:

Copyright 2007 by cubus Hellas Ltd

7 154 51 .
. (210) 6725 144, 6722 360 366 389 FAX 382
e-mail : cubus@ath.forthnet.gr
www.cubushellas.gr

. , . , Dr. sc. techn. ETH Zuerich

(, , , )
.

ISBN 978-960-86306-6-6

1 : -
Push Over
1.1

........................................................................3

1.2

........................... 18

1.2.1

(DCM) ................................... 20

1.2.2

(CSM)........................................ 24

1.3

............................. 38

1.4

Push Over ........................................................................................ 48

1.5

Push Over
.......................................................................................... 56

1.6

........................................................ 59

1.7

........................................... 66

1.8

() ............................... 74

1.8.1

....................................................................... 76

1.8.2

............................................................................. 78

1.8.3

................................................................... 79

1.8.4

....................................... 80

1.9

................................ 81

2 :

2.1

89

2.2

. 95

2.3

...100

2.4

..104

2.5

107

2.6

.. 110

2.6.1

... 112

2.6.2

116

2.7

. 119

2.7.1

122

2.7.2

. 124

2.8

... 126

2.9

135

2.10

... 145

2.10.1

...145

2.10.2

...150

2.10.3

()... 152

2.10.4

161

2.10.5

/ ... 172

2.10.6

...182

2.10.7

. 183

2.11

.. 201

2.12

. 216

2.12.1

... 216

2.12.2

.222

3 : /
3.1

231

3.2

... 235

3.3

241

3.4

pilotis. 245

3.5

. 255

... 269
.273
..279

. ,
20, .

. ,
.
,
.
,
. ,
,
,
.
,
. ,
. .

,
.


.
.

, ,
. .
. , .
. /.

1980 1985, ETH
B. Thuerlimann.
(Push Over), .
, . , . , . , . , . , .
. ,
J. Theiler, H. Elmer, C. Graber, H. Maag P. Stephen
cubus. cubus

Hellas, 1990 , . , .
, . , . , . , . , . .
.
. . ,

, .

cubus
.

.

Push Over

1.1

Push Over

1.1

(focus).
, ,
.

.

,
.
,
.
,
, ()
.

, ,
( )

(.. 5%) , .
.
,
,
,

(.. 50 m).

,
,
( )
() (.1.1).

1. Push Over

. 1.1
1986

1.1

(.1.2) , ug(t)
[2,3,33] :
M(+g) + C + Ku = 0

(1.1)

M(u+ug)
Ku Cu

ug

. 1.2

:
:
g : ()
C :
:
:
u :

, (+g) ,
( Newton).

C
(
Rayleigh).
.
.
,
u (
Hooke).

(g=0),
, =0.

1. Push Over

(1.1)

u = const sin t -max u / max = 1/ 2 = ( / 2 )2

(1.2)

M max + K max u = 0

(1.3)

(1.2), (1.3) T = 2 /

(1.4)

,
, ,
, .

.
,
( g=10 m/sec2) .
2.5
(.1.3).

1.5 1.6 .
Sd S
Sa , .

S = Sa

= a
2

(1.5)

S
T
S d = Sa
= a2

(1.6)

1.3

C,
. ,
.
C, .

(. 1.3) :
- (PGA : Peak Ground Acceleration = g )
(=0.16 0.36 ).

Sa/ (m/sec )

1.1

=0.16 0.36
g=10 m/sec
:

1 :
2 :

TB=0.20 sec
TC=0.80 sec
TD=2.00 sec ()

25

= 2.5

20

3 :
15

25TC/ D
12.5TC ( D = 2 sec)

10
5

1
0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Sa/ = 10+15T/TB
(m/sec )

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

T (sec)

4.0

T (sec)

25

25TC/T

25TCTD/T

S / (m/sec)

25TC/ 2 = 4C

3.20

S Sa .
= 2
(m/sec)

4TCTD/ T

2.40

25T/ 2 = 4

1.60

Sd / (m)

0.80

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

1.25

1.25TC ( D=2 sec)

1.00

0.625TC

Sd S .
Sa .
= 2 = ( 2 )
(m)

0.75
0.50
0.25

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

T (sec)

. 1.3 ,

1. Push Over

- B, C
:
=0 Sa
g. =B 2.5
, (2.5g)
C. B, C
(.1.1, .1.4, 1.5).
(EC8 .)
(PGA)
[26].
S 1.1.

. 1.1 B , C (sec) S EC8(2003)

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.20

S (EC8)

1.00

1.20

1.15

1.35

Sa/g

2.5
2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.5
B

1.0
C

1.5

2.0
D

2.5

3.0

3.5

. 1.4

4.0

T (sec)

Sd/ (m)

1.1

1.75

1.50
1.25

1.00

0.75

0.50
0.25

0.5
B

1.0
C

1.5

2.0
D

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

T (sec)

. 1.5

C (.1.3)
(~1/) D,
2 3 sec.
D = 2 sec ( 8,
D). , C D,
, , .
D (~1/2).
.
4 sec.
B C
(amplification) 2.5
,
() .
,
:

7
0 .7
2+

(1.7)

= 5% = 1.

1. Push Over

EAK 2003 [9]

(.1.2, .1.6).

. 1.2 T

:

2003 = 5% ,
D=2 sec 0.08 m ( , =0.16) 0.54 m ( ,
=0.36). (. 1.3),
max Sd =1.25 TC (m).

, 0.25 1.70 m/sec,

max S = 4 C (m/sec).
4.0 9.0 m/sec2,
max Sa=25 (m/sec2).

.
, 2003,
0.70.
(push over) .

10

Sa/(g)

1.1

3.5

(%)

3.0
2.5
2.0

= 2%
1.5
= 5%
1.0

= 10%

0.5

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0 T (sec)

Sd / (m)

2.0

(%)

1.75
1.50

= 2%

1.25
= 5%
1.00
= 10%
0.75
0.50
0.25

0.5
B

1.0
C

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0 T (sec)

. 1.6

11

1. Push Over

K
, , .

.

. ()
(
...).
, .
(),
( 1.4, .1.3).
,

. .

, ( )
, , ().
( 1.4).
( )
,
.
, (
) .

.

5%,
20 [11],
(. 1.7).

(.1.7) .
.
5%.
()
.
,
.

12

1.1

Sa/g

PGA/g
(23/01/1992)

0.200

(17/01/1983)

0.162

1.2

(24/03/1983)

0.299

1.1

(23/03/1983)

0.234

1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4

- =0.36

0.3
0.2
0.1
1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

T (sec)

(cm)

0.5

18
16

14
12
10
8
6
4
2

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

T (sec)

. 1.7

13

Sa/g

1. Push Over

PGA/g
(16/10/1988)

0.167

(24/04/1988)

0.240

(25/02/1993)

0.133

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4

- =0.36

0.3
0.2
0.1
0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

(cm)

T (sec)

18
16

14
12
10
8
6
4
2

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

T (sec)

. 1.7

14

Sa/g

1.1

1.2
1.1
1.0
PGA/g

0.9

0.8
0.7

(26/03/1993)

0.162

(13/09/1986)

0.268

(15/09/1986)

0.258

0.6
0.5
0.4

I - =0.24

0.3

0.2
0.1

(cm)

0.5

12

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

T (sec)

10

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

T (sec)

. 1.7

15

Sa/g

1. Push Over

1.1
1.0
PGA/g

0.9

0.8
0.7

(14/07/1993)

0.393

(10/06/1987)

0.124

0.175

(26/08/1983)

0.6
0.5
0.4

I - =0.24
B

0.3
0.2
0.1

(cm)

0.5

12

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0 T (sec)

10

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0 T (sec)

. 1.7 ,

16

Sa/g

1.1

1.3
PGA/g

1.2
0.6

(07/09/1999)

0.156

-- (07/09/1999)

0.297

-- (07/09/1999)

0.119

0.5

0.4

0.3

- =0.16

0.2

0.1

(cm)

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0 T (sec)

7
6

5
4
3
2
1

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0 T (sec)

. 1.7

17

1. Push Over

1.2

,

(stiffness degradation) .
(
) ,
Hooke,
, . ,
( )
, ( ) , .
;
,
( ) .
F=m ,
, ,
(.1.8).

pl + el =
pl el

el pl
F = M

F = M

g
t

. 1.8

,
. ,

.

.
,
,
;
18

1.2

R,

, , :

R=

Vel S a W 1
SM
=

= a
Vy
g
Vy
Vy

(1.8)

:
Vel :
Sa :
g

: 10 m/sec2

Vy :
W :

()

R,
, (R=1).
[25],
17 ,
. :
- C,

, . R ( ,
.1.9).
- C,

R
C
(C/).
R C/,

( , .1.9) :

C1 =

el

(1.9)

19

1. Push Over

Vel=RVy

Vel=RVy

-

-
Vy

Vy

el=

el

=C1 el

. 1.9

1.2.1

(DCM)

T (.1.10 1.11)
,
C1 (
DCM Displacement Coefficient Method).
FEMA 356 [7] :

DCM FEMA

C1

1 T

1
,
+ 1 C =
el
R R T

0.10 < T < TC

(1.10)

[25]
C1, R C/ R
,
[29].

a)

b)

. 1.10 . 1.11

20

1.2

R=2
4

DCM, T2=0.4

3.5

MODEL-A
MODEL-B

PROPOSITION

dn /de

2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0

10

Frequency

R=4
8
DCM, T 2=0.4

MODEL-A

MODEL-B
PROPOSITION

dn /de

5
4
3
2
1
0
0

10

10

Frequency

R=6
9
8

DCM, T 2=0.4
MODEL-A

MODEL-B
PROPOSITION

dn /de

6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0

Frequency

. 1.11 T C1=/el
( , TC= 0.4 sec)

21

1. Push Over

[25] 1.11,
.1.11:

C1

= 1+

R 1 TC

1 =
,
2 T
el

0.10 < T < TC

(1.11)

/ (m)

1.10 1.11
(.1.12).

FEMA 356
( DCM)

1.75

0.50

0.40

1.50

1.25

0.30

1.00
0.20

0.75
0.50

R=6
R=4
R=2

R=1

0.10

0.25
1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

0.25

T (sec)

0.50

/ (m)

1.75

0.75

1.00

/ (m)

0.5

T (sec)

0.50

0.40

1.50

1.25

0.30

1.00

R=6
R=4

0.20

0.75

R=2

1.11

0.50

R=1

0.10

0.25
0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

0.25

T (sec)

0.50

0.75

1.00

T (sec)

. 1.12

=/y :

= 1 el = C1 R
y
y

(1.12)

22

1.2

R, . ,
,
. . ,

. [9,26]
R, q,
1.5 4.0,
(.1.3, .1.13).
, Vy (
Vel), :

Vy = Vel / q

(1.13)

. 1.3 q 2003 [9]

1.

3.50

3.00

. 50%
1/3

2.00

4.00

. *

4.00

. :
2.

3.00

- V L

1.50

- ( *)

1.00

3.

4.

1.50

2.00

. ( )

2.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

3.00

23

Sa/(g)

1. Push Over

2.5
2.0
1.5

q=1
q=2

1.0

q=3
0.5

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0 T (sec)

. 1.13 q

1.2.2 (CSM)

. ATC 40 [1]
(CSM Capacity Spectrum Method)

. ,
,
,
.

,
:

Ke = Ki /

(1.14)

Te = i

(1.15)

24

1.2

D
(.1.14) :
V

Vy

Ki

Ke
EE
y

ED

-Vy

. 1.14

(1.12)

E D = 4 Vy ( y )

(1.16)

EE =

1
Vy
2

(1.17)

D =

100 D 100 4 Vy ( y ) 200 1

1

= 64
%
4 E E
2
Vy

(1.18)

[9,26]
,
.

nEAK =

7
2 + e

(1.19)

EC8 =

10
5 + e

(1.20)

e = +D %

(1.21)

ATC 40 [1]
. (. 1.15)
EC8 .
5%.

25

1. Push Over

1.2
1
0.8

EAK

=5%

0.6

EC8
ATC40 TB<Ti<Tc

0.4

ATC40 Tc<Ti<TD

0.2
0
0

15

25

35

45

55

60

D(%)

. 1.15 D

,
- (ADRS) :

S a, V
C

Sa-Sd

Te = i

e

=/'

D
=/y

Vy

K e = K i/

Ki

Ke
y

'

=el

S d,

. 1.16

26

1.2

TC < Ti < Te < TD :

= ' =
(1.9)

2 .5
2 .5
g TC Te =
g C Ti
2
4
4 2

= el C1 = el

(1.22)

. 1.16 ,
, ,
.
( 1.20).
C1 TC TD
0.70 1.30 1.0 11.0.
C1
<6.5,
.
, C1 = 1.0 (
DCM ATC40).
EC8 C1, ,
:

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8
, C1

C1
C1=1

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
1

10

11

. 1.17 C1 (=5%)

27

1. Push Over

(. 1.17) ,
=2
.
,
.
.
Ti<TC, ,
(R>1),
.
,
.

.
; H
CSM
.
Ti<Te<TC,
:
32
37 5 R 2
C1 =

(1.24)

= el C1 = 0.625 Ti2 C1

(1.25)

(1.9)

Sa/,V/
(m/sec2)

(1.23)

R=2.5
Ti=0.33

Te=0.79
Tc=0.80

25

C1=0.16/0.07=2.29
2

15.625Tc/(Sd/)

20

=0.40

15

10

0.07 0.16

0.39

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Sd/,/ (m)

. 1.18 CSM i<Te<TC

28

1.2

Ti<TC<Te, :
2

5 R TC 32
+
=

37 Ti 37
C1 =
(1.9)

(1.26)

TC

Ti

(1.27)

= el C1 = 0.625 Ti2 C1

Sa/,V/
(m/sec2)

(1.25)

R=6.0
Ti=0.40
Tc=0.80

25

C1= 0.34/0.10 =3.40

2

15.625Tc/(Sd/)

20

=0.38
15

Te=1.80
10

0.10

0.34

0.5

0.93 1.0

1.5

2.0

Sd/,/ (m)

. 1.19 CSM i<TC<Te

TC<Ti<Te
:

(1.9)

5
32
R2 +
37
37

(1.28)

C1 =

(1.29)

= el C1 = 0.625 Ti TC C1

(1.22)

29

1. Push Over

Sa/,V/
(m/sec2)
Tc=0.80

25

R=4.0
C1=0.38/0.50 =0.76

Ti=1.00
2

15.625Tc/(Sd/)

20

=0.43
15

Te=1.80

10

0.38

0.5

0.87 1.0

1.5

2.0

Sd/,/ (m)

. 1.20 CSM C<Ti<Te

( )
.
() (
),
( ).
,
.
, ( C),
,
.

DCM [29].
(1.11).
i=1/Ti
C1 (.1.21).
DCM .
/10 CSM.
C=0.80 sec ( ) R=2.5, 4.0, 6.0 7.0.

30

1.2

10.0

R=2.5
Tc=0.80

9.0
8.0

C1

7.0

CSM

6.0

DCM

5.0

MK
/10

4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0

5.0

4.5

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

10.0

R=4.0
Tc=0.80

9.0
8.0

C1

7.0

CSM

6.0

DCM

5.0

MK
/10

4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0

5.0

4.5

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

. 1.21 C1 C=0.80

(.1.21)
2.5 C1
DCM, .
CSM.
,
.
CSM
,
.

31

1. Push Over

10.0

R=6.0
Tc=0.80

9.0
8.0

C1

7.0

CSM

6.0

DCM

5.0

MK
/10

4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0

5.0

4.5

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

10.0

R=7.0
Tc=0.80

9.0
8.0

C1

7.0

CSM

6.0

DCM

5.0

MK
/10

4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0

5.0

4.5

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

. 1.21 C1 C=0.80

, =2.5
5 Hz ( =0.4 0.2 sec),
R=4.0 R=6.0 (.1.22).
.
,
(.1.22),
1.7 .

32

1.2

CSM

DCM

MK

ARGO183-1

ATHENS-2

ATHENS-3

ATHENS-4

ARGO183-7

ZAK188-4

ARGO183-8

PAT393-2

LEF194-1

KYP187-1

ARGO192-1

LEF188-2

IER183-3

R=2.0
Tc=0.40

10.0

8.0

C1

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0
0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

CSM

DCM

MK

ARGO183-1

ATHENS-2

ATHENS-3

ATHENS-4

ARGO183-7

ZAK188-4
KYP187-1

ARGO183-8
ARGO192-1

PAT393-2
LEF188-2

LEF194-1
IER183-3

R=4.0
Tc=0.40

10.0

8.0

C1

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

. 1.22 C1 CSM, DCM, MK C=0.40 sec

33

1. Push Over

CSM

DCM

MK

ARGO183-1

ATHENS-2

ATHENS-3

ATHENS-4

ARGO183-7

ZAK188-4

ARGO183-8

PAT393-2

LEF194-1

KYP187-1

ARGO192-1

LEF188-2

IER183-3

R=6.0
Tc=0.40

10.0

8.0

C1

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

. 1.22 C1 CSM, DCM, MK C=0.40 sec

CSM

DCM

MK

KAL186-1

PYR193-8

KAL286-2

R=4.0
Tc=0.60

10.0

8.0

C1

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0
0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

. 1.22 C1 CSM, DCM, MK C=0.60 sec

34

1.2

CSM

DCM

MK

KAL186-1

PYR193-8

KAL286-2

R=6.0
Tc=0.60

10.0

8.0

C1

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0
0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

5.0

4.0

. 1.22 C1 CSM, DCM, MK C=0.60 sec

CSM, DCM
MK C=0.80 sec (.1.23).
C1 .

C1/10

CSM

DCM

MK

/100

1.0

R=2.5
Tc=0.80

0.9
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1

Ti
2.0

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.0
0.2

/ (m)

0.7

. 1.23 C=0.80

35

1. Push Over

C1/10

CSM

DCM

MK

/100

1.0

R=4.0
Tc=0.80

0.9
0.8

/ (m)

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1

Ti

C1/10

CSM

DCM

MK

2.0

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

/100

1.0

R=6.0
Tc=0.80

0.9
0.8

/ (m)

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1

Ti
2.0

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

. 1.23 C=0.80

C, ,
CSM
DCM.
C1
( ).

R>2.5.

36

1.2

i=C CSM (
).

5 R2 + 32
min = 0.625
37 R
2
C

(1.30)

T 5 R 2 + 32
C1 = C
,
T
37

R
i

C1/10

0.20 < i < TC

CSM

DCM

MK

(1.31)

/100

1.0

R=7.0
Tc=0.80

0.9
0.8

/ (m)

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1

Ti

C1/10

CSM

DCM

MK

2.0

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

/100

1.0

R=9.0
Tc=0.80

0.9
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1

Ti
2.0

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.0
0.2

/ (m)

0.7

. 1.23 C=0.80

37

1. Push Over

DCM R>2.5 .
i
R C.

.

1.3

(. 1.3)
:

C (
),
.
, B
C, ( )
R<2.5 (.1.12),

C D
( ).
(.1.3) :
= 2 .5

g
max Sa
C =
C T 0.625 TC T
2
4
4 2

(1.32)

:
ks =

0.625 TC

(1.33)

ks
,
(C).
,
,


(), :
T =

(1.34)

ks

38

1.3

, 1.4,

:
2

2
2
=
= M

(1.35)

(
),
( ) T.

,
.

C<<D, .
R<2.5,
<<C (. 1.12). R :
(1.8)

Vel = Vy R = Sa max Sa M

(1.36)

<C
maxSa. C<T :
Sa = 25

TC
T

(1.37)

(1.33) (1.34) (1.37) :

Sa =

(2 k s )2

(1.38)

(1.36) (1.38) :
Vy = (2 k s )2

M
M
max Sa
R
R

(1.39)

2ks = maxSV=4C

(1.39)
:
R=Vel/Vy :
Vy

ks

: ( )

:
39

1. Push Over

max S a = 2.5 g , .
1.12 =C1 R.
>C,
C1 1.0.
<C, C1
1.10 ( DCM) 1.11 ( ).
1.31 ( CSM).
R ( q)
(
).
,
.

, Push Over,
.

. .

, .
.
>C
, .

:

200 m2 , =0.16,
(C=0.80 sec). m2 0.5 t ,
: =1000 m2 0.5 t=500 t.
M =500 t

15.00 m
10.00 m

. 1.24

,
10 m

40

1.3

( ) =0.05 m,
0.05/10=5 :
1.33 : k s = 0.625 C = 0.625 0.16 0.80 = 0.08m / sec
1.34 : =

0.05
=
= 0.625 sec
k s 0.08

,
x
y, =x=Ty= 0.625 sec.
,
.

, ,
1.39:
Vy

2
2
(
2 k s ) M (2 0.08 ) 500 2524
2.5 0.16 10 500 2000
=
=
=
kN
=
kN

R 0.05

:
=

2000
0.40
=
R 500 g
R

R,
, 3.5.
=

0.40
= 0.114
3 .5

11.4%

(C=0.40 sec) ks=0.04 m/sec

=0.05/0.04=1.25 sec.
,
:
2
(
2 k s )
=

Rg

(2 0.04 )2
3.5 0.05 10

= 0.037

3 .7 %

,
. min =0.25=0.250.16=0.04 4%.
,
>C ~(C/T)2/3
~C/T.
=1.25 sec C=0.40 sec 5.4%.

41

1. Push Over

=0.625 sec,
: =ks=0.6250.04=0.025.
:
=

(2 0.04 )2
3.5 0.025 10

= 0.072

7 .2 %

,
,
.
, .
, .
q ( R),
.
(R=1),
=0.252 25.2%.
,
.
:
1. ,
.

.
2. ,
.
.
(, ..)
3.
. ,

.
,

.
4.

, , , , ..

.
42

1.3

5.


.
.
6.
(performance) .

,
,
,
, .
()
,
,
.
7. ,
. ,

() ,
.

:
(x
y).
e,
,
V ( ).
,

V (. 1.25,
Push Over).
Ti,
:
Te = Ti

Ki

(1.40)

Ke

43

1. Push Over

Vy
Ki

Ke

. 1.25 V ,

(.1.26). 1.4:
T = 2

M
,
K

Vy
y

V
Vy

. 1.26

( 1.34):
= ks T
(
1.39):
Vel

2
(
2 k s ) M
=
max S

Vy ( 1.8) :

44

1.3

R=

Vel
Vy

.
,
, .
, .

.
,
Push Over, .
V

Vy

Vu

Vu :

u y

. 1.27

:
,
.
.

e=1.25 sec Vy=300 kN.
( 1.34):
= k s Te = 0.08 1.25 = 0.10m
(
1.39) :
Vel

2
(
2 k s ) M
=
2 .5 g M

Vel

2
(
2 0.08 ) 500
=
= 1262kN 2000kN

0.10

45

1. Push Over

Vy=300 kN ( 1.8):
R=

Vel 1262

=
= 4.20 =
Vy
300
y

, ,
.
,
( pilotis) .
,
, R 1.5 (
).
( .
FEMA 356) ,
:
(rad ) =

0.10
=
= 10
10.0 10.0

2 6, ,
.

(pilotis), ,
:
(rad ) =

0.10
=
= 37
3 .0
3 .0

(3.0m = )

.

, ,
, ,
, .
2 .
= 0.002 10 = 0.02m

k s = 0.08m / sec
(1.34)

T=

0.02
=
= 0.25 sec
k s 0.08

46

1.3

. ,
, ( 1.39):
Vy =

(2 k s )2 M = (2 0.08 )2 500 = 6316 2.5 0.16 10 500 = 2000 kN

R

R 0.02

R 1.5,
( ):
Vy =

2000
= 1333kN
1.50

:
=

Vy
Mg

1333
= 0.27
500 10

27%

,
.
, .
(
Push Over)
,
,
.

(R>2.5) :
(c=0.80 sec), e=0.40 sec R=7.0
1.30 :
min
5 R2 + 32
= 0.625 C2
= 0.43m

37 R
=0.05 m =0.24
:
min=0.430.24=0.10>0.05
. , R=2.5
min = 0.27X0.24 = 0.065 0.05

(1.33 , 1.34) :
T=

ks

k s = 0.625 a Tc

47

1. Push Over

k s = 0.625 0.24 0.8 = 0.12,

T=

0.05
= 0.42 sec
0.12

, = 0.40 < 0.42,

.
, :
Vy =

max Sa M 2.5 g M 2.5 0.24 g M

=
= 0.24 W
=
R
R
2 .5

=0.24.
( R=7.0) 0 = 0.085.
= 0.075 m
=0.24
, (R=4.0), :
min = 0.24 0.625 0.82

10 42 + 64
= 0.07 < 0.075m
74 4

2.5 0.24
= 0.15
4

.
.

1.4.

Push Over

( ), .
,
. ,
,
,
, t.
,
.
Push Over .
Push Over ,
,
( , ,
48

1.4 Push Over

),
.
Push Over
,
() ().
,
,
.
Push Over :
- ,
;
- ,
( , , ,
, ,
..)
;
- ()
, ,
;

:
-
-
- .

,
.
Push Over
(
) ,
.
1. ,

.
( ..),
, .
,

49

1. Push Over

,
.
Gk + 2 Qk = W

(1.41)

Gk :
Qk :
2 :
= /
=

V
W

(1.42)

Push Over
, (),
.

0.20

6=0.17
5=0.16
4=0.14
3=0.12
2=0.09
1=0.04
0.20

0.13

0.07

0.00
0.01
0.02
0.04

0=0.00

r (m)

. 1.28 Push Over

2.
.

.
, (.1.4),
.
50

1.4 Push Over

. 1.4 (Cm) FEMA 356 [7]
.

.BR

.BR

1, 2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

3+

0.9

0.8

0.8

0.9

0.9

0.9

1.0

Cm = 1.0 > 1 sec

3. ()
, C0 ,

. C0 FEMA 356 [7],
(.1.5).

. 1.5 C0 FEMA 356 [7]

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.20

1.15

1.20

1.20

1.20

1.30

1.30

1.20

1.40

10 +

1.30

1.20

1.50

4. (.1.29)
.

.

(.1.29) :
t
,
60%
(y,y).

51

1. Push Over

y = 0.233

0.6 x y = 0.140

el

r
el

. 1.29 FEMA 356

.
,
, (
). ,

. :
- y =

Vy
W

(1.43)

- y

.
- el
- el

i
:
Ki =

Vel el W
=
el
el

(1.44)

,
,
52

1.4 Push Over

,
:
M Cm
el Cm
= 2
K i C0
el g C0

Ti = 2

(1.45)

1.40:
Ki
Ke

Te = Ti

K e
:
Ke =

Vy
y

y W

(1.46)

5.
,
, [1]
( ADRS).

Sa/g

0.4=C 0.6=CB

0.8=C

T (sec)

1.2=C

1.5

2.5

2.0
1.5
1.0

2.0=D

2.5

3.0
4.0

0.5

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.25

1.50

1.75

/ (m)

. 1.30 (ADRS)

( 1.2):
2

S a Sa
max Sa 1 2 2 1
=
=
=
=

g g
max g
g g

53

(1.47)

1. Push Over

r (r:
),
.

( r) :
=

ADRS

V Sa
=
Cm
W
g

(1.48)
2

T
r = C 0 =
S a C0 = S d C0
2

(1.49)

r Cm
C m 2

(1.48), (1.49)
=

= 2
g C0
r C0 g

(1.50)

=(Sa/g)Cm
C

0.336

0.280

ADRS -r

0.235

0.1050

0.60y

r=Co

. 1.31 ADRS
r

DCM ATC 40 FEMA 356

, :
2

T
t =C0 C1 C2 C3 e Sa 1.50
2

54

(1.51)

1.4 Push Over

C1
. Te TC
C1=1.0, 1.10:
DCM

C1

1 T
1
+ 1 C ,
R R Te

0.10 < Te < TC

Te 0.10

C1 = 1.50 ,

, C1
R>2, 1.11 :
MK

= 1+

C1

R 1 TC

1 ,
2 Te

0.10 < Te < TC

1.8
WCm :
R=

Sa W Cm
g Vy

(1.52)

CSM C1 1.31 :
2

CSM
1

TC 5 R2 + 32
=
37 R
Te

0.20<Te<TC

C2 (.1.6),
(pinching)
, ..
. 1.6 C2 [7]

T 0.1 sec

T TC (sec)

1.0

1.0

1.3

1.1

1.5

1.2

C3 ,
.
(Ks) ,
. C3
1.53 (FEMA 356) :

55

1. Push Over

a (R 1)

3/2

C3 = 1 +

: a =

(1.53)

Te

Ks
<0
Ke

. 1.54 (FEMA 356):
=

max

(1.54)

.
1.50 ,

.

1.5.

Push Over

(, ) ,
( IV, o ..).

max (drift) ,
, t
( ).

, , , ,
( ).

( ).

,
.

1:
r,
.
,
.

56

1.5 Push Over

.

.
,
.

Ieff

= /heff

heff

= /leff

. 1.32

,
, .
,
.

. (
) .
, ( 1.0, 0.67,
0.50) .
2: r
,
, Te R.
3: ,
TC (
) e
, t (
DCM).

57

1. Push Over

(Te < C)
R C/e. t

.
4: max
,
SPid
.
,
SPii .
5: .
,
t,
(. FEMA 356).
,
, .
, .

, . ( ),
( )
( ).
( , .1.33).

=/h

'=/H

H
h

'

. 1.33

6: .
(),
t,
, , , .
,
.
, ,
.

58

1.5 Push Over

(, .),
.
, .

(, , ) .

.
( 4),
( 5)
( 6),
,
().
,
, :
, e, e, t , max,
SPid
SPii.

,
,
.

1.6

: ;
, ; ,
;
, ; , ;
;
1990

.
( ), (),
( = 4% 8%).
, ,

. ,
,
59

1. Push Over

, ,
.
1990 ( )
.
( )
/.
,
q. q 1.5
4.0, .

.
(,
, , ...).

( ,
), ,
.
,
,
a priori .

q .
.
(Push Over)
ATC 40 (1996) [1] FEMA 273 (1997) [6]
.
(2004) [10].
,
.. .

.

.
Push Over,
, ,
. ,

.
.

60

1.6

. , Push Over
.
/, .
2003
,
, .
(performance)
(SEAOC 1999) [17],
. (I)
2.3% , (II)
1.4%, (III) 0.2% (IV) 0.1%
(.1.7).
. 1.7 SEAOC (1999) [17]

()

F
(Frequent)
O
(Occasional)
R /
(Rare)
V
(Very Rare)

42

0.023

72

0.014

475

0.002

970

0.001

, ,
10% 50 .

.
,
475 ,
(.1.8) :
P
S i = S i10 / 50 r
475

(1.55)

n=0.44 F, O, R 0.29 V.
:

61

1. Push Over
. 1.8
(SEAOC 1999) [17]

(Pr/475)n

=0.16

=0.24

F
O

0.35
0.44

0.06
0.07

0.08
0.11

1.0

0.16

0.24

1.23

0.20

0.30

Sa/g

1.55 .
, ( ,
..), . 1.55
,
, n .
, ,
.
, F, O, R
.

1.3

ATHENS-3 (T)
07/09/1999
ML=5.9
PGA=0.302g Tc=0.50sec
= 5%

- =0.16

1.2

0.6

:
IV :
970

0.5

:
475

0.4

0.3

:
72
:
42

IV

0.2

II
0.1

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5
4.0
T (sec)

. 1.34 (1999)

62

1.6

,
1.55
1999 (.1.34).
4 I,II,III IV,
1.55. (1.55)
(,
, , , , )
( .. ), (
) , Pr .

IV:

(cm)

III: ( )
8
7
6
5
4

II:
I:

3
2
1

T (sec)
0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

. 1.35 (1999)

1.34 1.35 :
1. 1.0 2.0 sec,
,
, .
.
(7sec) ,
.
2. ,
,

63

1. Push Over

(drift), ( ..),
(),
,
(.. ) ,
.
,
,
(.1.36).

Pr = 42

Pr = 72

Pr = 475

IV
Pr = 970

. 1.36

,
,

(, , , ).
,
,
.

,
.

( ), ,
, .
.

64

1.6

, ,
.
: .
. ,
.
.
.
3.
:
.
, .

(.. ). ,
, , . ,
.
.
:
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
.

4 ,
4
(.1.37).
.

( ):

( ) .

,
:

.

65

1. Push Over

()
I :
II :
I :
IV :

'

Push Over

0.3p

0.3p

y

0.2p 0.2p
3

p =

. 1.37

1.37
[17],
Push over. ( 5)
( 1),
.
( 1),
0.3 p ( 2),
0.6 p ( 3) 0.8 p
( 4). , .1.37,
push over 4 .

1.7

,
.

,
.
, .

66

1.7

. , ,
.
.

(.1.38):

1.

6. -

2.

7. -

3. Pilotis

5. Pilotis

4. Pilotis

8. -

9.
10.

11. Pilotis

12. Pilotis

13.

14. -

. 1.38

:
1.

.

.
,
2003 (.1.1).
,
[FEMA 356], [SEAOC 99], [EC8] ..

67

1. Push Over

2.

.

.
.

,
. ,
( ..).
3.

.
,
.
.
,
.
4,5,11 .1.38.
4.


.

( ).

() .
.
8,12 .1.38.
5.

,

.
,
.
.

.

68

1.7

, ..
..
7,8,9,10 .1.38.
6.

(, ..)

.

.
.
,
..

.

,
(.. ).
. .
7.

(, .)
( ),
.
()
.

.

, .
8.

( ),
.
() ,
.
,
, (

69

1. Push Over

).
.
9.

.

.
,
.
,
1/3. 1/3
.
.
.
.

,
.

, .

.
10.
.

. ,
.
,
,
.

Moersch,
.

.
(
). ,
.
.

70

1.7

pilotis
.
11.


, .
x/d, as= M/Vd,
, .
,
,
.

() .
,
.

.
, pilotis,
.
12.

.
, ,
,
. ,
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.

.
, ,
.
, .

. 1985

,
.
( )
.

71

1. Push Over

1990 ,
,
q. 2000 2003
, ,
. 2004
Push Over
.

( ).
. 1.9

1990

2004

(Push over)

2004

1990

1.9

.
Push Over, (ATC 40 FEMA
273/356),
,
, .
, ,

.

(Push Over) ,
.
,
.
,
()
.

72

1.7

,
.
,
.
.


.

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,

.
,
.
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.
, .
.

.
.

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()
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pilotis,
.
(Push Over)
.
,
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,

73

1. Push Over

( ), .
.
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, (rocking)
,

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1.8

. :

74

1.8

( )


(
)

:
.
.
.
-

( )



()

()

-





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.
(Push Over), ()
,

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.
()
:

75

1. Push Over

1.
.
.
2.
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3.
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4.
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6. ,
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:
1.8.1

.

(.1.39) :

76

 Sa

1.8

TC
T2<T1

T1

ADRS

2
1

Sa

. 1.39
TC

T2<T1
T1

2
ADRS
1

. 1.40

77

1. Push Over

.
,
.
.

.
.
(.1.40).

,
.

1.8.2

Sa

.
,
(<C)
. (.1.41)
>C :
TC
T 1 =T 2

2
ADRS
1

. 1.41

78

1.8

,
,
.
.
, ,

(rocking).
.
, .
,
,
.

1.8.3

Sa

.

(.1.42) :
TC
T1=T2

ADRS

2
t

. 1.42

pilotis,

79

1. Push Over

.
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.
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,
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80

 Sa

1.8

TC

T1

T2>T1
ADRS

1
2

. 1.43

, ,
. ,

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,
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,
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(>C).
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.

1.9

. :

81

1. Push Over

1. ,
.
2.
5.
3. , .
(,
, .).
4.
.
5.
.
.
:
1. maxSa = 2.5g :
2.5.
2. we : m2 ,
Cm
( ).
Cm ,
,
0.60 ( 2003).
3. q :
.
, . 2.0 3.5.
4. l : , . As/bd, As
.
5. as= l/d : , l
d .

:
:
, we,
5
.
F :
,
.

82

1.9

:
2. 5 g
Me = K = g Me
2 .5

(1)

2.5 .
G e = Me g

(2)

Ge = A B w e

(3)

Me :
Ge :
:

:
:
d

Me

. 1.44

(2) (3)

AB w e
= Me
g

(4) (1) g

(4)

AB w e
= K = AB w e
g

(5)

:
3 E J 3 E b d3 E A w d
K=
= 3
=

l3
l
12
4 l l

(6)

w = b d
2

E
d
(5) (6) w e = A w ,
4
l l
(7)

4 l l
= w = we
AB
E d

= 2 107 kN/m2 l / = 200 :

83

(7)

1. Push Over

4 l 4 200
1
=
=
7
2 10
25000
2

as
= we
25000

a
( ) = w e s
5

[kN, m]
2

as =

[kN, m]

(1.56)

l

d

F :
d

2.5aGe/q
''M''

l
Fsy

. 1.45

2. 5
Ge l = My = Fsy d
q

(1)

.
Fsy = b d l fsy

(2)

S500 fsy = 5 105 kN/m2

(3)

(1), (2) (3)

(4) (5)

2. 5
Ge l = b d l 5 105 d
q

(4)

Ge = A B w e

(5)

2. 5
A B w e l = A w l 5 105 d
q

(6)

F =

A w 2 .5
1
l 1
=
we
5
AB
q
d l 5 10

F ( ) =

A w 2 .5
1
a
=
we
s
AB
q
100 l 5

84

(1.57)

1.9

20m x 20m

d=2.20 m

15.00 m
20
.0
0

l=11.00 m

20.00 m
b=0.25 m
Cm=0.8

. 1.46

= 0.16

w e = 10.00kN / m2 Cm 0.60 = 10 0.8 0.60 5.00kN / m2

( 0.60 )
q = 3.5
l = 0.40%

as = 5
2

1.56 :

5
( ) = 0.16 5 = 0.8
5

1.57 :

F ( ) =

2.5 0.16
1 5
5
= 1. 4
3 .5
0 .4 5

A B = 5 20 20 = 2000m2
A w = 1.4 2000 = 2.8m2
5 0.25mx2.20m,
0.00425220=22cm2/ .
, . l=0.80%, 1.57
F( )=0.7 , ().
w=0.8 2000=1.6 m2, . 3
0.25m x 2.20m, 0.00825220=44cm2/
.

85