinh 2.3: Mat trade cia may
hign thj bang dén LED (c6 mau d6) gdm e6 6 sb.
fc dém (count Switch): 46 x6a va khdi dOng dém, qué trinh dém sé ty dng tiie khi két
thi thai gian di dit trude,
Thai gian dém (count Time): thoi gian sir dung dé do vi don vi li phiit tir 0-999 v6i cong ti
chinh XO.1 va X1.
‘86 phat (MINUTES): cai d3t thai gian ¢6 thé diéu chinh bing tay c6 nim 3 sé thap phan ding
48 at ruse thoi gian dém. Cong tie chon ehtte nang (Ratemeter Funetion Selector): ¢6 3 vi tri duuge edi dat sin RATE,
HV, BAT. Chic ning ciia céng tic niy (RATE) 1a cho phép digu khi
HV cai djt dign thé va BAT kiém tra tinh trgng kim vige cua pin trén ding hd.
49 dém cia dng ha,
Ngudng (THRESHOLD): La mot nit duge chia ra lam 10 vach nho voi 10 vong ding dé lya
chon xung phi hyp véi thang do. Thiét bj diéu khién nay thi cé gid tr] tang tir thé tir 1.00 dén 10.00.
‘Néu dui 1,00 thi sé bj anh huéng cia
hay nhigu do d6 sé khéng ghi nbn duge xung mot
cach chinh xéc.
Cita sé (WINDOW): 1 mt nit gdm 6 10 vach gidng nhu Threshold due sir dung aé diéu
aid
chinh 46 rng cima s8. Né duge ditu chinh ngutng sao cho mét ving quay cia vige didu chink cita
86 twong duong véi mot vong quay diéu chinh nguémg.
‘Tit mé (ON-OFF): la c6ng tic bing nat, mé hoc dong cita 86.
‘Dau ndi vao detector (Detector input connection): dau néi déng trye ndi tiép “C”. N6 1a dau
iu chinh khong c6 chi sé chi thi, cho phép chon diém Lam viée ma khong vugt ra khoi mgch tuyén
tinh ctia mach Threshold/ Window.
‘Cong tac ngudn ( Power Switch) :cOng tie 66 3 vi tri:
OFF: tit nguén.
LINE: cung cép dign cho nguén tir 85- 265 V va tin s6 tir 50-60 Hz.
BAT: cap nguén tir 4 pn loai “D”,
DISCR: c6 1 vii ding hé dign thé dé thiét lap pham vi nguimg cho dign thé.
Ong tie chon Khoiing (RANGE Selector Switch): e6 4 vi tr cong tie slip xép theo hé s6 nhan
cila 10 1 X1, X10, X100, X1K tmg véi thang do cia sb dém tir 0-500 counts-per-minute(epm), 0-
5000, 0-50000, 0-500,000 cpm.
Céng tie ZERO (ZERO Switch): khi An vao nit cong tic thi ty dign tich hyp phong dign 42
dua ding hé do vé mite 0.
Niit Fast- Slow (F-S Response): cdng tie véi 2 vi tri chi thj dé didu chinh & mite 49 nhanh &
vvitri“F” ding hd s@ chi ti 0 dén 90% todn 9 thang do trong 4 gidy, cdn 6 vi ti
ding hd thang
do
thi ti 0 dén 90% todn 69 thang do trong 22 gidy.
HV (Cao thé): nit chinh gém 6 10 vong duge chia lim 10 vach diéu chinh cao thé tir 200 V
én 2500 V.
Vige tién hinh do
‘THRESHOLD, ta phai di
va tiéng dn la nhé nhat.
2.2.1.2. De trumg kf thugt
1a detector va thiét bj duge quyét dinh béi cao thé HV va ngudng cdi dat
chinh ngudng do sao cho thich hop dé sy anh huéng c6 phéng ty nhién ~ Ngudn mudi: 85-265V sir dung dong dign xoay chiéu, tin s6 50-60 Hz.
= Pin: 4 pin véi thai gian lam vige la 120 gity duge dt trong thiét bi.
- BO nhay cuia thiét bj: 46 nhay dign thé cho céc detector
~ Cao thé: didu chinh bing nam xoay 10 yong tir 200V dén 2500 V.
- Bé thc d6 do: may dém vii 4 te dO dém la: 0-500 cpm, 0-5000 cpm, 0-50000 cpm, 0-500000
ém trén phi),
Ia tir 0 dén 999 véi cdc thang nhan X0.1 va XI
é v6i do chinh xac la + 0.2 % s6
‘cpm (cpm: sé
~ Thoi gian dé
= D6 chinh xc thai gian: duge quyét dinh bing tinh
ge trén nim diéu chin,
~ ng hd do: ImA, thang dai 2.5 inch véi co ché DC ny dong,
~ D6 chinh xée cia toc 46 dém: + 10% gid tri tham chiéu,
- Diéu kign méi trudmg Lim vige: chi duge dé trong phong thi nghiém, véi nhigt dO cho phép tir
bi nh hon 95%,
20°C-+50°C, 49 im tuong
Céch vgn han
~ Ngudn nui
cong tie ngubn.
~ Van hanh bing nguén dign luéi (LINE OPERATION): néi thiét bi v6i ngudn ludi 85-265 V,
50-60Hz, bat dng tic vé LINE
- Van hanh bing ngudn pin: cée 6 pin nim 6 mat sau cia thiét bj. Dat 4 pin logi “D” vao véi
Cé thé sit dung ngudn nudi bing céch sir dyng hnéi dign hoje ding pin bing
‘eye duong huéng ra ngoai. Bat cong téc vé BAT, kiém tra tinh trang pin bing cach chon BAT
‘trén déng ho RATE-HY-BAT.
= Kidm tra hogt dng cia thi&t bj bing céch n vo nit COUNT lic nay dén dm s& phat sing,
fy bit du dém.
Céch sit dung phin mm
~ Bat vé OFF ca miy tinh va thiét bi Model 2200.
~ N6i mét dau cip RS232 vio Model 2200 va dau kia cia céng chua sir dyng dé sau may tinh
(céng chua sir dung nay ¢6 thé ky higu la COM1, COM2, COM3, COMA).
Cai dit phin mém
- Dua dia phin mém LMFM2200 vao 6 dia nhan double click lén file “setup.exe” trén dia dé
sién hanh cai dat.
= Trée khi bit
u khgi dng mAy thi dm bio ring Model 2200 nim trong mode “PC” va thoi
gian dém duge dat tai “000”
(Chite ning cita ede mit chink ey tcl — 8 mt
eee emer
Sea ec Comet
us art
rca 7 iar
eae
Hinh 2.4: Phin mém Model 2200
Star/Stop Count: nin vao nat nay dé bit ddu dém, nhin yao né mot lin nita st dimg dém_
Model 2200 ty dng hién thj s6 dém trén man hinh khi thoi gian dém ma ta cai dt chim ditt,
= Read Count: nhin vio miit nay 48 doc s6 dém hign tai khi dé sé lgp tite hién thj trén man hinh
‘Model 2200.
Set Count Time: nhan vao nit nay dé dat thoi gian dém. Thai gian dém chac chin duge dat &
000"
= Read Count Time Left: nhén vio nut nay 4 dc thdi gian obm Igi trong qué trinh dém, Néu sb
dém khong hign Lén thi nd sé tra v8 “0”.
=. Start Logging: nhdn vio mit nay dé bat du My ra mét diy s6 dém thai gian, $6 Iugng cia cdc
s6 dém duge lay e6 thé duge diéu chinh nhu 10 sé dém, 100 s6 dém, 200 s6 dém hoje mét gid
tri kha dvge mic dinh.
= Sau khi logging da dimg, dit ligu duge hru trit dus dang file Excel c6 duéi la “csv”.
= Log 1 Count: chi cho phép xudt hign mét
= Comment 1/ Comment 2: ¢6 thé duge ding 4é liu trir nhiing chi thich,
Bao quan thiét bj
~ Dé thiét
oat dng én dinh va cé higu sudt cao ta cin phai dim bio tit ca cde phép dit va
diéu chinh ding.
~ Model 2200 c6 thé lau chiii bang vai ém, khéng nhiing thiét bj vao bat cir chat long nao. Luu ¥
‘bat céng tic thiét bj vé OFF va théo day ngudn ra,
~ Sy méy tir 1-2 phiit trude khi bit dau do.
2.2.2. Diu dd nhdp nhéy MODEL 44-10 ‘thigu
Model 44-10 dau do Nal nhap nhay str dyng cho vige do bite xa gamma cé nang lrgng trong
Khoang 60 keV - 2 MeV. Dau da bao gm: tinh thé Nal dudmg kinh 2” (5,lem) bé day 2” (5,1em)
duge néi véi éng nhan quang dign va duge bao boe bing mt lép nhém mong 0,062"
Hinh 2.5: Diu dé nhap nhay Model 44-10
Bllu dd Model 44-10 ding dé xe dinh d9 nhay, phan tich phé ning lugng duge sir dung cho
may dém don kénh,
2.2.2.2. De trung kj thugt
- Chat nhdp nhdy: tinh thé Nal.
~ Dé nhay : 900 cpm ( déi voi nguén "Cs ).
= Dung cy tuong thich voi moi thiét bi.
~ Day dign tre Dynode: 60 (Mq).
~ ign thé hoat dong : 500-1200 Volt.
~ Két ndi céng *C”,
= Nhigt d@ la ti 20°C-50°C.
~ Kich thude: duémg kinh 2,6" (6,6 cm) chiéu dai 1d 11°" (27,94 em)
~ Thiét bi nding: 1,04 kg.
(Céch van hank
= Két ndi du dd véi may dém bing cép.
~ Kiém tra detector.
~ Bio dam cao thé (HV) phi hop véi detector
= Sau khi kiém tra an toan thi cé thé tién hanh do.
Cfich bio quan miy
* Vé mat an toan
= Dit noi khé rio, khéng dt noi qua cao.
= Nhigt d@ trong khong 20°C dén 50°C.
~ DO dm tuong déi khong qua 95%.
+ V6 sinh may = Tatmay
‘Cho may nghi 2 phiit,
‘Théo ep va lau detector.
2.2.3. Ngudn chudn
BO ngudn chudn RSS-8 gém c6 8 ngudn déng vi phat gamma yéi nang hong 32 keV dén
‘Ding vai tham wét biing nue dé lau detector. Khi lau chii cin cha ¥:
Hinh 2.6: Hop dyng ngudn chuan RSS-8
1332 keV.
Bang 2.1: M6t s6 nguén chuiin trong phong thi nghiém
Nguén | Hoat d9 Ta Tia ‘Nang ligng (MeV)
oie ea as : 0,081; 0.276; 0,303; 0,365;
0,384
Wed | InCi 463 ngay 7 10,022; 0,025: 0,088
co | Gi 272ngiy 7 0,122; 0,136
@co | we | 527nam | 1B 1,173; 1,332
Res | Ge 302nam | 7B 0,662
Mn | IG | 313ngay | 7.8 0,835
=Na | nC | 26mm Y 0,511; 1,275
“zm | mCi | 244ngiy Y 1s
Hinh 2.7; Ngudn chudn RSS-8 2.2.4. BO tri thi_ngl
2.2.4.1. Kho sit ving plateau
Cao thé kim vige ciia detector li dign thé tai d6 detector hoat dong higu qua nhat. Duong dac
trung bigu dign sy phy thude ciia téc 49 dém vao dign thé cung cap cho detector. Doan plateau cing
dai va d9 déc cang nhé thi detector lam viée én dinh nhét,
(Cae buée tién hanh
~ Bat eta sb ON-OFF tai OFF.
= Cai dit thai gian tai nat cdng tic “X0.1" va Thai gian do (MINUTES) & cdng tie “001”
~ it nguéng (Threshold) tai 1.0.
~ Cita s6 (Window) déng.
~ Lén cao thé & 130V va ghi sé dém ldy khodng 3 Lin sé dém. Méi Lin ting cao thé khodng
tov.
= Ve dé thi sy phy thude s6 dém vo cao thé.
2.2.4.2. Khao sat sy suy
Khoding eéich.
86 dém theo quy lugt ty 1G nghjeh vo
(2.20)
Hoat do phéng xa va suit ligu ciia mot nguén phéng xa thi ty Ig theo khong céch. Trong tht
nghigm nay sé tim ra quy ludt suy gidm ty Ig nghich v6i binh phuong khoing céch.
Hinh 2.8: Sw suy gidm chim tia gamma theo binh phuong khodng cach
LAy log 2 vé ta duge: 110?
log = log, 210g 2.21)
Dit y=logl, y, =logl,,x=logd
Phuong trinh e6 dang y=y,-2x (2.22) log
log d
Hinh 2.9: Dé thj dang log cua sy suy gidm chim tia gamma theo binh phuong khoang cach
Dang ting quit cia phuromg trinh la
yobsax (2.23)
‘Xie dinh he s6 a va b
b= 2.24)
Y : tinh trung binh eta log!
¥ : tinh trung binh eta logd
HE s6 a tinh theo cng thire sau :
an DG=EY-9) (02.25)
D(x-x)
Cae buée tién hanh
= Bit cira sO ON-OFF tai OFF,
~ Cai dit thoi gian tai nuit céng tic “X0.1” va Thdi gian do (MINUTES) 6 cOng tie “001”.
= Lén cao thé 6 400V.
~ Dit nguémg (Threshold) tai 1.0
~ Cita s6 (Window) dong.
~ Sir dung nguén "Cs.
Hinh 2.10: Nguén chuan "Cs
- Dat nguén trong "Cs trong hép chi dyg ngudn. ‘Hinh 2.11: Chi ding dyng ngudn
- Dit nguén triée detector va di chuyén theo khodng céch.
‘Hinh 2-12 Bé tri thi nghiém cho sy suy gidm sé dém ty Ién nghjch binh phuong khodng céch
= Sau dé l§p bing nhu sau:
a
eas Sédém | y=logl|x=logd| x-x ¥- (x-x)(y-y), (8)
zx zx
a
2.2.4.3. Xe dinh hé sé suy gidm tuyén tinh va suy giim khdi, bé day m@t nita HVT
trong nhom, chi, déng, nhya, gidy.
Quy Iuat suy gidm eta tia gamma khi di qua vat ligu
I=1e" 2.26)
Ta cé thé sir dung m§t d6 bé mat d (g/em’) véi d=xp
‘Thay vo phuremg trinh (2.27)
Lee" 227)
Trong dé ty sé © duge goi la hé sé suy gidm khdi va duge ky higu: 1, (em’/g).
°
Tacé T=he"
Vi dai lugng I ty 1g vi s6 dém N nén:
N=Ne* (2.28)
Lay In 2 vé (2.29)
Do 6 ine phy thuge tuyén tinh vao x
Phuromg trinh o6 dang y= ax+b
x libé day
alah 6 gidm tuyén tinh
De-0-9)
Ley
(2.30)
Xie djnh bé day mot nia x,
Bé day giam mot mira x,, 18
lay vat chat ma chim tia di qua bj suy giam cudng 46 2 lan,
nghia la con mt nita cutmg d6 ban dau. Bé day x, lién h¢ voi hé s6 suy gidm tuyén tinh p nh
sau:
263 31
H
‘ia ia in x
Hin 2.13: Sy suy giam cudng d6 chim tia gamma theo bé day x,
Cac buéc tién hanh
= Dit eta s8 ON - OFF tai OFF.
= Cai dt thi gian tai nate
~ Lén eao thé 6 400V
1g tie “0.1” va ki d6 thd gian do (MINUTES) & cdng tic “001”.
= Dit nguémg (Threshold) tai 1.0
~ Cita sé (Window) déng.
~ Sit dung ngubn ”"Cs
+ Déi vi nhém
‘Chuéin bj 12
m, bé day méi Hinh 2.14: Cac miéng nhom_
Hinh 2.15: B6 tri thi nghiém véi cée migng nhém
y=In(Q/lo) | x= Y-¥ | (K-XMY-¥) (x3
Nisé dém ngudn
Np la sé dém phong
+ Béi voi nhya
Chuan bj 20 tim, bé day méi tim 1 mm
Hinh 2.16:
ac miéng ahya Hinh 2.17: B6 tri thi nghiém véi cée miéng nhya
+ Dbi véi chi
Chuan bj 15 miéng chi,
+ Déi véi Gidy
‘Chuiin bj 210 ta gidy
inh 2.20: Cac tim gidy Hinh 2.21: Bé tri thi nghiém véi gidy
+ Déi v6i Dang
‘Chuan bj 14 tim ddng, bé day mai tam 1,2 mm.
Hinh 2.22: Cac migng dong
Hinh 2.23: Bé tri thi nghigm d6i voi dong
2.3. May do Gamm-Ray 8K
2.3.1. Gidi thigu
Phé ké gamma 8K 1a may ding cho vige phan tich phd gamma
Bao gdm: cht nhdp nhay, éng nhan quang dign, b6 xir ly xung, phim mém dé diéu khién, két
ni th6ng tin véi may tinh
Himh 2.24; Pho ké MCA 8K
23.1.1. Die trung kj thugt thuée 1a 76x76 mm
khuéch dai
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