Ng php ting Anh

Mc lc
Grammar Review ________________________________________________ 7
Qun t khng xc nh "a" v "an" _________________________________ 8
Qun t xc nh "The" ___________________________________________ 9
Cch s dng another v other. ___________________________________ 12
Cch s dng little, a little, few, a few ______________________________ 13
S hu cch ___________________________________________________ 14
Verb _________________________________________________________ 15
1.

2.

3.

Present ______________________________________________________ 15

1)
2)
3)
4)

Simple Present ____________________________________________________________________________ 15

Present Progressive (be + V-ing)______________________________________________________________ 15
Present Perfect : Have + PII_________________________________________________________________ 15
Present Perfect Progressive : Have been V-ing __________________________________________________ 16

1)
2)
3)
4)

Simple Past: V-ed __________________________________________________________________________ 16

Past Progresseive: Was/Were + V-ing__________________________________________________________ 16
Past Perfect: Had + PII _____________________________________________________________________ 17
Past Perfect Progressive: Had + Been + V-ing___________________________________________________ 17

1)
2)
3)
4)

Simple Future: Will/Shall/Can/May + Verb in simple form__________________________________________ 17

Near Future ______________________________________________________________________________ 17
Future Progressive: will/shall + be + verb_ing ___________________________________________________ 18
Future Perfect: Will/ Shall + Have + PII _______________________________________________________ 18

Past _________________________________________________________ 16

Future _______________________________________________________ 17

S ha hp gia ch ng v ng t________________________________ 19
Cc trng hp Ch ng ng tch khi ng t ______________________ 20
1.

Cc danh t lun i hi cc ng t v i t i theo chng ngi th 3 s t 20

2.

Cch s dng None v No ________________________________________ 20

3. Cch s dng cu trc either...or (hoc...hoc) v neither...nor (khng...m cng

khng) __________________________________________________________ 21
4.

V-ing lm ch ng ______________________________________________ 21

5.

Cc danh t tp th _____________________________________________ 21

6.

Cch s dng a number of, the number of: ___________________________ 22

7.

Cc danh t lun dng s nhiu __________________________________ 22

8.

Thnh ng there is, there are _____________________________________ 22

i t _______________________________________________________ 24
1.

i t nhn xng (Ch ng) ______________________________________ 24

2.

i t nhn xng tn ng ________________________________________ 24

3.

Tnh t s hu _________________________________________________ 24

4.

i t s hu__________________________________________________ 25

5.

i t phn thn _______________________________________________ 25

Tn ng ______________________________________________________ 26
ng t nguyn th l tn ng ____________________________________ 26
1

1.

Verb -ing dng lm tn ng _______________________________________ 26

2.

Bn ng t c bit ____________________________________________ 26

3.

Cc ng t ng sau gii t______________________________________ 27

4.

Vn cc i t ng trc ng t nguyn th hoc V-ing dng lm tn ng.

27

Cch s dng cc ng t bn khim khuyt _________________________ 29

1.
2.

Need ________________________________________________________ 29

1) Dng nh mt ng t thng: c s dng ra sao cn ty vo ch ng ca n______________________ 29

2) Need c s dng nh mt ng t khim khuyt ______________________________________________ 29

Dare_________________________________________________________ 29

1) Khi dng vi ngha l "dm" _________________________________________________________________ 29

2) Dare dng nh mt ngoi ng t ____________________________________________________________ 29

Cch s dng to be trong mt s trng hp _________________________ 31

Cch s dng to get trong mt s trng hp c bit _________________ 32
1.

To get + P2 ____________________________________________________ 32

2.

Get + V-ing = Start + V-ing: Bt u lm g __________________________ 32

3.

Get sb/smt +V-ing: Lm ai/ ci g bt u. ___________________________ 32

4.

Get + to + verb ________________________________________________ 32

5. Get + to + Verb (ch vn hnh ng) = Come + to + Verb (ch vn nhn

thc) = Gradually = dn dn _________________________________________ 32

Cu hi ______________________________________________________ 33
Cu hi Yes/ No _______________________________________________ 34
1.

Cu hi thng bo ______________________________________________ 34

a) Who/ what lm ch ng ____________________________________________________________________ 34

b) Whom/ what lm tn ng ___________________________________________________________________ 34
c) Cu hi nhm vo cc b ng: When, Where, How v Why ________________________________________ 34

2.

Cu hi gin tip _______________________________________________ 34

3.

Cu hi c ui ________________________________________________ 35

Li ni ph ha khng nh v ph nh _____________________________ 36
1.

Khng nh ___________________________________________________ 36

2.

Ph nh _____________________________________________________ 36

Cu ph nh _________________________________________________ 37
Mnh lnh thc _______________________________________________ 39
ng t khim khuyt __________________________________________ 40
Cu iu kin _________________________________________________ 41
1.

iu kin c th thc hin c hin ti____________________________ 41

2.

iu kin khng th thc hin c hin ti ________________________ 41

3.

iu kin khng th thc hin c qu kh ________________________ 41

Cch s dng cc ng t will, would, could, should sau if ______________ 42

Mt s cch dng thm ca if _____________________________________ 43
1.

If... then: Nu... th _____________________________________________ 43

2

2. If dng trong dng cu khng phi cu iu kin: ng t cc mnh din

bin bnh thng theo thi gian ca chnh n. ____________________________ 43
3. If... should = If... happen to... = If... should happen to... din t s khng chc
chn (Xem thm phn s dng should trong mt s trng hp c th) ________ 43
4.

If.. was/were to... ______________________________________________ 43

5.

If it + to be + not + for: Nu khng v, nu khng nh vo.______________ 43

6. "Not" i khi c thm vo nhng ng t sau "if" by t s nghi ng,

khng chc chn. (C nn ... Hay khng ...) ______________________________ 43
7. It would... if + subject + would... (s l... nu khng c dng trong vn
vit) ____________________________________________________________ 43
8. If... d have... have: Dng trong vn ni, khng dng trong vn vit, din t
iu kin khng th xy ra qu kh __________________________________ 43
9.

If + preposition + noun/verb... (subject + be b lc b) ________________ 43

10. If dng kh ph bin vi mt s t nh "any/anything/ever/not" din t ph

nh ____________________________________________________________ 44
11. If + Adjective = although (cho d l) _______________________________ 44

Cch s dng to Hope, to Wish.____________________________________ 45

iu kin khng c tht tng lai ________________________________ 46
1.

iu kin khng th thc hin c hin ti ________________________ 46

2.

iu kin khng th thc hin c qu kh ________________________ 46

Cch s dng thnh ng as if, as though (chng nh l, nh th l) _______ 47

Used to, to be/get used to________________________________________ 48
Cch s dng thnh ng would rather ______________________________ 49
Loi cu c mt ch ng _________________________________________ 50
1.

Loi cu c hai ch ng __________________________________________ 50

a) Loi cu gi nh hin ti __________________________________________________________________ 50

b) Loi cu khng th thc hin c hin ti ____________________________________________________ 50
c) Loi cu khng th thc hin c qu kh ___________________________________________________ 50

Cch s dng thnh ng Would like ________________________________ 51

Cch s dng cc ng t khim khuyt din t cc trng thi hin ti 52
1.

Could, May, Might + Verb in simple form = C l, c th. ________________ 52

2.

Should + Verb in simple form _____________________________________ 52

3.

Must + Verb in simple form _______________________________________ 52

Cch s dng cc ng t khim khuyt din t cc trng thi qu kh 53

1.

Could, may, might + have + P2 = c l ____________________________ 53

2.

Could have + P2 = L ra c th (trn thc t l khng) _______________ 53

3.

Might have been + V-ing = C l lc y ang _________________________ 53

4.

Should have + P2 = L ra phi, l ra nn _____________________________ 53

5.

Must have + P2 = hn l _______________________________________ 53

6.

Must have been V-ing = hn lc y ang_____________________________ 53

Cc vn s dng should trong mt s trng hp c th ______________ 54

3

Tnh t v ph t ______________________________________________ 55
ng t ni __________________________________________________ 56
Cc dng so snh ca tnh t v ph t _____________________________ 57
1.

So snh bng __________________________________________________ 57

2.

So snh hn km _______________________________________________ 57

3.

So snh hp l _________________________________________________ 58

4.

So snh c bit _______________________________________________ 58

5.

So snh a bi _________________________________________________ 59

6.

So snh kp ___________________________________________________ 59

7.

Cu trc No sooner... than = Va mi ... th ... _______________________ 60

8.

So snh gia 2 ngi hoc 2 vt ___________________________________ 60

9.

So snh bc nht _______________________________________________ 60

Danh t dng lm tnh t ________________________________________ 62

Enough ______________________________________________________ 63
Mt s trng hp c th dng much & many ________________________ 64
Mt s cch dng c bit ca much v many:________________________ 65
Phn bit thm v cch dng alot/ lots of/ plenty/ a great deal so vi many/
much _______________________________________________________ 66
Mt s cch dng c th ca more & most ___________________________ 67
Cch dng long & (for) a long time ________________________________ 68
T ni _______________________________________________________ 69
1.

Because, Because of ____________________________________________ 69

2.

T ni ch mc ch v kt qu ____________________________________ 69

3.

T ni ch nguyn nhn v kt qu. _________________________________ 69

4.

Mt s cc t ni mang tnh iu kin khc. __________________________ 69

Cu b ng __________________________________________________ 71
ng t gy nguyn nhn _______________________________________ 73
To have sb do sth = to get sb to do sth = Sai ai, khin ai, bo ai lm g_____ 74
1.

To have/to get sth done = a ci g i lm __________________________ 74

2.

To make sb do sth = to force sb to do sth = Bt buc ai phi lm g ________ 74

3.

To make sb + P2 = lm cho ai b lm sao _____________________________ 74

4.

To cause sth + P2 = lm cho ci g b lm sao _________________________ 74

5.

To let sb do sth = to permit/allow sb to do sth = ai, cho php ai lm g ___ 74

6.

To help sb to do sth/do sth = Gip ai lm g __________________________ 74

7.

3 ng t c bit ______________________________________________ 74

Cu phc hp v i t quan h thay th ____________________________ 75

That v which lm ch ng ca cu ph_____________________________ 76
4

1.

That v which lm tn ng ca cu ph _____________________________ 76

2.

Who lm ch ng ca cu ph_____________________________________ 76

3.

Whom lm tn ng ca cu ph ___________________________________ 76

4.

Mnh ph bt buc v khng bt buc. ___________________________ 76

1) Mnh ph bt buc. _____________________________________________________________________ 76

2) Mnh ph khng bt buc ________________________________________________________________ 76

5.

Tm quan trng ca vic s dng du phy i vi mnh ph __________ 77

6.

Cch s dng All, Both, Some, Several, Most, Few + Of + Whom/ Which ____ 77

7.

Whose = ca ngi m, ca con m. ________________________________ 77

8.

Cch loi b mnh ph ________________________________________ 77

Cch s dng P1 trong mt s trng hp ____________________________ 79

1.

Dng vi mt s cc cu trc ng t. ______________________________ 79

2.

P1 c s dng rt ngn nhng cu di __________________________ 79

Cch s dng nguyn mu hon thnh (To have + P2) __________________ 81

Nhng cch s dng khc ca that _________________________________ 82
1.

That dng vi t cch l mt lin t (rng) ___________________________ 82

2.

Mnh that __________________________________________________ 82

Cu gi nh___________________________________________________ 83
1.

Dng vi would rather that _______________________________________ 83

2.

Dng vi ng t. ______________________________________________ 83

3.

Dng vi tnh t. _______________________________________________ 83

4.

Cu gi nh dng vi mt s trng hp khc ________________________ 84

5.

Cu gi nh dng vi it + to be + time ______________________________ 84

Li ni bao hm ________________________________________________ 85
1.

Not only ..... but also ____________________________________________ 85

2.

As well as: Cng nh ____________________________________________ 85

3.

Both ..... and __________________________________________________ 85

Cch s dng to know, to know how. _______________________________ 86

Mnh nhng b_____________________________________________ 87
1.

Despite/Inspite of = bt chp _____________________________________ 87

2.

Although/Even though/Though = Mc du ___________________________ 87

3.

However + adj + S + linkverb = d c .... i chng na th .... ____________ 87

4.

Although/ Albeit (more formal) + Adjective/ Adverb/ Averbial Modifier ____ 87

Nhng ng t d gy nhm ln ___________________________________ 88

Mt s cc ng t c bit khc __________________________________ 90
S ph hp v thi ng t _______________________________________ 91
Cch s dng to say, to tell _______________________________________ 92
i t nhn xng "one" v "you" __________________________________ 93
5

T i trc gii thiu _________________________________________ 94

Cch s dng cc phn t u mnh ph ________________________ 95
Phn t dng lm tnh t ________________________________________ 97
1. Phn t 1 (V-ing) c dng lm tnh t khi n p ng y cc iu kin
sau: 97
2. Phn t 2 (V-ed) c dng lm tnh t khi n p ng y cc iu kin
sau: 97

Cu tha_____________________________________________________ 98
Cu trc cu song song _________________________________________ 99
Thng tin trc tip v gin tip __________________________________ 100
1.

Cu trc tip v cu gin tip ____________________________________ 100

ng t vi hai tn ng trc tip v gin tip _______________________ 101

S o ngc ph t __________________________________________ 102
Mt s cc dng ph t c bit ng u cu _____________________ 103
Cch loi b nhng cu tr li khng ng trong bi ng php __________ 105
Kim tra cc li ng php c bn bao gm __________________________ 106
1.

Loi b nhng cu tr li mang tnh rm r ________________________ 106

2. Phi chc chn rng tt c cc t trong cu c chn u phi phc v cho

ngha ca bi, c bit l cc ng ng t.______________________________ 106
3. Phi loi b nhng cu tr li bao hm ting lng, khng c php dng trong
vn vit qui chun ________________________________________________ 106

Nhng t d gy nhm ln ______________________________________ 107

Ph lc: mt s nhng t d gy nhm ln khc: ____________________ 109
Gii t _____________________________________________________ 112
1.

During = trong sut (hot ng din ra lin tc)______________________ 112

2.

From = t >< to = n _________________________________________ 112

3.

Out of=ra khi><into=vo trong _________________________________ 112

4.

By _________________________________________________________ 112

5.

In = bn trong ________________________________________________ 112

6.

On = trn b mt: _____________________________________________ 112

7.

At = ti ____________________________________________________ 113

8.

Mt s cc thnh ng dng vi gii t______________________________ 113

Ng ng t _________________________________________________ 115
Mt s nguyn tc thc hin bi c ______________________________ 116

Grammar Review
Mt cu trong ting Anh bao gm cc thnh phn sau y
SUBJECT - VERB AS PREDICATE - COMPLEMENT - MODIFIER
(OBJECT)
DIRECT

INDIRECT

SUBJECT c th l mt ng t nguyn th, mt VERB_ING, mt i t, song nhiu nht vn l mt danh

t. Chng bao gi cng ng u cu, lm ch ng v quyt nh vic chia ng t. V l danh t nn
chng lin quan n nhng vn sau:

Ex:

Danh t m c v khng m c (Count noun/ Non - count noun)

Danh t m c: Dng c vi s m, do n c hnh thi s t, s nhiu. N dng c vi a

hay vi the.

Danh t khng m c: Khng dng c vi s m, do n khng c hnh thi s t, s nhiu.

N khng th dng c vi "a", cn "the" ch trong mt s trng hp c bit.

Mt s danh t m c c hnh thi s nhiu c bit.

Mt s danh t m c c dng s t/ s nhiu nh nhau ch phn bit bng c "a" v khng c "a"

Ex:

Ex:

Ex:

an aircraft/ aircraft; a sheep/ sheep; a fish/ fish.

Mt s cc danh t khng m c nh food, meat, money, sand, water ... i khi c dng nh
cc danh t s nhiu ch cc dng, loi khc nhau ca danh t .

water waters (Nc nhng vng nc)

Danh t "time" nu dng vi ngha l "thi gian" l khng m c nhng khi dng vi ngha l
"thi i" hay "s ln" l danh t m c.

Ancient times (Nhng thi c i) - Modern times (nhng thi hin i)

Bng sau l cc nh ng dng c vi cc danh t m c v khng m c.
WITH COUNT NOUN
a(n), the, some, any
this, that, these, those
none, one, two, three,...
many
a lot of
a

number of

(a) few
fewer... than
more....than

WITH NON-COUNT NOUN

the, some, any
this, that
none
much (usually in negatives or questions)
a lot of
a large amount of
a little
less....than
more....than

Mt s t khng m c nn bit:

sand*, food*, meat*, water*, money*, news, measles (bnh si), soap, mumps (bnh quai b),
information, economics, physics, air, mathematics, politics, homework.
NOTE: advertising l danh t khng m c nhng advertisement l danh t m c, ch mt
qung co c th no .

Vic xc nh danh t m c v khng m c l ht sc quan trng v thng l bc c bn

m u cho cc bi nghe/ ng php ca TOEFL.

Qun t khng xc nh "a" v "an"

Dng "an" trc mt danh t bt u bng:

4 nguyn m A, E, I, O.
2 bn nguyn m U, Y. (uncle, unnatural, umbrella)
Nhng danh t bt u bng "h" cm (an heir/ hour/ herbal (Adj: tho mc)/ honor)
Nhng t m u bng mt ch vit tt (an S.O.S/ an M.P)
Lu : ng trc mt danh t m u bng "uni..." phi dng "a" (a university/ a
uniform/ universal/ union) (Europe, eulogy (li ca ngi), euphemism (li ni tri), eucalyptus
(cy khuynh dip) )

Dng "a" trc danh t bt u bng mt ph m.

c dng trc mt danh t khng xc nh v mt v tr/ tnh cht/ c im hoc c nhc n ln

u tin trong cu.

Dng trong cc thnh ng ch s lng nht nh nh: a lot of/a great deal of/a couple/a dozen.

Dng trc nhng s m nht nh thng l hng ngn, hng trm nh a/one hundred - a/one
thousand.

Dng trc "half" (mt na) khi n theo sau mt n v nguyn vn: a kilo and a half, hay khi n i
ghp vi mt danh t khc ch na phn (khi vit c du gch ni): a half - share, a half - holiday
(ngy l ch ngh na ngy).

Dng vi cc n v phn s nh 1/3 a/one third - 1/5 a /one fifth.

Dng trong cc thnh ng ch gi c, tc , t l: $5 a kilo, 60 kilometers an hour, 4 times a day.

Dng trc cc danh t s t m c. trong cc thn t what a nice day/ such a long life.

A + Mr/ Mrs/ Ms + family name = mt ng/ b/ c no (khng quen bit)

Qun t xc nh "The"

Dng trc mt danh t c xc nh c th v mt tnh cht, c im, v tr hoc c nhc n

ln th hai trong cu.

The + danh t + gii t + danh t

Ex:

Ex:

The girl in blue, the Gulf of Mexico.

Dng trc nhng tnh t so snh bc nht hoc only.

The only way, the best day.

Dng cho nhng khong thi gian xc nh (thp nin): In the 1990s

The + danh t + i t quan h + mnh ph

Ex:

Ex:

Ex:

The man /to whom you have just spoken /is the chairman
Trc mt danh t ng ch mt vt ring bit

She is in the (= her) garden

The + danh t s t tng trng cho mt nhm th vt hoc vt

The whale = whales (loi c voi), the deep-freeze (thc n ng lnh)

Lu : Nhng i vi man khi mang ngha "loi ngi" tuyt i khng c dng the.

Ex:

Ex:

Ex:

Ex:

Since man lived on the earth (k t khi loi ngi sinh sng trn tri t ny)
Dng trc mt danh t s t ch mt nhm, mt hng ngi nht nh trong x hi.

The small shopkeeper: Gii ch tim nh/ The top offcial: Gii quan chc cao cp
The + adj: Tng trng cho mt nhm ngi, chng khng bao gi c php s nhiu nhng c
xem l cc danh t s nhiu. Do vy ng t v i t i cng vi chng phi ngi th 3 s nhiu.

The old = The old people/ The unemployed/ The disabled are often very hard in their moving
The + tn cc vng/ khu vc ni ting v mt a l hoc lch s

The Sahara (desert)/ The Siberia (tundra)/ The Normandic

The + East/ West/ South/ North + Danh t

used as adjective
The North/ South Pole (Bc/ Nam Cc), The East End of London (Khu ng Ln n)
Lu : Nhng khng c dng THE trc cc t ny nu n i lin vi tn chu lc hoc quc gia: West
Germany, North America...

Ex:

Ex:

Ex:

Ex:
Ex:

Ex:
Ex:

Ex:
Ex:

The + tn gi cc i hp xng/ dn nhc c in/ ban nhc ph thng

The Back Choir/ The Philharmonique Philadelphia Orchestra/ The Beatles.

The + tn gi cc t bo (khng tp ch)/ tu bin/ cc khinh kh cu.

The Times/ The Titanic/ The Hindenberg

The + h mt gia nh s nhiu = gia nh nh

The Smiths = Mr/ Mrs Smith and children

Dng trc tn h ca mt ngi xc nh ngi trong s nhng ngi trng tn.
Khng c dng "the" trc cc danh t ch ba n trong ngy tr cc trng hp c bit.

We ate breakfast at 8 am this morning

The dinner that you invited me last week were delecious.
Khng c dng "the" trc mt s danh t nh home, bed, church, court, jail, prison, hospital,
school, class, college, univercity v.v... khi n i vi cc ng t v gii t ch chuyn ng ch i
n l mc ch chnh hoc ra khi cng v mc ch chnh.

Students go to school everyday.

The patient was released from hospital.
Nhng nu n hoc ra khi khng v mc ch chnh bt buc phi dng "the".
9

Ex:
Ex:

Students go to the school for a class party.

The doctor left the hospital afterwork

Lu : Trong American English, Hospital v University bt buc phi dng vi the

Ex:
Ex:

He was in the hospital (in hospital as a patient)

She was unhappy at the University (At University as a student)

Mt s trng hp c bit:
Go to work = Go to the office.
To be at work
To be hard at work (lm vic chm ch)
To be in office (ng nhim) <> To be out of office ( mn nhim)
Go to sea = i bin (nh nhng thy th)
Go to the sea = ra bin, thng ngh
To be at the sea: gn bin
To be at sea ( trn bin) trong mt chuyn hi hnh.
go to town: i vo trung tm/ i ph - To be in town ( trung tm) khi town l ca ngi ni.

Bng s dng "the" v khng s dng "the" trong mt s trng hp in hnh

C "The"
Dng trc tn cc i dng, sng ngi,
bin, vnh v cc h ( s nhiu)

The Red Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Persian

Gufl, the Great Lakes
Trc tn cc dy ni
The Rocky Mountains

Khng "The"
Trc tn mt h
Lake Geneva

Trc tn mt ngn ni
Mount Vesuvius

Trc tn nhng vt th duy nht trong v

tr hoc trn th gii

The earth, the moon

Trc tn cc hnh tinh hoc cc chm sao

Venus, Mars

Trc tn cc trng ny nu trc n l

mt tn ring

The schools, colleges, universities + of +

danh t ring

Stetson University

the + s th t + danh t

Trc cc danh t i cng vi mt s m

Chapter three

Trc tn cc cuc chin tranh khu vc vi

iu kin tn khu vc phi c tnh t
ho

The University of Florida

The third chapter.

The Korean
economy)

War

(=>

The

Vietnamese

Trc tn cc nc c hai t tr ln (ngoi

tr Great Britain)

The United States

Trc tn cc nc c coi l mt qun o

hoc mt qun o

The Philipines, The Virgin Islands, The Hawaii

Trc tn cc nc m u bng New, mt

tnh t ch hng hoc ch c mt t

New Zealand, North Korean, France

Trc tn cc lc a, tnh, tiu bang, thnh

ph, qun, huyn

Europe, Florida

Trc tn cc ti liu hoc s kin lch s

The Constitution, The Magna Carta
Trc tn cc nhm dn tc thiu s
the Indians
Trc tn bt k mn th thao no
baseball, basketball

Trc cc danh t tru tng (tr mt s

trng hp c bit)

freedom, happiness
10

 Trc tn cc mn hc c th
The Solid matter Physics

Trc tn cc mn hc ni chung
mathematics
Trc tn cc ngy l, tt
Christmas, Thanksgiving

Trc tn cc nhc c khi cp n cc

nhc c ni chung hoc chi cc nhc c
.

The violin is difficult to play

Who is that on the piano

Trc tn cc loi hnh nhc c trong cc

hnh thc m nhc c th (Jazz, Rock,
classical music..)

To perform jazz on trumpet and piano

11

Cch s dng another v other.

Hai t ny tuy ging nhau v mt ngha nhng khc nhau v mt ng php.

Dng vi danh t m c
another + danh t m c s t = mt
ci na, mt ci khc, mt ngi na, mt
ngi khc.

Dng vi danh t khng m c

the other + danh t m c s t = ci

cn li (ca mt b), ngi cn li (ca mt
nhm).

Other + danh t m c s nhiu =

my ci na, my ci khc, my ngi na,
my ngi khc.

Other + danh t khng m c = mt

cht na.

The other + danh t m c s nhiu

= nhng ci cn li (ca mt b), nhng
ngi cn li (ca mt nhm).

The other + danh t khng m c =

ch cn st li.

Ex:
Ex:

I don't want this book. Please give me another.

(another = any other book - not specific)
I don't want this book. Please give me the other.
(the other = the other book, specific)

Another v other l khng xc nh trong khi The other l xc nh, nu ch ng hoc danh t
c nhc n trn th di ch cn dng Another hoc other nh mt i t l .

Nu danh t c thay th bng s nhiu: Other Others. Khng bao gi c dng Others +
danh t s nhiu. Ch c dng mt trong hai.

Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta dng i t thay th one hoc ones ng sau another hoc other.

Lu : This hoc that c th dng vi one nhng these v those khng c dng vi ones.

12

Cch s dng little, a little, few, a few

Ex:

Ex:

Ex:

Ex:

Little + danh t khng m c: rt t, khng (c khuynh hng ph nh)

I have little money, not enough to buy groceries.

A little + danh t khng m c: c mt cht,

I have a little money, enough to buy groceries

Few + danh t m c s nhiu: c rt t, khng (c khuynh hng ph nh)

I have few books, not enough for reference reading

A few + danh t m c s nhiu: c mt cht,

I have a few records, enough for listening.

Trong mt s trng hp khi danh t trn c nhc n th pha di ch cn dng little hoc
few nh mt i t l .
Ex:
Are you ready in money. Yes, a little.

Quite a few (m c) = Quite a bit (khng m c) = Quite a lot (c hai) = rt nhiu.

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S hu cch

Ex:

Ex:

Ex:

Ex:

The noun's + noun: Ch c dng cho nhng danh t ch ngi hoc ng vt, khng dng cho cc
vt.

The student's book

The cat's legs.

i vi danh t s nhiu c sn "s" ui ch cn dng du phy

The students' book.

Nhng i vi nhng danh t i s nhiu c bit khng "s" ui vn phi dng y du s hu
cch.

The children's toys.

The people's willing

Nu c hai danh t cng ng s hu cch th danh t no ng gn danh t b s hu nht s mang

du s hu.

Paul and Peter's room.

i vi nhng tn ring hoc danh t c sn "s" ui c th ch cn dng du phy v nhn mnh
ui khi c hoc dng s hu cch v phi thay i cch c. Tn ring khng dng "the" ng trc.

The boss' car = The boss's car [bosiz]

Agnes' house = Agnes's [siz] house.

Ex:
Ex:

Ex:

Ex:

Ex:

N c dng cho thi gian (nm, thng, thp nin, th k)

The 1990s' events: nhng s kin ca thp nin 90

The 21st century's prospects.
C th dng cho cc ma trong nm tr ma xun v ma thu. Nu dng s hu cch cho hai ma ny
th ngi vit nhn cch ho chng. Ngy nay ngi ta dng cc ma trong nm nh mt tnh t cho
cc danh t ng sau, t dng s hu cch.

The Autumn's leaf: chic l ca nng thu.

Dng cho tn cc cng ty ln, cc quc gia

The Rockerfeller's oil products. China's food.

i vi cc ca hiu c ngh nghip c trng ch cn dng danh t vi du s hu.

In a florist's

c bit l cc tim n: The Antonio's

Ex:

At a hairdresser's

Dng trc mt s danh t bt ng vt ch trong mt s thnh ng

a stone's throw from ...(Cch ni u mt tm nm).

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Verb

ng t trong ting Anh Chia lm 3 thi chnh:

Qu kh (Past)
Hin ti (Present)
Tng lai (Future)

Mi thi chnh li chia thnh nhiu thi nh din t tnh chnh xc ca hnh ng.

1.

Present

1) Simple Present

Ex:
Ex:

Khi chia ng t thi ny ngi th 3 s t, phi c "s" tn cng v m d phi c c ln

He walks.
She watches TV

N dng din t mt hnh ng thng xuyn xy ra hin ti, khng xc nh c th v thi gian,
hnh ng lp i lp li c tnh qui lut.

Thng dng vi mt s cc ph t ch thi gian nh today, present day, nowadays.

c bit n dng vi mt s ph t ch tn sut nh: always, sometimes, often, every + thi gian
...

2) Present Progressive (be + V-ing)

Dng din t mt hnh ng xy ra vo mt thi im nht nh ca hin ti. Thi im ny

c xc nh c th bng mt s ph t nh : now, rightnow, at this moment.

Dng thay th cho thi tng lai gn, c bit l trong vn ni.

c bit lu nhng ng t bng sau khng c chia th tip din d bt c thi no khi chng
l nhng ng t tnh din t trng thi cm gic ca hot ng tinh thn hoc tnh cht ca s vt ,
s vic. Nhng khi chng quay sang hng dng t hnh ng th chng li c php dng th tip
din.
know
understand
have

Ex:
Ex:
Ex:
Ex:

believe
hate
need

hear
love
appear

see
like
seem

smell
want
taste

wish
sound
own

He has a lot of books.

He is having dinner now. (ng t hnh ng: n ti)
I think they will come in time
I'm thinking of my test tomorrow. (ng t hnh ng: ang ngh v)

3) Present Perfect : Have + PII

Dng din t mt hnh ng xy ra t trong qu kh ko di n hin ti v chm dt hin ti,

thi dim hnh ng hon ton khng c xc nh trong cu.

Ch mt hnh ng xy ra nhiu ln trong qu kh ko di n hin ti

Ex:

George has seen this movie three time.

Dng vi 2 gii t SINCE/FOR+time

Dng vi already trong cu khng nh, lu rng already c th ng ngay sau have v cng c th
ng cui cu.

Dng vi yet trong cu ph nh, yet thng xuyn ng cui cu.

Dng vi yet trong cu nghi vn

Ex:

Have you written your reports yet?

15

Ex:

Ex:

Ex:

Ex:

Ex:

Trong mt s trng hp ph nh, yet c th ng ngay sau have nhng phi thay i v mt ng
php: not mt i v PII tr v dng nguyn th c to.

John has yet to learn the material = John hasn't learnt the material yet.
Dng vi now that... (gi y khi m...)

Now that you have passed the TOEFL test successfully, you can apply...
Dng vi mt s ph t nh till now, untill now, so far (cho n gi). Nhng thnh ng ny c th
ng u cu hoc cui cu.

So far the problem has not been resolved.

Dng vi recently, lately (gn y) nhng thnh ng ny c th ng u hoc cui cu.

I have not seen him recently.

Dng vi before ng cui cu.

I have seen him before.

4) Present Perfect Progressive : Have been V-ing

Dng ging ht nh Present Perfect nhng hnh ng khng chn dt hin ti m vn tip tc tip
din, thng xuyn dng vi since, for + time

Phn bit cch dng gia hai thi:

Present Perfect Progressive

Present Perfect

Hnh ng chm dt hin ti do c

kt qu r rt.

I've waited you for half an hour (and now I stop

waiting because you didn't come).
2.

Hnh ng vn tip din hin ti, c kh nng

lan ti tng lai do khng c kt qu r rt.

I've been waiting for you for half an hour (and now
I'm still waiting, hoping that you'll come)

Past

1) Simple Past: V-ed

Mt s ng t trong ting Anh c c dng Simple Past v Past Perfect bnh thng cng nh c
bit. Ngi Anh a dng Simple past chia bnh thng v P2 c bit lm adj hoc trong dng b ng

Ex:

To light
lighted/lighted: He lighted the candles in his birthday cake.
lit/ lit: From a distance we can see the lit restaurant.

N din t mt hnh ng xy ra t im trong qu kh, khng lin quan g ti hin ti, thi dim
trong cu c xc nh r rt bng mt s cc ph t ch thi gian nh yesterday, at that moment,
last + time

2) Past Progresseive: Was/Were + V-ing

N dng din t mt hnh ng ang xy ra vo mt thi im nht nh ca qu kh. Thi dim

c din t c th = ngy, gi.

N dng kt hp vi mt simple past thng qua 2 ph t ch thi gian l when v while, ch mt

hnh ng ang tip din trong qu kh th mt hnh ng khc chen ngang vo (khi ang... th
bng...).
Subject + Simple Past - while - Subject + Past Progressive

Ex:

Smb hit him on the head while he was walking to his car
Subject + Past Progressive - when - Subject + Simple Past

Ex:

He was walking to his car when Smb hit him on the head
Mnh c when & while c th ng bt k ni no trong cu nhng sau when phi l simple past
v sau while phi l Past Progressive.
16

N din t 2 hnh ng ang cng lc xy ra trong qu kh.

Subject + Past Progressive - while - Subject + Past Progressive

Ex:

Her husband was reading newspaper while she was preparing dinner.
Mnh hnh ng khng c while c th simple past nhng t khi v d b nhm ln.

3) Past Perfect: Had + PII

Dng din t mt hnh ng xy ra trc mt hnh ng khc trong qu kh, trong cu bao gi
cng c 2 hnh ng

Dng kt hp vi mt simple past thng qua 2 ph t ch thi gian after v before.

Subject + Simple Past after Subject + Past Perfect
Subject + Past Perfect before Subject + Simple Past

Lu :
Mnh c after & before c th ng u hoc cui cu nhng sau after phi l past
perfect cn sau before phi l simple past.
Before & After c th c thay bng when m khng s b nhm ln v trong cu bao gi cng
c 2 hnh ng, 1 trc, 1 sau.

Ex:

The police came when the robber had gone away.

4) Past Perfect Progressive: Had + Been + V-ing

Dng ging ht nh Past Perfect duy c iu hot ng din ra lin tc cho n tn Simple Past. N
thng kt hp vi Simple Past thng qua ph t Before. Trong cu thng xuyn c since, for +
time

Lu : Thi ny ngy nay t dng, ngi ta thay th n bng Past Perfect v ch dng khi no cn in
t tnh chnh xc ca hnh ng.
3.

Future

1) Simple Future: Will/Shall/Can/May + Verb in simple form

Ngy nay ng php hin i, c bit l ng php M chp nhn vic dng will cho tt c cc ngi, cn
shall ch dng vi cc ngi I, we trong mt s trng hp nh sau:

Ex:

Ex:

Ex:

Ex:

a ra ngh mt cch lch s

Shall I take you coat?

Dng mi ngi khc mt cch lch s:

Shall we go out for lunch?

Dng ng gi trong khi mc c, mua bn:

Shall we say : $ 50
Thng c dng vi 1 vn bn mang tnh php qui buc cc bn phi thi hnh iu khon trong vn
bn:

All the students shall be responsible for proper execution of the dorm rule

Trong ting Anh bnh dn , ngi ta thay shall = must dng cu ny.

N dng din t mt hnh ng s xy ra mt thi im nht nh trong tng lai nhng khng
xc nh c th. Thng dng vi mt s ph t ch thi gian nh tomorrow, next + time, in the
future, in future = from now on.

2) Near Future

Ex:

Din t mt hnh ng s xy ra trong tng lai gn, thng dng vi cc ph t di dng: In a

moment (lt na), At 2 o'clock this afternoon....

We are going to have a reception in a moment

17

Ex:

N ch 1 vic chc chn s phi xy ra theo nh d tnh cho d thi gian l tng lai xa.

We are going to take a TOEFL test next year.

Ngy nay ngi ta thng dng present progressive.

3) Future Progressive: will/shall + be + verb_ing

Ex:
Ex:

Ex:

Din t mt iu s xy ra trong tng lai vo mt thi im nht nh

At 8:00 am tomorrow morning we will be attending the lecture.

Good luck with the exam! We will be thinking of you.
Dng kt hp vi present progressive khc din t hai hnh ng ang song song xy ra. Mt
hin ti, cn mt tng lai.

Now we are learning English here, but by the time tomorrow we will be attending the
meeting at the office.

Ex:

c dng cp n cc s kin tng lai c xc nh hoc quyt nh (khng mang ngha

tip din).

week.

Ex:
Ex:

Ex:

Ex:

Professor Baxter will be giving another lecture on Roman glass - making at the same time next

Hoc nhng s kin c mong i l s xy ra theo mt tin trnh thng l (nhng khng din t
nh ca c nhn ngi ni).

You will be hearing from my solicitor.

I will be seeing you one of these days, I expect.
D on cho tng lai:

Don't phone now, they will be having dinner.

Din t li ngh nh nhn mun bit v k hoch ca ngi khc

You will be staying in this evening.

(ng c d nh li y ti nay ch )

4) Future Perfect: Will/ Shall + Have + PII

Ex:

Ch mt hnh ng s phi c hon tt vo mt thi im nht nh trong tng lai. N thng

c dng vi ph t ch thi gian di dng:
By the end of....., By the time + sentence

We will have accomplished the TOEFL test taking skills by the end of next year.
By the time Halley's Comet comes racing across the night sky again, most of the people alive today
will have passed away.

18

S ha hp gia ch ng v ng t
Trong mt cu ting Anh, thng thng th ch ng ng lin ngay vi ng t v quyt nh vic chia
ng t nhng khng phi lun lun nh vy.

19