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Module 2 - Linear Functions
Module 2 - Linear Functions
Linear Functions
What this module is about
This module is about linear function of the form f(x) = mx + b. As you go
over this material, you will develop the skill in determining different aspects of
linear function such as slope, trend, intercepts and some points that belong to the
graph of the linear function. It is also expected that you will develop the skill in
forming linear functions of the form f(x) = mx + b, given certain conditions.
slope
trend (increasing or decreasing)
x- and y-intercepts; and
some points given f(x) = mx + b
1
x
2
The slope is
1
and the y-intercept is 0.
2
5. 3x + 2y = 12
First, transform the equation 3x + 2y = 12 in of form f(x) = mx + b
3x + 2y = 12
2y = -3x + 12
-3x is added to both sides
2y 3x 12
1
2
9
3
x
4
2
3. h(x) = -0.3x + 0.1
4. f(x) = -5.2x 4.4
5. -9x + 8y 12 = 0
2. g(x)
Lesson 2
Determining the Trend, Given f(x) = mx + b
The trend of a linear function is said to be increasing if the slope is
positive.
The trend of a linear function is said to be decreasing if the slope is
negative.
Examples:
Determine the trend of each linear function.
1. f(x) = 8x + 3
The slope is 8; hence, the trend of the function is increasing.
2. y = 5x 2
The slope is 5; hence, the trend of the function is increasing.
3. g(x) = -7x + 4
The slope is -7; hence, the trend of the function is decreasing.
1
4. y x
2
1
The slope is ; hence, the trend of the function is decreasing.
2
5. 4x + 3y = 12
First, transform the equation 4x + 3y = 12 in of form f(x) = mx + b.
4x + 3y = 12
3y = -4x + 12
-4x is added to both sides
3y 4x 12
Set C
1. h(x) = -0.1x + 0.3
2. 5x 6 = y
3. 3x + y = 11
4. -8x + 12y 9 = 0
5. 25x 15y 3 = 2
Lesson 3
Determining the X-and Y-intercepts, Given f(x) = mx + b
To determine the y-intercept of a linear function, substitute x = 0 and solve
for the value of y. This value is the y-intercept.
To determine the x-intercept of a linear function, substitute y = 0 and solve
for the value of y. This value is the x-intercept.
Examples:
Determine the x- and the y-intercepts of each linear function.
1. f(x) = 3x + 8
Let y = f(x) = 3x + 8.
0 = 3x + 8
-8 = 3x
3x = -8
8
x
3
8
The x-intercept is .
3
y = 3(0) + 8
y=8
0 is substituted to y
-8 is added to both sides
Apply symmetric property of equality
Both sides are divided by 3
0 is substituted to x
The numerical expression is simplified
The y-intercept is 8.
2. 3x + 2y = 12
3x + 2(0) = 12
3x = 12
3x 12
3
3
x=4
0 is substituted to y
Divide both sides by the coefficient of x
The x-intercept is 4.
3(0) + 2y = 12
0 is substituted to x
5
2y = 12
2y 12
2
2
y=6
The y-intercept is 6.
Lesson 4
Determining Some Points of a Given Linear Function
To determine a point on the graph of a given linear function y = f(x):
A. Get any element from the domain of the linear function. Recall that the
domain of any linear function is the set of real numbers. This element is
the abscissa of the point.
B. Substitute this abscissa to x in the linear function.
C. Solve for the corresponding value of y. This value is the ordinate of the
point.
D. Repeat steps A to C using other element from the domain of the linear
function to determine other points on the graph of the linear function.
Examples:
Determine three points on the graph of each linear function.
1. y = x + 4
If x = 0, then
y=0+4
y=4
Step A
Step B
Step C
4 4
y = -9
Step A
Step B
Step C
4
4
15
2
15
If x = -4, then
3(4) 4y = 36
12 4y = 36
-4y = 24
4y 24
4 4
y = -6
The point (-4, -6) is also on the graph of 3x 4y = 36.
Lesson 5
Determining f(x) = mx + b, Given the Slope and Y-intercept
To determine f(x) = mx + b, given the slope and y-intercept of the linear
function, substitute the given slope to m and the given y-intercept to b.
Examples:
Determine f(x) = mx + b, given the slope and y-intercept of the linear
function.
1. slope = 2, y-intercept 3
Since the slope is 3, m = 2 and the y-intercept is 3, b = 3. Hence,
f(x) = mx + b
f(x) = 2x + 3
2. slope = -3, y-intercept 1
Since the slope is -3, m = -3 and the y-intercept is 1, b = 1. Hence,
f(x) = mx + b
f(x) = -3x + 1
3. slope = 1, y-intercept
3
2
3
3
Since the slope is 1, m = 1 and the y-intercept is , b = . Hence,
2
2
f(x) = mx + b
3
f (x) (1)x
2
3
f (x) x
2
4
4. slope = , y-intercept 0
3
4
4
Since the slope is , m = and the y-intercept is 0, b = 0. Hence,
3
3
f(x) = mx + b
4
f (x) x 0
3
4
f (x) x
3
1. slope
2.
3.
4.
5.
Lesson 6
Determining f(x) = mx + b, Given the X - and Y- intercepts
Let y = f(x). To determine f(x) = mx + b, given the x- and y-intercept of the
linear function, substitute the given x-intercept to a and the given y-intercept to b
in the form of the equation
x y
1
a b
and then, solve for y in terms of x.
Examples:
10
2
2
2
3
y 3
2
3
f (x) 3
2
3 3
1
y x 1
3
1
f (x) x 1
3
3. x-intercept 1, y-intercept
3
2
3
3
Since the x-intercept is 1, a = 1 and the y-intercept is , b = . Hence,
2
2
11
x y
1
a b
y
x
1
1
3
y
3 x
3
1
2 1
3
2
2
3
3
xy
2
2
3
3
y x
2
2
3
3
f (x) x
2
2
3
2
3
x is added to both sides
2
4
6
, y-intercept
3
5
4
4
6
6
Since the x-intercept is , a = and the y-intercept is , b = .
3
3
5
5
Hence,
x y
1
a b
y
x
1
4
6
3
5
3x 5y
1
4
6
3x 5y
12
12 1
Multiply both sides by the LCD 12.
6
4
9x 10y = 12
-10y = -9x + 12
9x is subtracted from both sides
9x 12
y
12
Set A
1. x-intercept 3, y-intercept 2
2. x-intercept -2, y-intercept 4
3. x-intercept -1, y-intercept -3
4. x-intercept -8, y-intercept -1
5. x-intercept -4, y-intercept -8
Set B
1. x-intercept 3, y-intercept 2
2. x-intercept -2, y-intercept 4
3. x-intercept -12, y-intercept -16
4. x-intercept -15, y-intercept -18
1
1
5. x-intercept , y-intercept
3
7
Set C
1. x-intercept 13, y-intercept
1
5
1
2. x-intercept , y-intercept 3
9
8
3. x-intercept , y-intercept -3
3
4
1
4. x-intercept , y-intercept
7
2
2
13
5. x-intercept , y-intercept
9
12
Lesson 7
Determining f(x) = mx + b, Given the Slope and One Point
Let y = f(x). To determine f(x) = mx + b, given the slope and one point of
the linear function, substitute the given slope to m and the coordinates of the
given point to x1 and y1 in the form of the equation y y 1 = m(x x1) and then,
solve for y in terms of x.
Examples:
Determine f(x) = mx + b, given the slope and one point of the linear
function.
1. slope = 2, (1, 3)
Since the slope is 2, m = 2 and the given point is (1, 3), x 1 = 1 and y1 = 3.
13
Hence,
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 3 = 2(x 1)
y 3 = 2x 2
y = 2x 2 + 3
y = 2x + 1
1
, (-1, -4)
2
1
1
Since the slope is
, m = and the given point is (-1, -4), x 1 = -1 and y1 =
2
2
3. slope
-4. Hence,
y y1 = m(x x1)
y (4)
1
x (1)
2
1
x 1
2
1
2 y 4 2 x 1
2
y4
2y + 8 = x + 1
2y = x + 1 8
2y = x 7
2y x 7
2
2
1
7
y x
2
2
4
3
4. slope , (2, 3)
Since the slope is
4
4
, m = and the given point is (-2, 3), x1 = -2 and
3
3
y1 = 3. Hence,
14
y y1 = m(x x1)
4
x ( 2 )
3
4
y 3 ( x 2)
3
4
8
y3 x
3
3
4
8
y x 3
3
3
4
8 9
y x
3
3 3
4
1
y x
3
3
y3
1
, (2, 3)
3
Set C
2
, (4, 1)
3
1
1
2. slope , 4,
2
2
2 2 1
3. slope , ,
3 3 2
1. slope
15
Lesson 8
Determining f(x) = mx + b, Given Any Two Points
Let y = f(x). To determine f(x) = mx + b, given any two points of the linear
function, substitute the coordinates of the first point to x 1 and y1, and the
coordinates of the second point to x2 and y2 in the form of the equation
y y1
y 2 y1
x x1
x 2 x1
y 5 = -4(x + 2)
y 5 = -4x 8
16
y = -4x 8 + 5
y = -4x 3
3. (-2, -7), (-3, -1)
Since the first point is (-2, -7), x1 = -2 and y1 = -7 and the second point is (3, -1), x2 = -3 and y2 = -1. Hence,
y 2 y1
x x1
x 2 x1
1 ( 7 )
x 2
y ( 7 )
3 (2)
6
y7
x 2
1
y 7 = -6(x + 2)
y 7 = -6x 12
y = -6x 12 + 7
y = -6x 5
y y1
17
Lets summarize
1. In the linear function f(x) = mx + b, m is the slope and b is the y-intercept.
2. The trend of a linear function is said to be increasing if the slope is
positive. The trend of a linear function is said to be decreasing if the slope
is negative.
3. To determine the y-intercept of a linear function f(x) = y, substitute x = 0
and solve for the value of y. This value is the y-intercept. To determine the
x-intercept of the linear function, substitute y = 0 and solve for the value of
y. This value is the x-intercept.
4. To determine a point on the graph of a given linear function y = f(x):
a. Get any element from the domain of the linear function. Recall that the
domain of any linear function is the set of real numbers. This element
is the abscissa of the point.
b. Substitute this abscissa to x in the linear function.
c. Solve for the corresponding value of y. This value is the ordinate of the
point.
d. Repeat steps a to c using other element from the domain of the linear
function to determine other points on the graph of the linear function.
5. To determine f(x) = mx + b, given the slope and y-intercept of the linear
function, substitute the given slope to m and the given y-intercept to b.
6. To determine f(x) = y = mx + b, given the x- and y-intercept of the linear
function, substitute the given x-intercept to a and the given y-intercept to b
in the form of the equation
x y
1
a b
y 2 y1
x x1
x 2 x1
18
5.
6.
7.
8.
19
Answer Key
How much do you know
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
2
False
-3
b
-4
(-1, -5), (0, -2), (1, 1)
y = 5x 2
y = -x + 3
y = -2x 8
10. y
3
14
x
5
5
2
and the y-intercept is 2.
7
Set B
1. The slope is 8 and the y-intercept is -9.
2. The slope is -4 and the y-intercept is -6.
3. The slope is 1 and the y-intercept is 0.
3
and the y-intercept is 3.
8
5
5. The slope is 3 and the y-intercept is
.
17
4. The slope is
Set C
1. The slope is 1 and the y-intercept is
2. The slope is
1
.
2
9
3
and the y-intercept is .
4
2
9
3
and the y-intercept is
.
8
2
Lesson 2
20
Set A
1. increasing
2. decreasing
3. decreasing
4. decreasing
5. increasing
Set B
1. increasing
2. decreasing
3. decreasing
4. decreasing
5. increasing
Set C
1. decreasing
2. increasing
3. decreasing
4. increasing
5. increasing
Lesson 3
Set A
1. The x-intercept is -2 and the y-intercept is 16.
1
and the y-intercept is -2.
2
3
3. The x-intercept is
and the y-intercept is 3.
4
5
4. The x-intercept is
and the y-intercept is -5.
2
2. The x-intercept is
1
and the y-intercept is 7.
2
3
and the y-intercept is -3.
2
3
and the y-intercept is 3.
2
3
and the y-intercept is -3.
4
7
7/6 and the y-intercept is .
11
Set C
21
5
1. The x-intercept is 5 and the y-intercept is .
3
2. The x-intercept is
3
3
and the y-intercept is .
8
2
1
1
and the y-intercept is .
3
7
1
4. The x-intercept is
and the y-intercept is 0.1.
3
11
5. The x-intercept is
and the y-intercept is -4.4.
13
3. The x-intercept is
Lesson 4
Set A (Answers may vary)
1. (-1, 5), (0, 6), (1, 7)
2. (-1, 9), (0, 7), (1, 5)
3. (-1, -2), (0, 0), (1, 2)
4. (-1, 7), (0, 4), (1, 1)
5. (-1, 2), (0, 4), (1, 6)
Set B (Answers may vary)
1. (-1, -9), (0, -4), (1, 2)
2. (-1, -2), (0, -6), (1, -8)
3. (-1, 1), (0, 3), (1, 1)
4. 1,
5.
1
7
13
, 0, , 1,
11
11
11
1, 1 ,
1
1
0, , 1,
3
5
3. 1, 3 , 0, , 1,
3
4. 1,
15
3
3
, 0, , 1,
4
2
4
22
Set B
1. f(x) = x 1
2. f(x) = -9x
3. f x
4
x2
3
1
1
4. f x x
3
3
5. f x 7 x
4
3
Set C
1. f x
2
1
x
3
4
2
1
2. f x x
5
3
3. f(x) = 0.2x + 1
4. f(x) = x 0.1
5. f x 2x 2
Lesson 6
Set A
2
3
1. f x x 2
2. f x 2x 4
3. f x 3x 3
1
8
4. f x x 1
5. f x 2 x 8
Set B
6
5
1. f x x 6
2. f x 3x 12
4
3
6
4. f x x 18
5
3
1
5. f x x
7
7
3. f x x 16
Set C
1. f x
1
1
x
65
5
2. f x 27 x 3
9
8
3. f x x 3
23
7
1
x
8
2
39
13
x
5. f x
8
12
4. f x
Lesson 7
Set A
1. f x 3x 1
2. f x 4x 16
3. f x 2x 11
4. f x 2x 10
5. f x 5x 35
Set B
1. f x 5x 12
2. f x 3x 10
3. f x x 7
4. f x 9 x 45
5. f x
1
11
x
3
3
Set C
2
11
x
3
3
1
5
2. f x x
2
2
2
17
3. f x x
3
18
1. f x
4. f x 0.2x 0.1
5. f x 0.3x 0.23
Lesson 8
1. y = -x + 4
2
2. y = x - 2
3
3. y = 7x + 35
4. y = -x + 4
5. y = -3x + 1
Set B
1. y = x + 7
2 2
2. y = x - 10
3. y = x 9
2 2
24
4. y = x - 11
5. y = 9x - 69
4 4
Set C
1. y = 3x 1
5
5
2. y = -
3
3
x+
2
2
3. y = 2x 11
5
5
4. y = -
3
3
x+
2
2
5. y = x
What have you learned
1. -5
2. true
3.
4
3
4. a
2
5.
3
6. (0, -4), (1, -2), (2, 0)
7. y = -3x - 4
8. y = -x - 2
9. y = -4x - 5
10. y = -6x - 17
25