\ NEBOSH IGC' Important Que: Chapter 1 | d+ 7® Identify reasons for maintaining good standards of health and safety in an organization, (8) (Ans: Page no. 5) | There are three important reasons for maintaining good standards of health and safety in an organization ‘© Morally the employer is responsible to provide a reasonable standard of care and to Se” reduce the injuries, pain and suffering caused to workers by accidents and ill R 6 health, The moral reasons are supported by the occupational accidents and disease ny rates, The main factors for accidents which is preventable are VO Lack of preventative safety and health culture Q * Poor Management Systems * Poor supervision and enforcement by the government. © Socially the employer need to provide a safe place of work, safe plant and equipment, safe system of work, competent workers and a high standard of training and supervision. It is not possible without the potential for regulatory action or litigation; many employers would not act upon their implied obligation of protection. ‘© The economic reason being the avoidance of criminal penalty and compensation aims by complying with the law. Avoidance of cost associated with accident investigation, hiring and training of replacement staff, possible repair and replacement of plant and equipments, securing more favorable terms for insurance and maintaining the image of the organization. Bh _D ‘An organization has been found to have inadequate standards of workplace health and safety. Identify the costs that the organization may incur as a result (8) (Ans Page no 6) Inadequate standards of workplace will leads to accident or incidence of ill — health will cause both direct and indirect costs and incur an insured and an uninsured cost. Direct cos uninsured. these are costs which are directly related to the accident and may be insured or Insured direct cost includes * Claims on employers and public liability insurance * Damage to buildings, equipment or vehicles * Production or general business loss — Page 1 .Uninsured cost includes Fines resulting from prosecution by the enforcement authorities Sick pay Damage to the equipment, tools, property, plant or materials Increase in insurance premiums resulting from the accident ‘Any compensation not covered by the insurance policy. Legal representation following any compensation claim. Indirect costs: These are costs which may not be directly attributable to the accident but may result from a series of accidents. Again these may be insured or uninsured. Insured costs include * A cumulative business loss * Product or process liability claims * Recruitment of replacement staff Uninsured costs include Loss of goodwill and a poor corporate image Accident investigation time and any subsequent remedial action required Production delays Extra overtime payments Lost time for other employees such as first aid staff who tend to the needs of injured person Recruitment and training of replacement staffs * Additional administration time incurred Lower employee morale possibly leading to reduced productivity. ers Outline the main health and safety responsibilities of: a) Employers (4) (Ans: Page no. 8) (Or) Outline the rights of workers in respect of health and safety at work (4) ‘The main health and safety responsibilities of Employer are: = To provide and maintain workplaces, machinery, equipment, work methods and working environment including access and egress should be safe after carring out risk assessments to reduce risk reasonable practicable. + To provide adequate supervision of work practices ensuring proper use is made of relevant occupational health and safety measures. * To provide proper PPE and equipment which are reasonably necessary when workplace hazards cannot be otherwise prevented or controlled.* To provide proper information, instruction and training that takes in to account the function and capabilities of different categories of workers. * To introduce occupational health and safety management arrangements b) Workers (4) (Or) Outline the responsibilities of workers in respect of health and safety at work (4) * Workers have the responsibilities to co operate with their employer and abide by the instructions of health and safety policy and procedures. * To take reasonable care of their own safety and that of other persons who may be affected by the acts or omissions at work. * To report accidents or injury and any dangerous situation which arises at the work place * Touse safety devices & protective equipment appropriately and to follow the site rules * To report the immediate supervisor of any situation which they have reason to believe could present a hazard and which they cannot correct themselves. aie the key elements of a health and safety management system (8) (Ans: page no, 15 &16) The key elements of a health and safety management system are as follows: = Policy Organizing Planning and implementation Evaluation Audit Actions for improvement a. Policy: Every organization has a health and safety policy which contributes to their business performances by providing a safe environment to work. The health and safety Policy influences all the activities and decisions relating to working systems and services and to the control of waste. b. Organizing: Competence, Care, Commitment, Control and Co-operation, Communication should be effectively incorporated in the roles and responsibilities of the staff by the management ¢. Planning and implementation: In this stage organization requires to Set health and safety target. "Identify hazards. = Assess risk and control. = Set standards against which performance can be measures. = Comply with health and safety laws Page 3 ee= Design task, process, equipment, products and services, safe system of work to reduce risk = Develop purchase and supply policy which takes health and safety into account * Cooperate with contractors = Develop emergency procedure 4, Evaluation: = Measuring performance is the key step in HSMS. = Procedure to monitor measure and record, OSH performance on regular basis should be established and reviewed. * Performance monitoring and measurement should be used as a means of determining to the extent to which OSH policy and objectives are being implemented and the risks are controlled. It should include both active and reactive monitoring and be recorded e. Audit: An audit is critical examinations of each stage of an organisation’s management system in order to establish whether or not the systems exist are adequate and are followed. f. Actions for improvement: Performance of the organization is often reviewed through the use of audits and performance reviews. Arrangement should be made and maintained for continual improvement of the relevant of OSH planning system as a whole. The health and safety process should be compared with others in order to improve health and safety performance Page 4Chapter 2: (a) Outline the purpose of the ‘statement of intent’ section of a health and safety yy policy (2) (Ans: Page no. 21) The ‘statement of intent’ section of a health and safety policy _is to demonstrate ‘management's commitment to Health and safety and to set Health and Safety Goals and objectives for the organization. ()AGentify the circumstances that would require a health and safety policy to be reviewed (6) ‘The circumstances that would require a health and safety policy to be reviewed broadly based on Significant organizational changes Changes in key personnel Legislative or guidance changes Passage of Time, Introduction of new work method Alterations in working arrangements and or processes Findings of an external health and safety audit A sufficient period of time has elapsed since the previous review Monitoring of risk assessments or accident/incident investigations indicates that the health and safety policy is no longer relevant or effective. Following enforcement action, Changes as a result of consultation with the work force. Oe 2 (a) Outline the general content of the THREE section of a health and safety policy (6) Policy, organization and arrangement: Policy: General statement of the indent of the policy is the declaration of the management's commitment to the health and safety policy. It includes aims (which are not measurable) and objectives (which are measurable) of the organization, The statement of intent should be clear and in simple languages for everyone to understand. Statement of intent should be signed by most senior person of the organization normally CEO or MD. Policy should be written by the organization and not by external consultants as it needs to address the specific health and safety issues and hazards within the organization.Health and safety performance targets are an important part of the statement of intent. Type of target depends on areas that need the greatest improvement in the organization. The policy statement should be placed predominantly in the notice boards throughout the workplace and brought to the attention of all employees at induction, refresher trainings and so on.. Organisation: Organisation for health and safety should reflect the organizational structures, roles and responsibilities clearly defined from the top management to the individual supervisors. Directors and senior managers (responsible for setting policy, objectives and targets) Supervisors (responsible for checking day to day compliance with the policy) Health and safety Advisers (responsible for giving advice during accident investigations and on compliance issues) Other specialists such as occupational nurse, electrician etc., (responsible oft giving specialist advice on particular health and safety issues) HSE representatives (responsible for representing employees during consultation ‘meetings on health and safety issues with the employer. Employees(responsible for taking reasonable care of health and safety of themselves and others) Fire marshals (responsible for safe evacuation of building in an emergency) First aiders (responsible for administering first aid to injured persons) ‘Arrangements: It describes the implementation of the policy classified into general and specific systems and procedures. General arrangements: —______—_———— Pages Employee health and safety code of practice ‘Accident and illness reporting and investigation procedures Procedures for undertaking risk assessments Maintenance procedures Permit to work procedures Monitoring procedures including health and safety inspections and audits. Procedures for the control of safety of contractors and visitors Provision of welfare facilities Training procedures and arrangements Catering and food hygiene procedures Arrangements of consultation with employees ‘Terms of reference and constitution of the safety committee Procedures and arrangements for waste disposalSpecific arrangements: = Emergency procedures and first aid * Fire drill procedures * Control of exposure to specific hazards such as (Noise, Vibration, Radiation, Manual Handling, hazerdous substances, etc.) + Machinery safety (including safe system of work, lifting and pressure equipment) = Electrical equipment (Maintenance and testing) © Use of PPE (b) Explain why the health and safety policy should be signed by the most senior an organization, such as a Managing Director or Chief Executive Officer. The health and safety policy should be signed and dated by the most senior person in an organization, such as a Managing Director or Chief Executive Officer = To emphasis absolute management commitment towards health and safety and give authority to the policy. = It will indicate where an ultimate responsibility lies and the frequency with which the policy statement is reviewed. * Itis the responsibility of the CEO or MD to ensure that the health and safety policy is developed and communicated to all employees in the organization. 7. (a) Outline the purpose of an organization’s health and safety policy (6) The key principles and purpose of HSE policy are = Protecting the safety and health of all members of the organization by preventing, work ~ related injuries, ill — health, diseases and incidents. * Complying with relevant occupational health and safety national laws and regulations = Ensure that workers and their representatives are consulted and encouraged to participate actively in all elements of the occupational health and safety ‘management system. + Continuing improving the performance of the occupational health and safety ‘management system. + The Policy sets quantifiable organizational objectives for health and safety. This involves the arrangement to control risk, set the direction, scope and actions of an organization to manage health and safety. (b) Outline the issues that are typically included in the health and safety arrangements section of a policy. (8) + Employee’s health and safety code of practice = Accident / illness reporting and investigation procedure * Emergency procedure like first aidElectrical equipment Control of hazardous substances and manual handling Machinery safety, lifting and pressure equipment Permits to work procedures Health and safety inspection and audit procedures Terms of reference and constitution of safety committee Provision of welfare facilities Fire drill procedures Training procedures and arrangements ‘Arrangement for consultation with the employers aj Explain why it is important for an organization to set health and safety targets(6) It gives evidence on Management commitment to improve health and safety performance To motivate the employees with tangible goals result collective rewards ‘They offer evidence during the monitoring, review and audit phases of the management system. Duty of the employer to protect the employees, public, contractors, customers and visitors ‘To enhance the reputation of organization and business productivity in individual or a Identify health and safety targets that an organization could set. (2) * Reduce the number of accidents, incidents and work related ill health to zero. Zero Prosecutions Reduced sickness absence Reduction in compensation claims Improve reporting of minor accidents Improve reporting of near misses Increase the number of employees trained in health and safety Improve in specific movement of health and safety audit scores No enforcement notices from the enforcement agencyChapter 3 ‘Outline the factors that should be considered when assessing the health and safety ‘competence of a contractor (8) (Ans: Page no. 290) * The content and quality of the contractors’ health and safety policy and risk assessment = The contractors’ previous experience & accomplishments for any assigned tasks with competent person. + Demonstration of competence safety advice related to the project. = Methods of effective monitoring the level of accidents at work sites. The level of training and qualification of their team (includes those with health and safety responsibilities) Good reference indicating the satisfactory performance about the contractor Accident / enforcement history Membership of accreditation of certification bodies Equipment maintenance and statutory examination records The detailed proposals (method statements) for the work to be carried out Guidance on health and safety arrangements and procedures followed by them. Contractor has made arrangement for appropriate supervision of staff Contractor has received the signed copy of contractor's safety rules. Contractors personnel are properly qualified for the work to be undertaken @. Contactors are carrying out a major(uilding project for an organization. ‘Outline how this organization could reduce the risks to contractors carrying out the project, (8) (Ans: Page no. 25 & 26) = Check the competence of all their employees = Employer needs to take reasonable care to the contractors and create risk assessment with contractors in mind = Allow sufficient time and resources for all stages = Designers can eliminate hazards and reduce risks during design and provide information about risks = Management should clearly define the cost to the contractors including health and safety issues = Information regarding the nature of the job, task, site specific hazards and the site rules will have to be incorporated while creating risk assessment to the contractor.) Pre commencement checks to determine whether risk control are in place Ensuring site controls like permit to work, emergency arrangements are in place Good communication facilities A Site contact should be employed to liaise with the contractor. Contractors performance should be monitored frequently. ‘The responsibilities are both organizational and legal. ‘The contractors are commissioned to perform a task on behalf of the management and do this effectively, it is essential for good health and safety policy along with provision of the service on time with quality,lentify issues that could be considered at a safety committee meeting (8) ‘A senior manager should always attend the safety committee meeting. This demonstrates ‘management's commitment to the process and to improve safety in general. ‘The issues involved in safety committee meeting are Acceptance and signing of previous minutes Follow up of last meeting and confirm corrective actions Accident / hazard / near miss reports Monthly statistics of lost time injury frequency rate, incidence rate, analysis of accidents Inspection / housekeeping / maintenance records Management report ~ proposed work place / process changes ‘Safety documentation review Review of safety plan and progress towards objectives and targets New business Next meeting, date, time and venue rere me poss a rc Identify the precaution that/o be taken to ensure the health and safety of visitors in the workplace. (6) Visitors signing in Providing identification badges Providing appropriate PPE Site induction e.g. Fire precautions, Site rules, hazards and emergency procedures. Escorting visitor to area of work Clear marking of walkways and areas where unauthorized people are not -d. Remain with visitor or regular monitoring Escorting visitor back to reception area ‘Signing out visitor and removing badgeChapter 4 {a) Identify FOUR types of health and safety information that could be displayed on a notice board within a workplace (4) (Ans: Page no. 41 & 42) "Copy of Health and Safety policy "Current information pertaining to safety = Safety circulars and specific departmental safety information * Generic risk assessments * Proposed developments relating to critical safety issues = Emergency numbers (Fire, Ambulance, police) = Route map (Fire exit) = Assembly point notification Identify how the effectiveness of notice boards as a method of communicating fealth and safety information can be increased (4) The effectiveness of the notice board relies on the people’s ability to read, understand and apply the information correctly. Safety information must be clear and up to date. Information should be displayed in multi languages. Display in various common points to cover large number of employees: Use of different colours to attract attention. Rewards schemes displayed to motivate employees: 14, Identify the possible influences on health and safety management standards (8). (Ans: Page no, 44 to 46) Internal and external influences on HSMS a. Internal: * General point (The maturity, culture, safe working practices of an organization, * Management commitment (Demonstrated through clear visible actions and —teaseade down from most senior level in organization), f Production demands (Setting of targets, realistic, achievable, adhering to health and safety). * Communication (Strong positive and negative influence on health and safety. = Competence Staff with competence and safe fellow workers must be appointed. * Employee representation - trade unions, HSC, workers representatives would contribute to the HSMS standards. b. External: * General point (The maturity, culture, safe working practices of an organization * Societal expectations (Strategic influence by general mass or public)- * Local influences (Acceptability and unacceptability of practices of a specific organization). = Legislation (Complying or non complying will influence).= Enforcement (Balanced influence time and again to check the adherence of legalities) = Insurance companies (Organization minimizes the risk to control the level or premium) + Trade unions (They provide support in making claims concerning injuries at work) + Stake holders (Focus trends to be on increasing profits and reducing overheads) + Economics (Influences the stability of the economy and industry) 15, Identify the reasons why verbal instructions may not be clear in the workplace (8) (Ans: Page no. 41) Background noise Different languages, accents or dialects The complexity of the information Use of technical jargons Interference due to PPE Distractions of the work environment Sensory impairment Ambiguity Difficulty in recipients’ understanding levels Long chain of communication Inattention and lack of interest Identify the factors influencing health and safety culture of an organization (8) ‘Ans: Page no. 33) ‘The factors influencing health and safety culture of an organization are: + Effective communication: Considering a practical example, the safety policy must be communicated to the workers, therefore asking them about it, will give an indication as to how well it is communicated * Leadership and commitment: Evidence of commitment can be shown by the clear identification and acceptance of responsibility for health and safety from the most senior. Any variances from the standards which are promptly connected provide a clear indication of a positive safety culture = Equal priority: The health and safety policy should be integrated with other corporate policies like purchasing and training. * Incident/Accident investigation: Findings of incident investigations based on technical, procedural and behavioral aspects and control will indicate the level of commitment to working safety * Consultation: Proactive involvement of workers and representatives in decision making will result in fewer or no complaints 12Chapter 5, Identify reasons why young workers could be at greater risk of being injured at work (4) (Ans: Page no. 59) (by Outline the contro! measures that should be taken to mini Lack of knowledge Lack of experience and training, A young person may take more risk and adventurous They respond to the peer group pressure ‘They are over enthusiastic and exited and try out new things on the process ‘Work which is beyond their physical and psychological capacity Work involving harmful exposure to radiation which are toxic, carcinogenic may cause genetic damage; harm them to other chronic ill effect. * Work in which there is a risk to health from extremities of climatic conditions. ize risks to Young, workers (4) 18. Outline how induc Constant monitoring in the early stages of the employment, Induction and intensive training programs to help them to understand the hazards and the risks at the work place and familiarize them with the hazard control measures. Limited exposure to extremes of temperature, noise, vibrations, radiation, compressed air, hazardous materials, carcinogens Prohibiting them from highly dangerous machineries like power press, circular saw and mechanical lifting like fork lift trucks Health surveillance Clear lines of communication n training programmes for new workers can help to reduce the number of accidents in the workplace (6) Induction training programmes for new workers can help to reduce the number of ‘accidents in the workplace as it makes the new comers: To understand the safety policy, rilles and regulations To understand the HSMS system and the summary of the organization and arrangements Be clear about the hazardous incidents and situations To understand about the accident reporting procedure of the organization. To undergo health surveillance to keep them fit for good concentration and alert behavior To get trained in PPE and their importance To learn the summary of any relevant risk assessments and safe systems of work — Page 13* To understand the safety * Promote positive safety culture in the organization (a) Give the meaning of the term ‘risk’(2) (Ans: Page no. 49 & 51 to 59) Ans: Risk is defined as the likely hood that the harm will occur and the severity of the a harm. E.g. Slippery surface / working at heights Identify the key stages of a workplace risk assessment (6) a, Identify the hazards: this can be done by task observation, accident, ill health and near miss data, job safety analysis, legal standards and guidance and consultation with work forces. b. Decide who might be harmed and how: = Employees, including staff other than operators, * Non employees such as agency workers, contractors, visitors, members of the public = Young and inexperienced workers, new and expectant mother, night workers, lone workers and disabled staff ¢. Estimate & Evaluate the risk with the existing risk control: * The adequacy and the effectiveness of the existing control = Estimation of the risk = What further action needs to be taken to eliminate or reduce the risk 4, Record the findings: Significance hazards People affected Adequacy of the existing control The extent of risk Further action required References of other documents used in the assessment The above must be recorded. e. Review the findings: In the following circumstances, review is done: ‘An Accident / illness / near miss / dangerous occurrences New equipment Changes to equipment, plant and process, personnel, legis Recommendations from monitoring and audit Advise / action by the enforcement authority / insurance company Availability of new information / control measures Passage of time \ Outline THREE reasons for reviewing a risk assessment (3) * Following a sever Accident / illness / near miss / dangerous occurrences = Changes to equipment, plant and process, personnel, legislation Page 4* Advise / action by the enforcement authority / insurance company * Passage of time (A risk assessment would be no longer valid than 5 years) @ in the criteria which must be met for the assessment to be ‘sui sufficient’ (4) le & Legal requirement with respect to risk assessment Process of identifying hazards and evaluating risk Identification and selection of suitable control measures Accessing sources of information such as organizational or legislation, codes of practice, in house information including accident records Means available for communicating the outcome of assessment * Interpretation of local regulations and standards * Awareness of individuals own limitations and the occasions where specialist's assistance might be required * Report writing skills & Outline the information to be recorded in the risk assessment (4) The task / plant / process / activity together with the hazards, their associated risks and workers / people affected by them together with the existing control measures, the necessary action required to further reduce the risk are recorded. High risk rating items may require a more detailed explanation or there may be series of alternative actions can be recorded. 20) Outline the factors that the employer should take in to account when selecting individuals to assist in carrying out the required risk assessment. (6) According to the IL® guidelines to risk assessment, an assessment should be carried out by an employer in consultation with workers and or their representatives who are competent and have necessary knowledge, training, experience, information and instruction. Therefore, the individual assist the employer in carrying out the risk assessment should competent enough to: 1. Identify the hazards ‘© Identify the type of hazards that are present (physical, chemical, biological etc) associated with the work of organization © Find the activities that are likely to expose workers and others to the hazards such as maintenance, cleaning and emergency procedures. TL Gathering the information of victim'* Determine the magnitude and significance for health and safety of any hazard to the worker, suppliers and the public. ‘© Determine the magnitude of the hazard comparing the exposure levels/limits, standards etc., ‘+ Verify the existing control measures TL Estimation & Evaluation of hazards "Find out hazards can be eliminated to reasonably practicable level «Found that hazard cannot be eliminated, assessor should suggest the employer how it can be reduced to lowest reasonable level. IV. Record the findings Determine and ensure that the information is kept up to date © Confirm the complaints by workers of adverse health effects or the detection of any ill health by health surveillance. V. Review the findings \ © Suggest the practicable measures to eliminate any hazards Advice possible control measures at source and minimize the hazards Suggest adequate control measures Implement/modify the frequency and type of monitoring previously. 21. a, Give the meaning of the term “hazard” and “risk”. Hazard — A hazard is the potential of a substance, activity or process to cause harm. Risk — Risk is the likelihood that a hazard will cause a specified harm to someone or something. ewe four ways to identify the hazards in the workplace. Hazard identification is the first step of risk assessment process. It can be conducted in the following ways. A tour of the area under consideration by the risk assessment ‘A review of accident, incident and ill — health records © Safety inspection Safety surveys © ‘ Audit reports Job task analysis report Manufacturer's hand books *MSDS ‘« Approved code of practices and guidance, Page 16Chapter g Serie has received serious injuries from being struck by a reversing vehicle in a yading bay (@) Identify FOUR reasons why the accident should be investigated. (4) (Ans: Page no 294) ‘To demonstrate management commitment To determine the economic loses To determine compliance with legal requirements or with company rules Collecting evidence to defend a civil claim wherever applicable (b) Outline the information that should be included in the investigation report (8) The personal details of the injured party The date, time and location of the accident Environmental conditions at the time of accident associated with the work activity Existing risk control measures. Type and extent of the injury sustained Details of the witness and copies of the statements Immediate or route causes identified Possible breaches of law Recommendations of the investigation in relation to required remedial action (©) Outline i. FOUR possible immediate causes, AND (4) ii, FOUR possible underlying (root) causes of the accident (4) FOUR possible immediate causes are = Human errors / failure to comply with procedure Mechanical failure Absence of lighting Restricted view of the driver Environmental conditions such as high noise levels FOUR possible underlying (root) causes of the accident (4) Lack of training / drivers, Lack of supervision Absence of site rules and procedures for reversing Failure to segregate pedestrian and vehicular movement. Lack of maintenance of vehicles / work place¥ (a) Identify FOUR types of emergency that would require an organization to have ‘an emergency procedure (4) (Ans: Page no. 76) "Fire, "Chemical Spillage Sever electrical burn or electrocution Exposure to toxic gas or fumes = Pathogens These have to be controlled for which emergency procedures are required. Fire is a specific risk which will need regular review. The fire exit routes need to be redefined. Procedures should be in writing and regularly tested through drills and exercises. The results of such mock drills should be recorded and the procedures amended as necessary. For identified high risk activities arrangements should be formalized with local accidents and emergency services. Eg. Where there may a need fo have available special anti toxins and isolation facilities. (b) Explain why visitors to a workplace should be informed of its emergency Procedures (4) ‘The visitors are not aware of the emergency procedures right from emergency exit route, first aid point, emergency contact, hazards involved in the process. So they must be well informed. Identify EIGHT possible health and safety hazards relevant to the role of a Lone/night shift worker(8) (Ans: Page no. 292) Eight possible health and safety hazards relevant to the role of a lone/nightshift worker. Workers fitness certified Duration of the shift and number of days_as night shift may cause fatigue Issues connected with the work like environmental conditions and the weather . Inadequate access and possibility of communication breakdown The manual or mechanical handling of the goods and hazards associated with the “goods such as exposure to chemicals, flammable liquids Physical hazards such as noise and vibration Lack of emergency procedures including the provision of first aid and welfare facili Possibility of violence Psychological hazards such as stress Lack of supervision.= Adequate levels of experience and training (first aid, communication system repair, vehicle breakdown, relevant admin procedures / outdoor survival) + Emergency communication (Located in the vehicle / alternate arrangements to cover the worker when away from the vehicle To check that the emergency communication works properly in all the situations Location of the work (remote or isolate) Vehicle equipped with emergency supplies like food, drinking water and first aid kit. Kind of transportation required Type and nature of work - adequate training and information provided for the worker. PPE, machinery, tools, equipment training, * Work environment ~ extremes of temperature, animal attack, poisoning, allergic reactions from insect and animal bite = If working alone inside a locked building, how would emergency services get in 32. (a) Outline the key features of: i, A health and safety inspection (4) ii, A health and safety audit (4) (Ans: Page no. 85&87) i. A health and safety inspection: + The role of health and safety inspection is a formal structured examination of the physical working environment. * The purpose of a safety inspection is to identify obvious hazards that are not controlled to a specified standard and then to eliminate and control them. * General work place inspections provide valuable information for the safety practitioner and to the organization. = This can be classified into general workplace inspections, statutory inspections, and preventive maintenance inspections. ii, A health and safety audit + An audit is a systematic critical examination of the organization's system to determine the extent of compliance with the set of agreed standards = An audit aims at evaluation of compliance with health and safety program procedures * Evaluation of compliance with set occupational health standards physical safeguards and fire prevention and control standards * After evaluation audits come out with recommendation = Audit can be internal and external (b).Explain how the findings of an audit may be used to improve health and safety performance (12) ‘A detailed report will be produced after audit. + This clearly gives the reasons for management failure that occurred The priority / significance of the risks with risk rating and control + The safety standards applied followed and not followedExternal information: Legislation (Directives, acts and regulations) Good practice and guidance (Industry specific) International, European, British IT sources “Encyclopedia Professional bodies (Lawyers and consultants) fe ge ®& ) Give the meaning of the term ‘permit-to-work’ (2) (Ans: Page no. 74) ‘A permit to work system is a formal safety control system designed to prevent accidental injury to personnel, damage to plant, premises and product, particularly when work with a foreseeable high hazard content is undertaken and the precautions required are numerous and complex (b) Identify THREE types of work that may require a permit-to-work, AND give the reasons why in EACH ease (6) Hot work: Typically involving welding operations, such as pipe work where the risk of sparks may ignite nearby flammable materials. Elimination ot protection of such items will need to be considered. * Work on electrical systems: Work on electrical equipment, such as a transformer, will require safe isolation, access and egress, work at a height and heavy lifting to be considered. , * Machinery maintenance: Machinery / plant maintenance sometimes requires workers with different disciplines to work at the same time. This is aggravated by the fact the Ss plant may be spread over number of floors in a building / flour mills / lift systems jutline the factors to be considered when assessing a long distance driver. 8 (Ans. no. 292) ‘The factors to be considered when assessing a long distance driver can be structured broadly under 4 aspects of job, individual, vehicle and the load. a, The job factors: Distance and duration of the journey. = Complexity of the route * Road conditionsb. Individual factors: ¢. Vehicle conditions: d. Load Means of communication Security issues Physical and psychological capability Level of training ‘Communication skill Ergonomic factors Maintenance of the vehicle Emergency procedure Other features like tail lift in good condition If the load is hazardous Heavy Unbound The means of handling materials ‘Any emergency procedures / equipments in place (In case of spillage)Chapter 7 (Or) ine FOUR active (proactive) monitoring procedures that could be used to ss the health and safety performance of an organization (8) Organization should monitor their health and safety performance (a) Identify FOUR active monitoring methods (4) (b) Identify FOUR reactive monitoring methods (4) (Ans: Page no. 81 & 293) The active (proactive) monitoring methods are: + Safety inspection-general workplace inspections, statutory inspections, preventive maintenance inspections. * Safety audit + Safety tours-done by senior management to enable direct communication between workers and them to get a accurate picture of work conditions. = Bench marking against the performance of other like organisations = Safety sampling is where only a partial amount of a potential group/area is examined to establish facts that can indicate the standards of compliance of the whole. * Environmental monitoring, * Health surveillance The reactive monitoring methods are Identification Reporting Investigation Collation of data and statistics on the events. ‘The events monitored include those resulting in Number of reported accidents ‘The frequency rate of injury incidents, fitness, absence Incidents of reported near misses and dangerous occurrences and property damage Issue of notices or prosecutions taken by the enforcement authorities Number of civil claims Number of complaints from the workers The cost incurred in all the above 31. Identify the factors to be considered to reduce the risks to workers required to work alone away from the workplace (8) Duration of the work (Should be reasonable, legal) Fitness of the lone worker (medical checkup) _ Page 22Gump GK (a) Define the term ‘hierarchy of control (2) ‘The term Hierarchy of control is a preferred series of measures to control measures should be considered in the flowing order of priority. The ist the general hierarchy of risk control (6) or ex| example the general hierarchy of risk control of Health and safety at work. (Ans: Page no. 66 & 67) Avoiding risk at source is the best option. It means there is no residual risk to manage. + Elimination / substitution: Eliminate the hazard in total from the working environment as far as reasonably practicable. The substance or work practice. Reducing the exposure to risk — the frequency can be substituted. * Isolation / segregation of people from the hazards. — Glove box for handling hazardous biological agents. * Control the extent of exposure at source i.e, fume dust extraction to be enclosed completely * PPE —A physical barrier between you and the risk E.g. Wearing a hard hat * Discipline. Refers to the individual worker to follow the rules and procedures of the work place and their training Con the term Safe System of Work (2) (Ans: Page no. 67 & 11 to 14) The integration of People, Equipment and Material and the correct Environment to produce the safest possible condition in a specific work area. (b) Out SSOW(8) e the sources of information that might be useful when developing, ‘The sources of information that might be useful when developing SSOW can be classified as Internal and External Internal Information: Accident ill health data Absence data Results of audits and inspections Investigations reports ‘Maintenance records Cost and other management performance data ‘Compliance data Page 49of * Recommended actions ‘ Based on the audit findings the organization takes action to improvise the safety management. The use of prioritized timed and allocated action plan will aid to implement the process. Implementation of the action plan is monitored The above mentioned action plan motivates the work force thereby resulting in = Lesser accidents ant * Higher productivity oF + Happy work force Better competitive edge resulting in better reputation Identify the written information that is likely to be examined during a health and ‘Safety audit (8) * OS&H policy "Safety organizations chart = Training records on safety, fire and first-aid = Record of plant safety inspections = Accident investigations reports = Accidents and dangerous occurrences-statistics and analysis * Record of tests and examinations of equipments and structures as per status * Safe operating procedure for various operations + Record of work permits + Record of monitoring of flammable and explosive substances at work place + Maintenance and testing records of fire detections and firefighting equipment + Medical records of employees * Records of industrial hygiene surveys ( noise, ventilation and levels airborne and toxic substances, explosive gases ) * Material safety data sheets * On-site emergency plans and record of Mock Drills * Records of waste disposal * Records of effluent discharges to the environment = Housekeeping inspection records * Minutes of safety committee meetings. = Approval of layout and other approval from statutory authorities Records of any modifications carried out in plant or process ‘Maintenance procedure records Calibration and testing records Shut down maintenance procedures In services inspections manuals, records including that of materials handling Safety budget ; Inspection books and other statutory records Records of previous audits Safety in transportation of hazardous substances illumination levels, ee ey. ee ~ 24Chapter 6 fa) Identify TWO main purposes of first-aid treatment (2) (Ans: Page no 77) » The purposes of first aid are to preserve life, prevent injury becoming worse * Reduce pain and promote recovery GW Outline the factors to be considered when making an assessment of first-aid FO ~Fequirements in a workplace (6) * The requirements needed for the work being done at the site like construction, ‘chemical, manufacturing sites that have specific and more hazards The nature of the work and its risk need to be assessed Working away from employer's premises Availability of local emergency facilities like ambulance, fire, hospital, etc Strength of the organization that includes employers, employees, visitors, contractors and others = Number and size of first aid boxes required as per the area and total number of employees involved * Difficulty in accessing to treatment ‘Explain why the provision of personal protective equipment (PPE) should be considered only after other control measures (8) (Ans: Page no. 67) The provision of personal protective equipment (PPE) should be considered only after other control measures have been exhausted because * PPE does not remove the hazard but it only protects the wearer PPE may not provide adequate protection because of poor selection, poor fit. Incompatibility with other types of PPE Contamination, Misuse or non-use by workers. PPE relics for its effectiveness on a conscious action by the user which raises issues such as training and supervision + PPE can create additional risks. (Warning sounds masked by ear protection) = The cost implications of using PPE (Cleaning, maintenance and replacement) * If PPE fails to give 100% protection it is impossible to measure actual exposure to hazards such as dust, vapours and noise. roduction of PPE may bring another hazard such as impaired vision, impaired movement or fatigue PageA @s Pn why an organization should have a system for the internal reporting of ‘ecidents, (4) (Ans: Page no, 294) yrp, 4 ‘There are number of reasons why an organization should have a system for the internal reporting of accidents like: = To prevent recurrence * To identify weakness in the safety management system * To aid the compilation of accidents statistics to identify trends and patterns of accidents * To meet the national reporting requirements / company rules for use in civil elients * To help in the identification and reduction of loss t * To review the risk assessments (b) Identify the reasons why workers might not report accidents at work (4) Ignorance or lack of understanding of the reporting procedures A culture of non reporting often through peer pressure A possibility of retribution by management ‘Complexity of reporting procedures Lack of obvious management response to the earlier reported accidents Trivial nature of any injury sustained A desire to preserve individual's, department's, company’s safety record where reputation / bonus payments are affected by it List the action to be performed following a major accident. (8) (Ans: Page no. 96) Immediately after the accident Attend to the victim Preserve the scene of the accident Notify the next of the kin Report to enforcing authority if needed Long term actions * Identifying the witness * Undertaking the investigation = Reviewing the work procedure Reporting a death at work should include informing the next of kin, senior manager, health and safety specialist, worker representative, law enforcement agency, insurance company.