“Monograph Series
Engineering Monographs on Earthquake Criteria, Structural,
Design, and Strong Motion Records
‘Coordinating Editor, Mibran 8. Agbabian
“Monographs Availabe
Reading and Interpreting Sirong Motion Accelerograms, by
Donald E. Hudson
Dynamics of Sructures—A Primer, by Anil. Chopra
Earthquake Spectra and Design, by Nathan M. Newmark and
William J Hall
_— (015 9403
EARTHQUYKE ENV. RESEARCH LiRCAR
47% a Honan
Rchond, Clfoia SHO U.S.A
EARTHQUAKE SPECTRA
AND DESIGN
Dy NM. Newmark
and W. 3. Hall
Department of Ci Engineering
University of Mino's at Urbana-Champaign
EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTEPublis by
‘The Eathquake Engineering Resear Ist, whose
objectives ae the advancement of the slence and prac
tie of earthquake engneving andthe slution of na
‘onal earthquake enginestng problems.
‘This volume thre of ris tit: Engineering Mon
‘graphs on Earthquake Crea, Srutural Desi, ad
Stone Mosion Records.
“The publication ofthis monograph was supported by a
‘ran fromthe Nationa Sckence Foundation
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 82-71183
ISBNo-843198-22-4
“This monograph may be obtined from
Tartuae Fnainerng Reserch Insite
2820 Telegraph Avene
Berkeley, California 704
‘The views expresed inthis monograph ere hase of the
thors ond do nor necessary represent the views OF
Dolce ofthe Faringuake Engineering Research Inst
fate 7 of he Nationa Sconce Foundation
‘TRIBUTE TO NATHAN M. NEWMARK
“The final stage of preparation of this monograph was interrupted
by the untimely death of one of the authors, Nathan M. New-
mark (1910-1981). longtime member of the Earthquake Eng
ncering Research Institute, Professor Newmark was one of the
pioneers in the field of earthquake engineering. With his students
atthe University of Iinois, he arred on research onthe effects
‘of earthquake ground shaking on structures and om the design
fof structures 10 resist seismic stresses and strains. He was also
very active in engineering consultation on aseismic design of
‘major projets including: nuclear power plants throughout the
United States and in foreian counties the high-rise Latino
Americana Tower building in Mexico City, the San Francisco
Bay Area Rapid Transit System; the Alaska Oil Pipe Line and
‘ollers. His advice was frequently sought by governmental agencies
fon engineering problems of national importance. Many of his
former students are themselves now prominent in earthquake
engincering research and practice, so his influence wil continue
to be flt in civil enginecring. During his carer Dr, Newntark
received many hoaors and award, including the National Medal
fof Science—through his death the engineering profession has
Jost one ofits most eminent members
Pau C, Jenner
President, FERLLotino-Americon Tower. When constructed in the early 19505,
this 43-story stee-frame skyscraper, rising 486 ft above street
level with a superimposed 138. televsion tower, was the tallest
Dullding south ofthe U.S border. The principal designers were
‘A. Zeevaer and L. Zeevaet, with the resmic design, based on
the principles of madera dynamic analysis, being the respon-
sibility of NM. Newnark. In 1957 the building withstood with-
‘out damage the largest earthquake on record in Mexico (MIM
‘VIL-VII; displacement measurements at three floor levels
documented thatthe building responded as designed,
6
FOREWORD
The oceurrence of earthquakes poses a hazard to cities that can
lead to disaster unless appropriate engineering countermeasures
areemployed, Revent earthquake disasters wih high death lls
in Guatemala, 1976 20,000); Tangshan, China, 1976 ($00,000);
Iran, 1978 (19,000); Algiers, 1980 (10,000; Italy, 1980 €500)
demonstrate the great advantages that could be gained by earth
‘quake resistant consteuction. To provide an adequate degree of|
safety at an affordable cost requires a high level of expertise in
farthquake engineering and this in turn requires an extensive
knowledge of the properties of strong earthquakes and of the
dynamics of structures that are moved by ground shaking. To
lachieve this is nevessary for relevant information to be pub-
lished in an appropriate form,
Tis monograph by N.M. Newmark and W. J. Hallo earth-
‘quake resistant design considerations isthe tied in projected
series of monograph on different aspects of earthquake engi-
neering. The monographs are by experts especially qualified to
prepare expositions ofthe subjects. Each monograph covers a
Single topic, with more thorough icatment then would be given
tot ina textbook on earthquake engineering. The monograph
series grew out of the seminars on earthquake engineering that,
were organized by the Earthquake Engincering Reseach Insti-
tte and presented to some 2,000 engineers. The seminars were
sven in 8 localities which had requested them: Los Angeles,
San Francisco, Chicago, Washington, D.C., Seattle, St. Lous,
‘Puerto Rio, and Houston, The seminars were aimed 8 acqaint-
Ing engineers, building officials and members of government
agencies with the basis of earthquake engineering. Inthe couse
fof these seminars i became apparent that amore detaled writen
presentation would be of vate 1 thore wishing to study earth~
‘quake engineering, and this ed to the monograph projec. The
present monograph discusses important aspects of structural
‘desig that are diferent in seismic engineering than in designing
to resist gravity loads.‘The EERI monograph projet, and also the seminar series,
were supported by the National Science Foundation. EERI
member MS. Agbabian served as Coordinator of the seminar
series and also is serving as Coordinator of the monograph
project. Technical editor for the series is J.W. Atty. Each
monograph is reviewed by the members of the Monograph
‘Commitee: M.S. Agbabian, G.V. Berg, R. W. Clough, H.1
Degenkolb, G.W. Housner, and C.W. Pinkham, with the
objective of maintaining ahish standard of presentation.
Geonce W. Houser
Chairman, Monograph Commitie
Pasadena, California
March, 1982
EET ooo Eee
PREFACE
Recent major earthquakes in Alaska (1964), San Fernando,
California 1971), and Peru (1970), with their accompanying
‘massive land and submarine slides, atest to the need for con
sidering such natural hazards thelr possibilty of eecurence and
their consequences. Because our expandine popilation is con
centrated in large metropolitan centers with a proliferation of
‘man-nvade structures and Facies, the number of incidents and
extent of the consequences (oss of life, injury, and loss of prop
erty or damage) from such disasters can be expevied to increase
in the years ahead. Even in geographical areas where seismic
risk is assumed t0 be low, as in the eastern United Stats,
consequences of a possible large earthquake are serious and
quire careful consieration,
‘An even greter consequence is thatthe technology of our
society requires the use of structures and fais whose damage
or destruction by natural hazards could be very serous, for
‘example nuclear powerplants, large dams, and certain pipelines,
felines, and industrial facilities, Damage to such “eritial
facilites" which include hospitals, emergency service falites
and essential utlities~ean affet the public wellbeing through
loss of life, large Financial los, or depradation of the environ
‘ment if they were to fail functionally. Some ofthese facilis
‘must be designed to remain operable immediately after an incl
{ent to provide ifesupport services to the communities affected
‘The goal of earthquake engincering isto ennite that in the
‘vent of an earthquake there willbe no serious injury of loss of |
life. From the physical standpoin, the eneral purpose of er
(quake resistant design isto provide structure capable of resist
jing ground mosions expected to oovur during the etme of the
structure. In this case the objetive centers partly on economics,
as wells life safety, in thatthe design is made such a mannet
that ideally the cost of repair of earthquake damage will not
exceed the increased design, construction, and financing costs
necessary to have prevented the damage inthe fist place In the
ease of industrial facilities, the goal also i that of minimizing or
iliminating operational disruptions. Moreover, through
Attention to design and construction, another objective is that
‘of mitigating serious falute of collapse inthe event of major
‘earthquake, Le. larger than the seismic hazard for which the
Gesign was made; this isto be done however rare the probability
ofits oceurrence
For building-ype structures, seismic design procedures, such
4s those included in building code, usualy prevail and are
enforceable under the applicable juriictional authority, The
seismic provisions of standard building codes generally center
around the philosophy expressed in the preceding paragraph,
For critical facies, special seismic design evteria are developed
48 part of the design process. In such cass, comprehensive
‘scologcal and seismological investigations are usually requlzed,
‘The development of seismic design eriteria that are sound in
Drineple fo such situations requires close cooperation between
the geologist, seismotogist, earthquake engineer, architect and
lent droughout the design proces if viable and economically
Satisfactory projet i tobe achieved
‘The purpose of this monograph isto describe briefly some of
the concepts and procures underying modern earthquake
engineering, especialy as it applies co building structures. The
presentation was developed so as to convey in some logical se
‘quence the materia presented by the authors inthe EERE lecture
Series in certain areas brief updating has been added. In order
{o provide a self