7 . -. - .

2007 - 08

24.11.2008

:
1. ,
( )
2. (..
,
)
3. (..
)
4. ,
:

(.. > 50%),
(
)


,

1.

(q)
:
:

:

1.
1.1

:
L

V = Vi + q( x ) dx
i

(x=0) :
L

M o = M i + Vi xi + q( x ) x dx
i

1. :

1
( o + L ) B L = V
2

o BL

L 1
2
+ ( L o ) BL L = M o
2 2
3

L =

2 3Mo

BL L

o =

2
3M o
2V

BL
L

1.
1.1

L =

2 3Mo

BL L

o =

2
3M o
2V

BL
L

2.
()
(L, o)
:
. ,
.
: (), (L),

:
: = 1.20m
: L = 12m
:

: V1 = V2 = 400 kN , V3 = 640 kN

V = Vi

= 1440 kN

M o = Vi xi

x=0 :

= 9600 kNm

: V1 = V2 = 400 kN , V3 = 640 kN

max =

2 3Mo

V = 133 kN/m2

BL L

min =

2
3M o
2V
= 67 kN/m2
BL
L

x=0

400 kN

-400

400 kN

640 kN

-150

400 kN

400 kN

640 kN

-100
-300

-50
0

-100
0

10

0
length (m)
100

12

bending moment (kNm) .

shear force (kN) .

-200

4
length (m)

50
100
150
200

200

250
300

300
400

350

10

12

1.
1.2 Winkler
,


.

Winkler

Winkler :

p=k y
p = (kPa)
y = (m)
k = Winkler (kN/m3)

(y)
(p)

(p)
(y),
: p = k y

1.
1.2 Winkler
Winkler :

p=k y

: k
.
(
, Poisson )
( )
( )
(y)
(p)

 k ks ( Winkler)
p
P
ks = =
1. (ks) :
A
ks =

ks =

k ( Winkler)
2. k :
2.1 - () :
k ( / m3) Terzaghi
( = 0.305m) :

(Dr)

< 50 %

50-75%

> 75%

k (MN/m3)

6.4 19.2

19.2 - 96

96 - 320

13 MN/m3

42 MN/m3

160 MN/m3

8 MN/m3

26 MN/m3

96 MN/m3

: 10 MN/m3 = 1 kg/cm3

 k ks ( Winkler)
2.2 () :
(D=0 D=1)
Steinbrenner :
: s = 0.79
: s 1
(L/B=) : s 2

1 2
IS
i = q B
E
q
1
E
ks =
=
i (1 2 ) I S B

ks =
()

() (=0.5, = u),
= 0.305m (1 ), ks :

cu (kPa)

Eu / cu

Eu (MPa)

ks (MN/m3)

< 12.5

350

< 4.5

< 22.5

12.5 25

300

4 7.5

20 37.5

25 50

250

6 12.5

30 62.5

50 -100

200

10 20

50 - 100

100 200

150

15 30

75 150

> 200

100

> 20

> 100

k ks ( Winkler)
3. k , k :
3.1 () :

( Bo) ks = ko = qo / (
qo = , = ) ,
:
1

B
k = ko o
B

(L= > ):

Bo 2 1 B
+

B 3 3 L

0.6

k / ko

:


(
).
, k
.

k = ko

ko =
= 0.305m

0.8

0.4

0.2

0
0

(L=) :

4
5
6
(m)

k=

2 Bo
ko
3 B

10

 k ( Winkler)
3.2 - () :
:
:

ks = q / i

2.1 Alpan :

L
i = 0.0254 o
B
:

0.39

2B

q
+
B
0
.
305

9.84
B + 0.305m
k=

0.39
B
o (L B )

2.2
Terzaghi & Peck :

q
B

i = 0.3

N B + 0.305

N B + 0.305m
k=

0. 3
B

k ( Winkler)
3.2 - () () :
:
k ( Terzaghi & Peck ) :
( Bo = 0.305m)
ko = qo / (qo = , = ) ,
> Bo :

B
k = ko o
B

B + 0.305m
k 0.305m

= o 1 +

B
+
0
.
305
m
4
B

: ,

k L > B :
2

B B + 0.305m 2 1 B ko 0.305m 2 1 B
+
k = ko o

+
= 1 +
0
.
305
3
3
4
3
3
+
B
B
m
L
B
L

o

2

k (L=):

2 B
k = ko o
3 B

B + 0.305m
k 0.305m

= o 1 +

+
0
.
305
6
B
m
B

 k ( Winkler)
(k) :
1

Terzaghi

0.8

ko =
= 0.305m

k / ko

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0

10

(m)

B
: k = ko o
B

B + 0.305m

+
B
m
0
.
305
o

k = ko

Bo
B

k ( Winkler)
4. - :
Vesic (1961) :

0.65 Es B 4

k=
2
1 Eb I

1
12

Es
B

Es , = Poisson
b , , I = ,
:
: = 1.20m, H=0.60m, Eb = 25 GPa
: u = 15 MPa (u = 0.5)
= 3 / 12 = 0.0216 m4

0.65 15 1.24

k=
1 0.52 25000 0.0216

1
12

15
MN / m 3
1.2

= 8.5 MN/m3

: (L/B= Is 2)
:

k=

E
1
15
=

(1 2 ) I S B (1 0.52 ) 2 1.2
1

= 8.3 MN/m3

 k ( Winkler)
(k)
( Bowles) :
k (MN/m3)

:
(Dr < 50%)
(Dr = 50-75%)
(Dr > 75%)

4.8 16
9.6 80
64 128

32 80

24 48

:
(qu = 25-50 kPa)
(qu = 50-100 kPa)
(qu = 100-200 kPa)
(qu = 200-400 kPa)
(qu > 800 kPa)

5 12
12 18
18 24
24 48
> 48

: (k)
(L, B, I,
b). , .

: 10 MN/m3 = 1 kg/cm3

1.
1.2 Winkler
Winkler :

p=k y
p = (kPa)
y = (m)
k = Winkler (kN/m3)
:

d4y
Eb I 4 = q p B
dx

d4y
Eb I 4 + k B y = q
dx

q = (kN/m)
= (m)
b , = (kN/m2) (m4)
(V, M,
q), (b , , ,L) ( k)
(.. )

1.
1.2 Winkler
:

d4y
Eb I 4 + k B y = q
dx

Eb =
= .
:
y = (m)
k = Winkler (kN/m3)
= (m)
q = (kN/m)
p = (kPa) :

BH3
I=
12

p=ky

(
) :

kB 4
L
=
4 Eb I

, (Hetenyi, 1946) :
: < (/4)
: (/4) < < Winkler
: >

1.
1.2 Winkler
,
Meyerhof :

Eb I
Es L3 B

Eb =
=
s =
= (m)
L = (m)

: > 0.5
( > 0.5),
. < 0.5,
Winkler

 :

Winkler - ( )

:
= 1.20m, H=0.60m, L = 12m
: Eb = 25 GPa
: = 3 / 12 = 0.0216 m4
:
, u = 15 MPa (u = 0.5)
: V1 = V2 = 400 kN , V3 = 640 kN

Winkler

:

Winkler ( )
1
Vesic :

0.65 E B 4

k=
2
1 Eb I

0.65 15 1.24

k=
1 0.52 25000 0.0216

1
12

15
MN / m 3
1.2

12

E
B

= 8.5 MN/m3

:
1

kB 4
L
=
E
I
4
b

= 3.146

(y)

()
Winkler ( )

 :

Winkler - ( )

( )

400 kN

-400

400 kN

640 kN
-150

400 kN

400 kN

640 kN

-100

-300

-50
0

-100
0

10

12

0
length (m)
100

200

bending moment (kNm) .

shear force (kN) .

-200

10

12

0
length (m)
50
100
150
200
250

300

300
400

350

:

Winkler - ( )

( )

length (m)

length (m)
0

10

12

vertical settlement (m

0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012

400 kN

400 kN

640 kN

10

12

20
reaction soil pressure (kPa)

0.002

400 kN

400 kN

40
60

67 kPa

80
100

0.014

120

0.016

140

133 kPa

640 kN

 :

Winkler
1

kB 4
L = 6.066 2
=
E
I
4
b
( )

=0.25m ( =0.60m)
( )

length (m)
0

-150

10

400 kN

640 kN

-50

400 kN

640 kN
bending moment (kNm) .

vertical settlement (m) .

400 kN

-100

0.002
0.004

400 kN

12

0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012

10

12

length (m)

50
100
150

0.014

200

0.016

250

0.018

300

1.
1.2 Winkler
( : L )

:

kB 4
L >
=
4
E
I
b

(Hetenyi, 1946)

1. x=0 :

y=

P
2 B Lk

M=

PL
2
4

Q=

P
3
2

1 , 2 , 3 = ( )

 ()
2. x=0 :

M ( / L )
: y = o
4
Bk
3

M =
Q=

Mo
3
2
Mo
( / L ) 1
2

kB

/ L =
E
I
4
b

1 , 3 , 4 = ( )

3. :

, x=0

()
: 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 x :
1

x kB 4
x
=
L 4 Eb I


1. :

Hetenyi

kB 4
L
=
E
I
4
b

Meyerhof

< (/4)
( )
(/4) < < (Winkler)
>
(Winkler L=)

Eb I
Es L3 B

> 0.5
< 0.5

( )
(Winkler)

2. (k) :
( ) ( )
ko (k)
Vesic
3. :
:
: Winkler :

(k)
() (B x L) (V) () :
B =

e < B/6

M
:
V
1. : 0 e B / 6
:

e
B

Winkler : ymax = max / k

tan =

V
BL

e
B

min = 1 6 0

max = 1 + 6

e=

, ymin = min / k

( ymax ymin ) = 12
B

M
B3 L k

K =

1 3
B Lk
12

(kNm / rad)

KV =

V
V
=

y k

KV = k B L

(kN / m)

 (k)
() (B x L) (V) () :
B =

e > /6

V
M
: =
BL
V
2. : / 6 e B / 2

e=

max = 2

B
B

B = 3 e
2

Winkler : ymax = max / k

tan =

ymax
V
=2
B
(B)2 L k

K =

1
(B)2 L e k
2

(kNm / rad)

KV =

V
V
=

y k

KV = k B L

(kN / m)

(k)

( b ,
) V
.
( ).

Eb I

(k= ),
,
(V)

V (e=0).

S
M = V e, :

S = V e / H

(
k), V
e (0 < e < e).
, S
M = V (e e) :

S = V(e-e) / H

 (k)

(e) :
()
(k) = V e :

Eb I

M
M
Ve
= 12 3
= 12 3
K
B Lk
B Lk

()
= V (e e)
,
:

M H V (e e ) H
=
3 Eb I
3 Eb I

( )
e :

e=

e
36 Eb I
1+
k H L B3

k = e = e

Eb I

: B = 2m L = 4m
: V = 2000 kN
: k = 10 MN/m3
Eb = 25 GPa ()
: b = 0.4m d = 0.6m
: = 4.5m
= b d3 /12 = 0.4 x 0.63 / 12 = 0.0072 m4
e = B/2 d/2 = 1 0.3 = 0.7m

e=

e
36 Eb I
1+
k H L B3

e = 0.13m < B/6

S = V(e-e) / H = 253.3 kN
: = S H = 1140 kN
( ) :

M
Ve
= 0.00975 rad = 0.56o
= 12 3
K
B Lk

2.
(B, L)
(c ) (Westergaard, 1939) :
14

Eb t 3
Bc = 5
2
(
12
k
1

b )

: Bc
=
Hetenyi (1946)

Eb , b = Poisson
t =
k = Bc .
(
Bc).

Winkler k Bc
Bc/2
.
(
). ,
.
< Bc/2 L > Bc/2 ,
() : Bc/2 < < Bc ,
Winkler k .

2.
1 : (Eb = 25 GPa, b =
0.30) t = 0.80m ko = 75 MN/m3 (
= 0.305m)
:

B
k = ko o
B

14

Eb t 3
: Bc = 5
2
12 k (1 b )
13

Eb t 3
Bc = 8.55
2
12 ko Bo (1 b )

= 31.75 m

, (, L) 31.75 / 2 = 15.9 m,
.
(B, L) > 31.75m
:

k = ko

Bo
=
Bc

75 / (0.305 / 31.75) = 0.72 MN/m3 = 0.07 kg/cm3

.
, 15.9m 31.7m,
.

2.
2 : (Eb = 25 GPa, b =
0.30) t = 0.80m ko = 50 MN/m3 (
= 0.305m)
2

k B
: k = o 1 + o
4
B

14

Eb t 3
: Bc = 5
2
12 k (1 b )
:

Bc (Bc + Bo ) = 25

Eb t 3
3 ko (1 b2 )

c (c+) = 242 Bc = 15.4 m

, 15.4 / 2 = 7.7 m .
> 15.4m :
2

k B
k = o 1 + o = (50/4) * [1+(0.305/15.4)]2 = 13 /m3 = 1.3 kg/cm3
Bc
4
.
, 7.7m 15.4m,
.