4 4

()

( )
(Overview)

(Objective)
1.
2.
(Introduction)



Reflux ratio

4-1

 4 4

()

4.1






Extractive distillation azeotropic
distillation

4.1.1



4.1.1.1 2
2
-
x-y (x-y diagram) x =
y =

4.1 2
(a)
(b) (c) minimum azeotrope maximum azeotrope
(d) phase separation x - y
2

4-2

 4 4

()

x y

x y

x y

phase separation

x y

4.1 2
4.1.1.2
2
. pi ( Dalton)
(4.1)
= p1 + p2 + p3 + = pi
. pi i
Pi xi ( Raoult)

(4.2)
p = x P , p = x P , p = x P , K , p i = x i Pi

(4.3)
xi = 1
, yi
p
(4.4)
yi = i
1

(4.4) (4.2)

(4.5)
y i = x i Pi
xi
yi
i
j (4.5) relative volatility ij
i j
ij = (y i / x i ) / (y j / x j)
=

(4.6)

Pi

P j

4-3

 4 4

()

Relative volatility
ij

1
(4.7)
x i P i
(4.7)
1 = yi =

(4.7)

yi
(4.8)
1 = xi =
P i

i j 4.7 4.8
y j = 1 yi
x j = 1 xi

(4.9)

4.9 4.6 Relative volatility

ij, xi yi
yi =

i, j x i

(4.10)

1 + ( i, j 1)x i

Raoult (4.5) activity

coefficient, 4.11
(4.11)
p i = y i = x i i P i
Activity coefficient

4.1.2
4.1.2.1 Simple or batch distillation
y 4.2
= xF T0
TF
( yF)
T
x y
( )

4-4

 4 4

()

L (
L0) x
(4.12)

d (Lx ) = y dL

(a) simple distillation

(b) still

4.2 Simple distillation still

(4.12)
L1 x1

= ln (1 ) =

L
ln 1
L0

X1

XF

1
dx
x

(4.13)

(= 1 ( L1 / L0)) (8.13) Rayleigh

x 1/(y-x) y
x y x 4.10 4.13
(Coulson et al, Chemical engineering, vol.2, 1999, p437)
ln

x (1 x F )
1xF
L
1
ln 1
=
+ ln
L0 i , j 1 X F (1 x 1 )
1 x1

(4.14)

Simple distillation
pot still
4.1.2.2 Continuous distillation (flash distillation)
xF
F [kmol/s] Q [W] x1
L1 [mol/s] y1 V1 [kmol/s] x1 y1
(steady state)

(4.15)
F = L +V
(4.16)
Fx = L x + V y
1

Continuous distillation simple

distillation
4-5

 4 4

()

4.3 flash
distillation

4.3 Continuous distillation

4.1.2.3
flash distillation 1
relative volatility 4.4
E G G
H G I

(x)

4.4 2

4-6

 4 4

()

reflux

4.5 vapor-liquid contact plate tower distillate

distillate
distillate
reflux reflux
reflux

()

reflux tank
distillate

( vertical thermo siphon)

( )
()

4.5 Vapor-liquid contact plate tower

4.1.3
4.6
xF F [kmol/s] distillate D [kmol/s] bottom product xW
W [kmol/s] reflux
LR [kmol/s]

F=D+W
(4.17)

(4.18)
Fx = Dx + Wx

Enriching section
stripping section


[J/kmol] V [kmol/s]
L [kmol/s]
F

4-7

 4 4

()

V=L+D
(4.19)
(4.20)
Vy = Lx n + Dx
n
D

+1

V1 = LR + D LR = L
xn
yn+1
L
D
(4.21)
yn =
xn +
x
+1

L+D

L+D

reflux ratio R = L / D (4.21) (4.22)

enriching section
enriching section operating line enriching line
R
1
(4.22)
yn =
xn +
x
+1

R +1

R +1

Stripping section V'

[kmol/s] L' [kmol/s]

V = L + W
(4.23)
(4.24)
V y m = L x m Wx w
+1

1 mol
q mol 1 - q mol
L = L + qF
(4.25)

4-8

 4 4

()

4.6
V = V (1 q) F
(4.26)
Stripping section operating line stripping line
ym =

R+q

F
D

R + 1 (1 q )

F
D

x m +1

F
1
D
R + 1 (1 q )

F
D

(4.27)

xw

x y
(4.28)
qx + (1 q ) y = x
q Line
F

4.1.3.1 McCabe-Thiele
McCabe-Thiele x-y
y = x operating line
enriching line PD R / (R + 1) stripping line
PW [R + q (F / D)] / [R + 1 (1 q) (F / D)] enriching
4-9

 4 4

()

line stripping line q line PD PW

PD x
x enriching line ( 4.7)
S N 1
reboiler
S=N+1
(4.29)
( 6 + Reboiler)

q line

enriching line
reflux ratio

enriching line

exhausting line
reflux ratio

exhausting
line

()

4.7 McCabe-Thiele
4.1.3.2

Reflux ratio
:



: reflux ratio, R
reflux
total reflux
Reflux ratio : R
R
reflux ratio

4-10

 4 4

()

reflux ratio

Reflux ratio

[/]

reflux ratio : reflux ratio

boiler
reflux ratio reflux ratio

reflux ratio
( 4.8)

Reflux ratio

4.8 Reflux ratio

4.1.3.3
reboiler 4.5
2
Packing Internal
Internal: Internal Tray Packing
Internal
tray packing
structured packing
support ring, beam

downcomer

barrage
tray plate

downcomer

downcomer

SuperFrac tray

valve tray

sieve tray

bubble-cap tray

dual float tray

4.9 Tray
4-11

Max-Frac tray
(
Koch Engineering Company Inc.)

 4 4

()

Tray:
tray
Cross flow tray counter flow tray bubble-cap tray, sieve tray,
valve tray SuperFrac tray Max-Frac tray
downcomer dual float tray
downcomer 4.9 tray 4.1 tray
packing
4.1 Tray packing

4.1.4
4.1.4.1 Azeotropic distillation
Azeotropic point relative volatility 1
Entrainer
3 azeotropic mixture

4-12

 4 4

()

decanter

reboiler

reboiler

4.10 Azeotropic distillation ( decanter)

Azeotropic mixture entrainer
azeotropic mixture 4.10
azeotropic distillation entrainer
4.1.4.2 Extractive distillation
Extractive distillation Azeotropic distillation 3
() azeotropic
distillation 3 Azeotrope
Extractive distillation 3 C ()
Chemical affinity (A)
B
A C
A Extractive distillation
azeotropic distillation 3 ( 4.11)

4-13

 4 4

()

A+B

enriching section

exhausting section

Extractive distillation

4.11 Extractive distillation

4.1.4.3 Steam distillation
2



steam distillation
distillate
Steam distillation

4.1.4.4 vacuum distillation

Vacuum distillation

4-14

 4 4

()

exhausting
section

reactive
ection

enriching
section

4.1.4.5 reactive distillation

Reactive distillation

reactive distillation
A
4.12

4.12 Reactive distillation

4.2
4.2.1



4.2

4-15

 4 4

4.2

()

1. operating line
1) reflux ratio
2)
3) intercooler / inter-reboiler
4)
2.
1)
2) extractive distillation azeotropic distillation salt distillation
3.
1)
2) pump around
3)
4)
4.
1)
2) Rankine cycle
3)

4.2.2 reflux ratio

Reflux ratio
reflux ratio
Reflux ratio reboiler

Reflux ratio (1) (2)

(3)
(1)

Cap
scale

Tray packing
reflux
ratio
4-16

 4 4

()

(2)

Process simulator

effective reflux ratio

(3)
reflux ratio

multi-variable predictive control

4.2.3 Inter-reboiler / intercooler

Inter-reboiler
intercooler

4.2.4

1
4.13
Pre-stripper

Pre-stripper

key component

preStripper

key component

4.13
4-17

 4 4

()

(a)

(b)
(c)
4.2.5 Multiple-effect
1 1 2
reboiler
4.14

(b) Middle cut

(a)

4.14 Multiple effects

4.2.6

(1) (2)

(1)




reboiler 4.15
23C 43C
reboiler 32C
4-18

 4 4

()

P/P
spliter

reflux

water cooler

bypass

reboiler
condenser

receiver

4.15 (P/P spliter)

(2)

Reboiler

( )
reboiler
4.3

4-19

 4 4

()

4.3.1

q [W]
q = UAT
(4.30)
U [W/(m2K)], A [m2], T

T


T

film boiling
4.16
()

()

film
boiling

transition
boiling

()
nuclear
boiling

(
)

D ()

4.16 ( : q : h)

4-20

 4 4

()

4.3.2
(Boiling point raise)

4.3.2.1



(1) Raoult
Raoult (4.31)
p = Po
(4.31)
o
p P

(2) Drhring chart
Drhring chart (
)

4.17 Drhring chart

[C]

[kPa]

[C]

4.17 Drhring chart

4-21

 4 4

()

4.3.2.2
P H (4.29)

P = P0 + gH
(4.32)
H
operating pressure
Po g

P
H




4.3.3

4.18

4.18

F, D W [kg/s]
CF CW

F=D+W
(4.33)
FCF = WCW
(4.34)
W 4.30 4.31

C
(4.35)

D = F 1

C W

4-22

 4 4

()

TF [K] cF [kJ/(kgK)]
TW [K] TW W [kJ/kg]
S [kg/s] TS [K]
TS S [kJ/kg] TC
[K] cW [kJ/(kgK)]
q
q = F c F (TW TF ) + D W
= S { S + c W (TS TC )

(4.36)

TS = TC
(4.37)

S S = F c F (TW TF ) + D W

4.3.4

( 4.19) burner

burner

P :
V :
F :

4.19


(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)

4-23

 4 4

()

(2)

3
Natural circulation forced circulation liquid film

4.3.4.1
4.20 Natural circulation

downtake

entrainment

4.20

4-24

 4 4

()

4.3.4.2 Basket
Basket
(basket)


100

A :
D :
F :
S :
T :
V :

4.21 Basket
4.3.4.3 Forced circulation
4.22



Flash evaporation

drain

4.22 Forced circulation

4-25

 4 4

()

4.3.4.4

Raising film falling film

4.23 (a) raising film







4.23 (b) falling film



raising film

A : F :
T : D :
S :
V :

A : F :
T : D :
S :
V :

4.23 (a) raising film

4.23 (b) falling film

4.3.4.5

4.24 (a)

baffle plate -
4-26

 4 4

()

4.24 (b)

vacuum
breaker

drain

A : F :
T : D :
S :
V :

4.24 (a)

4.24 (b)

4.3.4.6
4.25

drain

drain

4.25
4-27

 4 4

()

4.4
-
(Entrainment)
4.4.1 -



2
(Ejector)
4.4.2
(Surface condenser)
(contact condenser)


( )

4.26

C : D : E : V :

4.26

4-28

 4 4

()

4.4.3

(Entrainment)

Entrainment

entrainment 4.27

(a) baffle plate

(b) spill shield

(c) cyclone

(d) wire mesh

4.27 Entrainment
(Entrainment) Entrainment
baffle plate
wire mesh screen Entrainment

4.5
4.5.1 Multiple-effect



1 2
( )
3
Multi-effect evaporator number of effects n

1 1
n
4-29

 4 4

()

4 4.28 Triple-effect
(forward current)
Multi-effect 4 4.29

4.5.2

multistage flash
Multistage flash


multistage flash 4.30
T1 Tm H flash box F
I T1 Tm
- V
receiver R
I II III

4-30

 4 4

()

4.30 multi-stage flash

4.5.3

4.31

4.31

4.5.4

4.3

4-31

 4 4

()

4.3 -

4.6
A
C
D , distillate
F
g
H
L
Po
pi i
Q
q
qF
R , reflux ratio
S
T
U
V
W
x
y
ij , relative volatility

i activity coefficient i
4-32

 4 4

()

D
F
i, j i j
o
R
W
4.7

()

-

(slurry)

(Yield)

4.7.1
(
Wet base) ( dry base)
wet basis
dry basis
wet basis w dry basis
d
w = [kg-/kg-]
(4.38)
d = [kg-/kg-]
(4.39)

4-33

 4 4

()

4.7.2

4.32
3 4.32 (I) (II)
(III)

4.32

4.7.2.1
I ()


4.7.2.2
II

4.7.2.3

III

(1)
II III

4-34

 4 4

()

(2)
(Bonding moisture)

(3)


(4)

RA [kg-/(sm2-)] RW [kg-/(skg-)]
AD [m2] WD [kg] RA RW

W
(4.40)
R =R
A

AD

RA RW

4.32
4.33

(dry basis)

4.33
4.7.3

Adsorption water
bonding water

4-35

 4 4

()

4.4

4.4

*1
*2
*3
*4

non-hydrophilic
capillary
water

hydrophilic

*3

p
p = pw*1
p = pw*2

capillary suction force

suspended
water

p = pw*2

osmotic suction force

p = pw

adsorption water
bonding water
bonding water (
)

funicular water

osmotic water
()

adsorption power
affinity

affinity

slag

activated alumina

()

p < pw
p < pw

p < pw

p < pw

()

p = pice*4

pw :
capillary ( r < 10-8 m = 100 ) p < pw
() non-hydrophilic
pice :

4.7.3.1 Non-hydrophilic

()

:
: capillary
capillary suction force capillary water
capillary water
suspended water


: 1 m

osmotic suction force
4-36

 4 4

()

4.7.3.2 hydrophilic

Adsorption

:
non-hydrophilic
bonding water ( adsorption water absorption water)

Cytoplasm: cytoplasm

cytoplasm cytoplasm
4.7.3.3 (Homogenous)
Affinity


4.7.4 (Drying rate)
4.7.4.1

Tm
T H RA

W d

(4.41)
(T T m )
R =
= k (H m H )
A

A d

[s] [W/(m2K)]
kH mass transfer coefficient [kg/(sm2(kg-/kg-))]
[J/kg-]
Tm Tw
RA =

(T Tw

(4.42)

[J/kg-]
Tw ()

4-37

 4 4

()

4.7.4.2



4 4.34

()
()

4.34

(a)
5 mm (b)
non-hydrophilic (a)
(b) capillary 1 (d)


(c) (a), (b) (d) 2
1 2 () osmotic water
()
(a), (b)
(d) (c)
4.7.5
4.7.5.1

( batch)

-

4-38

 4 4

()

4.7.5.2
4.5

4.5

flash dryer
spray dryer
drying tumbler,throughflow drying tumbler

bezel stirring dryer

fluidized bed dryer
multistage disk dryer

batch

()

2, 3
1, 2

3, 4, 5

3
3

7
2, 5, 6
2, 7, 8
8, 9
2, 5, 6
3
3, 4

batch

2, 3

3, 4, 5

batch

batch
batch

10
1, 2
8
9

tray dryer

batch

tunnel dryer
nozzle jet dryer

band dryer
turbo dryer
vertical dryer
bezel, disk stirring dryer
( )

steam heated tube bundle

drying tumbler

vacuum,freeze tray dryer

drum dryer

multi-disk dryer

()
1. Slurry
5.
6.
7.

3
2, 4
3, 4, 7
4, 5, 9
3, 4, 7

2, 3

8
7

2.
3.
4.
8.
9. 10.

(1)
(1.1) (Flash dryer)




400600C 4.35
4-39

 4 4

A.
B.
C.
D.

()

hot blast stove

beater disperser

flash tube
()

E.
F.
G.
H.
I.

cyclone
Cottrell dust collector
bag filter
ventury scrubber
exhaust fan

4.35 flash dryer

(1.2) (Spray dryer)
(slurry)






4.36

A.
B.
C.

hot blast stove

spray dryer
pressure nozzle

D.
E.
F.

4.36 spray dryer

4-40

primary cyclone
secondary cyclone
exhaust fan

 4 4

()

(1.3) Drying tumbler

Drying tumbler
()
4.37

(countercurrent flow) (concurrent flow)

(
blower)

4.37 drying tumbler

Concurrent flow


countercurrent flow

(1.4) Fluidized bed dryer

4.38
-

-
-

- /
Fluidized
-

4-41

 4 4

()

- Fluidized bed blower

A.
B.
C.
D.

()

()

blower
burner
air heater
fluidized bed baseplate

E.
F. Fluidized bed
G. Cyclone

4.38 fluidized bed dryer

(1.5) (Tray dryer)

(Batch)

4.39 tray dryer

concurrent flow

through flow

4.39 tray dryer

4-42

 4 4

()

(1.6) (Tunnel dryer) (band dryer)

( 4.40)
-

4.41

Blower
blower
Concurrent flow Countercurrent flow blower

blower

4.40 tunnel dryer

blower

blower blower

4.41 through-flow band dryer

(1.7) Nozzle jet dryer

Slot nozzle
arch vent floating
(2)
(2.1) Bezel stirring dryer



4.42
4-43

 4 4

()

()

()

4.42 bezel stirring dryer

(2.2) Drum dryer

Drum dryer


knife edge
4.43 drum dryer

knife

drum

drum

drum

(a) dual drum dryer

drum

knife

(b) parallel drum dryer

4.43 drum dryer

(2.3) (Vacuum dryer)

vacuum dryer



batch

( 4.44)

4-44

 4 4

()

steam jet ejector

belt vacuum dryer

pre-crusher
crusher
upper
lock hopper

heater-cooler system

lock hopper
lower lock hopper

4.44 vacuum dryer

(2.4) Freeze dryer

30C

vacuum freeze
dryer ( 4.45)

plate

cold trap

Cooling tower

4.45 vacuum freeze dryer

4-45

 4 4

()

(3)
(3.1)

0.76-1000 m 1-1000 mm (
300 MHz-300 GHz)

Near infrared

Far infrared

far infrared

4.7.6
4.7.6.1
(Diabatic) 4.46 (a)

(a)

(b)

4.46 2

4-46

 4 4

()

Ga [kg-/s]
H0 H2a WD (1 2)
(4.43)
G a (H a H ) = W ( )
WD [kg/s] 1, 2
dry basis
q [W]
qE qH
qL (humid heat)
cH
(4.44)
q = q + q + q = G a (h h ) G a c (T T )
qT [W]
(4.45)
q = G a (h h ) G a c (T T )
2

qE
qH qT

q +q
(4.46)
=
E

qT

qL (4.44) (4.45)
max =

(4.47)

T1 T2
T1 T0

drying tumbler, flash dryer, spray dryer

(4.44) (4.45)
(4.48)
q = (G b + G b ) c (T T )
(4.49)
q = (G b + G b ) c (T T )

T T
(4.50)
=
H

T1 T

T2 > T0 T' > T0

4-47

 4 4

()

4.7.6.2


30-60%
70-90%

4.7.7

q [W]
Batch q = aV (T Tm )1m
(4.51)
q = aV (Tk Tm )1m
(4.52)
Batch
(4.53)
V [m ] T [K] Tm
[K] (T Tm)lm
a
[W/(m3K)] U [W/(m2-
K)] A [m2] Tk
[K]
V A
(1) a [W/(m3K)]
(2)

(3)
a

200-350 W/(m3K)
800-2300 W/(m3K)
q = UA (Tk Tm )1m

4-48

 4 4

()

4.7.8

(1)
(2)
(3)

(1)
(Centrifugation)

(2)

(3)

(4)

4.7.9
A
cH , humid heat
G
h
kH
q
RA
T
U
W
a

4-49

 4 4

()

d
w

-,
(Relative volatility), Reflux ratio

- 2



-

-
(relative volatility),
azeotrope,

- reflux ratio,
muti-effect
-

()
-
4.3.3
- , basket,


-

4-50

 4 4

()

3 (I) (II) (III)

-

-

4-51