VOLTAGE COMPENSATION

In a power system, voltage at various buses tends to increase or decrease

during its daily operation. To ensure constant voltage to consumers, various
techniques are utilized.
When the voltage is below the required level, reactive power produced by
inductance needs to be offset by capacitance.
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Synchronous condensers : can be used to generate reactive power,

when they are
operated as a motor.
Shunt capacitance : capacitor banks can be connected in parallel to
the transmission lines
Series capacitance : capacitors connected in series, especially for long
lines can be used to raise the voltage
Tap changing transformers : transformer tappings can be automatically
changed, to alter the voltage accordingly.

When the voltage is above the required level, reactive power produced by
capacitance needs to be offset by inductance.
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Shunt reactors : inductor banks can be connected in parallel to the

transmission lines also known as reactors.
Static VAR compensators
Tap changing transformers : transformer tappings can be automatically
changed, to alter the voltage accordingly.

The voltage compensation idea (a generalized An op-amp implementation of

the voltage
circuit diagram)
compensation idea

Example :
COMPENSATION METHOD IN DIRECT CURRENT METHOD
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When the unknown voltage is compensated by an adjustable, known

voltage, the difference between the known and unknown voltages
decreases during the procedure of adjustment.
An instrument, sensitive for extremely small voltage difference will
enable the compensation to be made to voltage differences which are
many orders of magnitude smaller than the voltages themselves.
Consequently, when maximum compensation has been reached, the
system can be made very sensitive for any change in the balancing.
For example, with a voltage sensitive galvanometer, voltage difference
of the order of 10-8 volts may be detected in a normal equipment.
The final result is independent of the absolute calibration of the zero
instrument
A great number of compensation methods has been developed, and
old methods are improved and modified for special applications,
especially in the field of modern radio and radar techniques.