MICROPROCESSOR

COMPUTER ENGG. DEPTT .
1999-2000
MICROPROCESSOR & APPLICATIONS
CE-6265
TOTAL NO. OF SLIDES:1000
TOTAL NO. OF FLOPPIES USED:
PREPARED BY :Manoj Jambla
CE-6265
WHY MICROPROCESSOR IS
IMPORTANT
THE FIELD OF COMPUTER IS CHANGING AT A
VERY RAPID RATE.WITH THE
ADVANCEMENT IN THE TECHNOLOGY, NEW
MICROPROCESSOR ARE BEING DEVELOPED
DAY BY DAY.
Cont.
CE-6265
THIS SUBJECT IS IMPORTANT FOR

THE TECHNICIANS FOR THE POINT
OF VIEW THAT NOW A DAYS EACH
AND EVERY INDUSTRY IS
COMPUTERISED AND MPUs ARE
WIDELY USED IN THE INDUSTRIES.
CE-6265
Cont.
EARLIER WE HAVE USED 8 BIT OR 16

BIT MICROPROCESSORS. NOW A
DAYS WITH THE RAPID CHANGE IN
THE TECHNOLOGY 64 BIT
MICROPROCESSORS ARE THERE.
CE-6265
Cont.
THESE MICROPROCESSORS PROVIDE

BETTER FACILITIES TO PERSONEL
COMPUTERS AND OTHER
INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS WHICH USE 16
BIT MICROPROCESSORS AND 8 BIT
MICROCONTROLLERS.
Cont.
CE-6265
TEACHING SCHEME
TOTAL NO. OF LECTURES
TOTAL NO. OF PRACTICALS 2
CE-6265
TOPICS OF
MICROPROCESSORS
CE-6265
INTRODUCTION TO
16 BIT MICROPROCESSORS:
INTERNAL ARCHITECTURE OF
8086, INTERNAL REGISTERS,
PHYSICAL AND LOGICAL ADDRESS
CE-6265
Cont.
GENERATION , MAXIMUM AND

MINIMUM MODES , CLOCK
GENERATION , COMPARISON
BETWEEN MAX AND MIN MODE
Cont.
CE-6265
PROGRAMMING OF 8086
ADDDRESSING MODES,INSTRUCTION
FORMAT,INSTRUCTION TEMPLATES
AND HAND ASSEMBLY,INSTRUCTION
SET,DATA TRANSFER,ARITHMATIC
CE-6265
Cont.
BIT MANIPULATION,STRING
INSTRUCTIONS , PROGRAM
TRANSFER AND PROCESS
CONTROL INSTRUCTIONS
Cont.
CE-6265
MEMORY AND I/O

INTERFACE
MEMORY INTERFACE
BLOCK DIAGRAM
I/O INTERFACE
Cont.
CE-6265
INTERRUPT INTERFACE
OF 8086
TYPE OF INTERRUPTS
INTERRUPT MASKING
SOFTWARE INTERRUPTS
CE-6265
Cont.
INTRODUCTION TO
MICROCONTROLLERS
MAIN FEATURES
ARCHITECTURE
APPLICATIONS OF 8051 OR 8031
Cont.
CE-6265
INTRODUCTION TO 32 BIT
MICROPROCESSORS
80386
80486
PENTIUM
CE-6265
EVALUATION SCHEME
TOTAL MARKS
125
INTERNAL ASSESMENT 25
EXTERNAL ASSESMENT 75
Cont.
CE-6265
PRACTICAL ASSESMENT
25
DURATION AND
STYLE OF EXAMINATION 3 HOURS

PASS MARKS
30
CE-6265
TEACHING &
EXAMINATION CALENDER
TEACHING DAYS :
PREPRATORY
HOLIDAYS
16TH JULY TO
20TH NOV. 1999
: 22 NOV. TO
24 NOV. 1999
Cont.
CE-6265
PRACTICAL EXAMS : 25TH NOV TO

29 NOV. 1999
BOARD EXAMS
: 1ST DEC. TO
7TH JAN 2000
BREAK
CE-6265
7TH JAN TO
10TH JAN. 2000
LIST OF PRACTICALS
STUDY OF INSTRUCTIONS OF
8086 USING DEBUG

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
OF MULTIBYTE NUMBERS
MULTIPLICATION OF
UNSIGNED/SIGNED NUMBERS
CE-6265
DIVISON OF SIGNED/UNSIGNED
NUMBERS
SORTING STRINGS IN
ASCENDING AND DESCENDING
ORDER
CE-6265
Cont.
MODULAR PROGRAMMING
USING SUBROUTINES
STUDY OF MICROCONTROLLERS
8051 OR 8031
CE-6265
BOOKS AND REFERENCES

1. MICROPROCESSORS AND
APPLICATIONS
BY
DOGULAS .V.HALL
PUBLICATION
TMH
CE-6265
Cont.
2. MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM THE
8086/8088 FAMILY
By
YU CHENG LIU
AND
GIBSON
GLENN A
Publication
Cont.
CE-6265
PHI
3. PROGRAMMING THE 80286,80386,
80486 AND PENTIUM BASED

PERSONEL COMPUTER
By
BARRY . B . BRAY
Publication:
PRENTICE HALL OF
INDIA PVT LTD.
CE-6265
Cont.
4. THE 8086/8088 MICROPROCESSOR

ARCHITECTURE,PROGRAMMING
DESIGN AND INTERFACING
By :
BHUPINDER SINGH
CHHABRA
Publication :
DANPAT RAI & SONS

CE-6265
TOPIC WISE BREAKUP OF

SLIDES
MICROPROCESSOR
PROGRAMMING 8086
PROGRAMMING EXERCISE
CE-6265
Cont.
MEMORY & I./O INTERFACE
INTERRUPT INTERFACE
INTRODUCTION TO
MICROCONTROLLERS
MICROPROCESSORS
CE-6265
Introduction
8086S INTERNAL
CONFIGURATION
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L01 OF 40
1 of 20
Introduction
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 8086
INST. QUEUE
DATA REGISTERS
AD
AH AL
CONTROL
BH BL
20 PINS
LOGIC
CH CL
DH DL
POINTERS
CONTROL
SP
ALU
PSW
17/ 9/ 99
BP
SI
DI
SEGMENT REG.
CS
SS
IP*
ES
CE-6265
DS
L01 OF 40
+5V
2 GND
CLK
2 of 20
CPU
ARHITECTURE
Introduction
*** THREE GROUPS

*** DATA GROUP
*** CONTROL GROUP
*** SEGMENT GROUP
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265 L01 OF 40
3 of 20
REGISTERS
Introduction
1) DATA GROUP REGISTERS

2) PONTER AND INDEX REGISTERS
3) SEGMENT REGISTERS
4) INSTRUCTION POINTER
5) FLAG REGISTER
17/09/99
CE-6265
L 01 OF 40
4 OF 20
DATA GROUP
REGISTERS
Introduction
* IT HAS 4 GENERAL PURPOSE

REGISTERS AX, BX ,CX, DX .
* THE AX REGISTER SERVES
AS AN ACCUMULATOR .
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L01 OF 40
5 of 20
Introduction
* BX REGISTER SERVES AS THE

BASE REGISTER USED IN THE
CALCULATION OF 8086 DATA
MEMORY .
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L01 OF 40
6of 20
Introduction
* CX REGISTER SERVES AS A COUNT

REGISTER .
* DX REGISTER SERVES AS THE DATA
REGISTER USED FOR INPUT/OUTPUT

ADDRESSING
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L01 OF 40
7of 20
Introduction
POINTER AND
INDEX REGISTER
* THERE ARE TWO 16 BIT
POINTER REGISTERS:* STACK POINTER
* BASE POINTER
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L01 OF 40
8 of 20
Introduction
* TWO INDEX REGISTERS:* SOURCE INDEX REGISTER

* DESTINATION INDEX
REGISTER
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L01 OF 40
9of 20
Introduction
SEGMENT REGISTERS
* 8086 MEMORY IS SEGMENTED
INTO 64K MEMORY.
* FOUR SEGMENTS ARE:1. CODE SEGMENT
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L01 OF 40
10 of 20
Introduction
2. DATA SEGMENT
3. EXTRA SEGMENT
4. STACK SEGMENT
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L01 OF 40
11 of 20
INSTRUCTION
POINTER
Introduction
* ALWAYS POINTS TO THE

NEXT INSTRUCTION TO BE
CARRIED OUT FROM
MEMORY.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L01 OF 40
12of 20
REGISTERS
Introduction
***POINTER GROUP
CONSIST IP,SP,BP,SI,DI.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L01 OF 40
13of 20
*** 8 GENERAL PURPOSE
Introduction
REGISTERS NAMELY
AX , BX , CX , DX , AH ,BH , CH,
DH , AL, BL , CL , DL.
17/ 9/ 99
CE 6265 L01 OF 40
14 of 20
Introduction
*** SEGMENT GROUP CONSISTS
OF CS, DS, SS & ES REGISTERS.

*** EFFECTIVE ADDRESS.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L01 OF 40
15 of 20
*** OFFSET ADDRESS.
Introduction
*** PHYSICAL ADDRESS =

EFFECTIVE ADDRESS +
SEGMENT ADDRESS.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L01 OF 40
16 of 20
Introduction
ADVANTAGES OF
SEGMENT REGISTER
A) USE OF MEMORY AREAS

FOR PROGRAM & STACK.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L01 OF 40
17 of 20
Introduction
B) PUT THE PROGRAM OR

DATA INTO DIFFERENT
AREAS OF MEMORY.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L01 OF 40
18of 20
Introduction
C) ALLOW MEMORY CAPACITY

1 MEGABYTE ADDRESS OF
INDIVIDUAL INSTRUCTIONS
16 BITS WIDE.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L01 OF 40
19of 20
Introduction
D) INSTRUCTION, DATA & STACK

PORTION OF A PROGRAM
MORE THAN 64K BYTES.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L01 OF 40
20of 20
Introduction
FLAG REGISTER
TYPES:----A) CONDITIONAL FLAG
B) CONTROL FLAG
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L02 OF 40
1 of 25
Introduction
15 14
13 12 11 10
OF DF IF TF SF ZF
4
AF
2
PF
8086 FLAGS
8086S
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
PSW
2 OF 40
2 of 25
0
CF
CONDITIONAL
FLAG
Introduction
A) SIGN FLAG
B) ZERO FLAG
C) PARITY FLAG
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L02 OF 40
3of 25
Introduction
D) CARRY FLAG
E) AUXILIARY FLAG
F) OVERFLOW FLAG
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L02 OF 40
4 of 25
Introduction
CONTROL FLAG
A) DIRECTION FLAG
B) INTERRUPT FLAG
C) TRAP FLAG
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L02OF 40 1of 21
Introduction
C (carry )
1) HOLD THE CARRY AFTER
ADDITION Or THE BORROW
AFTER SUBTRACTION.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L02OF 40
2of 21
Introduction
2) INDICATES ERROR
CONDITIONS AS DICTATED
BY SOME PROGRAMS &
PROCEDURES.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L02 OF 40
3of 21
Introduction
P ( parity )
1) LOGIC 0 FOR ODD PARITY &
A LOGIC 1 FOR EVEN PARITY.
2) ITS FINDS LITTLE APPLICATION IN PROGRAMMING.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L02 OF 40
4of 21
Introduction
3) PARITY IS COUNT OF
ONES IN A NUMBER
EXPRESSED AS EVEN Or
ODD.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L02 OF 40
5of 21
Introduction
A(auxiliary carry)
1) IT IS TESTED BY DAA & DAS
INSTRUCTION.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L02 OF 40
6 of 21
2) HOLDS CARRY AFTER
Introduction
ADDITION OR BORROW AFTER

SUBTRACTION BETWEEN BIT
POSITIONS 3 & 4 OF THE
RESULT.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L02 OF 40
7 of 21
Z (zero)
Introduction
1) SHOWS THAT THE RESULT

OF AN ARITHMETIC Or LOGIC
OPERATION IS ZERO.
17/ 9/ 99 CE-6265
L02 OF 40
8of 21
Introduction
2) IF Z=1, RESULT IS 0.
3) IF Z=0, RESULT IS NOT 0.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L02 OF 40
9of 21
Introduction
S (sign)
1) HOLD ARITHMETIC SIGN OF
THE RESULT AFTER AN
ARITHMETIC Or LOGIC
INSTRUCTION EXECUTES.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L02 OF 40
10 of 21
Introduction
2) IF S=1, SIGN BIT IS SET Or

NEGATIVE.
3) IF S=0, BIT IS CLEARED Or
POSITIVE.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L02 OF 40
11 of 21
Introduction
T (trap)
1) ENABLES TRAPPING THROUGH
AN ON-CHIP DEBUGGING
FEATURE .
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L02 OF 40
12of 21
Introduction
2) IF T=1, MPU INTERRUPTS THE

FLOW OF PROGRAM AS INDIC-ATED BY DEBUG & CONTROL
REGISTERS.
3) IF T=0, THE TRAPPING (DEBUG-GING) FEATURE IS DISABLED.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L02 OF 40
13 of 21
Introduction
4) THE CODE VIEW PROGRAM CAN

USE THE TRAP FEATURE &
DEBUG REGISTERS TO DEBUG
FAULTY SOFTWARE.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L02 OF 40
14of 21
Introduction
I (interrupt )
1) CONTROLS THE OPERATION OF
THE INTR INPUT PIN.
2) IF I=1, THE INTR PIN IS ENABLED .
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L02 OF 40
15of 21
Introduction
3) IF I=0, PIN IS DISABLED.

4) STATE OF I FLAG BIT IS
CONTROLLED BY STI & CLI.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L02 OF 40
16 of 21
D (direction)
Introduction
1) SELECTS EITHER THE INCREMENT

Or DECREMENT MODE FOR THE DI
Or SI REGISTERS DURING STRING
INSTRUCTIONS.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L02 OF 40
17of 21
Introduction
2) IF D=1 , REGISTERS ARE

AUTOMATICALLY
DECREMENTED.
3) IF D=0, REGISTERS ARE AUTOMA-TICALLY INCREMENTED.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L02 OF 40
18 of 21
Introduction
4) D FLAG IS SET WITH THE STD

I NSTRUCTION.
5) D FLAG IS CLEARED WITH THE
CLD INSTUCTION.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L02 OF 40
19of 21
O (over flow)
Introduction
1) OCCURS WHEN SIGNED NUMBERS

ARE ADDED Or SUBTRACTED.
2) FOR UNSIGNED OPERATION, THIS
FLAG IS IGNORED.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L02 OF 40
20 of 21
Introduction
3) INDICATES THAT THE RESULT

HAS EXCEEDED CAPACITY OF
MACHINE .
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L02 OF 40
21 of 21
Introduction
SYSTEM BUS
A SET OF CONDUCTORS USED FOR
COMMUNICATING INFORMATION
BETWEEN THE COMPONENTS IN A
COMPUTER SYSTEM IS CALLED A
BUS.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L03 OF 40 1 of 26
Introduction
INTERNAL BUS
IF A BUS CONNECTS TWO
MINOR COMPONENTS WITHIN
A MAJOR COMPONENT,
CALLED AN INTERNAL BUS .
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L03 OF 40 2 of 26
Introduction
EXTERNAL BUS
WHEN A BUS CONNECTS TWO
MAJOR COMPONENTS, SUCH
AS A CPU & AN INTERFACE,
CALLED AN EXTERNAL BUS.
23/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L03 OF 40 3 of 26
VCC
VCC
CLK
GENERA-TOR
8086
CPU
MN / MX RD
CLK
WR
READY M / IO
RESET
BHE
ALE
STB
BHE
OE
A19
-A16
MEMORY
DATA
AD 15 -AD 0
DEN
DT / R
A0 - A7
T
OE
CE-6265
I / O PER
-IPHRAL
DATA BUS
Introduction
ARCHITECTURE
*CIRCUITS DRIVE THE PINS ON
SINGLE CHIP, CPU HAS LIMIT-ED DRIVING CAPABILITY &
CONNECTED TO ONLY A FEW
INTERFACES.
23/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L03 OF 40 5 OF 26
Introduction
* SYSTEM NEEDS BUS DRIVER &

RECIVER CIRCUITS CONNECTED
TO BUS IN ORDER TO MAINTAIN
ADEQUTE SIGNAL QUALITY.
* TIMING OF THE SIGNALS WITHIN
THE CPU & BUS CONTROL LOGIC
IS CONTROLLED BY A CLOCK.
23/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L03 OF 40 6 OF 26
Introduction
MICROPROCESSOR
8086
23/ 9/ 99
CE-6265 L03 OF 40 7 OF 26
Introduction
INTRODUCTION
*** 40 PIN IC
*** 16 DATA LINES
23/ 9/ 99
CE-6265 L03 OF 40
8 OF 26
*** 20 ADDRESS LINES
Introduction
*** 29,000 TRANSISTORS

ARE FABRICATED.
23/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L03 OF 40
9 OF 26
FEATURES
Introduction
***16 BIT MICROPROCESSOR.

***CONTAINS 29,000
TRANSISTORS.
*** FABRICATED BY
HMOS TECHNOLOGY.
23/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L03 OF 40 10 OF 26
Introduction
MICROPROCESSOR
8088
23/ 9/ 99 CE 6265 L03 OF 40 11 OF 26
Introduction
INTRODUCTION
* 8 BIT MICROPROCESSOR
* 16 ADDRESS LINES
23/ 9/ 99 CE 6265 L03 OF 40 12 OF 26
Introduction
* INTERNAL STRUCTURE
SAME AS THAT OF 8086
* INTERNAL FUNCTION SAME
AS THAT OF 8086
23/ 9/ 99
CE 6265 L03 OF 40 13 OF 26
8086 PIN DIAGRAM

GND
AD14
AD13
AD12
AD11
AD10
AD9
AD8
AD7
AD6
AD5
AD4
AD3
AD2
AD1
AD0
NMI
INTR
CLK
GND
23/ 9/ 99
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
8086
CPU
CE-6265
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
MAX
MIN
MODE
MODE
VCC
AD15
A16/S3
A17/S
A18/S5
A19/S6
BHE/S7
MN/MX
RD ___
RQ/GTO (HOLD)
RQ/GT1 (HLDA)
LOCK (WR) _
_
S2
(M / IO)
S1
(DT/R)
S0
(DEN)
QS0
(ALE)
QSJ
(INTA)
TEST
READY
RESET
Introduction
L03 OF 40 14 OF 26
8086
CONFIGURATIONS
Introduction
*TWO MODES OF OPERATION:-1) MINIMUM MODE

2) MAXIMUM MODE
23/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L03 OF 40 15 OF 26
Introduction
MINIMUM MODE
* USED FOR A SMALL
SYSTEM WITH A SINGLE
PROCESSOR.
* GENERATES ALL THE
NECESSARY BUS CONTROL
SIGNALS DIRECTLY.
23/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L03 OF 40 16 OF 26
Introduction
MAXIMUM MODE
* USED FOR MEDIUM TO
LARGE SIZE SYSTEM.
* BUS CONTROL SIGNALS ARE
ENCODED INTO 3 STATUS BIT.
23/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L03 OF 40
17 OF 26
*REMAINING BUS CONTROL
Introduction
SIGNALS PROVIDE ADDITIONAL

INFORMATION THAT IS NEEDED
TO SUPPORT MULTIPROCESSOR
CONFIGURATION.
23/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L01 OF 40 18 OF 26
Introduction
CONFIGURATION
OPTION
* PIN 33 (MN/MX) DETERMINES

THE CONFIGURATION OPTION.
* WHEN IT STRAPPED TO GND
PROCESSOR IS USED IN MAX- IMUM MODE.
23/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L03 OF 40 19 OF 26
Introduction
* WHEN IT STAPPED TO +5V IT

IS TO BE OPERATED IN ITS
MINIMUM MODE.
* BOTH PROCESSORS MULTIPEX
THE ADDERSS & DATA SIGNALS.
23/ 9/ 99
CE-6265 L03 OF 40 20 OF 26
Introduction
* BOTH HAVE 20 ADDRESS PINS

WITH ADDERSS & STATUS
SIGNALS BEING MULTIPLEXED
ON THE 4 MOST SIGNIFICANT
ADDRESS PINS.
23/ 9/ 99
CE-6265 L01 OF 40 21 OF 26
SYSTEM BUS
TIMING
Introduction
* LENGTH OF BUS CYCLE IN

8086/8088 SYSTEM IS 4 CLOCK
CYCLES DENOTED BY T1
THROUGH T4.
23/ 9/ 99
CE-6265 L03 OF 40 22of 26
Introduction
* IN ADDITION TO THAT AN INDETE- RMINATE NUMBER OF WAIT

STATE CLOCK CYCLES DENOTED
BY Tw (WAIT STATE ).
* WAIT STATE ARE INSERTED
BETWEEN T3 & T4 .
23/ 9/ 99
CE-6265 L01 OF 40 23 OF 26
Introduction
TIMING DIAGRAM OF
8086S READ & WRITE
CYCLE
23/ 9/ 99
CE-6265 L03 OF 40 2 4 OF 26
T1
T2
T3
T4
CLK
A19 / S0 -A16 / S3
ADD BHE OUT
AD 15 - AD0
ADDRESS OUT
STATUS OUT
DATA IN
ALE
LOW= I / O READ. HIGH= MEM. READ
M / IO
RD
DT / R
23/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L03 OF 40 25 OF 26
CLK
Introduction
T1
T2
A19 /S6-A16/ S3 BHE / S7

ADD. BHE OUT
AD15-AD0
ADDRESS OUT
T3
STATU S
T4
OUT
DATA OUT
ALE
M / IO
WR
LOW = I / O WR, HIGH = MEM WR
DT / R
23/ 9/ 99
CE-6265 L03 OF 40 26 OF 26
Introduction
8086 PIN
CONFIGURATION
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L04 OF 40
1of 25
Introduction
ADDRESS /DATA
BUS
1) AD0-AD15 (ADDRESS /DATA LINES)

2) A16/S3 ,A17/S4 ,A18/S5 ,A19/S6 :
( ADDRESS / STATUS LINES ).
3) BHE/S7 (BUS HIGH ENABLE/ STATUS)

17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L04 OF 40
2of 25
Introduction
CONTROL &
STATUS SIGNALS
1) CLK
2) RESET
3) READY
4) RD (READ)
17/ 9/ 99
CE 6265
L04 OF 40
3of 25
Introduction
5) INTR (INTERRUPT REQUEST)

6) NMI(NON MASKABLE INTERRUPT)
7) TEST
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L04 OF 40
4of 25
Introduction
MULTI-FUNCTION
PINS
1) MN/MAX (MINIMUM /
MAXIMUM MODE)
2) DEN (DATA ENABLE)
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L04 OF 40
5of 25
Introduction
3) DT/R (DATA TRANSMIT/RECEIVE)

4) M/IO ( MEMORY/IO SELECT)
5) S0-S2 ( MAXIMUM MODE STATUS
SIGNALS )
6) LOCK (WR)
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L04 OF 40
6 of 25
Introduction
7) ALE (ADDRESS LATCH ENABLE)
8) INTA(INTERRUPT ACKNOWLEDGE)
9) QS0/QS1 (QUEUE STATUS IN THE

MAXIMUM MODE)
10) RQ/GT0(HOLD), RQ1/GT1(HLDA)

17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L04 OF 40
7of 25
Introduction
AD0-AD15
* TIME-MULTIPLEXED BIDIRECTIONAL TRISTATE
ADDRESS/DATA LINES.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L04 OF 40
8 of 25
* DURING T1 STATE OF A BUS CYCLE

CONSISTING OF 4 CLOCK STATES.
* IF BUS CYCLE IS WRITE CYCLE,

ADDRESS LINES ARE NOT TRI-STATED.
* LINES ARE TRISTATED DURING

INTA & HOLD OPERATIONS.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L04 OF 40
9 of 25
Introduction
ADDRESS/STATUS
LINES
* TIME MULTIPLEXED TRISTATE ADDRESS STATUS O/P
LINES.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L04 OF 40
10 of 25
* DURING T1, THEY SERVE AS 4

MOST SIGNIFICANT ADDRESS
LINES.
* DURING I/O OPERATIONS,THESE
ARE AT 0 LEVEL.
* TRISTATED DURING HOLD
OPERATION.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L04 OF 40
11 of 25
Introduction
CHARACTERISTICS
S4
0
0
S3
0
1
CHARACTERISTICS
CODE SEGMENT ACCESS

Or NONE
DATA SEGMENT ACCESS
17/ 9/ 99
EXTRA SEGMENTACCESS
STACK SEGMENT ACCESS
CE-6265
L04 OF 40
12 of 25
Introduction
S5 : INDICATES STATUS OF THE

INTERRUPT ENABLE FLAG &
IS UPDATED AT THE BEGINING OF EACH BUS CYCLE.
S6 : ALWAYS ZERO & NO
SIGNIFICANCE IS ATTACHED
TO IT.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L04 OF 40
13 of 25
Introduction
BHE / S7
* TRISTATE OUTPUT LINE.
* DURING T1, BHE GOES LOW,IF
BUS CYCLE REFERS TO READ,
WRITE Or INTA CYCLE.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L04 OF 40
14of 25
Introduction
* USED AS A CHIP SELECT SIGNAL

FOR THE HIGH - ORDER BYTE
MEMORY Or I/O BANK.

OPERATION.
* S7 IS AVAILABLE DURING T2 TO T4
& IS ALWAYS ZERO.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L04 OF 40
15of 25
Introduction
CHARACTERISTICS
BHE A0
0
0
0
1
1
1
17/ 9/ 99
CHARACTERISTICS
WORD TRANSFER
UPPER BYTE TRANSFER
FORM / TO ODD ADDRESS
LOWER BYTE TRANSFER
FORM / TO EVEN ADDRESS
NONE
CE-6265
L04 OF 40
16 of 25
Introduction
CLK
* PROVIDES BASIC TIMING FOR
PROCESSOR LOGIC & BUS
CONTROLLER.
* ON DUTY CYCLE OF 33 %.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L04 OF 40
17 of 25
Introduction
* 8284A CLOCK GENERATOR FEEDS

CPU WITH NECESSARY CLOCK
FREQUENCY.
* FREQUENCY RANGE IS BETWEEN
2 TO 8 MHZ.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L04 OF 40
18 of 25
Introduction
RESET
* TERMINATES PROCESSOR
ACTIVITY.
* RESET HIGH PULSE LAST FOR
AT LEAST 50 MICRO SECOND.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L04 OF 40
19 of 25
Introduction
* AFTER GOES LOW ,CPU TAKES 10

CLOCK STATES DO FOLLOWING
INITIALIZATION :---a) CLEAR FLAG REGISTER, DS , ES, SS,
IP. IP DENOTED AS PC.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L04 OF 40
20 of 25
Introduction
b) LOAD CODE SEGMENT (CS)

REGISTER WITH FFFFH SO CPU
STARTS PROGRAM EXECUTION
FROM MEMORY LOCATION
FFFFOH.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L04 OF 40
21 of 25
Introduction
READY
* ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
SIGNAL FROM ADDRESSED
MEMORY Or I/O DEVICE THAT
IF WILL ACCOMPLISH DATA
TRANSFER OPERATION.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L04 OF 40
22 of 25
Introduction
* IF READY IS HIGH & SATISFIES THE

SETUP , NO WAIT STATES
INTRODUCED.
* DURING EACH CLOCK OF WAIT

STATE, READY INPUT SIGNAL
LEVEL IS SAMPLED BY CPU.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L04 OF 40
23of 25
Introduction
RD
* TRISTATE OUTPUT DEVICE.

* INDICATES THAT THE
PROCESSOR IS PERFORMING
A MEMORY Or I/O READ
CYCLE.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L04 OF 40
24 of 25
Introduction
* USED TO READ DEVICES ON THE

LOCAL BUS.
* ACTIVE LOW DURING T2,T3 & TW.

OPERATION.
17/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L04 OF 40
25 of 25
INTR
Introduction
* LEVEL SENSTIVE INPUT

WHICH IS SAMPLED DURING
LAST CLOCK STATE OF EACH
INSTRUCTION TO
DETERMINE WHETHER
PROCESSOR ENTER INTO AN
INTA CYCLE.
20/ 09/99
CE-6265
L 05 OF 40
1 OF 25
Introduction
* INTERNALLY MASKED BY SOFT

-WARE RESETTING OF INTERUPT
ENABLE BIT (I) IN FLAG REGISTER
* THIS INPUT SIGNAL IS ISSUED BY

8259A PROGRAMMABLE INTERRUPT
CONTROLLER (PIC).
20/ 09/99 CE-6265
L 05 OF 40
2 OF 25
Introduction
NMI
* RISING EDGE SENSTIVE
INTERRUPT WHICH CAUSES
A TYPE -2 INTERRUPT.
* HIGH FOR ATLEAST 2 CLOCK
CYCLES.
20/ 09/99
CE-6265
L 05 OF 40
3 OF 25
TEST
Introduction
* INPUT SIGNAL WHICH IS

EXAMINED BY CPU DURING
THE WAIT INSTRUCTION.
* IF TEST=1 THEN PROCESSOR
WAITS IN IDEAL STATE.
20/ 09/99 CE-6265
L 05 OF 40
4 OF 25
Introduction
* IT CONTINOUS TO BE IDEAL TILL

THE TEST INPUT BECOMES 0.
* WHEN TEST =0, CPU COMES OUT
OF WAIT STATE.
20/ 09/99
CE-6265
L 05 OF 40
5 OF 25
Introduction
MN/MAX
* STRABBED HIGH FOR MINIMUM
MODE (SINGLE PROCESSOR).
* STRABBED LOW FOR MAXIMUM
MODE (MULTIPROCESSOR)
20/ 09/99
CE-6265
L 05 OF 40
6 OF 25
Introduction
S0(DEN), S1(DT/R), S2(M/IO) :------* TRISTATED OUTPUT STATUS/

CONTROL SIGNALS.
OPERATION.
20/ 09/99 CE-6265
L 05 OF 40 7 OF 25
Introduction
* SIGNALS REPRESENTS MULTI-FUNCTIONS.

* IN MINIMUM MODE, THEY ARE
DEN , DT/R & M/IO.
* IN MAXIMUM MODE ,THEY ARE
S0, S1 AND S2 STATUS LINES.
20/ 09/99 CE-6265
L 05 OF 40
8 OF 25
DEN
* THIS IS OUTPUT SIGNAL.
* USED TO ENABLE THE 8287
TRANSRECEIVERS.
20/ 09/99
25
CE-6265
L 05 OF 40
9 OF
Introduction
* LOW DURING MEMORY Or I/O

READ/WRITE CYCLES Or INTA
CYCLES.
* DURING READ Or INTA CYCLE,
DEN REMAINS ACTIVE LOW FROM
MIDDLE OF T2 UNTIL BEGINNING
OF T4 CLOCK STATE.
20/ 09/99
CE-6265
L 05 OF 40
10 OF 25
Introduction
* DURING WRITE CYCLE , IT IS

ACTIVE LOW FROM BEGINNING OF
T2 UNTIL THE MIDDLE OF T4.
20/ 09/99 CE-6265
L 05 OF 40
11 OF 25
Introduction
DT/R
* THIS IS OUTPUT SIGNAL.
* CONTROLS DIRECTION OF
DATA FLOW THROUGH THE
TRANSRECEIVERS.
20/ 09/99 CE6265
Introduction
* DT/R=1 INDICATES DATA

TRANSMIT (WRITE) CYCLE.
* DT/R INDICATES DATA RECEIVE
(READ) CYCLE.
20/ 09/99
CE-6265
L 05 OF 40
13 OF 25
Introduction
* REMAINS ACTIVE FROM YHE

MIDDLE OF T4 OF THE PREVIOUS
BUS CYCLE UNTIL THE MIDDLE
OF T4 OF CURRENT BUS CYCLE.
20/ 09/99
CE-6265
L 05 OF 40
14 OF 25
M/IO
Introduction
* M/IO=0 MEANS I/O

OPERATIONS.
* M/IO=1 MEANS MEMORY
OPERATION.
20/ 09/99
CE-6265
L 05 OF 40
15 OF 25
Introduction
* REMAINS ACTIVE FROM THE
MIDDLE OF T4 OF THE PREVIOUS

BUS CYCLE & LASTS TILL THE
MIDDLE OF THE T4 CURRENT BUS
CYCLE.
20/ 09/99
CE-6265
L 05 OF 40
16 OF 25
Introduction
S0-S2
* THESE STATUS SIGNALS ARE
FED TO THE 8289 BUS
ARBITER & THE 8288 BUS
CONTROLLER.
20/ 09/99
CE-6265
L 05 OF 40
17 OF 25
Introduction
* THESE INTERFACE COMPONENTS

DECODE THE STATUS LINES &
GENERATE APPROPRIATE MEMORY
& I/O COMMAND & CONTROL
SIGNALS.
20/ 09/99
CE-6265
L 05 OF 40
18 OF 25
Introduction
CHARACTERISTICS
S2 S1 S0
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
20/ 09/99
INTERPRETATION
INTA CYCLE
I/O READ
I/O WRIRE
HALT
OPCODE FETCH
CE-6265
L 05 OF 40
19 OF 25
Introduction
S2
S1
S0
INTERPRETATION
MEMORY READ
MEMORY WRIRE
PASSIVE , NO BUS
CYCLES
20/ 09/99
CE-6265
L 05 OF 40
20 OF 25
LOCK
Introduction
* IN MINIMUM MODE , THIS PIN

FUNCTIONS AS WRITE (WR)
SIGNAL.
OPERATION.
20/ 09/99
CE-6265
L 05 OF 40
21 OF 25
Introduction
* IN MAXIMUM MODE , THIS PIN

GETS ACTIVATED DURING LOCK
PREFIXED INSTRUCTIONS .
* WHEN IT IS ACTIVE LOW , THIS
SIGNAL CAN BE USED TO PREVENT
OTHER PROCESSORS FROM
GETTING ACCESS TO SYSTEM BUS.
20/ 09/99
CE-6265
L 05 OF 40
22 OF 25
Introduction
* THE LOCK PIN REMAINS LOW

TILL PREFIXED INSTRUCTION IS
CARRIED OUT.
* LOCK OUTPUT IS CONNECTED

TO THE LOCK INPUT OF 8289
BUS ARBITER.
20/ 09/99 CE-6265
L 05 OF 40
23 OF 25
ALE
Introduction
IN MINIMUM MODE , ALE IS

GENERATED DURING T1
STATE OF A BUS CYCLE.
20/ 09/99
CE-6265 L 05 OF 40
24 OF 25
Introduction
ADDRESSES ARE LATCHED

DURING HIGH TO LOW
TRANSITION OF ALE.
20/ 09/99
CE-6265
L 05 OF 40
25 OF 25
Assembly language
INTRODUCTION
TO
ADDRESSING
MODES
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L06 OF 40
1 of 25
Assembly language
ADDRESSING
MODES
THE WAY IN WHICH
OPERAND IS SPECIFIED
IS CALLED ADDRESSING
MODE
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L06 OF 40
2 of 25
Assembly language
OBJECTIVES
1) EXPLAIN THE OPERATION
OF EACH DATA-ADDRESSING
MODE.
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L06 OF 40
3 of 25
Assembly language
2) USE DATA-ADDRESSING MODES

TO FORM ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
STATEMENT.
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L06 OF 40
4 of 25
Assembly language
3) EXPLAIN OPERATION OF EACH

PROGRAM MEMORY-ADDRESSING
MODE.
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L06 OF 40
5 of 25
Assembly language
4) USE PROGRAM MEMORY-ADDRES

-SING MODES TO FORM ASSEMBLY
& MACHINE LANGUAGE
STATEMENTS.
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L06 OF 40
6 of 25
Assembly language
5) SELECT
APPROPRIATE
ADDRESSING MODE TO
ACCOMPLISH A GIVEN TASK.
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L06 OF 40
7 of 25
Assembly language
6) DETAIL THE DIFFERENCE BETW-EEN REAL MODE & PROTECTED

-MODE OPERATION WHEN ADDRES-SING MEMORY DATA.
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L06 OF 40
8 of 25
Assembly language
7) DESCRIBE THE SEQUENCE OF

EVENTS THAT PLACE DATA ONTO
THE STACK Or REMOVE DATA FROM
STACK.
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L06 OF 40
9 of 25
Assembly language
8)EXPLAIN HOW A DATA STRUCTURE

IS PLACED IN MEMORY & USED
WITH SOFTWARE.
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L06 OF 40
10 of 25
Assembly language
CATEGORIES
1) DATA ADDRESSES
2) BRANCH ADDRESSES
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L06 OF 40
11 of 25
Assembly language
DATA ADDRESSES
1) IMMEDIATE
2) DIRECT
3) REGISTER
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L06 OF 40
12 of 25
Assembly language
4) REGISTER INDIRECT
5) REGISTER RELATIVE
6) BASED INDEXED
7) RELATIVE BASED INDEXED
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L06 OF 40
13 of 25
MOV INSTRUCTION SHOWING

SOURCE, DESTINATION &
DIRECTION OF DATA FLOW
MOV AX ,
BX
SOURCE
DESTINATION
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L06 OF 40
14 of 25
Assembly language
IMMEDIATE
* TERM IMMEDIATE IMPLIES
THAT THE DATA
IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWS THE
HEXA-DECIMAL OPCODE IN
THE MEMORY.
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L06 OF 40
15 of 25
Assembly language
* IT IS A CONSTANT DATA,WHILE
THE DATA TRANSFERRED FROM A
REGISTER IS VARIABLE DATA.
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L06 OF 40
16 of 25
Assembly language
* OPERATES UPON A BYTE OR

WORD OF DATA.
* IN SYMBOLIC ASSEMBLY
LANGUAGE SYMBOL # IS NOT
USED IN THIS ADDRESSING.
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L06 OF 40
17 of 25
Assembly language
* IN 80386 THROUGH THE PENTIUM

MICROPROCESSOR , THIS
ADDRESSING OPERATES ON
DOUBLEWORD DATA.
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L06 OF 40
18 of 25
Assembly language
* EXAMPLE:----- MOV EBX, 12345678H

THIS INSTRUCTION COPIES A
DOUBLEWORD SIZED 12345678H
IN THE 32 BIT WIDE BX REGISTER
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L06 OF 40
19 of 25
Assembly language
* TRANSFERS THE SOURCEIMMEDIATE BYTE Or WORD OF

DATA INTO THE DESTINATION
REGISTER Or MEMORY LOCATION.
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L06 OF 40
20 of 25
Assembly language
* EXAMPLE:---- MOV AL,22H

THIS INSTRUCTION COPIES A BYTE
SIZED 22H INTO REGISTER AL.
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L06 OF 40
21 of 25
Assembly language
DIRECT
* MOVES A BYTE Or WORD
BETWEEN A REGISTER & A
MEMORY LOCATION AND A
REGISTER.
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L06 OF 40
22 of 25
Assembly language
* TWO BASIC FORMS OF DIRECT

ADDRESSING :---a) DIRECT ADDRESSING
b) DISPLACEMENT ADDRESSING
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L06 OF 40
23 of 25
Assembly language
a) DIRECT ADDRESSING, WHICH

APPLIES TO A MOV BETWEEN A
MEMORY LOCATION & AL , AX Or
EAX.
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L06 OF 40
24 of 25
Assembly language
b) DISPLACEMENT ADDRESSING ,
WHICH APPLIES TO ALMOST ANY
INSTRUCTION IN THE
INSTRUCTION SET.
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L06 OF 40
25 of 25
Assembly language
DIRECT ADDRESSING
* MOV INSTRUCTION TRANSFERS
DATA BETWEEN A MEMORY
LOCATION , LOCATED WITH IN THE
DATA SEGMENT & THE AL(8-BIT),
AX(16-BIT) & EAX(32-BIT).
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L07 OF 40
1 of 28
Assembly language
* 3-BYTE LONG INSTRUCTION.
* IN 80386 & ABOVE, A REGISTER-SIZE

PREFIX MAY APPEAR BEFORE THE
INSTRUCTION , CAUSING IT TO
EXCEED THREE BYTES IN LENGTH.
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L07 OF 40
2 of 28
Assembly language
DISPLACEMENT
ADDRESSING
* ALMOST IDENTICAL TO DIRECT

ADDRESSING MODE.
* THIS IS FOUR BYTE INSTRUCTION
EXCEPT THREE.
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L07 OF 40
3 of 28
Assembly language
* IN 80386 THROUGH PENTIUM, THIS

INSTRUCTION CAN BE UPTO
SEVEN BYTES WIDE.
* MORE FLEXIBLE BECAUSE MOST
INSTRUCTIONS USE IT.
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L07 OF 40
4 of 28
Assembly language
* INSTRUCTION SET DOES NOT

SUPPORT A MEMORY TO MEMORY
TRANSFER EXCEPT MOVS
INSTRUCTION.
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L07 OF 40
5 of 28
Assembly language
EXAMPLE:---* MOV CX, LIST

INSTRUCTION COPIES THE WORDSIZED CONTENTS OF MEMORY
LOCATION LIST INTO REGISTER CX.
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L07 OF 40
6 of 28
Assembly language
EXAMPLE:----* MOV ESI, LIST

INSTRUCTION COPIES A 32-BIT
NUMBER, STORED IN FOUR
CONSECUTIVE BYTES MEMORY,
FROM LOCATION LIST INTO
REGISTER ESI.
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L07 OF 40
7 of 28
Assembly language
REGISTER
* TRANSFER A COPY OF A BYTE Or A
WORD FROM A SOURCE REGISTER
Or A MEMORY LOCATION TO
DESTINATION REGISTER Or
MEMORY LOCATION.
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L07 OF 40
8 of 28
Assembly language
EXAMPLE:---- MOV CX, DX

INSTRUCTION COPIES THE WORDSIZED CONTENTS OF A REGISTER
DX INTO REGISTER CX.
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L07 OF 40
9 of 28
Assembly language
* IN 80386 & ABOVE, A DOUBLE-
WORD CAN ALSO BE TRANSFERRED

FROM THE SOURCE REGISTER Or
MEMORY LOCATION .
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L07 OF 40
10 of 28
Assembly language
EXAMPLE:----- MOV ECX, EDX

INSTRUCTION COPIES THE DOUBLE
WORD-SIZED CONTENTS OF
REGISTER EDX INTO REGISTER
ECX.
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L07 OF 40
11 of 28
Assembly language
* 8-BIT REGISTERS USED IN IT:--AH, AL, BH, BL, CH, CL, DH, DL.
* 16-BIT REGISTERS :---AX, BX, CX, DX, SP, BP, SI, DI.
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L07 OF 40
12 of 28
Assembly language
* 32-BIT REGISTERS (IN 80386) :--EAX, EBX, ECX, EDX, ESP, EBP, EDI
AND ESI.
* SOME MOV,PUSH & POP INSTRUCT-ION S ADDRESS 16-BIT SEGMENT
REGISTERS (CS, ES, DS, SS, FS & GS).
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L07 OF 40
13 of 28
Assembly language
* USE REGISTER INSTRUCTION THAT

ARE THE SAME SIZE FOR
INSTRUCTIONS.
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L07 OF 40
14 of 28
Assembly language
* NEVER MIX AN 8-BIT REGISTER

WITH 16-BIT Or AN 8-BIT WITH
32- BIT Or 16-BIT WITH A 32-BIT
REGISTER.
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L07 OF 40
15 of 28
Assembly language
REGISTER
INDIRECT
* TRANSFER A BYTE Or WORD
BETWEEN A REGISTER & A
MEMORY LOCATION ADDRESSED
BY AN INDEX Or BASE REGISTER.
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L07 OF 40
16 of 28
Assembly language
* INDEX & BASE REGISTERS ARE:--BP, BX, DI AND SI.

* EXAMPLE:---- MOV AX, [BX]
INSTRUCTION COPIES WORD-SIZED
DATA FROM THE DATA SEGMENT
ADDRESS INDEXED BY BX INTO AX.
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L07 OF 40
17 of 28
Assembly language
* IN 80386 AND ABOVE, A BYTE,

WORD Or DOUBLEWORD IS TRANS-FERRED BETWEEN A REGISTER &
BY ANY REGISTER:----EAX, EBX, ECX, EDX, ESI, EBP, EDI.
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L07 OF 40
18 of 28
Assembly language
EXAMPLE :--- MOV AL,[ECX]

* INSTRUCTION LOADS AL FROM
THE DATA SEGMENT OFFSET
ADDRESSED SELECTED BY THE
CONTENTS OF ECX.
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L07 OF 40
19 of 28
Assembly language
* SYMBOL [ ] DENOTE INDIRECT

ADDRESSING IN ASSEMBLY
LANGUAGE.
* 80386 AND ABOVE NOT ONLY
USES BP, BX, DI & SI BUT ALSO
USES OTHER EXTENDED
REGISTERS EXCEPT ESP.
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L07 OF 40
20 of 28
Assembly language
* IN 80386 EBP ADDRESS MEMORY IS

IN THE STACK SEGMENT WHILE
EAX, EBX, ECX, EDX, EDI & ESI
ADDRESS IS IN THE DATA SEGMENT.

20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L07 OF 40
21 of 28
Assembly language
REGISTER RELATIVE
* MOVES A BYTE Or WORD BETWEEN
A REGISTER & THE MEMORY
LOCATION ADDRESSED BY AN
INDEX Or BASE REGISTER PLUS A
DISPLACEMENT.
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L07 OF 40
22 of 28
Assembly language
EXAMPLE:----a) MOV AX,[BX+4]

b) MOV AX,ARRAY[BX]
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L07 OF 40
23 of 28
Assembly language
MOV AX,[BX+4]
* INSTRUCTION LOADS AX
FROM THE DATA SEGMENT
ADDRESSED FORMED BY BX
PLUS 4.
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L07 OF 40
24 Of 28
Assembly language
MOV AX,ARRAY[BX]
* INSTRUCTION LOADS AX
FROM THE DATA SEGMENT
MEMORY LOCATION IN
ARRAY PLUS THE CONTENTS
OF BX.
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L07 OF 40
25 of 28
Assembly language
* DATA IN A SEGMENT ARE

ADDRESSED BY ADDING THE
DISPLACEMENT TO THE CONTENTS
OF THE BASE Or INDEX REGISTER
(BP, BX, DI, SI).
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L07 OF 40
26 of 28
Assembly language
* SIMILAR TO BASE-PLUS-INDEX
ADDRESSING AND DISPLACEMENT
ADDRESSING .
* BX, DI Or SI ADDRESS THE DATA
SEGMENT AND BP ADDRESSES
THE STACK SEGMENT
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L07 OF 40
27 of 28
Assembly language
.
* IN 80386 AND ABOVE , DISPLACE-
-MENT CAN BE A 32-BIT NUMBER

& REGISTER CAN BE ANY 32-BIT
REGISTER EXCEPT ESP REGISTER .
20/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L07 OF 40
28 of 28
Assembly language
RELATIVE - INDEXED
*TRANSFERS THE BYTE OR A WORD
BETWEEN A REGISTER& THE
BY INDEX AND BASE REGISTER
PLUS A DISPLACEMENT.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L08 OF 40
1 of 18
Assembly language
EXAMPLE:----MOVAX,ARRAY[BX+DI ]
* INSTRUCTION LOADS
BOTH AX FROM A DATA
SEGMENT MEMORY
LOCATION
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L08 OF 40
2 Of 18
Assembly language
* SIMILAR TO THE INDIRECT ADDRE-SSING BECAUSE IT INDIRECTLY

ADDRESSES MEMORY DATA .
* ALL THE MICROPROCESSORS USE

ONE BASE REGISTER (BP Or BX) AND
ONE INDX REGISTER (DI Or SI)
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L08 OF 40
3 of 18
Assembly language
* IN THIS MODE,BASE REGISTER

HOLD BEGINNING ADDRESS OF
MEMORY ARRAY & INDEX REGIS-TER HOLD RELATIVE POSITION OF
ELEMENT
IN CE-6265
ARRAY.L08 OF 40
21/ 9/ 99
4 of 18
Assembly language
*IN THE 80386 Or ABOVE, IT ALLOWS

THE COMBINATION OF OF ANY TWO
32-BIT EXTENDED REGISTER
EXCEPT ESP .
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L08 OF 40
5 of 18
Assembly language
EXAMPLE:----MOV DL, [EAX + EBX]

* INSTRUCTIONIS AN EXAMPLE
USING EAX AS THE BASE PLUS EBX
AS THE INDEX.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L08 OF 40
6 of 18
Assembly language
BASE-INDEXED
TRANSFERS A BYTE Or WORD
BETWEEN AREGISTER AND MEMORY
LOCATION ADDRESSED BY A BASE
REGISTER PLUS AN INDEX REGISTER
.
*
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L08 OF 40
7 of 18
Assembly language
EXAMPLES:--MOV[BX+DI],CL
* COPIES THE BYTE SIZED CONTENTS
OF REGISTER CL INTO DATA
SEGMENT MEMORY LOCATION
ADDRESSED BY BX PLUS DI.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L08 OF 40
8 of 18
Assembly language
* SIMILAR TO INDIRECT ADDR-ESSING MODE BECAUSE IT

INDIRECTLY ADDRESSES MEM-ORY DATA.
* ALL MPU USE ONE BASE REG-ISTER (BP OR BX) & ONE INDEX
REGISTER DI OR SI.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L08 OF 40
9 of 18
Assembly language
* IN 80386 OR ABOVE, THIS TYPE

OF ADDRESSING ALLOWS THE
COMBINATION OF ANY TWO 32
BIT REGISTERS EXCEPT ESP.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L08 OF 40
10 of 18
Assembly language
BRANCH
ADDRESSES
* INTRA SEGMENT DIRECT

* INTRA SEGMENT INDIRECT
* INTER SEGMENT DIRECT
* INTER SEGMENT INDIRECT
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L08 OF 40
11 of 18
Assembly language
INTRASEGMENT DIRECT
EFFECTIVE BRANCH ADDRESS IS
SUM OF AN 8- OR 16- BIT
DISPLACEMENT & CURRENT
CONTENTS OF IP.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L08 OF 40
12 of 18
Assembly language
* WHEN DISPLACEMENT IS 8- BIT

LONG, REFERRED TO A SHORT
JUMP.
* USED WITH EITHER CONDITIO-NAL OR UNCONDITIONAL
BRANCHING.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L08 OF 40
13 of 18
Assembly language
INTRASEGMENT INDIRECT
* EFFECTIVE BRANCH
ADDRESS IS THE CONTENTS
OF A REGISTER OR
MEMORY LOCATION.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L08 OF 40
14 of 18
Assembly language
* CONTENTS OF IP ARE REPL

-ACED BY EFFECTIVE BRAN-CH ADDRESS.
* USED ONLY IN UNCONDITIO-NAL BRANCH INSTRUCTIONS.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L08 OF 40
15 of 18
Assembly language
INTERSEGMENT DIRECT
* REPLACES THE CONTENTS
OF IP WITH PART OF
INSTRUCTION & CONTENTS
OF CS WITH ANOTHER PART
OF INSTRUCTION.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L08 OF 40
16 of 18
Assembly language
* PURPOSE IS TO PROVIDE A
MEANS OF BRANCHING FROM
ONE CODE SEGMENT TO
ANOTHER.
* MUST BE UNCONDITIONAL.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L08 OF 40
17 of 18
Assembly language
INTERSEGMENT DIRECT
* REPLACES THE CONTENTS
OF IP & CS WITH THE
CONTENTS OF TWO
CONSECTIVE WORDS IN
MEMORY.
CE-6265
Assembly language
MEMORY ADDRESSING
MODES
* USED WITH THE JMP &
CALL INSTRUCTIONS.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L09 OF 40
1 of 30
Assembly language
* INTRODUCE THE THREE

ADDRESSING FORMS:1) DIRECT
2) RELATIVE
3) INDIRECT
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L09 OF 40
2 of 30
Assembly language
DIRECT MEMORY
ADDRESSING
* USED IN HIGH LEVEL
LANGUAGES LIKE GOTO &
GOSUB INSTRUCTION IN BASK.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L09 OF 40
3 of 30
* EXAMPLE:- IF PROGRAM JUMPS

TO MEMORY LOCATION 10000H
FOR NEXT INSTRUCTION,ADDRE-ESS 10000H IS STORED FOLLOW-ING THE OPCODE IN MEMORY.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L09 OF 40
4 of 30
Assembly language
Assembly language
* IT ACCESSES ANY LOCATION

WITHIN FIRST 1M BYTE OF
MEMORY BY CHANGING BOTH
CS & IP.
* INSTRUCTIONS STORE THE
ADDRESS WITH THE OPCODE
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L09 OF 40
6 of 30
Assembly language
RELATIVE MEMORY
ADDRESSING
* RELATIVE MEANS RELATI- -VE TO
THE INSTRUCTION POINTER.
* AVAILABLE IN THE INTEL FAMILY.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L09 OF 40
7 of 30
Assembly language
* EXAMPLE:- IF A JMP INSTRUC-TION SKIPS NEXT TWO BYTES

OF MEMORY, THE ADDRESS
IN RELATION TO THE INSTRU-CTION POINTER IS 2 THAT
ADDS TO THE INSTRUCTION
POINTER.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L09 OF 40
8 of 30
Assembly language
* RELATIVE JMP 8 CALL INSTRUC-TION CONTAINS 8- OR 16- BIT

SIGNED DISPLACEMENT.
* AN INTRASEGMENT JUMP IS A
JUMP ANYWHERE WITHIN THE
CURRENT CODE SEGMENT.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L09 OF 40
9 of 30
Assembly language
INDIRECT MEMORY
ADDRESSING
* ALLOWS SEVERAL FORMS OF
INDIRECT MEMORY ADDRESSING
FOR JMP & CALL INSTRUCTIONS .
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L09 OF 40
10 of 30
Assembly language
* INDIRECT PROGRAM JUMP INSTR-UCTION USE IN 16-BIT REGISTER

(AX, BX, CX, DX, SP, BP, DI Or SI).
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L09 OF 40
11 of 30
Assembly language
* ANY RELATIVE REGISTER ([BP],

[BX], [DI] Or [SI]).
* ANY RELATIVE REGISTER WITH A
DISPLACEMENT.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L09 OF 40
12 of 30
Assembly language
* IN 80386 AND ABOVE, EXTENDED

REGISTER CAN BE USED TO HOLD
ADDRESS Or INDIRECT ADDRESS
OF A RELATIVE JMP Or CALL.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L09 OF 40
13 of 30
Assembly language
FOR EXAMPLE :---* THE JUMP EAX INSTRUCTION

JUMPS TO THE LOCATION
ADDRESSED BY REGISTER EAX.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L09 OF 40
14 of 30
Assembly language
* IF A 16-BIT REGISTER HOLDS THE

ADDRESS OF A JUMP INSTRUCTI-ON, THE JUMP IS NEAR.
* IF A RELATIVE REGISTER HOLDS
THE ADDRESS, THE JUMP IS
CONSIDERED AN INDIRECT JUMP.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L09 OF 40
15 of 30
Assembly language
FOR EXAMPLE:---* JMP [BX] REFERS TO A MEMORY

LOCATION WITHIN THE DATA
SEGMENT AT THE OFFSET
ADDRESS CONTAINED IN BX.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L09 OF 40
16 of 30
Assembly language
* OFFSET ADDRESS IS A 16-BIT

NUMBER USED AS OFFSET
ADDRESS IN INTRASEGMENT.THIS
TYPE OF JUMP IS CALLED AN
INDIRECT-INDIRECT Or DOUBLEINDIRECT JUMP.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L09 OF 40
17 of 30
Assembly language
STACK MEMORYADDRESSING
* PLAY AN IMPRTANT ROLE IN
MICROPROCESSOR.
HOLD DATA TEMPORARILY &
STORES ADDRESSES FOR
PROCEDURES.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L09 OF 40
18 of 30
Assembly language
* LIFO (last-in, first-out) MEMORY,

WHICH DESCRIBES WAY DATA
ARE STORED & REMOVED FROM
THE STACK.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L09 OF 40
19 of 30
Assembly language
* DATA PLACED ONTO STACK WITH

A PUSH INSTRUCTION.
* DATA REMOVED ONTO STACK
WITH A POP INSTRUCTION.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L09 OF 40
20 of 30
Assembly language
* CALL INSTRUCTION USES STACK

TO HOLD THE RETURN ADDRESS
FOR PROCEDURES.
* RET INSTRUCTION REMOVES THE

RETURN ADDRESS FROM THE
STACK.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L09 OF 40
21 of 30
Assembly language
* STACK MEMORY IS MAINTAINED

BY TWO REGISTERS:--a) THE STACK POINTER (SP Or ESP)
b) THE STACK SEGMENT REGISTER

(SS).
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L09 OF 40
22 of 30
Assembly language
* SP/ESP REGISTER ALWAYS

POINT TO AN AREA OF MEMORY
LOCATED WITHIN THE STACK
SEGMENT.
* IN REAL MODE, SP/ES REGISTER
ADDS TO SS 10H TO FORM THE
STACK MEMORY ADDRESS .
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L09 OF 40
23 of 30
Assembly language
* IN PROTECTED MODE, THE SS

REGISTER HOLDS A SELECTOR
THAT ACCESSES A DESCRIPTOR
FOR THE BASE ADDRESS OF THE
STACK SEGMENT.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L09 OF 40
24 of 30
Assembly language
* PUSH & POP ALWAYS STORE Or

RETRIEVE WORDS OF DATA
NEVER BYTES
IN THE 8086
THROUGH THE 80286 MICROPRO-CESSOR.

21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L09 OF 40
25 of 30
Assembly language
* DATA PUSHED ONTO STACK FROM

ANY 16-BIT REGISTER Or SEGMENT
REGISTER Or IN THE 80386 AND
ABOVE, ANY 32-BIT REGISTER.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L09 OF 40
26 of 30
Assembly language
* DATA MAY BE POPPED OFF THE

STACK INTO ANY 16-BIT REGISTER
Or ANY SEGMENT REGISTER
EXCEPT CS.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L09 OF 40
27 of 30
Assembly language
* PUSH A & POP A INSTRUCTIONS

EITHER PUSH Or POP ALL THE
REGISTERS ON THE STACK EXCEPT

THE SEGMENT REGISTERS.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L09 OF 40
28 of 30
Assembly language
* THE PUSH A AND POP A INSTRU-CTIONS ARE NOT AVAILABLE ON

8086/8088 MICROPROCESSOR.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L09 OF 40
29 of 30
Assembly language
* PUSH IMMEDIATE INSTRUCTION IS

ALSO NEW TO THE 80286 THROUGH
PENTIUM MICROPROCESSOR.
* 80386 & ABOVE ALSO ALLOW
EXTENDED REGISTERS TO BE
PUSHED Or POPPED.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L09 OF 40
30 of 30
Assembly language
INTRODUCTION
TO ASSEMBLY
LANGUAGE
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L10 OF 40
1 of 20
Assembly language
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
FEATURES
* IT TEACHES THE WAY THE
COMPUTER IS HARDWARE.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L10 OF 40
2 of 20
Assembly language
* OPERATING SYSTEM
WORKS TOGETHER.
* IT IS MACHINE
DEPENDENT.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L10 OF 40
3 of 20
Assembly language
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
FUNDAMENTALS
* BYTE
* WORD
* DOUBLE WORD
* LABEL DIRECTIVE
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L10 OF 40
4 of 20
BYTE
Assembly language
* IT CREATES STORAGE FOR A

BYTE OR GROUP OF BYTES
* SYNTAX---------[name] DB initial value,[initial
value],
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L10 OF 40
5 of 20
WORD
Assembly language
* IT CREATES STORAGE FOR A

WORD OR LIST OF WORDS.
* SYNTAX:------------[name]DW initial value, [initial value]
.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L10 OF 40
6 of 20
Assembly language
DOUBLE WORD
* IT CREATES STORAGE FOR A 32-BIT
DOUBLE WORD VARIABLE.
* SYNTAX:---------[name] DD initial value [initial

value]...
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L10 OF 40
7 of 20
Assembly language
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
* THIS LANGUAGE UNLOCKS THE
SECRET OF COMPUTERS
HARDWARE &SOFTWARE. IT IS
MACHINE DEPENDENT.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L10 OF 40
8 of 20
Assembly language
IMPORTANCE OF
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
* TO UNDERSTAND THE
COMPUTER ARCHITECHTURE
& OPERATING SYSTEM.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L10 OF 40
9 of 20
Assembly language
IN TELECOMMUNICATION
PROGRAM FOR IBM-PC.
* IT IS A LEARNING TOOL.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L10 OF 40
10 of 20
Assembly language
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
APPLICATIONS:* TO WRITE LARGE
APPLICATIONS.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L10 OF 40
11 of 20
Assembly language
* ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
SUBROUTINES TO HANDLE
OPERATION NOT AVAILABLE
IN HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L10 OF 40
12 of 20
Assembly language
MACHINE
INSTRUCTIONS
* A MACHINE INSTRUCTION IS A
BINARY CODE THAT HAS A
SPECIAL MEANING FOR
COMPUTERS CPU TO DO A
TASK.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L10 OF 40
13 of 20
Assembly language
OPERATION CODE
* THE FIRST BYTE OF 2 BYTE
INSTRUCTION IS CALLED
OPERATION CODE:-- OPCODE.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L10 OF 40
14 of 20
Assembly language
OPERAND
* THE SECOND BYTE OF 2 BYTE
INSTRUCTION IS CALLED :OPERAND
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L10 OF 40
15 of 20
Assembly language
* AN OPERAND MAY BE A
REGISTER, A MEMORY
VARIABLE OR AN IMMEDIATE
VALUE.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L10 OF 40
16 of 20
Assembly language
AN INSTRUCTION MAY
CONTAIN ZERO, ONE OR TWO
OPERANDS.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L10 OF 40
17 of 20
Assembly language
MNEMONIC:* IT IS A SHORT ALPHABETIC

CODE THAT ASSITS THE
MEMORY IN REMEBERING A
CPU INSTRUCTION.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L10 OF 40
18 of 20
Assembly language
ADDRESSING MODE
IT TELLS THE ASSEMBLER WHERE TO
FIND DATA IN EACH OPERAND;IN

REGISTER, IN MEMORY OR AS
IMMEDIATE DATA.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L10 OF 40
19 of 20
Assembly language
COMMENTING
AN INSTRUCTION
THE BEGINNING OF COMMENT
IS MARKED BY A SEMICOLON(;)
CHARACTER.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L10 OF 40
20 of 20
Assembly language
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
FUNDAMENTALS
* DATA DEFINITION
DIRECTIVES:BY USING DATA DEFINITION
DIRECTIVES THE VARIABLES
FOR STORAGE DEFINED.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L11 OF 40
1 of 27
Assembly language
DATA DEFINITION
DIRECTIVE TABLE:DIRECTIVE
DESCRIPTION
NUMBER OF
BYTES
ATTRIBUTE
DB
DEFINE BYTE
BYTE
DW
DEFINE WORD
WORD
DOUBLE
WORD
DD
DEFINE DOUBLE WORD

21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L11 OF 40
2 of 27
Assembly language
DATA DEFINITION
DIRECTIVE TABLE:DIREC- DESCRIPTION
TIVE
DQ
DT
DEFINEQUADWORD
DEFINE TEN
BYTES
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
NO. OF
BYTES
ATTRIBUTE
QUAD
WORD
10
TEN
BYTES
L11 OF 40
3 of 27
Assembly language
DATA DEFINITION
DIRECTIVES
* ATTRIBUTE:- IT REFERS TO
THE BASIC UNIT OF STORAGE
WHEN THE VARIABLE WAS
DEFINED.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L11 OF 40
4 of 27
Assembly language
DEFINE BYTE (DB)

* DB DIRECTIVE CREATS
STORAGE FOR A BYTE OR
GROUP OF BYTES , & OPTIO-NALLY ASSIGNS STARTING
VALUES.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L11 OF 40
5 of 27
Assembly language
SYNTAX FOR DEFINE

WORD:* [NAME] D B INTIAL VALUE,
[INITIAL VALUE],...
* EXAMPLE: NUMBER dB 20 b ,10h,
43h,2
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L11 OF 40
6 of 27
Assembly language
DEFINE WORD (DW)

* THIS DIRECTIVE CREATES
STORAGE FOR A WORD OR A
LIST OF WORDS &
OPTIONALLY GIVES THEM
STARTING VALUES.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L10 OF 40
7 of 27
Assembly language
SYNTAX FOR DEFINE

WORD:* [NAME] D W INITIAL
VALUE, [INITIAL VALUE]
*
EXAMPLE:- c d
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L10 OF 40
8 of 27
Assembly language
DEFINE DOUBLE
WORD (DD)
* THIS DIRECTIVE CREATES
STORAGE FOR 32 BIT DOUBLE
WORD VARIABLE, WITH OPTION
OF GIVING IT A STARTING
VALUE.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L11 OF 40
9 of 27
Assembly language
SYNTAX FOR DEFINE

DOUBLE WORD
* [NAME] DD INITIAL
VALUE [INITIAL VALUE].
*
EXAMPLE:-01234567h
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L11 OF 40
10 of 27
Assembly language
LABLE DIRECTIVE
* THIS DIRECTIVE ASSIGNS A
SPECIFIC ATTRIBUTE TO A
LABEL, IF LABEL IS USED IN
CODE SEGMENT .
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L11 OF 40
11 of 27
Assembly language
SYNTAX FOR LABEL

DIRECTIVE
*
name LABEL distance
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L11 OF 40
12 of 27
Assembly language
PROGRAM STRUCTURE
dos segment
model
small
;set up segment order
Stack
100th
;small memory model
code
;set stack size
main
proc
MOV AX, BX ; code(instructions)
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L11 OF 40
13 of 27
Assembly language
PROGRAM STRUCTURE
.
.
.
main
data
count
21/ 9/ 99
endp
db 10
CE-6265
;data(variables)
L11 OF 40
14 of 27
Assembly language
PROGRAM STRUCTURE
End
.
.
.
main
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
;end of assembly
L11 OF 40
15 of 27
Assembly language
DOSSEG
* THE DOSSEG DIRECTIVE
TELLS MASM TO PLACE THE
PROGRAM SEGMENTS IN A
STANDARD ORDER USED BY
MICROSOFT HIGH LEVEL
LANGUAGE.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L11 OF 40
16 of 27
Assembly language
MODEL DIRECTIVE
* THE MODEL DIRECTIVE
SELECTS A STANDARD
MEMORY MODEL FOR
PROGRAM.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L11 OF 40
17 of 27
Assembly language
MODEL DIRECTIVE
MODEL
TINY
21/ 9/ 99
DESCRIPTION
CODE & DATA TOGETHER MAY NOT
BE GREATER THAN
64 K.
CE-6265
L11 OF 40
18 of 27
Assembly language
MODEL DIRECTIVE
MODEL
DESCRIPTION
SMALL
NEITHER CODE
NOR DATA MAY
BE GREATER
THAN 64 K.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L11 OF 40
19 of 27
Assembly language
MODEL DIRECTIVE
MODEL
DESCRIPTION
MEDIUM
ONLY CODEMAY
BE GREATER
THAN 64 K.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L11 OF 40
20 of 27
Assembly language
MODEL DIRECTIVE
MODEL
COMPACT
21/ 9/ 99
DISCTRIPTION
ONLY DATA
MAY BE GREATER THAN 64K.
CE-6265
L11 OF 40
21 of 27
Assembly language
MODEL DIRECTIVE
MODLE
LARGE
21/ 9/ 99
DESCRIPTION
BOTH CODE &
DATA MAY BE
GREATER THAN
64 K.
CE-6265
L11 OF 40
22 of 27
Assembly language
MODEL DIRECTIVE
MODEL
HUGE
21/ 9/ 99
DESCRIPTION
ALL AVAILABLE
MEMORY BE USED
FOR CODE & DATA
CE-6265
L11 OF 40
23 of 27
Assembly language
PROGRAM SEGMENTS
* THREE SEGMENT DIRECTIVES
ARE USED:-
* STACK
* CODE
* DATA
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L11 OF 40
24 of 27
Assembly language
PROGRAM SEGMENTS
* STACK:- THIS DIRECTIVE
SETS ASIDE STACK SPACE FOR
USE BY THE PROGRAM.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L11 OF 40
25 of 27
Assembly language
PROGRAM SEGMENTS
* CODE:- THIS DIRECTIVE
IDENTIFIES THE START OF
CODE IN A PROGRAM.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L11 OF 40
26 of 27
Assembly language
PROGRAM SEGMENTS
*
DATA:- THIS DIRECTIVE

IDENTIFES THE START OF
DATA SEGMENT, WHERE
VARIABLES ARE DECLARED.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L11 OF 40
27 of 27
Assembly language
PROCEDURES
* GROUP OF RELATED
PROGRAM INSTRUCTION
WITH A COMMON FUNCTION.
NAME THAT IDENTIFIES ITS
STARTING LOCATION .
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L12 OF 40
1 of 24
Assembly language
* OFTEN CALLED AS ROUTINES

OR SUBROUTINES .
* ONE PROCEDURE INVOLVED IN
EVERY PROGRAM.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L12 OF 40
2 of 24
Assembly language
* PROC DIRECTIVE SHOWS THE

BEGINNING OF PROCEDURE.
* ENDP DIRECTIVE SHOWS THE
END OF PROCEDURE.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L12 OF 40
3 of 24
Assembly
PROCEDURE :- DATA
DIRECTIVE
.CODE
MAIN PROC
:
:
MAIN ENDP
SUB 1 PROC
language
:
.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L12 OF 40
4 of 24
Assembly language
SUB 1 ENDP.
:
SUB 2 PROC
:
SUB 2 ENDP
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L12 OF 40
5 of 24
Assembly language
THE END DIRECTIVE

MARKS THE LAST LINE IN
A
SOURCE PROGRAM TO
BE ASSEMBLED.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L12 OF 40
6 of 24
Assembly language
* ACCOMPLAINED BY A LABEL
THAT IDENTIFIES THE ENTRY
POINT, OR START, OF
PROGRAM EXECUTION .
* LINES OF TEXT PLACED AFTER
THE END DIRECTIVE IS IGNORED.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L12 OF 40
7 of 24
Assembly language
ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVE
* CODE:- MARK THE BEGINING
OF THE CODE SEGMENT.
* DATA:- MARK THE BEGINNING
OF THE DATA SEGMENT.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L12 OF 40
8 of 24
Assembly language
DOSSEG:-
USE STANDERDED
SEGMENT ORDERING.
END:-
END OF PROGRAM
ASSEMBLY.
ENDP:21/ 9/ 99
END OF PROCEDURES.
CE-6265
L12 OF 40
9 of 24
Assembly language
PAGE DIRECTIVE
* USE TO BEGIN A NEW PAGE
IN PROGRAM LISTING OR
TO SELECT THE NUMBER
LINES PER PAGE & LENGTH
OF EACH LINE.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L12 OF 40
10 of 24
Assembly language
EXAMPLE:PAGE, 32
TITLE EXCHANGE 2
VARIABLES (EXCH.ASM)
DOSSEG
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100h
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L12 OF 40
11 of 24
.CODE
Assembly language
MAIN PROC
mov ax, @data
mov ds,ax
SWAP:
mov al,va11
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L12 OF 40
12 of 24
Assembly language
xchg va12,a1
mov value,a1
mov ax,4000h
int 21h
MAIN ENDP
data
va11 db 10h
va12 db 20h
END MAIN
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L12 OF 40
13 of 24
Assembly language
TITLE DIRECTIVE
* DENTIFIES THE PROGRAM
LISTING TITLE.
* TEXT TYPE TO RIGHT OF IT IS
PRINTED AT THE TOP OF
EACH PAGE IN THE LISTING
FILE.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L12 OF 40
14 of 24
Assembly language
DOSSEG DIRECTIVE
* TELLS MASM TO PLACE
THE SEGMENTS IN
STANDARD ORDER .
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L12 OF 40
15 of 24
Assembly language
* PLACE SEGMENTS IN ANY

ORDER IN A SOURCE
PROGRAM.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L12 OF 40
16 of 24
Assembly language
.MODEL DIRECTIVE
* MOST EFFICIENT MODEL
THAT MAY BE DEBUGGED
EASILY USING CODE VIEW.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L12 OF 40
17 of 24
Assembly language
.STACK DIRCTIVE
* SETS THE SIZE OF PROGRAM
STACK, WHICH MAY BE ANY
SIZE UP TO 64K.
* STACK SEGMENT ADDRESSED
BY SS & SP REGISTER.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L12 OF 40
18 of 24
Assembly language
.CODE DIRECTIVE
* IDENTIFIES THE PART OF
THAT CONTAIN INSTRUCTIONS.
* ADDRESSED BY THE CS & IP
REGISTERS.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L12 OF 40
19 of 24
Assembly language
PROC DIRECTIVE
* CREATES A NAME & ADDRESS
FOR THE BEGINNING OF
PROCEDURE.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L12 OF 40
20 of 24
Assembly language
ENDP DIRECTIVE
* MARKS END OF PROCEDURE.
* ITS NAME MUST BE MATCH
THE NAME USED BY PROC
DIRECTIVE.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L12 OF 40
21 of 24
Assembly language
DATA DIRECTIVE
* VARIABLES DEFINED IN THE
AREA FOLLWING THE .DATA
DIRECTIVE, CALLED THE
DATA SEGMENT.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L12 OF 40
22 of 24
Assembly language
END DIRECTIVE
* TERMINATES THE ASSEMBLY
OF THE PROGRAM & ANY
STATEMENT AFTER IT
ARE IGNORED.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L12 OF 40
23 of 24
Assembly language
SYNTAX OF END
DIRECTIVE:-
END [entry point]

* ENTRY POINT TELLS ASSEMBLER
& LINKER WHERE THE
PROGRAM BEGINES EXECUTION.
21/ 9/ 99
CE-6265 L12 OF 40
24 of 24
Assembly language
PROGRAM INSTRUCTIONS:*
TWO INSTRUCTIONS TO
INITIALISE THE DS REGISTER.
MOV ax, @ data
MOV ds , ax
22/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L13 OF 40
1 of 21
Assembly language
@:- STANDERED IN MASM

IDENTIFIERS. STANDS FOR THE
LOCATION OF DATA SEGMENT.
22/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L13 OF 40
2 of 21
Assembly language
LABEL DIRECTIVE
* IT ASSIGNS A SPECIFIC
ATTRIBUTE e.g. BYTE TO LABEL.
* SYNTAX :--------
name LABEL distance

22/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L13 OF 40
3 of 21
Assembly language
TYPES OF INSTRUCTION
*1 BYTE INSTRUCTION
* 2 BYTE INSTRUCTION
* 3 BYTE INSTRUCTION
22/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L13 OF 40
4 of 21
Assembly language
INSTRUCTION SET
22/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L13 OF 40
5 of 21
Assembly language
INSTRUCTION SET
* DATA TRANSFER
* ARITHMETIC
* BIT MANIPULATION
22/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L13 OF 40
6 of 21
Assembly language
* STRING
* CONTROL TRANSFER
* PROCESSOR CONTROL
22/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L13 OF 40
7 of 21
Assembly language
DATA TRASFER
* MOV MEM / REG 1
* REGISTER TO REGISTER
* REGESTER TO MEMORY
22/ 9/ 99
CE-6265 L13 OF 40
8 of 21
Assembly language
MOV reg, data

* LOAD IMMEDIATE
DATA INTO REGISTER
* FOUR (4) CLOCK CYCLES
* NO FLAGS AFFECTED
22/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L13 OF 40
9 of 21
Assembly language
MOV MEM/reg,data
* MOVE IMMEDIATE DATA TO
REGISTER OR MEMORY
22/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L13 OF 40
10 of 21
Assembly language
* INVOLVES (10+EA) CLOCK

CYCLES
* NO FLAGS AFFECTED
22/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L13 OF 40
11 of 21
Assembly language
MOV AC,mem
* LOAD THE ACCUMULATOR
FROM MEMORY
* TAKES 10 CLOCK CYCLES
* NO FLAGS AFFECTED
22/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L13 OF 40
12 of 21
Assembly language
MOVS REG,mem/reg
* MOVE MEMORY OR REGISTER
DATA TO A SEGMENT
REGISTER
* NO FLAGS AFFECTED
22/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L13 OF 40
13 of 21
Assembly language
MOVmem/reg,seg reg
*MOV SEGMENT REGISTER
CONTENTS TO REGISTER
OR MEMORY
22/ 9/ 99
CE-6265 L13 OF 40
14 of 21
Assembly language
* TAKES TWO CLOCK

CYCLES
* NO FLAGS AFFECTED
22/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L13 OF 40
15 of 21
Assembly language
PUSH mem / reg

* SAVE REGISTER OR MEMORY
CONTENTS ON THE TOP OF
STACK
* TAKES (16+EA) CYCLES
* NO FLAGS AFFECTED
22/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L13 OF 40
16 of 21
Assembly language
PUSH reg
* WRITE 16 BIT REGISTER

CONTENTS ON THE TOP OF
STACK
* NO FLAGS AFFECTED
22/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L13 OF 40
17 of 21
Assembly language
POP mem/reg
* RETRIEVE A WORD FROM THE

TOP OF STACK
* TAKES (17+EA) CLOCK
CYCLES
* NO FLAGS AFFECTED
22/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L13 OF 40
18 of 21
Assembly language
POP reg
* RETRIEVE 16-BIT CONTENTS
FROM TOP OF STACK
* 8 CLOCK CYCLES
* NO FLAGS AFFECTED
22/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L13 OF 40
19 of 21
Assembly language
POP seg reg

* RETRIEVE THE TOP OF
STACK CONTENTS TO THE
SEGMENT REGISTER
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L13 OF 40
20 of 21
Assembly language

* INCLUDES POPF,LAHF,SAHF &
XCHG reg
22/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L13 OF 40
21 of 21
Assembly language
ARITHMETIC
* ADD ac,data
* ADD IMMEDIATE DATA
TO AX OR AL REGISTER
* SIX FLAGS AFFECTED
22/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L14 OF 40
1 of 21
Assembly language
ADD mem/reg,data
* ADD IMMEDIATE 8-OR 16-BIT
DATA TO REGISTER
22/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L14 OF 40
2 of 21
Assembly language
ADD mem/reg1
* MEMORY TO REGISTER
* REGISTER TO MEMORY
22/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L14 OF 40
3 of 21
Assembly language
ADC ac, data
*ADD IMMEDIATE DATA WITH

CARRY TO AX OR AL REGISTER
22/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L14 OF 40
4 of 21
Assembly language
ADC mem/reg,data
* ADD IMMEDIATE 8-OR 16-BIT
DATA WITH CARRY TO
REGISTER OR MEMORY
22/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L14 OF 40
5 of 21
Assembly language
ADC mem/reg 2
* MEMORY TO REGISTER
* REGISTER TO MEMORY
* TAKES (16+EA) CLOCK
CYCLES
22/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L14 OF 40
6 of 21
Assembly language
SUB ac,data
* SUBTRACT IMMEDIATE
DATA FROM AL OR AX
REGISTER
22/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L14 OF 40
7 of 21
Assembly language
SUB mem/reg,data
* SUBTRACT IMMEDIATE
DATA FROM REGISTER
OR MEMORY LOCATION
22/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L14 OF 40
8 of 21
Assembly language
SUB mem/reg1
* REGISTER FROM REGISTER
* REGISTER FROM MEMORY
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L14 OF 40
9 of 21
Assembly language
CMP ac, data

* COMPARE 8-BIT OR 16BIT IMMEDIATE DATA
WITH ACCUMULATOR.
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L14 OF 40
10 of 21
Assembly language
* TAKES 4 CLOCK CYCLES.

* SEVEN FLAGS AFFECTED.
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L14 OF 40
11 of 21
Assembly language
INC reg
* INCREMENT REGISTER
CONTENTS BY 1
* O,S,Z,AC,P FLAGS
AFFECTED
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L14 OF 40
12 of 21
Assembly language
DEC reg
* DECREMENT 16-BIT
REGISTER CONTENTS BY 1.
* O , S, Z, AC & P FLAGS
AFFECTED.
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L14 OF 40
13 of 21
Assembly language
PUSH SEG reg

* PUSH SEGMENT REGISTER
CONTENTS ONTO STACK
* NO FLAGS AFFECTED
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L14 OF 40
14 of 21
PUSHF
Assembly language
* PUSH THE FLAG

REGISTER CONTENTS TO
THE TOP OF STACK
* NO FLAGS AFFECTED
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L14 OF 40
15 of 21
Assembly language
NEG mem/reg
* NEGATE THE CONTENTS
OF A REGISTER OR
MEMORY LOCATION.
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L14 OF 40
16 of 21
Assembly language

* O , S , Z , AC , P & C FLAGS ARE
AFFECTED
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L14 OF 40
17 of 21
DAA
Assembly language
* IT CONVERT BINARY RESULT

OF ADD OR ADC INSTRUCTION
* S,Z,AC, P & C FLAGS AFFECTED
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L14 OF 40
18 of 21
Assembly language
DAS
* IT CONVERTS BINARY RESULT
OF A SUB OR SSB INSTRUCTION
* S ,Z, AC ,P & C FLAGS AFFECTED
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L14 OF 40
19 of 21
Assembly language
AAA
* IT ADJUSTS BINARY RESULT OF
ADD OR ADC INSTRUCTION
* O, S, Z & P FLAGS AFFECTED
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L14 OF 40
20 of 21
Assembly language
AAS
* IT ADJUSTS BINARY
RESULT OF A SUB OF SSB
INSTRUCTION
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L14 OF 40
21 of 21
Assembly language
BIT MANIPULATION
* LOGICAL INSTRUCTION
* SHIFT INSTRUCTION
* ROTATE INSTRUCTION
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L15 OF 40
1 of 23
Assembly language
LOGICAL INSTRUCTION
* AND ac ,data
* AN IMMEDIATE DATA WITH
AL OR AX REGISTER
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L15 OF 40
2 of 23
Assembly language
AND mem/reg,data
* AND IMMEDIATE DATA WITH
REGISTER OR MEMORY
LOCATION
* O, S, Z, & P FLAGS AFFECTED
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L15 OF 40
3 of 23
Assembly language
OR ac, data
* OR IMMEDIATE DATA WITH
THE AL OR AX REGISTER
* S, Z, & P FLAGS AFFECTED
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L15 OF 40
4 of 23
Assembly language
XOR ac, data

* XOR IMMEDIATE DATA
WITH AL OR AX
REGISTER
* AC FLAGS AFFECTED
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L15 OF 40
5 of 23
Assembly language
TEST ac, data

* AND IMMEDIATE DATA
WITH AL OR AX REGISTER
* AC FLAGS AFFECTED
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L15 OF 40
6 of 23
Assembly language
NOT mem/reg
* COMPLEMENT REGISTER
OR MEMORY LOCATION
* NO FLAGS AFFECTED
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L15 OF 40
7 of 23
Assembly language
ROTATE INSTRUCTION
* ROTATE REGISTER OR MEMORY
LOCATION CONTENTS LEFT BY
NO. OF BITS.
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L15 OF 40
8 of 23
Assembly language
* ROL mem/reg, count

* O & C FLAGS AFFECTED
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L15 OF 40
9 of 23
Assembly language
ROR mem/reg count

* ROTATE REGISTER OR
MEMORY LOCATION
CONTENTS RIGHT BY
NUMBER OF BITS
*O AND C FLAGS AFFECTED
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L15 OF 40
10 of 23
Assembly language
RCL mem/reg,count
*ROTATE REGISTER OR MEMORY
LOCATION CONTENTS LEFT
THROUGH CARRY BY NUMBER OF
BITS
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L15 OF 40
11 of 23
Assembly language
RCR mem/reg,count
* ROTATE REGISTER OR
MEMORY LOCATION CONTENTS
RIGHT THROUGH CARRY BY
NUMBER OF BITS
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L15 OF 40
12 of 23
Assembly language
STRING
INSTRUCTION
* REPEAT, REPEAT WHILE

EQUAL, REPEAT WHILE
ZERO, REPEAT WHILE NOT
EQUAL
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L15 OF 40
13 of 23
Assembly language
* REP/REPE/REPZ/REPNE
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L15 OF 40
14 of 23
Assembly language
MOVE STRING
* IT TRANSFERS A BYTE OR
WORD FROM SOURCE
STRING ADDRESSED BY SI
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L15 OF 40
15 of 23
Assembly language
CMPS
DESTINATION
* IT SUBTRACTS THE
DESTINATION BYTE OR WORD
ADDRESSED BY DI
FROM SOURCE BYTE OR
WORD ADDRESSED BY SI
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L15 OF 40
16 of 23
Assembly language
SCAS DESTINATION
* IT SUBTRACTS THE
DESTINATION STRING
ELEMENT BY DI FROM
CONTENTS OF AL OR AX
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L15 OF 40
17 of 23
Assembly language
STOS DESTINATIONSTRING
* IT TRANSFERS BYTE OR WORD
FROM REGISTER AL OR AX TO
STRING ADDRESSED BY DI
REGISTER
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L15 OF 40
18 of 23
Assembly language
LODS source-string
* IT TRANSFERS A BYTE OR
WORD STRING ADDRESSED
BY SI TO AL OR AX
REGISTER
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L15 OF 40
19 of 23
Assembly language
CONTROL TRANSFER
* CALL disp-16
*CALL THE SUBROUTINE OR
PROCEDURE SPECIFIED IN
THE OPERAND
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L15 OF 40
20 of 23
Assembly language
CALL mem/reg
* MOVE THE CONTENTS OF THE

REGISTER OR MEMORY
LOCATION TO PC REGISTER
* REGISTER---- 16 CYCLES
* MEMORY----- (21+EA) CYCLES
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L15 OF 40
21 of 23
Assembly language
RET
* RETURN FROM THE
INTRASEGMENT
SUBROUTINE
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L15 OF 40
22 of 23
Assembly language
RET disp-16
* RETURN FROM INTRASEGMENT
SUBROUTINE & ADD 16-BIT
DISPLACEMENT TO
STACK POINTER
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L15 OF 40
23 of 23
Assembly language
JMP disp-16
* ADD THE CONTENTS OF 16BIT DISPLACEMENT TO THE
PC CONTENTS
* IT IS AN INTRASEGMENT
UNCONDITIONAL JUMP
INSTRUCTION
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L16 OF 40
1 of 27
Assembly language
JMP disp-8
* ADD THE SIGNED 8-BIT
DISPLACEMENT TO THE PC
CONTENTS
* IT IS 2-BYTE INSTRUCTION
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L16 OF 40
2 of 27
Assembly language
JMP mem/reg
* JUMP TO INSTRUCTION
SPECIFIED BY OPERAND INTO PC
REGISTER
* REGISTER-----11 CYCLES
* MEMORY-----(16+EA) CYCLES
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L16 OF 40
3 of 27
Assembly language
CALL addr
* THE CPU DECREMENTS THE
SP BY 2 & PUSHES CS
REGISTER CONTENTS ON TOP
OF STACK
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L16 OF 40
4 of 27
Assembly language
CALL mem
* STORE THE CONTENTS OF CS &
PC REGISTER ON TOP OF THE
STACK
* TAKES (37+EA) CLOCK CYCLES
* OBJECT CODE 2 TO 4 BYTES
LONG
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L16 OF 40
5 of 27
Assembly language
RET
* IT IS A RETURN INSTRUCTION
* INSTRUCTION POPS TWO BYTES
FROM TOP OF STACK INTO
PROGRAM COUNTER
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L16 OF 40
6 of 27
Assembly language
RET disp-16
* THIS INSTRUCTION POPS TWO
STACK BYTES INTO CS
REGISTER
* RETURN FROM SUBROUTINE &
ADD TO STACK POINTER
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L16 OF 40
7 of 27
Assembly language
JMP addr
* JUMP TO INSTRUCTION
IDENTIFIED IN THE OPERAND
* IT IS A 5 BYTE INSTRUCTION
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L16 OF 40
8 of 27
Assembly language
JMP mem
* MOVE THE WORD AT THE
SPECIFIED MEMORY LOCATION
INTO PC REGISTER
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L16 OF 40
9 of 27
Assembly language
LOOP disp-8
* IT DECREMENTS CX
REGISTER BY 1 EACH TIME
IT IS EXECUTED
* CX # 0---17 CLOCK CYCLES
* CX=0---- 5 CLOCK CYCLES
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L16 OF 40
10 of 27
Assembly language
LOOPE / LOOPZ
* CX REGISTER DECREMENT BY 1
* LOOP WHILE EQUAL OR LOOP
WHILE ZERO
* JUMP PERFORM--18 CYCLE
* JUMP NOT ----6 CYCLES
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L16 OF 40
11 of 27
Assembly language
JCXZ disp-8
* IT IS USEFUL AT BEGINING
OF LOOP OR SUBPROGRAM
TO PASS IT IF CX=0
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L16 OF 40
12 of 27
Assembly language
INT
* IT IS USED AS THE BREAK
POINT INTERRUPT
* OBJECT CODE IS CC
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L16 OF 40
13 of 27
Assembly language
INT nn
* IT IS USED TO PROVIDE INTER-RUPT SERVICE PROCEDURES
FOR HARDWARE INTERRUPTS
* IT IS SOFTWARE INTERRUPT OF
TYPE nn
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L16 OF 40
14 of 27
Assembly language
IRET
* IT IS A LAST INSTRUCTION IN
ANY INTERRUPT PROCEDURE
* IT IS AN INTERRUPT RETURN
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L16 OF 40
15 of 27
Assembly language
INTO interrupt on
overflow
* IT GENERATES SOFTWARE
INTERRUPT IF OF = 1
* OBJECT CODE IS CE
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L16 OF 40
16 of 27
Assembly language
* IT IS A TYPE OF 4 SOFTWARE
INTERRUPT
* THE OBJECT CODE IS CE
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L16 OF 40
17 of 27
Assembly language
PROCESSOR
CONTROL
* CLC----- CLEAR THE CF
FLAG
* OBJECT CODE IS F8
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L16 OF 40
18 of 27
Assembly language
CMC
* COMPLEMENT THE CF
FLAG
* OBJECT CODE IS F5
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L16 OF 40
19 of 27
Assembly language
STC
* SET THE CF FLAG
* OBJECT CODE IS F9
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L16 OF 40
20 of 27
Assembly language
CLD
*CLEAR THE DF FLAG
* OBJECT CODE IS FC
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L16 OF 40
2 1 of 27
STD
Assembly language
* SET THE DF FLAG

* OBJECT CODE IS FD
* CAUSES STRING OPERATION TO
AUTO-DECREMENT OPERAND
REGISTER
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L16 OF 40
22 of 27
CLI
Assembly language
* CLEAR THE IF FLAG

* IT DISABLES THE INTERRUPT
ON THE INTR TERMINAL
* OBJECT CODE IS FA
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L16 OF 40
23 of 27
Assembly language
STI
* SET THE IF FLAG
* IT ENABLES EXTERNAL
INTERRUPT ON INTR PIN
* OBJECT CODE IS FB
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L16 OF 40
24 of 27
Assembly language
HLT
* HALT STOPS CPU UNTIL A
HARDWARE INTERRUPT
OCCURS
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L16 OF 40
25 of 27
Assembly language
WAIT
* IN CASE OF NMI,THE
PROCESSOR WILL COME
OUT OF WAIT-STATE
* TAKES (3+5n) CYCLES
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L16 OF 40
26 of 27
Assembly language
* IT SERVICES THE INTERRUPT
SERVICE ROUTINE
* OBJECT CODE IS 9B
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L16 OF 40
27 of 27
LOCK
Assembly language
* IT FORCES 8086 (MAX) LOCK

PIN TO LOW LEVEL
* ONE BYTE INSTRUCTION
* OBJECT CODE IS FO
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L17 OF 40
1 of 23
Assembly language
ESC mem
* IT PLACES CONTENTS OF
SPECIFIED MEMORY LOCATION
ON DATA BUS
* OBJECT CODE IS D8 TO DFH
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L17 OF 40
2 of 23
Assembly language
NOP
* NO OPERATION
* OBJECT CODE IS 90
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L17 OF 40
3 of 23
Assembly language
SAR mem/reg,count
* IT IS AN ARITHMETIC
RIGHT SHIFT INSTRUCTION
* O , S , Z , P & C FLAGS ARE
AFFECTED
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L17 OF 40
4 of 23
Assembly language
SHR mem/reg,count
* SHIFT THE REGISTER OR MEM-ORY LOCATION CONTENT
RIGHT
* O, S ,Z ,C , P FLAGS AFFECTED
* LOGICAL SHIFT INSTRUCTION
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L17 OF 40
5 of 23
Assembly language
SHL mem/reg,count
* SHIFT THE MEMORY OR
REGISTER COUNTS
* OBJECT CODE IS 2 TO 4 BYTES
* O,S,Z,P & C FLAGS AFFECTED
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L17 OF 40
6 of 23
Assembly language
PROGRAM
STRUCTURE
* A SAMPLE PROGRAM
* DOSSEG
* THE MODEL DIRECTIVE
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L17 OF 40
7 of 23
Assembly language
PROGRAM SEGMENT
*.STACK, .CODE & .DATA SEGMENT
DIRECTIVES ARE USED.
* THESE ARE PLACED IN ANY
ORDER WITHIN A PROGRAM.
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L17 OF 40
8 of 23
Assembly language
PROCEDURES
* IT IS A GROUP OF RELATED
PROGRAM INSTRUCTIONS WITH
A COMMON FUNCTION.
* IT IS ALSO CALLED ROUTINES OR
SUBROUTINES.
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L17 OF 40
9 of 23
Assembly language
THE END
DIRECTIVE
* IT MARKS THE LAST LINE IN A
SOURCE PROGRAM TO BE
ASSEMBLED.
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L17 OF 40
10 of 23
Assembly language
* IT IS ACCOMPLISHED BY A
LABELTHAT IDENTIFIES ENTRY
POINT OR START.
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L17 OF 40
1 1 of 23
Assembly language
SUM OF DATA
* CALCULATE SUM OF
SERIES OF 10 NUMBERS.
STORE RESULT IN
MEMORY LOCATION
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L17 OF 40
12 of 23
Assembly language
* Page , 132
title- sum of 10
numbers(SUM.ASM)
dosseg
. Model small
. Stack 100h
. Code
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L17 OF 40
13 of 23
Assembly language
mov cx, 10
mov si, offset array
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L17 OF 40
14 of 23
Assembly language
BACK:
add di,[si]
adc dh, 0
inc si
loop back
mov total,dx
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L17 OF 40
15 of 23
Assembly language
mov ax, 4C00h
; return to dos
INT 2h
main endp
.data
array db 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 10, 11
12, 13
total dw 0
end main
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L17 OF 40
16 of 23
Assembly language
FIND MAXIMUM
FIND THE LARGEST
ELEMENT IN A BLOCK
OF DATA.
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L17 OF 40
17 of 23
Assembly language
* THE LENGTH OF BLOCK IS OAW.

* STORE THE MAXIMUM IN
MEMORY
22/ 9/ 99
LOCATION .
MP 503
L17 OF 40
18 of 23
Assembly language
ALGORITHM
* title Maximum in given series
dosseg
.model small
.stack 100h
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L17 OF 40
19 of 23
Assembly language
. Code
main proc
mov ax, @data
;initialize ds reg.
Mov ds, ax
mov si, offset list ; initialize si reg.
Mov al, 07th
; largest +ve no.
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L17 OF 40
20 of 23
Assembly language
Mov cx, 0ah

Back: cmp a1,[si]
; no. of elements
; is next element>
maximums
;
jnc ahead
mov a1,[si]
Inc si
22/ 9/ 99
;yes, replace max.
MP 503
L17 OF 40
21 of 23
Assembly language
Ahead :
loop back
mov result, a1
mov ax, 4C00h
int 21h
; return to dos
main endp
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L17 OF 40
22 of 23
Assembly language
.data
list db 80, 81, 78, 65, 43, 23, 65, 12,
10, 11
result db ?
End main.data
.data
22/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L17 OF 40
23 of 23
Assembly language
PASSING
PARAMETERS
THROUGH STACK
TITLE:- BCD TO BINARY
CONVERSION.
Dosseg
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L18 OF 40
1 of 32
Assembly language
.model small
.stack 100h
.code
main proc
mov ax, @ data
mov ds, ax
mov a1, bcd
push ax
call bcdbin
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L18 OF 40
2 of 32
Pop ax Assembly
mov bin,a1
mov ax, 4C00h
INT 21h
language
main endp.
23/ 9/ 99
Bcdbin proc near

pushf
push ax
push bx
push cx
MP 503
L18 OF 40
3 of 32
Push bp Assembly
mov bp, sp
mov ax, [BP+12]
mov b1, a1
and b1, 0fh
and a1, 0f0h
mov c1, 04
ror a1, c1
mov bh, 0ah
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L18 OF 40
language
4 of 32
Assembly language
Mul bh.
Add a1, b1
mov [BP+12],ax
pop bp
pop cx
pop bx
pop ax
popf
ret
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L18 OF 40
5 of 32
Assembly language
Bcdbin endp.
.data
bcd db 32h
bin db ?
End main
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L18 OF 40
6 of 32
Assembly language
SEPARATELY
ASSEMBLED MODULES
* PROCEDURES WRITTEN IN
DIFFERENT ASSEMBLY
MODULE.
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L18 OF 40
7 of 32
Assembly language
* LINKED TOGETHER WITH

MAIN LINE PROGRAM TO
FORM A BIGGER MODULE.
* TO RESOLVE CORRECT
ADDRESS 2 ASSEMBLER
DIRECTIVE.
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L18 OF 40
8 of 32
Assembly language
TYPES OF ASSEMBLER
DIRECTIVES
#
#
23/ 9/ 99
PUBLIC
EXTRN
MP 503
L18 OF 40
9 of 32
Assembly language
PUBLIC
* VARIABLES DEFINED IN
ONE MODULE, BUT USED
IN ANOTHER MODULE.
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L18 OF 40
10 of 32
Assembly language
EXAMPLE:PUBLIC DISPLAY, TELLS THE

LINKER THAT DISPLAY
VARIABLE CAN BE LEGALLY
ACCESSED BY ANOTHER
ASSEMBLY MODULE.
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L18 OF 40
11 of 32
Assembly language
EXTRN
* VARIABLES BEING USED
IN THIS MODULE, BUT
HAS BEEN DEFINED SOME
WHERE ALSO.
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L18 OF 40
12 of 32
Assembly language
* TELLS THE LINKER TO LOOK

FOR THE ADDRESS OF VARI-ABLE IN MODULE, IN WHICH
IT IS DEFINED AS PUBLIC.
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L18 OF 40
13 of 32
Assembly language
* TELLS THE ASSEMBLER TO

LEAVE THE ADDRESS OF
VARIABLE UNRESOLVED.
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L18 OF 40
14 of 32
Assembly language
INTERFACING
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
ROUTINES
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE CAN BE
INTERFACED WITH MOST OF
HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE.
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L18 OF 40
15 of 32
Assembly language
* HOW IS SUBROUTINE
INVOLVED ?
* HOW ARE PARAMETERS
PASSED ?
* HOW ARE THE VALUES
RETURNED ?
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L18 OF 40
16 of 32
Assembly language
INTERFACE ASSEMBLY
LANGUAGE WITH C OR
C++
* SPECIFIC SEGMENT NAME
GIVEN TO THE CODE SEGMENT
OF ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE SUBROUTINE.
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L18 OF 40
17 of 32
Assembly language
THE NAME VARIES DEPENDING

ON THE C COMPILER USED.
* MICROSOFT C, QUICK C &
TURBO C REQUIRE THE
SEGMENT NAME TO BE _
TEXT OR SEGMENT NAME
WITH SUFFIX _ TEXT.
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L18 OF 40
18 of 32
Assembly language
* C PASSES THE VARIABLE TO

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE TO THE
STACK. FUNCTION CALLING
SYNTAX OF
function-name( arg1, arg2, . arg n)
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L18 OF 40
19 of 32
Assembly language
* IN ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
SOURCE FILE, THE
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
ROUTINES TO BE CALLED
FROM C MUST BEGIN WITH
UNDERLINE CHARACTER.
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L18 OF 40
20 of 32
Assembly language
TO SAVE ANY SPECIAL

PURPOSE REGISTERS LIKE
(CS, DS, SS, ES , BP , SI OR DI)
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
ROUTINE MAY DISTURB.
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L18 OF 40
21 of 32
Assembly language
ADDM SUBROUTINE
TITLE:- SUBROUTINE
CALLED BY C
public _ addm
_Text segment byte publicCODE
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L18 OF 40
22 of 32
Assembly language
Assume CS : _text.
_addm proc near
push bp
mov bp, sp
mov ax, [bp+8]
add ax [bp+6]
add ax [bp+4]
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L18 OF 40
23 of 32
Assembly language
pop bp
ret
_addm endp
text ends
end
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L18 OF 40
24 of 32
Assembly language
ASSEMBLING &
LINKING
ASSEMBLE THE PROGRAM
MASM /L / N / C exch .
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L18 OF 40
25 of 32
Assembly language
* LINKS AND LOADS THE MEM-ORY & BEGINES TO READ

THE SOURCE PROGRAM.
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L18 OF 40
26 of 32
Assembly language
DOS
MASM
COMMAND
LINE
EXCH;
COMMENT
CREATE ONLY
AN OBJECT
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
FILE NAME
L18 OF 40
27 of
EXCH.OBJ.
32
Assembly language
MASM/L EXCH;
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
CREATE A
LISTING
FILE NAMED
EXCH .LST
L18 OF 40
28 of 32
Assembly language
MASM/L/N EXCH;
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
CREATE A
LISTING FILE
BUT SUPRESS
THE SYMBOL
TABLE THAT
USUALLY PRI-NTED AT THE
END.
L18 OF 40
29 of 32
Assembly language
MASM/Z
EXCH;
CREATE AN
OBJECT &
DISPLAY SOURCE
LINES CONTAINING
ERRORS IN SCREEN
23/ 9/ 99
DURING ASSEMBLY.
MP 503
L18 OF 40
30 of 32
Assembly language
MASM/C
23/ 9/ 99
EXCH;
CREATE A
CROSS
REFERENCE FILE
NAME EXCH.CRF
THAT CONTAINS
LINE NUMBERS OF
ALL NAMES IN THE
PROGRAM.
MP 503
L18 OF 40
31 of 32
Assembly language
MASM/ZI EXCH;
PLACE A LIST
OF SYMBOLS
& LINE
NUMBER IN
OBJECT
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
FILE FOR USE.

L18 OF 40
32 of 32
Assembly language
LINK THE PROGRAM

LINKER PROGRAM READS
THE OBJECT FILE AS INPUT

CREATES AN EXECUTABLE
FILE & OPTIONALLY CREATES
A mup FILE.
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L19 OF 40
1 of 22
Assembly language
LINKER OPTION
COMMAND LINE TO PREPARE
AN EXECUTABLE FILE FOR
DEBUGGING WITH CODE-VIEW IS:
LINK/CO. EXCH;
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L19 OF 40
2 of 22
Assembly language
OPTION
/A
ACTION
WRITES SEGMENTS
IN ALPHABETICAL
ORDER.
/B
SETS THE BUFFER

23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L19 OF 40
3 of 22
Assembly language
/C
CREATES CROSS
REFERENCE FILE.
/D
CREATES A PASS
1 LISTING.
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L19 OF 40
4 of 22
Assembly language
/D symbol
[=value]
/E
DEFINES AN
ASSEMBLER
SYMBOL.
CREATES CODE
FOR EMULATED
FLOATING POINT
INSTRUCTIONS.
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L19 OF 40
5 of 22
Assembly language
/H
LIST COMMAND
LINE SYNTAX &
ALL ASSEMBLER
OPTIONS.
/I path
23/ 9/ 99
SETS THE INCLUDE

FILE SEARCH PATH.
MP 503
L19 OF 40
6 of 22
Assembly language
/L
SPECIFIES AN
ASSEMBLY
LISTING FILES.
/ML
MAKES NAMES
CASE
SENSITIVE.
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L19 OF 40
7 of 22
Assembly language
/MU
CONVERTS NAMES
TO UPPER CASE
LETTER.
/MX
MAKES PUBLIC
AND EXTERNAL
NAME CASE
SENSITIVE.
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L19 OF 40
8 of 22
Assembly language
/IV
SUPPRESSES TABLES IN
THE LISTING FILE.
/P
CHECK FOR IMPURE CODE.
/T
SUPPRESSES MESSAGES
FOR SUCCESSFUL ASSEM-BLY.
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L19 OF 40
9 of 22
Assembly language
/V
DISPLAY EXTRA
STATISTICS
ON THE SCREEN.
/W{0/1/2}
SETS THE ERROR

DISPLAY LEVEL.
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L19 OF 40
10 of 22
Assembly language
/Z
/ZI
DISPLAYS ERRORNEOUS
SOURCES LINES ON THE
SCREEN DURING
ASSEMBLY.
CREATES A CODE
VIEW COMPATIBLE
OBJECT FILE.
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L19 OF 40
1 1 of 22
Assembly language
RUN THE
PROGRAM
PROGRAM RUN BY TYPING ITS
NAME ON THE DOS COMMAND
LINE.
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L19 OF 40
12 of 22
Assembly language
EXE PROGRAMS
MANY ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
PROGRAMS ARE DESIGNED TO
BE ASSEMBLED AS EXE
PROGRAMS.
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L19 OF 40
13 of 22
Assembly language
PREFERENCE OF
EXE PROGRAM
CODEVIEW CAN DISPLAY
SOURCE STATEMENTS FROM
EXE PROGRAMS , MAKING THEM
BETTER SUITED TO DEBUGGING.
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L19 OF 40
14 of 22
Assembly language
EXE FORMAT ASSEMBLER

PROGRAMS ARE MORE EASILY
CONVERTED INTO SUBROUTINES FOR HIGH LEVEL
LANGUAGES.
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L19 OF 40
15 of 22
Assembly language
PROGRAM TEMPLATE
USED WHEN NEW
PROGRAMS.
SIMPLIFIED SEGMENT
DIRECTIVES ARE USED
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L19 OF 40
16 of 22
Assembly language
EXE PROGRAM
TEMPLATE
PAGE, 132
title
dosseg
23/ 9/ 99
CE 6265 L19 OF 40
17 of 22
Assembly language
.model small
.stack 100h
.code
Main proc
MOV ax,@ data
MOV ds, ax
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L19 OF 40
18 of 22
Assembly language
:
:
MOV ax, 4cooh
INT 21h
main endp.
.data
end main.
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L19 OF 40
19 of 22
Assembly language
USE OF BATCH
FILE
echo off
cls
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L19 OF 40
20 of 22
Assembly language
masm/I/n%1;
if error level 1 go to end
link %1;
: end.
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L19 OF 40
21 of 22
Assembly language
EQUATES
THIS ALLOW CONSTANTS
& LITERALS TO BE GIVEN

SYMBOLIC NAMES.
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L19 OF 40
22 of 22
Assembly language
EQUAL SIGN
DIRECTIVE
CREATES AN ABSOLUTE
SYMBOL BY ASSIGNING
THE NUMERIC EXPRESS-ION TO A NAME.
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L20 OF 40
1 of 22
Assembly language
SYNTAX :-
NAME=EXPRESSION
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L20 OF 40
1 of 22
Assembly language
THE EQU DIRECTIVE

ASSIGNS TO A STRING OR
A NUMERIC CONSTANT.
INCREASES THE READ
ABILITY OF A PROGRAM.
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L20 OF 40
2 of 22
Assembly language
OPERATORS &
EXPRESSIONS
AN EXPRESSION IS A
COMBINATION OF OPERATORS
OPERAND IS CONVERTED BY
THE ASSEMBLER INTO A SINGLE
VALUE
23/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L20 OF 40
3 of 22
Assembly language
TYPES OF OPERATORS
*ARITHMATIC OPERATOR
*BOOLEAN OPERATOR
*OFFSET OPERATOR
*SEG OPERATOR
*PTR OPERATOR
23/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L20 OF 40
4 of 22
Assembly language
ARITHMATIC
OPERATOR
THESE OPERATORS MAY BE USED
ONLY WITH INTEGERS, WITH
EXECEPTION OF UNARY PLUS(+)
AND MINUS (-) AND ALSO WITH
REAL NUMBERS.
23/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L20 OF 40
5 of 22
Assembly language
BOOLEAN
OPERATORS
THE AND ,OR ,NOT , & EXOR
OPERATORS USED IN ASSEMBLER
EXPRESSIONS,WHICH EVALUATED
AT ASSEMBLY TIME.
23/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L20 OF 40
6 of 22
Assembly language
THE STAT & COUNTER HAVE

BEEN DECLARED USING
EQUATES. THE VALID EXPRES-SION IS:stat AND Ofh
(Counter or 10h)& 7Fh
Not stat
(Counter *20)& 110000h
23/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L20 OF 40
7 of 22
Assembly language
OFFSET OPERATOR
RETURNS THE DISTANCE OF
LABEL OR VARIABLE FROM
THE BEGINNING OF ITS
SEGMENT.
23/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L20 OF 40
8 of 22
Assembly language
SEG OPERATOR
RETURNS THE SEGMENT
VALUE OF A LABEL OR
VARIABLE .
USED TO PLACE AN ADDRESS

IN A SEGMENT REGISTER.
23/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L20 OF 40
9 of 22
Assembly language
PTR OPERATOR
FORCES A VARIABLE OR
LEVEL TO BE USED AS IF IT
WERE OF A SPECIFIED TYPE.
SYNTAX:- type PTR
23/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L20 OF 40
10 of 22
Assembly language
OPERANDS WITH
DISPLACEMENTS
ADDITION & SUBTRACT-ION OPERATORS USED
TO ACCESS A LIST OF
VALUES.
23/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L20 OF 40
11 of 22
Assembly language
ADDITION OPERATOR ADDS

TO THE OFFSET OF LABEL.
EXAMPLE:MOV b1, array 1
TO ACCESS THE BYTE IN
ARRAY 1, ADD 1 TO LEBEL:
MOV BL, array 1+1
23/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L20 OF 40
12 of 22
Assembly language
SUBTRACT OPERATOR IS TO
SUBTRACT FROM A LABELS
OFFSET.
23/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L20 OF 40
13 of 22
Assembly language
EXAMPLE:MOV BL, donelist-1;MOV 1-BL.

:
:
List db 5,4,3,2,1
Donelist db 0
23/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L20 OF 40
14 of 22
Assembly language
MASM OPERATORS
HIGH:- RETURNS THE HIGH

8 BITS OF A CONSTANT
EXPRESSION.
23/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L20 OF 40
15 of 22
Assembly language
LOW:- RETURNS THE LOW 8

BITS OF A CONSTANT
EXPRESSION.
LENGTH:- RETURNS THE
NUMBER OF BYTE,
DWORD, QWORD, OR
10 BYTE ELEMENTS
23/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L20 OF 40
16 of 22
IN A VARIABLE.
Assembly language
MASK:- RETURNS A BIT MASK

FOR THE BIT POSIONS
IN A FIELD WITHIN A
VARIABLE. THE VARI-ABLE DEFINED WITH
RECORD DIRECTIVE.
23/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L20 OF 40
17 of 22
Assembly language
SEG:- RETURNS THE SEGMENT

VALUE OF AN EXPRESSION,
WHETHER IT BE A VARI-ABLE, SEGMENTS/GROUP
NAME, A LABEL OR ANY
OTHER SYMBOL.
23/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L20 OF 40
18 of 22
Assembly language
SIZE:- RETURNS THE TOTAL NO.

OF BYTES ALLOCATED
FOR A VARIABLE.
EQ,NE,LT,LE,GT,GE, RETURN A
VALUE OF OFFFFh WHEN A
RELATION IS TRUE OR 0
WHEN FALSE.
23/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L20 OF 40
19 of 22
Assembly language
STRUCTURE FIELD NAME(.):IDENTIFIES A FIELD WITH-IN A PREDEFINED STRUC-TURE BY ADDING THE

OFFSET OF THE FIELD TO
THE OFFSET OF A
VARIABLE.
FORMAT: Variable.field.
23/ 9/ 99
CE-6265
L20 OF 40
20 of 22
Assembly language
THIS:-
CREATES AN OPERAND
OF SPECIFIED TYPE AT
THE CURRET PROGRAM
LOCATION.
TYPE:-
RETURNS A BYTE THAT

DEFINES THE MODE &
23/ 9/ 99
MP 503
L20 OF 40
21 of 22
SCOPE OF AN
Assembly language
WIDTH:-
23/ 9/ 99
RETURNS THE NUMBER

OF BITS OF A GIVEN
FIELD WITHIN A
VARIABLE. THE
VARIABLE DEFINED
USING THE RECORD
DIRECTIVE.
CE-6265
L20 OF 40
22 of 22
Assembly Language
SUM OF DATA
TITLE:- SUM OF 10 NUMBERS.

Dosseg
.Model small
.stack 100h
24/09/99
CE-6265
L21 of 40
1of 23
Assembly Language
.code
main proc
MOV ax,@ data
mov ds,ax
mov dx,0
mov cx,10
mov si,offset array
24/09/99
CE-6265
L21 of 40
2 of 23
Assembly Language
BACK :
add d1,[si]
adc dh,0
inc si
loop back
24/09/99
CE-6265
L21 of 40
3 of 23
Assembly Language
MOV total,dx
mov ax, 4c00h
main endp
.data
array db 04,05,06,07,08,09,10,11,12,13
total dw 0
end main
24/09/99
CE-6265
L21 of 40
4of 23
Assembly Language
NUMBER OF NEGATIVE
ELEMENTS
TITLE:- NO. OF NEGATIVE
ELEMENTS IN A GIVEN
SENCE.
24/09/99
CE-6265
L21 of 40
5of 23
dosseg
Assembly Language
. Model small
.stack 100h
.code
main proc
24/09/99
CE-6265
L21 of 40
6of 23
Assembly Language
mov ax,@ data

mov ds,ax
mov si,offset list
mov al, 07fh
mov cx,10h
24/09/99
CE-6265
L21 of 40
7of 23
Assembly Language
mov b1,00
Back:
cmp a1,[si]
jnc ahead
inc b1
inc si
24/09/99
CE-6265
L21 of 40
8of 23
Assembly Language
ahead:
loop back
mov result, b1
mov ax,4C00h
int 21h
24/09/99
CE-6265
L21 of 40
9 of 23
Assembly Language
Main endp
.data
list db 80,81,78,65,43,23,65,12,
10,11,FE,FB,FA,A4,00,02
result db?
End main
24/09/99
CE-6265
L21 of 40
10 of 23
Assembly Language
FIND MAXIMUM
TITLE:- MAXIMUM IN
GIVEN SERIES.
Dosseg
.model small
.stack 100h
24/09/99
CE-6265
L21 of 40
11of 23
Assembly Language
.code
Main proc
mov ax,@ data
mov ds,ax
mov si, offset list
mov al,07th
mov cx,0ah
24/09/99
CE-6265
L21 of 40
12 of 23
Back:
cmp a1,[si]
Assembly Language
jnc ahaed
mov a1,[si]
inc si
24/09/99
CE-6265
L21 of 40
13 of 23
Ahead:
loop back
Assembly Language
mov result, a1
mov ax, 4C00h
int 21h
24/09/99
CE-6265
L21 of 40
14 of 23
Assembly Language
Main endp
.data
list db 80,81,78,65,43,23,
65,12,10,11
result db?
End main
24/09/99
CE-6265
L21 of 40
15of 23
Assembly Language
COPYING A BLOCK OF
DATA
TITLE:- COPYING A BLOCK
OF DATA.
Dosseg
.model small
24/09/99
CE-6265
L21 of 40
16 of 23
Assembly Language
.stack 100h
.code
main proc
mov ax,@ data
mov ds, ax
24/09/99
CE-6265
L21 of 40
17 of 23
Assembly Language
mov si, offset array1

mov di, offset array2
mov cx,0ah
back:
mov a1,[si]
mov [di], a1
24/09/99
CE-6265
L21 of 40
18 of 23
inc si
inc di
Assembly Language
loop back
mov ax,4c 00h
INT 21h
main endp.
24/09/99
CE-6265
L21 of 40
19of 23
Assembly Language
.data
array1 db 10h,20h,30h,40h
50h,60h.
array2 db 6 dup(?)
end main.
24/09/99
CE-6265
L21 of 40
20 of 23
Assembly Language
UPPERCASE
CONVERSION
TITLE:- UPPERCASE
DISPLAY PROGRAM.
Dosseg
.model small
.stack 100h
24/09/99
CE-6265
L21 of 40
21 of 23
Assembly Language
Main proc
back1:
mov ah,8
int 21h
cmp a1, 0dh
je ahead 1
cmp a1, a
jb ahead 2
cmp a1, z
ja ahead 2
24/09/99
CE-6265
L21 of 40
22 of 23
Assembly Language
ahead2:
ahead1:
Sub a1, 20h

mov ah, 2
mov d1, a1
int 21h
jmp back1
mov ax 4c00h
int 21h
main endp
end main
24/09/99
CE-6265
L21 of 40
23 of 23
Assembly Language
CODE CONVERSION
CONTINUAL PROBLEM
FOR MICROPROCESSER.
SIMPLE TO PERFORM IN
HARDWARE.
24/09/99
CE-6265
L22 of 40
1 of 23
Assembly Language
HEX TO ASCII
TITLE:- HEX TO ASCII
CONVERSION.
Dosseg
.model small
.stack 100h
24/09/99
CE-6265
L22 of 40
2 of 23
Assembly Language
.code
Main proc
mov ax,@ data
mov ds,ax
mov a1, num 1
24/09/99
CE-6265
L22 of 40
3 of 23
cmp a1, 0ah
Assembly Language
jc ascz
add a1, A- 9-1
ascz:
adi 0
24/09/99
CE-6265
L22 of 40
4 of 23
Assembly Language
Mov ASC, a1
mov ax, 4c00h
int 21h
main endp
.data
num 1 db 09
ASC db ?
End main.
24/09/99
CE-6265
L22 of 40
5 of 23
Assembly Language
DECIMAL TO 7SEGMENT
TITLE:- DECIMAL TO 7SEGMENT.
Dosseg
.model small
. Stack 100h
24/09/99
CE-6265
L22 of 40
6 of 23
Assembly Language
.code
main proc
mov ax,@ data
mov ds,ax
mov a1, num1
mov bx, offset table
xlat
mov result,a1
mov ax, 4c 00h
24/09/99
CE-6265
L22 of 40
7 of 23
Assembly Language
INT 21h
main endp
.data
num1 db 05
result db ?
Table db 3F,06,58,4F,66,
6D,7D,07,7F,6Fh
end main.
24/09/99
CE-6265
L22 of 40
8 of 23
Assembly Language
FROM ASCII TO
HEXADECIMAL
TITLE:- CONVERSION FROM
ASCII DIGITS TO
HEX.
Dosseg
.model small
24/09/99
CE-6265
L22 of 40
9of 23
Assembly Language
.code
.stack100h
main proc
mov ax,@ data
mov ds,ax
mov a1,ASCII
sub a1, 30h
cmp a1, 9
jg ahead
24/09/99
CE-6265
L22 of 40
10of 23
Jmp DONE Assembly

AHEAD: sub a1, 07h
DONE: mov Ans,a1
mov ax, 4C00h
INT 21h
main endp
.data
ASCII db 043h.
ANS db
?
End main
24/09/99
CE-6265
L22 of 40
Language
11of 23
Assembly Language
ARITHMATIC
PROBLEMS
TITLE:- MULTIPLICATION
REPEATED ADDITION.
Dosseg
.model small
.stack 100h
24/09/99
CE-6265
L22 of 40
12 of 23
Assembly Language
.code
main proc
mov ax,@ data
mov ds,ax
sub ax,ax
sub cx,cx
mov c1, num2
sub c1, 01
mov a1,num 1
24/09/99
CE-6265
L22 of 40
14 of 23
Assembly Language
Again:
add a1, num 1
add ah,00h
loop again
mov prod, ax
mov ax, 4C00h
int 21h
main endp
.data
24/09/99
CE-6265
L22 of 40
15 of 23
Assembly Language
Num 1 db 10h
num 2 db 10h
prod dw ?
End main
24/09/99
CE-6265
L22 of 40
16 of 23
Assembly Language
8-BIT BINARY
MULTIPLICATION
USING SHIFT&ADD
USING SHIFT &
ADD METHOD.
Dosseg
24/09/99
CE-6265
L22 of 40
17 of 23
Assembly Language
.model small
.stack 100h
.code
main proc
mov ax, @ data
mov ds, ax
mov b1,val 2
mov cx, 08h
mov ax, 0000h
24/09/99
CE-6265
L22 of 40
18 of 23
Back :
Assembly Language
add ax,ax
sal b1,1
jnc ahead
add ax, dx
ahead:
loop back
mov ans, ax
mov ax, 4C00h
24/09/99
CE-6265
L22 of 40
19 of 23
Main endp
Assembly Language
.data
val 1 db 10h
val 2 db 20h
Ans dw ?
End main
24/09/99
CE-6265
L22 of 40
20 of 23
16-BIT Assembly Language

MULTIPLICATION
USING MUL INSTRUCTION
OF 16- BIT * 16 -BIT.
dosseg
24/09/99
CE-6265
L22 of 40
21 of 23
Assembly Language
.model small
.stack 100h
.code
main proc
mov ax,@ data
mov ds,ax
sub dx,bx
mov ax,val 1
mul val 2
24/09/99
CE-6265
L22 of 40
22 of 23
Mov word Ptr Ans 1 Assembly

mov word Ptr Ans1+2, dx
mov ax, 4C00h
int 20h
main endp
.data
val 1 dw 4567h
val 2 dw 1234h
Ans 1 dd ?
End main
24/09/99
CE-6265
L22 of 40
Language
2 3 of 23
Assembly Language
8-BIT BINARY DIVISION

TITLE:- 16- BIT BY 8-BIT
DIVISION.
Dosseg
.model small
.stack 100h
24/09/99
CE-6265
L23 of 40
1 of 24
Assembly Language
.code
main proc
mov ax, @ data
mov dx,ax
mov ax, word ptr val
mov b1, byte ptr val 2
mov bh, 00
mov cx, 08
mov d1,00
24/09/99
CE-6265
L23 of 40
2 of 24
BACK:
Assembly Language
add ax,ax
add d1,d1
mov dh, ah
sub ah,b1
jc ahead
mov dh, ah
inc d1
ahead:
24/09/99
CE-6265
L23 of 40
3 of 24
Assembly Language
mov ah,dh
loop back
mov Quo, d1
mov Rem, ah
mov ax, 4C00h
INT 21h
main endp.
Data
val 1 dw 1234h
24/09/99
CE-6265
L23 of 40
4of 24
Assembly Language
Val 2 db
rem db
Ouo db
End main
24/09/99
CE-6265
34h
?
?
L23 of 40
5of 24
Assembly Language
SQUARE ROOT
ALGORITHM
TITLE:- SQUARE ROOT
ALGORITHM.
Dosseg
.model small
.stack 100h
24/09/99
CE-6265
L23 of 40
6 of 24
Assembly Language
.code
main proc
mov ax, @ data
mov ds, ax
mov cx, 01h
back:
sub num, cx
j1 done
inc dx
24/09/99
CE-6265
L23 of 40
7of 24
Assembly Language
Add cx, 2
jmp back
mov ans, dx
done:
mov ax, 4C00h
int 21 h
main endp.
.data
24/09/99
CE-6265
L23 of 40
8 of 24
Assembly Language
num dw 1234h
ans dw
End main.
24/09/99
CE-6265
L23 of 40
9of 24
Assembly Language
ASCII ARITHMETIC
CPU CALCULATES IN BINARY,
WE OFTEN NEED PERFORM ARITHMETIC ON NUMBERS(ASCII)
THAT IS INPUT FROM THE
CONSOLE OR FILE .
24/09/99
CE-6265
L23 of 40
10 of 24
Assembly Language
AAA INSTRUCTION
ADJUST THE BINARY
RESULT OF AN ADD OR
ADC INSTRUCTION.
EXAMPLE:MOV AH, 0
MOV AL, 9
24/09/99
CE-6265
L23 of 40
11 of 24
Assembly Language
ADD AL, 3
AAA
OR 3030H
24/09/99
CE-6265
L23 of 40
12 of 24
Assembly Language
AAS INSTRUCTION
ADJUSTS THE BINARY
RESULT OF SUB OR SBB
INSTRUCTION.
EXAMPLE:MOV AH, 0
24/09/99
CE-6265
L23 of 40
13 of 24
Assembly Language
MOV AL, 8
SBB AL, 9
AAS
OR AL, 30H
24/09/99
CE-6265
L23 of 40
14 of 24
Assembly Language
AAM INSTRUCTION
ADJUSTS THE BINARY RESULT
TO A MUL INSTRUCTION .
24/09/99
CE-6265
L23 of 40
15 of 24
Assembly Language
EXAMPLE:---MOV BL, 04 H
MOV AL, 06
MUL BL
AAM
24/09/99
CE-6265
L23 of 40
1 6of 24
Assembly Language
ADD INSTRUCTION
IT ADJUSTS UNPACKED BCD
DIVIDEND IN AX BEFORE A
DIVISION OPERATION .
24/09/99
CE-6265
L23 of 40
17 of 24
Assembly Language
EXAMPLE:--MOV AX, 0307 H

AAD MOV BL,4
DIV BL
MOV QUO, AL
MOV REM,AH
24/09/99
CE-6265
L23 of 40
18 of 24
Assembly Language
PACKED DECIMAL
ARITHMETIC
* CONTAINS 4 DIGITS PER BYTE

* DECIMAL DIGIT IS
REPRESENTED BY 4 BITS
24/09/99
CE-6265
L23 of 40
19 of 24
Assembly Language
DAA INSTRUCTION
CONVERTS BINARY RESULTS
OF ADD OR ADC INSTRUCTION
IN AL TO PACKED IN BCD
FORMAT.
24/09/99
CE-6265
L23 of 40
20 of 24
Assembly Language
EXAMPLE:---MOV AL, 35H

MOV AL,48 H
DAA
24/09/99
CE-6265
L23 of 40
21 of 24
Assembly Language
DAS INSTRUCTION
CONVERTS BINARY RESULT
OF SUB OR SBB INSTRUCTION IN
AL TO PACKED BCD FORMAT
24/09/99
CE-6265
L23 of 40
22 of 24
Assembly Language
EXAMPLE:----MOV BL, 48 H
MOV AL , 95 H
SUB AL, BL
DAS
24/09/99
CE-6265
L23 of 40
23 of 24
Assembly Language
BCD ADDITION
THIS PROGRAM ADDS TWO
10 BYTES PACKED BCD
NUMBERS.
18 SIGNIFICANT DIGITS MAY
BE ENCODED .
24/09/99
CE-6265
L23 of 40
24 of 24
Assembly Language
EXAMPLE:----TITLE:-PACKED DECIMAL
ADDITION
dosseg
.model small
.Stack 100 h
24/09/99
CE-6265
L24 of 40
1 of 23
Assembly Language
. Code
main proc
mov ax, @DATA
mov ds, as
mov cx , 9
mov si, 0
clc
24/09/99
CE-6265
L24 of 40
2 of 23
Assembly Language
back:
mov a1, val 1[ si ]
adc a1, val 2 [ s2 ]
daa
mov result [si] , a1
24/09/99
CE-6265
L24 of 40
3 of 23
Assembly Language
inc si
loop back
mov result[ si ], a1
mov ax, 4C00h
int 21h
main endp
24/09/99
CE-6265
L24 of 40
4of 23
Assembly Language
.data
val 1 label byte
dt 012345678998765432
val 2 label byte
dt 9876543219875432101
result
label byte
dt ?
end main
24/09/99
CE-6265
L24 of 40
5of 23
Assembly Language
STRING PROCESSING
SHOWS HOW TO CREATE A
LIBRARY OF USEFUL STRING
PROCEDURES
SUITED TO ASSEMBLY
LANGUAGE
24/09/99
CE-6265
L24 of 40
6of 23
Assembly Language
FORMATS OF STRING
PROCESSING
1. FIXED
2. LENGTH DESCRIPTOR A
BEGINNING.
3. STRING TERMINATED BY 0
BYTE
24/09/99
CE-6265
L24 of 40
7 of 23
Assembly Language
COPY A LIST OF WORDS

TITLE:-- COPY LIST OF WORDS
. dosseg
.model small
.stack 100h
.code
24/09/99
CE-6265
L24 of 40
8 of 23
Assembly Language
main proc
mov ax, @ data
mov ds, ax
cld
mov cx, 0ch
mov si,offset source
mov di , offset destination
rep movsb
24/09/99
CE-6265
L24 of 40
9 of 23
Assembly Language
mov ax, 4c00h

int21h
main endp
.data
source db abxyzcdefghi
destination db 12 dup (?)
end main
24/09/99
CE-6265
L24 of 40
10 of 23
Assembly Language
COMPARING SIGNED
INTEGERS
* IN THIS EACH NUMBER IN
ARRAY ONE IS COMPARED TO
ARRAY TWO .
24/09/99
CE-6265
L24 of 40
1 1of 23
Assembly Language
EXAMPLE:--
TITLE:- COMPARING SIGNED

INTEGERS.
Dosseg
.model small
.stack 100h
.code
24/09/99
CE-6265
L24 of 40
12 of 23
Assembly Language
main proc
mov ax,@ data
mov ds, ax
c1d
mov si, offset array one
mov di,offset array two
mov cx,06
repe CCMPSW
24/09/99
CE-6265
L24 of 40
13 of 23
j1 ahead Assembly
loop
ahead: mov ax,4C00 h
INT 21h
main endp
.data
array_one dw
array_ two dw
end main
24/09/99
CE-6265
L24 of 40
Language
14 of 23
Assembly Language
SCAN FOR MATCHING

CHARACTER
* TITLE:- SCAN FPR
MATCHING CHARACTER.
Dosseg
.model small
.Stack 100h
24/09/99
CE-6265
L24 of 40
15 of 23
Assembly
.code
main proc
mov ax,@ data
mov ds, ax
cld
mov di, offset alpha
mov a1, F
mov cx,8
repne scasb
24/09/99
CE-6265
L24 of 40
Language
16 of 23
jnz exit
Assembly Language
dec di
exit:
mov ax, 4c00h
int 21h
main endp
.data
alpha db ABCDEFGH, 0
end main
24/09/99
CE-6265
L24 of 40
17 of 23
Assembly Language
REMOVE TRAILING
BLANKS
TITLE:- REMOVING
TRAILING BLANKS.
Dosseg
.model small
24/09/99
CE-6265
L24 of 40
18 of 23
Assembly Language
.stack 100h
.code
main proc
mov ax,@ data
mov ds, ax
std
mov di, offset,destn
add di, destlen- 1
mov cx, destlen
24/09/99
CE-6265
L24 of 40
19 of 23
Assembly Language
mov a1,20h
repe scasb
jnz exit
mov byte ptr[di+2],0
exit:
mov ax, 4C00h
int 21h
main endp
.data
24/09/99
CE-6265
L24 of 40
20 of 23
Assembly Language
Dest db Destination string

destlen equ $-dest
end main
24/09/99
CE-6265
L24 of 40
21 of 23
Assembly Language
PROCEDURES
INTRODUCTION OF
PROCEDURES GIVE BETTER
CONSTRUCTED PROGRAMS.
24/09/99
CE-6265
L24 of 40
22 of 23
Assembly Language
NEAR PROCEDURE:- THE CURRENT VALUE OF IP IS PUSHED

ON STACK.
RETURN PROCEDURE:- VALUE ON
STACK IS POPPED BACK INTO
IP.
24/09/99
CE-6265
L24 of 40
23 of 23
Assembly Language
STACK
A MEMORY BUFFER OR ARRAY
TO WHICH WE ATTACH
SPECIAL MEANING .
24/09/99
CE-6265
L25of 40
1 of 24
Assembly Language
* TWO REGISTERS ADDRESS

THE STACK :1. SS STACK SEGMENT
2. SP STACK POINTER
24/09/99
CE-6265
L25of 40
2 of 24
Assembly Language
* PUSH OPERATION PLACES

NEW VALUE ON STACK &
DECREMENTS SP BY 2.
THUS STACK GROWS
DOWNWARD IN MEMORY
AS NEW VALUES ARE
PUSHED.
24/09/99
CE-6265
L25of 40
3 of 24
Assembly Language
* POP OPERATION REMOVES

DATA FROM STACK BY
COPYING INTO REGISTER &
INCREMENTS SP BY 2.
24/09/99
CE-6265
L25of 40
4 of 24
Assembly Language
* IN SINGLE PROGRAM , STACK

GROWS & SHRINKS
CONSTANTLY.
* REGISTERS & OPERANDS ARE
ON STACK.
24/09/99
CE-6265
L25of 40
5 of 24
Assembly Language
SAVING & RESTORING

REGISTERS
Push
Push
mov
mov
24/09/99
ax
dx
ah , 9
bx , offset mess
CE-6265
L25of 40
6 of 24
Assembly Language
INT
21h
pop dx
pop ax
:
24/09/99
CE-6265
L25of 40
7of 24
Assembly Language
SEQUENCE OF PUSHES
& POPS
POPS ARE ALWAYS A
MIRROR IMAGE OF
PUSHES BECAUSE STACK
IS LIFO STRUCTURE.
24/09/99
CE-6265
L25of 40
8 of 24
Assembly Language
SUBROUTINES
* RESPONSIBLE TO SAVE &
RESTORE ANY REGISTER
IT USES.
24/09/99
CE-6265
L25of 40
9 of 24
Assembly Language
* WHEN PROGRAM CALLS A

SUBROUTINE, IT HAS NO
WAY OF KNOWING WHICH
REGISTERS IT, WILL USE &
CANNOT ANTICIPATE THE
WAY WHICH REGITERS
MIGHT BE ALTERED.
24/09/99
CE-6265
L25of 40
10 of 24
Assembly Language
* PUSH INSTRUCTION AT BEGIN-NING OF SUBROUTINES IS

USED TO SAVE REGISTERS.
24/09/99
CE-6265
L25of 40
11 of 24
Assembly Language
CALL
INSTRUCTION
* TRANSFERS CONTROL TO
SUBROUTINE.
* TRY TO WRITE
PROCEDURES WHICH
TIGHTLY ORGANIZED.
24/09/99
CE-6265
L25of 40
12of 24
Assembly Language
SYNTAX OF
CALL INSTRUCTION
* INCLUDE A VERSION OF CALLS

TO NEAR PROCEDURES, WHICH
ARE IN CURRENT CODE
SEGMENT, & FOR PROCEDURES
LOCATED IN OTHER SEGMENTS.
24/09/99
CE-6265
L25of 40
13 of 24
Assembly Language
CALL NEAR-PROCEDURE
CALL FAR-PROCEDURE.
NEW PROCEDURE:- IP IS
INCREMENTED SO THAT IT
POINTS TO THE NEXT
INSTRUCTION, & THEN PUSHED
ON THE
24/09/99 STACK.
CE-6265
L25of 40
14of 24
Assembly Language
FAR PROCEDURE:CS IS PUSHED ON STACK,

FOLLOWED BY IP. THEN THE
SUBROUTINE SEGMENT ADDRESS
IS MOVED TO CS & OFFSET IS
MOVED
TO
IP.
24/09/99
CE-6265 L25of 40
15 of 24
Assembly Language
EXTERNAL PROCEDURE:PROCEDURE LOCATED

IN ANOTHER PROGRAM
MODULE.
24/09/99
CE-6265
L25of 40
16 of 246
Assembly Language
EXAMPLE OF CALL INSTRUCTION

call XYZ
call near ptr abc
call far ptr mno.
24/09/99
CE-6265
L25of 40
17 of 24
Assembly Language
RET INSTRUCTION
* PLACED AT THE END OF
PROCEDURE TO RETURN
THE CPU TO CALLING
LOCATION.
* IDENTICAL TO RETURN
SEGMENT.
24/09/99
CE-6265
L25of 40
18 of 24
Assembly Language
* WHEN CALLING LOCATION IS

IN THE SAME SEGMENT, RET
POPS THE STACK INTO IP &
INCREMENTS IP. IT CAUSES
THE PROGRAM TO CONTINUE
EXECUTION AT NEW
ADDRESS IN IP.
24/09/99
CE-6265
L25of 40
19 of 24
Assembly Language
* PROCEDURE IS CALLED FROM

A SEPARATE SEGMENT, MASM
TRANSLATES THE RET
INSTRUCTION INTO THE INTEL
RETF INSTRUCTION.
24/09/99
CE-6265
L25of 40
20 of 24
Assembly Language
* IT POPS THE STACK INTO IP,

INCREMENTS SP, POPS THE
STACK INTO CS &
INCREMENTS SP.
24/09/99
CE-6265
L25of 40
21 of 24
Assembly Language
PARAMETER PASSING
* MAKS THE PROCEDURE
MORE GENERAL & VERY
IMPORTENT CONCEPT IN
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE.
24/09/99
CE-6265
L25of 40
22 of 24
Assembly Language
* FOUR MAIN WAYS OF

PASSING PARAMETERS:# IN REGISTERS.
# IN DEDICATED
MEMORY LOCATION
ACCESSED BY NAME.
24/09/99
CE-6265
L25of 40
23of 24
Assembly Language
# WITH POINTER PASSED

IN REGISTERS.
# WITH THE STACK.
24/09/99
CE-6265
L25of 40
24 of 24
Assembly Language
PARAMETER PASSING
THROUGH REGISTERS
TITLE:- BCD TO
BINENARY CONVERSION
dosseg
.model small
27/09/99
CE-6265
L26of 40
1 of 23
Assembly Language
.Stack 100h
.code
main proc
mov ax, @ data
mov ds, ax
mov a1, BCD
Call BCDBin
mov Bin, a1
27/09/99
CE-6265
L26of 40
2 of 23
Mov ax, 4C00h

int 21h
main endp
BCDbin proc
pushf
push bx
push cx
mov b1, a1
27/09/99
CE-6265
Assembly Language
L26of 40
3 of 23
and b1, 0fh

and a1, of0h
mov c1,04
ror a1, c1
mov bh, Oah
mul bh
add a1, b1
pop cx
27/09/99
CE-6265
Assembly Language
L26of 40
4 of 23
Assembly
Popf
ret
BCDbin endp
Language
.data
bcd db 17h
bin db ?
End main
27/09/99
CE-6265
L26of 40
5 of 23
Assembly Language
PASSING PARAMETERS
USING POINTERS
TITLE:- BCD TO BINARY
CONVERSION.
dosseg
27/09/99
CE-6265
L26of 40
6 of 23
Assembly Language
.model small
.stack 100h
.code
main proc
mov ax, @ data
mov ds, ax
mov si, offset BCD
mov di, offset bin
27/09/99
CE-6265
L26of 40
7 of 23
Assembly
Call bcdbin
mov ax, 4C00h
int 21h
main endp
bcdbin proc near
pushf
push ax
push bx
27/09/99
CE-6265
L26of 40
Language
8of 23
Push cx Assembly
mov a1,[si]
mov a1,b1
and b1, Ofh
and a1, OFOh
mov c1, 04
ror a1,c1
mul bh
27/09/99
CE-6265
L26of 40
Language
9 of 23
Assembly Language
.data
bcd db 15h
bin db
?
End main
27/09/99
CE-6265
L26of 40
10 of 23
Add a1,b1
mov[di], a1
pop cx
pop bx
pop ax
popf
ret
bcdbin endp
27/09/99
CE-6265
Assembly Language
L26of 40
11of 23
Programming
ADVANCED
ASSEMBLY
LANGUAGE
TECHNIQUES
27/09/99
CE-6265
L26of 40
12 of 23
Programming
OBJECTIVES:-----1) DEVELOP SOFTWARE THAT

ACCESSES ANOTHER
APPLICATION THROUGH THE
DOS EXEC FUNCTION .
27/09/99
CE-6265
L26of 40
13 of 23
Programming
2) EXPLAIN THE OPERATION OF &

ACCESS TO EXPANDED & EXTE-NDED MEMORY USING EMS,XMS,
VCPI AND DPMI .
27/09/99
CE-6265
L26of 40
14 of 23
Programming
3) DEVELOP APPLICATION USES

EXTENDED MEMORY .
4) DETAIL PURPOSE OF IOCTL .
5) DEVELOP A DEVICE DRIVER
FOR DOS APPLICATION .
27/09/99
CE-6265
L26of 40
15 of 23
Programming
6) EXPLAIN HOW A PROGRAM

CAN MAKE SWITCH TO
PROTECTED MODE OPERATION .
27/09/99
CE-6265
L26of 40
16 of 23
Programming
7) DEVELOP A PROTECTED - MODE

APPLICATION THAT ACCESSES
EXTENDED MEMORY.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L26of 40
17 of 23
Programming
8) SHOW HOW A INTERFACE ASS-EMBLY LANGUAGE TO C / C++,

BASIC , PASCAL & FORTRAN .
27/09/99
CE-6265
L26of 40
18 of 23
Programming
USING DOS EXEC TO

EXECUTE A PROGRAM
* FUNCTION ACCESSED VIA DOS

INT 21H .
* ALLOWS ONE ASSEMBLY
LANGUAGE PROGRAM TO
EXECUTE ANOTHER PROGRAM .
27/09/99
CE-6265
L26of 40
19 of 23
Programming
* LOAD ANOTHER PROGRAM

WITHOUT EXECUTING IT .
* LOAD A FILE AS PROGRAM
OVERLAY .
27/09/99
CE-6265
L26of 40
20 of 23
Programming
* PROGRAM THAT USES EXEC

FUNCTION TO LOAD Or
EXECUTES ANOTHER PROGRAM
IS CALLED PARENT.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L26of 40
21 of 23
Programming
* THE PROGRAM LOADED INTO

MEMORY BY THE PARENT AND
EXECUTES IS CALLED CHILD.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L26of 40
22 of 23
Programming
* THE PROCESS OF CREATING A

CHILD PROGRAM IN MEMORY IS
OFTEN CALLED SPAWNING.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L26of 40
23 of 23
Programming
THE EXEC FUNCTION

* TO EXECUTE ANOTHER
PROGRAM WITH THE FUNCTION
4BH , LOAD AH WITH THE 4BH &
AL WITH TYPE OF OPERATION .
27/09/99
CE-6265
L27 of 40
1 of 25
Programming
THE CHILD FILE NAME

* THE NAME OF THE CHILD
PROCESS IS STORED AS AN ASCII
- Z STRING IN MEMORY
LOCATION ADDRESSED BY DS :
DX REGISTER.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L27 of 40
2 of 25
Programming
MEMORY MANAGEMENT
DRIVERS
* EXTENDED MEMORY SYSTEMS
CANNOT BE ACCESSED WITHOUT
MEMORY MANAGEMENT
DRIVERS.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L27 of 40
3 of 25
Programming
* EMS (EXPANDED MEMORY

SYSTEM) DRIVER WAS FIRST MADE
AVAILABLE THEN XMS (EXTENDED
MEMORY SYSTEM) WAS ADDED
WITH 80286.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L27 of 40
4 of 25
Programming
* RECENTLY THE VCPI (VIRTUAL

CONTROL PROGRAM INTERFACE)
HAS BEEN ADDED TO CONTROL
MEMORY SYSTEM IN 80386 AND
ABOVE.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L27 of 40
5 of 25
Programming
* VCPI SERVICES PROVIDED BY

DOS VERSION 6.X AS A PART OF
THE EMM 386.EXE PROGRAM.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L27 of 40
6 of 25
Programming
* FINALLY, DPMI ( DOS PROTECTED

MODE INTERFACE ) PROVIDES
BEST CONTROL IF WINDOWS IS
AVAILABLE.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L27 of 40
7 of 25
EMS
Programming
* DIVIDES THE UPPER MEMORY

AREA Or SYSTEM AREA INTO
PAGE FRAME THAT BEGIN AT
ANY 4K BYTE MEMORY AND ARE
64K IN LENGTH .
27/09/99
CE-6265
L27 of 40
8 of 25
Programming
* A PAGE FRAME IS DIVIDED INTO

4 PAGES , EACH 16K IN LENGTH.
* THIS AREA OF MEMORY KNOWN
AS THE EXPANDED MEMORY.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L27 of 40
9 of 25
Programming
* EXPANDED MEMORY ALSO USED

IN 8088 - BASED PERSONAL COMP -UTER TO EXPAND MEMORY
SYSTEM.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L27 of 40
10 of 25
Programming
* THIS MEMORY EXPANSION STAN-DARD CALLED LIM 4.0 (LOTUS /

INTEL / MICROSOFT), USES INT67H
FOR ACCESSING AND CONTROL-LING MEMORY SYSTEM .
27/09/99
CE-6265
L27 of 40
11 of 25
Programming
* EMS MANAGER FOUND IN MOST

SYSTEM EMM 386. EXE DESIGNED
TO PROVIDE MEMORY MANAGE-MENT FOR 80386 AND NEWER
MICROPRCESSORS.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L27 of 40
12 of 25
Programming
* EMS IS STILL USED IN MANY

PERSONAL COMPUTERS FOR
COMPUTER VIDEO GAMES.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L27 of 40
13 of 25
Programming
* EVENTUALLY , THIS MEMORY

MANAGER WILL DISAPPEAR &
XMS MANAGER IS STRONGLY
USED IN ITS PLACE.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L27 of 40
14 of 25
Programming
XMS
* INSTALLED WITH THE HIMEM
.SYS
* DRIVER IN THE CONFIG.SYS
FILE.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L27 of 40
15 of 25
Programming
* XMS DRIVER ALLOWS ACCESS

TO EXTENDED MEMORY
SYSTEM IN PERSONAL
COMPUTER.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L27 of 40
16 of 25
Programming
* HIMEM .SYS MANAGES EXTE-NDED MEMORY SYSTEM AND

PROVIDE HIGH MEMORY TO
DOS PROGRAMS.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L27 of 40
17 of 25
Programming
* IN MOST CASES , HIGH MEMORY

USED TO LOAD DOS & UNAVAIL-ABLE FOR ANY OTHER PURPOSE.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L27 of 40
18 of 25
Programming
* MANY VIDEO GAMES & OTHER

DOS APPLICATIONS ACCESS
EXTENDED BY HIMEM . SYS.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L27 of 40
19 of 25
Programming
* XMS MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE

IS ACCESSED AT TWO PLACES :-a) AT THE DOS MULTIPLEX
INTERRUPT.
b) THROUGH AN ENTRY POINT
PROVIDED BY MULTIPLEX
INTERRUPT.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L27 of 40
20 of 25
VCPI
Programming
* ALLOWS ACCESS TO BOTH

EXTENDED AND EXPANDED
MEMORY IF DOS VERSION
6.X IS INSTALLED USING
EMM386.EXE DRIVER .
27/09/99
CE-6265
L27 of 40
21 of 25
Programming
* EXTENDED MEMORY CAN BE

USED EITHER EXTENDED
MEMORY OR EXPANDED
MEMORY IN THE VCPI .
27/09/99
CE-6265
L27 of 40
22 of 25
Programming
* BEFORE VCPI , EXPANDED

MEMORY CAN BE ALLOCATED
AS AN EXPANDED MEMORY .
* IT ALSO USES INT 67H TO
ACCESS THE DRIVER .
27/09/99
CE-6265
L27 of 40
23 of 25
Programming
DPMI
* EXTENSIVE CONTROL OF
THE PERSONAL COMPUTER
IS OBTAINED WITH THIS
MODE INTERFACE .
27/09/99
CE-6265
L27 of 40
24 of 25
Programming
* THIS INTERFACE IS PROVIDED

BY WINDOWS & IS ACCESSE TO
DOS FROM WITHIN WINDOWS.
* 77 FUNCTIONS ARE PROVIDED
BY DPMI .
27/09/99
CE-6265
L27 of 40
25 of 25
FUNCTIONS
Programming
a) CONTROL OF REAL &

EXTENDED MEMORY SYSTEM.
b) INTERRUPT MANAGEMENT
27/09/99
CE-6265
L28 of 40
1 of 21
Programming
C) PAGE TABLE MANAGEMENT

d) LOCAL DESCRIPTOR MANAGE -MENT
e) DEBUGGING
27/09/99
CE-6265
L28 of 40
2 of 21
Programming
IOCTL & DEVICE

DRIVERS
* FUNCTIONS ARE PROVIDED
BY DOS INT 21H FUNCTION
NUMBER 44H.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L28 of 40
3 of 21
Programming
* FUNCTIONS TO PROVIDE
CONTROL OF DEVICE DRIVERS
WHICH CONTROLS DEVICES
ATTACHED TO THE SYSTEM.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L28 of 40
4 of 21
Programming
* IOCTL ARE COMMONLY USED IN

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
DEVICE DRIVERS.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L28 of 40
5 of 21
Programming
* IOCTL INTERROGATED THE EMM

386.EXE DRIVER TO DETERMINE
WHETHER IT WAS READY TO
ACCEPT OUTPUT DATA BY USING
IOCTL FUNCTION.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L28 of 40
6 of 21
Programming
IOCTL DEVICES
* THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF
IOCTL DEVICES :----a) CHARACTER DEVICES
b) BLOCK DEVICES
27/09/99
CE-6265
L28 of 40
7 of 21
Programming
CHARACTER DEVICES
* CONTROLLED IN EITHER
BINARY Or ASCII MODE BY
THE IOCTL FUNCTIONS.
* NAMED USING DOS
CONVENTIONS EMMXXXXO.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L28 of 40
8 of 21
Programming
* TO ACCESS A CHARACTER MODE

DEVICE , IT IS OPENED WITH FILE
OPEN FUNCTION 3DH , JUST AS IF
IT WERE A DISK FILE.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L28 of 40
9 of 21
Programming
* THE IOCTL FUNCTIONS USED

PRIMARILY IN DEVELOPING
DEVICE DRIVERS.
* THE DOS INT 21H FUNCTIONS
USED TO ACCESS DEVICES SUCH
AS CON, LPT AND SO FORTH.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L28 of 40
10 of 21
Programming
BLOCK DEVICES
* TRANSFER INFORMATION
ONE BLOCK AT A TIME.
* DISK DRIVE IS MOST
COMMON BLOCK DEVICES.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L28 of 40
11 of 21
Programming
* BLOCK DEVICE , WHETHER DISK

DRIVE Or OTHER DEVICE , IS
REFERENCED THROUGH DRIVE
LETTERS.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L28 of 40
12 of 21
Programming
DEVICE DRIVERS
* SPECIAL PROGRAMS
INSTALLED BY THE
CONFIG.SYS FILE TO
CONTROL INSTALLABLE
DEVICES.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L28 of 40
13 of 21
Programming
* THUS, PERSONAL COMPUTER CAN

BE EXPANDED AT SOME FUTURE
TIME BY THE INSTALLATION OF
NEW DEVICES.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L28 of 40
14 of 21
Programming
* NEWEST DEVICE IS THE CDROM

DRIVE , WHICH IS CONTROLLED
BY A DEVICE DRIVER ADDED TO
THE SYSTEM IN THE CONFIG.SYS
FILE.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L28 of 40
15 of 21
Programming
* THIS DEVICE WAS NOT AVAILA-BLE WHEN DOS Or PERSONAL

COMPUTER WAS CREATED.
* THE DEVICE DRIVER ALLOWS IT
TO INSTALLED WITHOUT ANY
MODIFICATION TO SYSTEM
SOFTWARE.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L28 of 40
16 of 21
Programming
* THE DEVICE DRIVER IS A .COM

FILE ORGANISED IN 3 PARTS :
a) THE HEADER
b) STRATEGY PROCEDURE
c) INTERRUPT PROCEDURE
27/09/99
CE-6265
L28 of 40
17 of 21
Programming
THE
HEADER
* CONTAINS INFORMATION
THAT ALLOWS DOS TO
IDENTIFY THE DRIVER.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L28 of 40
18 of 21
Programming
* CONTAINS POINTERS THAT

ALLOWS IT TO CHAIN OTHER
DRIVERS LOADED INTO
THE SYSTEM.
* 18 BYTES IN LENGTH.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L28 of 40
19 of 21
Programming
* THE FIRST DOUBLEWORD CONT-AINS A -1 THAT INFORMS DOS

THAT , LAST DRIVER IN A CHAIN.
* IF ADDITIONAL DRIVERS ARE
ADDED , DOS INSERTS A CHAIN
ADDRESS AS A SEGMENT & OFF-SET ADDRESS.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L28 of 40
20 of 21
Programming
* THE CHAIN ADDRESS POINTS TO

THE NEXT DRIVER IN THE CHAIN
WHICH ALLOWS ADDITIONAL
DRIVERS TO BE INSTALLED AT
ANY TIME.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L28 of 40
21 of 21
Programming
THE STRATEGY
* CALLED WHEN LOADED
INTO MEMORY BY Or DOS
Or WHENEVER THE
CONTROLLED DEVICE
REQUESTS SERVICE.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L29 of 40
1 of 25
Programming
* MAIN PURPOSE IS TO SAVE THE

REQUESTS HEADER & ITS
ADDRESS FOR USE BY THE
INTERRUPT PROCEDURE.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L29 of 40
2 of 25
Programming
* REQUESTS HEADER IS USED BY

DOS TO COMMUNICATE
COMMANDS & OTHER INFORMA-
-TION TO INTERRUPT PROCEDURE.

27/09/99
CE-6265
L29 of 40
3 of 25
Programming
* IN MANY CASES , STRATEGY

PROCEDURE TRANSFER THE ADD-RESS OF REQUEST HEADER TO
MEMORY BY SAVING THE CONTE
-NTS OF ES : BX .
27/09/99
CE-6265
L29 of 40
4 of 25
Programming
* REQUEST HEADER CONTAINS

LENGTH OF REQUEST HEADER AS
FIRST BYTE BECAUSE LENGTH OF
REQUEST HEADER VARIES FROM
COMMAND TO COMMAND.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L29 of 40
5 of 25
Programming
* IN MANY CASES, STRATEGY

PROCEDURE TRANSFER THE
ADDRESS OF REQUEST HEADER
TO MEMORY BY SAVING THE
CONTENTS OF ES : BX
27/09/99
CE-6265
L29 of 40
6 of 25
Programming
* INITIALIZATION COMMAND
PASSES MESSAGE TO VIDEO DISP-LAY INDICATING THAT DRIVER
IS LOADED INTO THE SYSTEM.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L29 of 40
7 of 25
Programming
* THE MEDIA CHECK COMMAND IS

USED WITH BLOCK DEVICES TO
DETERMINE WHETHER DISK
DRIVE HAS BEEN CHANGED.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L29 of 40
8 of 25
Programming
* THE BUILD BPB COMMAND (02H)

USED WITH BLOCK DEVICES TO
BUILD THE BLOCK DEVICE PARA-METER BLOCK .
27/09/99
CE-6265
L29 of 40
9 of 25
Programming
* CONTROL READ COMMAND (03H)

FUNCTIONS WITH BOTH
BLOCK & CHARACTER DEVICES
& PROVIDES CONTROL FOR
APPLICATION .
27/09/99
CE-6265
L29 of 40
10 of 25
Programming
* OUTPUT UNTIL BUSY COMMAND

(10H) IS USED WITH CHARACTER
DEVICES SEND A STEADY DATA
TO OUTPUT, CONTINUES UNTIL
DEVICE REQUEST A STOP.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L29 of 40
11 of 25
Programming
* READ COMMAND (04H)

FUNCTIONS WITH BLOCK
& CHARACTER DEVICES USED
TO TRANSFER FROM
CONTROLLED DEVICE TO DOS .
27/09/99
CE-6265
L29 of 40
12 of 25
Programming
* THE NON - DESTRUCTIVE READ

COMMAND (05H) USED WITH
CHARACTER DEVICES TO READ
CHARACTER FROM THE DEVICE
BEFORE IT IS NEEDED.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L29 of 40
13 of 25
Programming
* THE INPUT STATUS COMMAND

(06H) USED WITH CHARACTER
DEVICES DETERMINE WHETHER
DATA ARE AVAILABLE.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L29 of 40
14 of 25
Programming
* THE INPUT FLUSH COMMAND

(07H) USED WITH CHARACTER
DEVICES TO CLEAR Or FLUSH ANY
INPUT BUFFER.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L29 of 40
15 of 25
Programming
* OUTPUT FLUSH COMMAND (0BH)

USES SAME A REQUEST HEADER
FORMAT AS INPUT AND CLEARS
DATA FROM OUTPUT DEVICE.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L29 of 40
16 of 25
Programming
* OPEN DEVICE COMMAND (0DH)

AND CLOSE DEVICE COMMAND
(OEH) USES REQUEST HEADER TO

OPEN Or CLOSE BLOCK DEVICES.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L29 of 40
17 of 25
Programming
* THE REMOVABLE MEDIA

COMMAND (0FH) FUNCTIONS WITH
BLOCK DEVICES TO DETERMINE
WHETHER IT SUPPORTS REMOV-ABLE MEDIA .
27/09/99
CE-6265
L29 of 40
18 of 25
Programming
* THE GET LOGICAL DEVICE

COMMAND (17H) & SET LOGICAL
DEVICE COMMAND APPLY TO
BLOCK DEVICES TO GET & SET
LOGICAL DEVICES .
27/09/99
CE-6265
L29 of 40
19 of 25
Programming
* WRITE COMMAND (08H) USED

WITH BLOCK AND CHARACTER
DEVICES TO WRITE DATA FROM
MEMORY BUFFER TO DEVICE
CONTROLLED BY DEVICE DRIVER
27/09/99
CE-6265
L29 of 40
20 of 25
Programming
* GENERIC IOCTL COMMAND

(13H) FUNCTIONS WITH BLOCK &
CHARACTER DEVICES & BE MADE
TO FUNCTION LIKE DOS INT 21H
FUNCTION 44H.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L29 of 40
21 of 25
Programming
INTERRUPT
PROCEDURE
* USES THE REQUEST
HEADER TO DETERMINE
THE FUNCTION REQUESTED
BY DOS.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L29 of 40
22 of 25
Programming
* ALSO PERFORMS ALL FUNCTIONS

FOR THE DEVICE DRIVER .
* IT IS NOT INTERRUPT HANDLER

BECAUSE IS CALLED BY DOS
AFTER STRATEGY CALL DURING
I/O REQUEST .
27/09/99
CE-6265
L29 of 40
23 of 25
Programming
* RESPOND TO ATLEAST INITIALIZE

DRIVER COMMAND (00H) AND
OTHER COMMANDS TO CONTROL
DEVICE OPERATED BY DEVICE
DRIVER.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L29 of 40
24 of 25
Programming
* IF COMMANDS ARE NOT IMPLEM-ENTED , DEVICE DRIVER SHOULD

PLACE 8003H INTO THE RETURN
STATUS WORD TO INDICATE THAT
COMMAND IS NOT PRESENT.
27/09/99
CE-6265
L29 of 40
25 of 25
Interfacing Memories
INTRODUCTION
TO
INTERFACING
MEMORIES
28/09/99
CE-6265
L30 of 40
1 of 21
MEMORY
DEVICE WHICH CAN STORE
INFORMATION.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L30 of 40
2 of 21
TYPES OF MEMORY
*STATIC RAM
*DYNAMIC RAM
28/09/99
CE-6265
L30 of 40
3 of 21
STATIC RAM
THESE RAMS USING FLIPFLOPS, WHICH CAN STORE
DATA AS LONG AS SUPPLY
IS ON.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L30 of 40
4 of 21
DIAGRAM OF STATIC RAM

V cc
_________
BIT LINE
BIT LINE
SELECT
LINE
28/09/99
CE-6265
L30 of 40
5 of 21
DYNAMIC RAM
THE BASIC STRUTURE OF
DRAM CONSIST OF ONE
CAPACITOR & TRANSISTOR.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L30 of 40
6 of 21
I/O INTERFACING
METHOD
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF I/O

INTERFACING:*I/O MAPPED I/O
*MEMORY MAPPED I/O
28/09/99
CE-6265
L30 of 40
7 of 21
I/O MAPPED I/O

*NOT TREATED AS MEMORY
LOCATION.
*REQUIRE 64K I/O PARTS
28/09/99
CE-6265
L30 of 40
8 of 21
*REQUIRE 16 ADDRESS LINES.

*REQUIRE SPECIAL INSTRUCTION
SIGNALS IO/W.
*REQUIRE SPECIAL INSTRUCTION
LIKE IN/OUT TO ACCESS I/O
MODULE.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L30 of 40
9 of 21
MEMORY MAPPED I/O

* TREATED AS MEMORY
LOCATION.
*REQUIRES 20 ADDRESS LINES.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L30 of 40
10 of 21
* NOT REQUIRE ANY SPECIAL

INSTRUCTION.
* NOT REQUIRE SPECIAL
INSTRUCTION SIGNALS.
* CAN ACCESS IMB MEMORY
LOCATIONS.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L30 of 40
11 of 21
ADVANTAGES OF I/O
MAPPED I/O
*PROGRAM BECOMES EASIER.
*INSTRUCTIONS ARE USUALLY
LESS THAN MEMORY TYPE
INSTRUCTIONS.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L30 of 40
12 of 21
DISADVANTAGES OF
I/O MAPPED I/O
*LESS POWERFUL & LESS
FLEXIBLE THAN MEMORY MAPPED
I/O.
*TWO ADDITIONAL CONTROL
LINES ARE REQUIRED.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L30 of 40
13 of 21
ADVANTAGES OF
MEMORY MAPPED I/O
*PORT ADDRESS IS 16-BITS.
*POWERFUL MEMORY TYPE
INSTRUCTIONS.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L30 of 40
14 of 21
DISADVANTAGES OF
MEMORY MAPPED I/O
* NO. OF I/O PORTS CONNECTED
IS LIMITED.
* LONGER MEMORY TYPE
INSTRUCTIONS IS USED.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L30 of 40
15 of 21
MEMORY DE-CODING
UNUSED ADDRESS LINES ARE
DECODED TO GENERATE CHIP
SELECT SIGNALS.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L30 of 40
16 of 217
TYPES OF ADDRESS
DECODING
*FULLY ADDRESS DECODING
*PARTIAL ADDRESS DECODING

28/09/99
CE-6265
L30 of 40
17 of 21
FULLY ADDRESS
DECODING
*
ALL UNUSED LINES ARE

SELECT.
* ALL UNUSED ADDRESS HAVE A
PARTICULAR VALUE.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L30 of 40
18 of 21
* EACH LOCATION HAS A FIXED

ADDRESS.
* DURING READ, WRITE,OUTPUT,
OTHER LOCATIONS ARE NOT
AFFECTED.
* DOES NOT REDUCE THE SIZE OF
A MEMORY MODULE.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L30 of 40
19 of 21
PARTIAL ADDRESS
DECODING
* REDUCE THE SIZE OF MEMORY
MODULE.
* VALUE OF UNDECODED
ADDRESS BIT IS DONT CARE.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L30 of 40
2 0 of 21
* UNUSED LINES ARE NOT

SELECT.
* INEXPENCIVE AS HARDWARE IS
SIMPLE.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L30 of 40
21 of 21
IMPORTANT
POINTS FOR MEMORY
*DECODE LOGIC FOR
INTERFACING:-
GENERATION OF I/O &MEMORY

CONTROL SIGNALS AS SHOWN IN
FIG.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L31 of 40
1 of 22
_____
____
RD
IOR
_______
MEMR
__
M/IO
________
MEMW
_____
IOW
____
WR
28/09/99
CE-6265
L31 of 40
2 of 22
*8086 MEMORY ACCESS ENCDING

_____
BHE A
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
28/09/99
D15-DO
D15-DO
D7-DO
__
CE-6265
ACTION
Access 16-bit word
Access byte
Access byte
NA
Access byte
Access byte
L31 of 40
3 of 22
*CPU STATE FOLLOWING RESET:

CPU
CONTENTS
FLAGS
IP
CS
DS
SS
ES
QUEUE
28/09/99
CLEAR
0000
FFFF h
0000
0000
0000
EMPTY
CE-6265
L31 of 40
4 of 22
* FOR
_____RAM INTERFACING A0
& BHE HAVE TO BE USED.
*A RAM ALWAYS STARTS

AFTER ADDRESS 003FFH.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L31 of 40
5 of 22
DECODING OF
ADDRESSES:*FULL DECODING
*PARTIAL DECODING
*BLOCK DECODING
28/09/99
CE-6265
L31 of 40
6 of 22
FULL DECODING:ALL UNUSED LINES

ARE USED IN FULL
DECODING.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L31 of 40
7 of 22
DIAGRAM OF FULL
DECODING:A14
A15
A16
A19
A18
A17
EPROM
28/09/99
CE-6265
L31 of 40
8 of 22
PARTIAL DECODING:ALL THE UNUSED

LINES ARE NOT USED.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L31 of 40
9 of 22
DIAGRAM OF PARTIAL
DECODING:A19
28/09/99
EPROM
CE-6265
L31 of 40
10 of 22
BLOCK DECODING:IN THIS CASE BLOCKS OF

MEMORY IS ENABLED USING
THE UNUSED LINES.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L31 of 40
11 of 22
8086 MPU KIT MUST

HAVE FOLLOWING
FEATURES:-
* CPU WORKING AT 4.77MHZ.

* 16 kb OF EPROM FOR
STORING SYSTEM SOFTWARE.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L31 of 40
12 of 22
* 8KB OF SRAM DEVICES TO

HAVE 32KB OF RAM.
* 8087 MATH CO-PROCESSOR IS
CONNECTED.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L31 of 40
13 of 22
EPROM DESIGN:WHEN 8086 CPU IS RESET,ITS

VALUE IS SET TO FFFF h & IP
VALUE IS SET TO 0000H .THIS
CORRESPONDS TO PHYSICAL
ADDRESS FFFF0h.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L31 of 40
14 of 22
EPROM TYPES :2 EPROM 8K BYTES CHIPS ARE

USED .
* FOR STORING EVEN ADDRESS
BYTES.
* FOR STORING ODD ADDRESS
BYTES.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L31 of 40
15 of 22
USED FOR
CHIP
SELECT: A14
1
A15
A16
A17
A18
A19
28/09/99
1
1
1
1
1
CE-6265
1
1
1
1
1
1
L31 of 40
16 of 22
16K BYTES ADDRESS: A2
A1
1
A3
A4
A5
0
0
0
1
1
1
A6
28/09/99
CE-6265
L31 of 40
17 of 22
16K BYTES ADDRESS
28/09/99
A7
A8
A9
A10
A11
A12
A13
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
CE-6265
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
L31 of 40
18 of 22
DIAGRAM OF
EPROM INTERFACING:EPROM-EVEN
A0-A12
___
CS
A19
A18
A17
A16
A15
A14
28/09/99
CE-6265
L31 of 40
EPORM-ODD
A0-A12
___
CS
19 of 22
RAM DESIGN;INTERRUPT VECTOR TABLE IS

STORED IN 0000-003FFh. RAM
ADDRESSS CAN BEGIN BETWEEN
00400-F0000h.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L31 of 40
20 of 22
RAM INTERFACING:BLOCK- A
EVEN 8KB
28/09/99
ODD 8KB
CE-6265
L31 of 40
21 of 22
RAM INTERFACING:BLOCK- B
EVEN 8KB
28/09/99
CE-6265
ODD 8KB
L31 of 40
22 of 22
Interrupt Interfacing
INTRODUCTION
TO
INTERRUPTS
28/09/99
CE-6265
L32 of 40
1 of 31
INTERRUPT
HOOKS & THE TSR
OBJECTIVES:----
1) CONTROL THE TIMER &

SPEAKER IN THE PERSONAL
COMPUTER.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L32 of 40
2 of 31
2) HOOK INTO THE INTERRUPTS

FOR THE KEYBOARD & CLOCK-TICK TO PERFORM TASKS ON
THE COMPUTER.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L32 of 40
3 of 31
3) DEVELOP TERMINATE & STAY

RESIDENT SOFTWARE, USING A
HOT KEY TO ACCESS A PROGRAM.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L32 of 40
4 of 31
4) UNDERSTAND THE FUNCTION &

APPLICATION OF THE INTERRUPT
STRUCTURE OF THE PERSONAL
COMPUTER.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L32 of 40
5 of 31
5) USE THE MOUSE IN AN

INTERRUP HOOK.
6) INSTALL AND REMOVE TSR
PROGRAMS.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L32 of 40
6 of 31
INTERRUPT HOOKS
* USED TO TRAP INTO THE
INTERRUPT STRUCTURE OF
THE MICROPROCESSOR.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L32 of 40
7 of 31
FOR EXAMPLE:----
KEYBOARD INTERRUPT CAN BE

HOOKED, Or INTERCEPTED, SO
THAT A SPECIAL KEYSTROKE,
CALLED A HOT KEY, CAN BE
DETECTED.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L32 of 40
8 of 31
* WHENEVER HOT KEY IS TYPED,

A TERMINATE & STAY RESIDENT
(TSR) PROGRAM IS ACTIVATED
TO PERFORM A SPECIAL TASK.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L32 of 40
9 of 31
EXAMPLES OF HOT KEY

SOFTWARE ARE:-----a) POP-UP CALCULATORS.
b) POP-UP CLOCKS.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L32 of 40
10 of 31
LINKING TO
AN INTERRUPT
* INTERRUPTS CONTROL
ALMOST ALL I/O DEVICES
CONNECTED TO THE
PERSONAL COMPUTER
SYSTEM.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L32 of 40
1 1 of 31
* CONTROLLING INTERRUPTS MUST

BE INTERCEPTED TO PERFORM
SOME ADDITIONAL TASKS FOR
I/O DEVICE Or PERSONAL COMPUTER FEATURE.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L32 of 40
12 of 31
* THIS INTERCEPT ALLOWS THE

INSTALLED INTERRUPT HOOK TO
THE NORMAL INTERRUPT
SERVICE PROCEDURE.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L32 of 40
13 of 31
* PROCESSING INCLUDES THE

DETECTION OF HOT KEYS Or
MACRO SEQUENCES .
28/09/99
CE-6265
L32 of 40
14 of 31
* READS THE CURRENT INTERRUPT

VECTORS ADDRESS & STORES IT
IN A DOUBLEWORD MEMORY
LOCATION FOR ACCESS BY THE
NEW INTERRUPT SERVICE
PROCEDURES.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L32 of 40
15 of 31
* THIS DOUBLEWORD IS ADDRESSED

BY USING THE WORD PTR TO
FORCE A WORD - SIZED TRANSFER.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L32 of 40
16 of 31
* THIS INTERRUPT PROCEDURES

REPLACES THE NORMAL DIVIDE
ERROR MESSAGE WITH AN IRET
INSTRUCTION.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L32 of 40
17 of 31
* IF ANY REGISTER IS CHANGED IN

THE INTERRUPT HANDLER , IT
CAUSES CATASTROPHIC RESULTS
IN THE INTERRUPTED PROGRAM.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L32 of 40
18 of 31
* PREVENT CATASTROPHIC
RESULTS MAKE ALL REGISTERS
IN INTERRUPT HANDLER ARE
SAVED BEFORE THEY ARE
SAVED & RESTORED .
28/09/99
CE-6265
L32 of 40
19 of 31
* INTERRUPT HOOK INTERCEPTS

THE NORMAL INTERRUPT .
* INTERRUPT MUST CONTINUED
THAT DOES NOT KEEP TIME.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L32 of 40
20 of 31
HOOKING
INTO CLOCK-TICK
* INTERRUPT
EXCELLENT WAY TO TIME
EVENTS & PROGRAMS.
* CONSTANT ON ALL PERSONAL
COMPUTER SYSTEMS.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L32 of 40
21 of 31
* THE CLOCK-TICK INTERRUPT

OCCURS ABOUT 18.2 TIMES A
SECOND.
* USES VECTOR 8 IN PERSONAL
COMPUTER.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L32 of 40
22of 31
* WHEN INTERRUPT OCCURS, IT

PAUSES THE PROGRAM CURRENT- LY EXECUTING FOR EXECUTING
INTERRUPT SERVICE ADDRESSED
BY INTERRUPT VECTOR.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L32 of 40
23 of 31
* AFTER THE INTERRUPT SERVICE

PROCEDURES EXECUTES , AN
INTERRUPT RETURN INSTRUCTION
(IRET) RESUMES THE PROGRAM
AT POINT OF INTERRUPTION.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L32 of 40
24 of 31
* BEFORE PROGRAM IS WRITTEN ,

CONTROL & OPERATION OF THE
SPEAKER IN PERSONAL COMPU-TER MUST BE UNDERSTOOD.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L32 of 40
25 of 31
* BEFORE HOOKING INTO THE

INTERRUPT & PROGRAMMING
HALF - HOUR / HOUR CHIME, A
PROGRAM IS WRITTEN TO
CONTROL THE SPEAKER.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L32 of 40
26 of 31
* ONCE TIMER IS PROGRAMMED ,

BITS PB0 & PB1 (port B) OF 8255
PERIPHERAL CONTROLLER SET
TO PASS THROUGH THE SPEAKER
VIA NAND GATE.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L32 of 40
27 of 31
* WAY TO CONTROL DURATION

OF THE TONE IS BY TIMING THE
LENGTH OF THE TONE WITH
CONTENTS OF A FEW PERSONAL
COMPUTER MEMORY LOCATION.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L32 of 40
28 of 31
* TIME DELAY OF ANY LENGTH

CAN BE PRODUCED .
* FAIRLY ACCURATE .
28/09/99
CE-6265
L32 of 40
29 of 31
* NOT DEPENDENT ON OPERATING

FREQUENCY OF THE COMPUTER.
* GOOD TECHNIQUE TO TIME
LONG EVENTS IN THE PERSONAL
COMPUTER.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L32 of 40
30 of 31
* TERMINATE & STAY RESIDENT

(TSR) PROGRAM IS WRITTEN TO
MONITOR THE CLOCK-TICK
INTERRUPT.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L32 of 40
31 of 31
HOT KEYS
* SPECIAL KEYSTROKE, Or
COMBINATIONS OF KEY
STROKES, THAT INVOKES A
TERMINATE & STAY
RESIDENT PROGRAM.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L33 of 40
1 of 29
* IMPORTANT PROGRAMMING
TECHNIQUE IN INSTALLATION
OF HOT KEYS.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L33 of 40
2 of 29
* THE KEYBOARD INTERRUPT

OCCURS EVERYTIME A KEY IS
PRESSED & ALLOWS ACCESS TO
ANY COMBINATION OF KEYS.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L33 of 40
3 of 29
KEYBOARD OPERATION
* THE KEYBOARD CONNECTED
TO PERSONAL COMPUTER CAN
GENERATES 9 TYPES INTERR-UPT WHENEVER KEY TYPED.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L33 of 40
4 of 29
* THIS INTERRUPT INTERCEPTED

TO PERFORM TASKS IN THE
COMPUTER SYSTEM.
* FEW KEYS LIKE PRINT SCREEN,
RETURN MORE THAN ONE CODE.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L33 of 40
5 of 29
* WHEN INTERRUPT 9 IS INTERCEP
-TED BY TSR INTERRUPT HANDLER

READS CODE FROM I/O PORT.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L33 of 40
6 of 29
* THE I/O PORT RETURNS KEY-BOARD SCAN CODE , WHICH IS

DIFFERENT FROM ASCII CHARA-CTERS OBTAINED FROM
KEYBOARD.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L33 of 40
7 of 29
* IF DESIRED SCAN CODE APPEARS

AT I/O PORT, IT IS THROWN AWAY
AND PROCESSING OF HOT KEY
BEGINS.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L33 of 40
8 of 29
* WHEN HOT KEY IS PROCESSED ,

TSR IS EXECUTED WHICH PROC-ESSES HOT KEY & PERFORM
SOME TASK.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L33 of 40
9 of 29
* AN ADDITION TO SCAN CODE , A

HOT KEY ALSO USES THE
ALTERNATE / SHIFT KEYBOARD
DATA LOCATED AT WORD - SIZED
MEMORY LOCATION.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L33 of 40
10 of 29
INSTALLING A HOT KEY

* A HOT KEY IS INSTALLED
WITH A TSR PROGRAM
AND INTERRUPT HOOKS.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L33 of 40
11 of 29
* THE KEY STROKE COUNTER

PROGRAM PERMITS PRODUCTI-VITY TO BE ACCESSED IN THE
BUSINESS THAT USES COMPUTERS.

28/09/99
CE-6265
L33 of 40
12 of 29
* KEY STROKE COUNTER PROGRAM

COUNTS EACH KEY STROKE AND
DISPLAYS THE COUNT WHEN THE
ALT + K KEY IS PRESSED.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L33 of 40
13 of 29
* THIS PROGRAM CAN BE MODIFIED

TO KEEP TRACKS OF KEY STROKE
BY THE HOUR Or ANY OTHER TIME
UNIT.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L33 of 40
14 of 29
* PROGRAM ALSO STORES THE

INSTALLATION TIME FOR SECU-RITY PURPOSES BECAUSE IF
A MACHINE IS RESET , START
TIME FOR TSR WILL BE RESET.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L33 of 40
15 of 29
* PROGRAM HOOKS INTO INTER-RUPT 8 AND 9 TO COUNT KEYS.

* INTERRUPT 9 HOOK DETECTS
HOT KEY (ALT K) & COUNTS KEY
STROKE.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L33 of 40
16 of 29
* WHEN HOT KEY IS DETECTED ,

18.2 Hz INTERRUPT 8 ACTIVATES
HOT KEY PROGRAM, WHICH
DISPLAYS THE KEY STROKE
COUNT & TIME OF INSTALLATION.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L33 of 40
17 of 29
* THIS TYPE OF TSR IS CALLED A

POP - UP PROGRAM BECAUSE IT
POPS UP WHEN THE HOT KEYS IS
TYPED.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L33 of 40
18 of 29
PASSWORD PROTECTION
TSR
* HOT KEY PROGRAM THAT ADDS
PASSWORD PROTECTION IN THE
FORM OF A TSR INTERRUPT
HOOK.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L33 of 40
19 of 29
* THE KEY BOARD INTERUPT IS

INTERCEPTED TO TEST THE FOR
HOT KEY COMBINATION, WHICH
CAN BE CHANGED .
28/09/99
CE-6265
L33 of 40
20 of 29
* WHEN HOT KEY IS DETECTED,

KEYBOARD INTERRUPT IS LOCKED
OUT, AND LOCKS IS SET TO
LOGIC 1
28/09/99
CE-6265
L33 of 40
21 of 29
* THE CLOCK- TICK INTERRUPT

DETECTS A LOGIC 1 INLOCKS
BEGINS COMPARING DATA
WITH CONTENTS OF PASSWORD
CHARACTER
28/09/99
CE-6265
L33 of 40
22 of 29
REMOVABLE TSRs
* WHEN IT IS DESIRABLE TO
REMOVE TSR AT SOME
POINT , A REMOVABLE TSR
IS USED .
28/09/99
CE-6265
L33 of 40
23 of 29
* USUALLY TSR SOFTWARE REMAIN

IN MEMORY UNTIL SYSTEM IS
REBOOTED Or TURNED OFF AND
RESTARTED .
28/09/99
CE-6265
L33 of 40
24 of 29
* DOS DOES NOT DIRECTLY SUPP-ORT THE REMOVAL OF A TSR.

* A REMOVABLE TSR CAN BE INST-ALLED IF DOS MULTIPLEX INTE-RRUPT IS USED.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L33 of 40
25 of 29
* DOS MULTIPLEX INTERRUPT

ALLOWS TSR SOFTWARE TO
COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER TSR
SOFTWARE & ALSO ALLOWS
REMOVAL OF TSR.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L33 of 40
26 of 29
* THIS SOFTWARE IS LONG,

BECAUSE IT DESCRIBES EVERY
FUNCTION REQUIRED FOR
MOST TSR SOFTWARE.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L33 of 40
27 of 29
* ONCE HOT KEY IS ACTIVATED ,

CLOCK -TICK INTERRUPT CAUSES
A TIME OF DAY TO APPEAR IN
RIGHT CORNER OF SCREEN.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L33 of 40
28 of 29
* THE TIME IS UPDATED EACH

MINUTE & REMAINS OF SCREEN
UNTIL ANY KEY IS TYPED .
28/09/99
CE-6265
L33 of 40
29 of 29
Multiprocessor
INTRODUCTION
TO
MULTIPROCESSOR
CONFIGURATION
28/09/99
CE-6265
L34 of 40
1 of 20
Multiprocessor
8088-BASED SYSTEMS
* THERE ARE THREE
FUNDAMENTAL MULTI-PROCESSOR CONFIGRATIONS.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L34 of 40
2 of 20
Multiprocessor
COPROCESSOR
CONFIGRATION
8086/8088 SUPPLEMENTED
WITH
COPROCESSORS THAT EXTEND
THE INSTRUCTION SET IN
DIRECTIONS THAT WILL ALLOW
NECESSARY SPECIAL COMPUTATIONS.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L34 of 40
3 of 20
8086/8088
ESC
Multiprocessor
WAKE UP COPRO--CESSOR
COPROCESSER
MONITER
--------------- 8086 OR 8088
EXECUTE 8086
INSTRUCTIONS
DEACTIVAYE
HOSTS TEST PIN &
EXECUTE OPERATION.
WAKE UP 8086/
8088
WAIT
-----------------
28/09/99
CE-6265
ACTIVATE
TEST PIN
L34 of 40
4 of 20
Multiprocessor
AN INSTRUCTION TO BE
EXECUTED BY COPROCESSOR
IS INDICATED WHEN ESC
APPEARS IN PROGRAM
SEQUENCE. IT CONTAIN AN
EXTERNAL OPERATION CODE
WHICH MADE COPROCESSOR
TO DO.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L34 of 40
5 of 20
Multiprocessor
THE COPROCESSOR SEND A

BUSY SIGNAL TO HOSTS TEST
PIN WHICH CONTINUES
PROCESSING THE
INSTRUCTION STREAM.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L34 of 40
6 of 20
Multiprocessor
WAIT INSTRUCTION IS TO
WAIT UNTIL ITS TEST PIN IS
ACTIVATED BY THE
COPROCESSOR. REPETEDLY
CHECK THE TEST PIN UNTIL
IT BECOME ACTIVATED.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L34of 40
7 of 20
Multiprocessor
CLOSELY COUPLED
CONFIGURATIONS
* TO MINIMIZE COSTS, INDEP-ENDENT TIED TO CPU TO
FORM A CLOSELY COUPLED
CONFIGURATION.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L34 of 40
8 of 20
MESSAGE
SET UP
Multiprocessor
INDEPENDENT
PROCESSOR
REQUEST
WAIT
8086/8088
INDEPENDENT
WAKE UP
WITH OUT INS.
FETCH
MESSAGE
PROGRAM
SEQUENCE OF
8086
ASSIGNE
TASK
NOTIFY
CPU
WAIT FOR READY

INERRUPT
28/09/99
CE-6265
L34 of 40
9 of 20
Multiprocessor
LOOSELY COUPLED
CONFIGURATION
* EACH CPU HAS UTS OWN BUS
CONTROL LOGIC & BUS ARBITRATION IS RESOLVED BY EXTENDING LOGIC & ADDING
EXTERNAL LOGIC.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L34 of 40
10 of 20
Multiprocessor
ADVANTAGES:* HIGH SYSTEM ACHIEVED

BY MORE THAN ONE CPU.
* SYSTEM EXPENDED IN
MODULAR FROM.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L34 of 40
11 of 20
Multiprocessor
* FALIURE IN ONE MODULE

NOT CAUSE A BREAKDOWN
OF THE ENTIRE SYSTEM.
* EACH BUS MASTER HAVE A
LOCAL BUS TO ACCESS
DEDICATED MEMORY OR
I/O DEVICES.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L34 of 40
12 of 20
Multiprocessor
BUS ACCESS
LOGIC
* EXTRA BUS CONTROL

LOGIC PROVIDED TO
RESOLVE BUS ARBITRA-TION PROBLEM.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L34 of 40
13 of 20
Multiprocessor
METHODS
1) DAISY CHAINING
2) POLLING
3) INDEPENDENT
REQUESTING.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L34 of 40
14 of 20
DAISY CHAIN
MASTER-1
METHOD
`
BAL
Multiprocessor
MASTER-2
BAL
MASTER-N
...
BAL
BAL:-BUS ACCESS
LOGIC
BUS GRANT
BUS
REQUEST
CONTROLLER
BUS BUSY
28/09/99
CE-6265
L34 of 40
15 of 20
Multiprocessor
POLLING
METHOD
MASTER-1
BAL
MASTER-2
BAL
MASTER-N
...
BAL
MODULE
ADDRESS
CONTROLLER
BUS BUSY
28/09/99
CE-6265
BUS REQUEST
L34 of 40
16 of 20
INDEPENDENT
MASTER-1
REQUESTS
METHOD
BAL
Multiprocessor
MASTER-N
MASTER-2
...
BAL
BAL
BUS GRANT-1
C
O
N
T
R
O
L
L
E
R
BUS REQUEST1
BUS GRANT-2
BUS REQUEST-2
BUS GRANT-N
BUS REQUEST-N
BUS BUSY
28/09/99
CE-6265
L34 of 40
17 of 20
Multiprocessor
MICROCOMPUTER
NETWORK
* COMMUNICATE WITH EACH
OTHER & SHARE SOME OF THE

SAME HARDWARE & SOFTWARE
RESOURCES.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L34 of 40
18 of 20
Multiprocessor
* LARGE SYSTEMS OF MICRO-COMPUTERS IS KNOWN AS

COMPUTER NETWORKS.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L34 of 40
19 of 20
Multiprocessor
COMMUNICATION
PROTOCOL
* CONTROLLING INFORMA-TION & ARANGEMENT OF
MICROCOMPUTER NETWORK.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L34 of 40
20 of 20
Multiprocessor
8087 NUMERIC DATA

PROCESSOR (NDP)
* DESIGNED TO PERFORM
ARITHMATIC OPERATIONS
EFFICIENTLY.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L35 of 40
1 of 17
Multiprocessor
* OPERATE ON THE DATA OF

INTEGER, DECIMAL &
REAL TYPES OF LENGTHS 210 BYTES.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L35 of 40
2 of 17
VSS
A14 / D14
A13 / D13
A12 / D12
A11 / D11
A10 / D10
A9 / D9
A8 / D8
A7 / D7
A6 / D6
A5 / D5
A4 / D4
A3 / D3
A2 / D2
A1 / D1
A0 / D0
NC
NC
CLK
VSS
28/09/99
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
8087
NDP
CE-6265
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
Multiprocessor
VCC
A15 / D15
A16 / S3
A17 / S4
A18 / S5
A19 / S6
BHE / S7
RQ / GT1
INT
RQ / GT0
NC
NC
S2
S1
S0
QS0
QS1
BUSY
READY
RESET
L35 of 40
3 of 17
Multiprocessor
NDPS DATA TYPES

* WORD INTEGER (WI)
* SHORT INTEGER (SI)
* LONG INTEGER (LI)
28/09/99
CE-6265
L35 of 40
4 of 17
Multiprocessor
* PACKED BCD (P BCD)

* SHORT REAL (SR)
* LONG REAL (LR)
* TEMPORARY REAL (TR)
28/09/99
CE-6265
L35 of 40
5 of 17
DATA
TYPES
Multiprocessor
BYTES
WI
SI
FORMAT
MAGNITUDE
S
15
MAGNITUDE
S
31
LI
0
S
MAGNITUDE
63
P BCD
10
28/09/99
0 D 17 D16
S
79 78
72
CE-6265
L35 of 40
D 1 D0
0
6 of 17
Multiprocessor
SR
S
31 30
LR
TR
8
10
23 22
63 62
52 51
79 78
28/09/99
F
64 63
CE-6265
L35 of 40
7 of 17
Multiprocessor
PROCESSOR
ARCHITECTURE
* MONITOR & CONTROL LOGIC

MAINTAINS A 6-BYTE
INSTRUCTION QUEUE.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L35 of 40
8 of 17
Multiprocessor
* TRACKS THE INSTRUCTION

EXECUTION SEQUENCE OF
THE HOST.
* INSTRUCTION CURRENTLY
EXECUTED BY HOST IS
ESC INSTRUCTION.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L35 of 40
9 of 17
Multiprocessor
* CAPTURES THE OPERAND

& OPERAND ADDRESS.
* OTHER INSTRUCTIONS ARE
IGNORED.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L35 of 40
10 of 17
Multiprocessor
* DECODES EXTERNAL OP-CODE TO PERFORM THE

SPECIFIED OPERATION.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L35 of 40
11 of 17
Multiprocessor
* THERE ARE 8 DATA

REGISTER ACCESSED AS
STACK OR RENOMLY
RELATIVE TO TOP OF STACK.
* OPERAND MAY BE POPPED
FROM THIS STACK OR
PUSHED ONTO IT.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L35 of 40
12 of 17
Multiprocessor
* TOP STACK ELEMENT IS

POINTED BY ST BITS.
* PUSH OPERATION
DECREMENTS ST BY 1 &
THEN LOADS OPERAND.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L 35 of 40
13 of 17
Multiprocessor
* POP OPERATION RETRIVES

THE TOP OF STACK & THEN
INCREMENTS ST BY 1.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L35 of 40
14 of 17
Multiprocessor
INSTRUCTION SET
8087 HAS 68 INSTRUCTIONS.
DIVIDED INTO SIX GROUPS:* DATA TRANSFER
* ARITHMATIC COMPARISON
28/09/99
CE-6265
L35 of 40
15 of 17
Multiprocessor
*TRANSCENDENTAL
*COSTANT
*PROCESSER COTROL
28/09/99
CE-6265
L35 of 40
16 of 17
Multiprocessor
*ASSEMBLER GENERATE TWO

MACHINE INSTRUCTIONS FOR
8087:# WAIT
# ESC
28/09/99
CE-6265
L35 of 40
17 of 17
Micro Controllers
MICRO
CONTROLLERS
28/09/99
CE-6265
L36 of 40
1 of 31``
INTRODUCTION
* MICROCOMPUTERS THAT
DESIGNED SPECIALLY FOR
SOME CONTROL APPLICAT-ION SUCH AS POWER
CONTROL.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L36 of 40
2 of 31
Micro Controllers
Micro Controllers
* IT IS A CHIP CONSISTING OF A
MICROPROCESSOR , MEMORY &
INPUT/ OUTPUT DEVICES .
* MICRO CONTROLLERS VARY IN
THEIR DATA HANDLING
CAPACITY .
28/09/99
CE-6265
L36 of 40
3 of 31
Micro Controllers
FEATURES
1) SMALLER - SIZED
2) LOW COST
3) LESS POWER HUNGRY
28/09/99
CE-6265
L36 of 40
4 of 31
Micro Controllers
ARCHITECTURE
* MAINLY WE USE , NEC 7800
SERIES FOR THE STUDY OF
MICROCONTROLLERS.
* IT REPRESENTS A SINGLE
CHIP MICROCOMPUTER
SERIES .
28/09/99
CE-6265
L36 of 40
5 of 31
ARCHITECTURE
OF NEC 7810
Micro Controllers
* IT CAN BE EXPLAINED BY
FOLLOWING PARTS:--1) REGISTER SET
2) MEMORY ADDRESSING
3) I/O PORTS
4) INTERVAL TIMERS
28/09/99
CE-6265
L36 of 40
6 of 31
Micro Controllers
REGISTER SET
* PROGRAM COUNTER (PC) ) AND
STACK POINTER (SP) ARE 16- BIT
REGISTERS .
* THE PSW IS AN 8-BIT PROGRAM
REGISTER.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L36 of 40
7 of 31
Micro Controllers
* IT HAS TWO SETS OF REGISTER.

THESE ARE :-1) MAIN SET
2) ALTERNATE SET
28/09/99
CE-6265
L36 of 40
8 of 31
Micro Controllers
* EACH SET INCLUDE A 16- BIT

EXTENDED ACCUMULATOR
(EA), EIGHT 8- BIT GENERAL
REGISTER.
* B - C, D - E , AND H - L USED AS
REGISTER PAIR.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L36 of 40
9 of 31
Micro Controllers
* THE V REGISTER IS KNOWN AS

VECTOR REGISTER . IT IS 8 - BIT
WIDE & USED FOR FAST
ACCESSING OF ANY 256 BYTES OF
MEMORY .
28/09/99
CE-6265
L36 of 40
10 of 31
Micro Controllers
* 256 BYTES IN YHE MEMORY

ARE ALSO KNOWN AS WORKING
REGISTERS .
* ACCESS TO WORKING
REGISTERS ARE FAST THAN
ANY MEMORY LOCATION .
28/09/99
CE-6265
L36 of 40
11 of 31
SIGNALS IN NEC 7810

PAo - PA7
PB0 - PB7
PC0 / TXD
PC1 / RXD
PC2 / SCK
NMI
INT1
PC3/T1/INT2
PC4 / TO
PC5 / C1
PC6 / Coo
PC7 / CO1
Vss
MODEL1
28/09/99
Micro Controllers
NEC
7810/11/14
(64-PIN
DIP
Or
QUIP)
CE-6265
L36 of 40
Vcc
Vdd
PD0 - PD7
PF0 - PF7
ALE
WR
RD
AVcc
VAref
ANO - AN7
AVss
RESET
Vss
12 of 31
REGISTER SET OF NEC 7810

Micro Controllers
7
0
15
PSW
PC
SP
0 15
15
EA
V
B
D
H
EA
A
C
E
L
28/09/99
CE-6265
V
B
D
A
C
E
L36 of 40
13 of 31
Micro Controllers
MEMORY ADDRESSING
* THE 7810 HAS 256 BYTES OF
INTERNAL ON - CHIP RAM.
7800 MEMBERS ALSO HAVE
8K Or 16 K BYTES OF ROM.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L36 of 40
14 of 31
Micro Controllers
* ADDRESSES CORRESSPONDING
TO THE INTERNAL RAM ARE
0FF00 H - 0FFFF H .
* ALL THE MEMORY ADDRESSES IN
7810 ARE 16 BITS WIDE .
28/09/99
CE-6265
L36 of 40
15 of 31
Micro Controllers
* IF INTERNAL RAM IS USED ,THEN

7810 CAN ACCESS A TOTAL OF
(65, 536 - 256 ) BYTES OF
EXTERNAL MEMORY .
28/09/99
CE-6265
L36 of 40
16 of 31
Micro Controllers
* IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO USE

INTERNAL RAM ,SO ALL OF 64 K
ADDRESSES CAN BE MAPPED
ONTO EXTERNAL RAM.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L36 of 40
17 of 31
Micro Controllers
* A BIT IN
SPECIAL 8 - BIT
INTERNAL REGISTER KNOWN AS

MEMORY MAPPING REGISTERS,
CONTROL USE OF INTERNAL RAM .

28/09/99
CE-6265
L36 of 40
18 of 31
Micro Controllers
* THIS BIT CAN BE SET TO 1 TO

ENABLE USE OF INTERNAL
RAM OR RESET TO 0 TO
DISABLE INTERNAL RAM .
28/09/99
CE-6265
L36 of 40
19 of 31
Micro Controllers
I/O PORTS
* THE 7810 HAS TOTAL OF FIVE
8 - BIT PROGRAMMABLE PORTS
SUCH AS PA ,PB, PC , PD, PF .
28/09/99
CE-6265
L36 of 40
20 of 31
Micro Controllers
* INDIVIDUAL LINES OF PORTS CAN

BE PROGRAMMED AS I/O PORTS .
* PORT C CAN BE PROGRAMMED TO

OPERATE IN INPUT , OUTPUT OR
CONTROL MODE.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L36 of 40
21 of 31
Micro Controllers
* PORT D AND F SERVE A DOUBLE

DUTY.
* PORT D IS FOR MULTIPLEXING
OF 8 - BITS OF ADDRESS & DATA .
28/09/99
CE-6265
L36 of 40
22 of 31
Micro Controllers
* PORT D LINES SERVES AS LINES

AD0 - AD7 .
* PORT D CAN BE PROGRAMMED
TO SERVE AS AN 8- BIT I/O
PORT .
28/09/99
CE-6265
L36 of 40
23 of 31
Micro Controllers
* PORT F CAN BE PROGRAMMED

TO SERVE AS I / O LINES OR
TO TRANSFER 8- BIT HIGH
ORDER ADDRESS .
28/09/99
CE-6265
L36 of 40
24 of 31
Micro Controllers
* PORT D CAN BE PROGRAMMED

TO BEHAVE LIKE A7 - A15 LINES .
* WHEN LESS THAN 256 VBYTES OF
EXTERNAL MEMORY, PORT F CAN
BE USED FOR I/O OPERATION.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L36 of 40
25 of 31
Micro Controllers
* I/O PORTS STRUCTURE OF 7810 IS

HIGHLY FLEXIBLE. FLEXIBILITY
IS VERY USEFUL IN PROCESS
CONTROL & OTHER CONTROL
APPLICATION.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L36 of 40
26 of 31
Micro Controllers
INTERVAL TIMERS
* VERY POWERFUL & FLEXIBLE
SET OF TIMERS.
* USED FOR GENERATING
DELAYS, MEASURING SPEED.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L36 of 40
27 of 31
Micro Controllers
* TWO PROGRAMMABLE 8 -BIT

INTERVAL TIMERS AND ONE
MALFUNCTION 16- BIT TIMER &
EVENT TIMERS .
28/09/99
CE-6265
L36 of 40
28 of 31
Micro Controllers
ELEMENTS OF
INTERVAL TIMER
1) UP COUNTER THAT GETS

INCREMENTED BY CLOCK
PULSE .
2) A TIMER REGISTER THAT
HOLDS INTERVAL TIMER.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L36 of 40
29 of 31
Micro Controllers
3) COMPARATOR THAT CONTINU-OUSLY COMPARES OUTPUT

OF UPCOUNTER WITH THAT OF
TIMER REGISTER .
28/09/99
CE-6265
L36 of 40
30 of 31
Micro Controllers
4) IMER FLIP-FLOP CONTROLLED

BY EITHER COMPARATOR OR
BY AN INTERNAL CLOCK PULSE .
28/09/99
CE-6265
L36 of 40
31 of 31
Micro Controllers
INTEL 8051
* IT IS LATEST 8 - BIT SINGLE
CHIP MICROCOMPUTER
* IT IS MORE VERSATILE THAN
8048 SERIES.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L37 of 40
1 of 28
Micro Controllers
* IT GAINED POSITION OF 2nd

GENERATION STANDARD MICRO-CONTROLLER .
* USED FOR SIMPLE INDUSTRIAL &
COMPLEX EQUIPMENT CONTROL
28/09/99
CE-6265
L37 of 40
2 of 28
Micro Controllers
MAIN FEATURES
1) 8 BIT- CPU
2) 64K ADDRESS SPACE FOR
EXTERNAL MEMORY, WHICH
WILL BE IN ADDITION TO 256/128
BYTES OF MEMORY.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L37 of 40
3 of 28
Micro Controllers
3) 64 K ADDRESS SPACE FOR PRO-GRAM MEMORY .

4) ON - CHIP OSCILLATOR AND
CLOCK CIRCUITRY .
28/09/99
CE-6265
L37 of 40
4 of 28
Micro Controllers
5) 32 INPUT / OUTPUT LINES.

6) FOUR 8-BIT BIDIRECTIONAL I/O
PORTS CONSISTING OF
LATCH , OUTPUT DRIVER
BUFFER.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L37 of 40
5 of 28
Micro Controllers
7) IT HAS TWO 16 - BIT TIMER:

TMER 0 AND TIMER 1
8) TIMER 0 AND 1 HAVE FOUR
OPERATING MODES .
28/09/99
CE-6265
L37 of 40
6 of 28
Micro Controllers
9) FULL DUPLEX SERIAL PORT

MEANS THAT SERIAL PORT
CAN TRANSMIT & RECEIVE
DATA SIMULTANEOUSLY .
28/09/99
CE-6265
L37 of 40
7 of 28
Micro Controllers
10) IT HAS FIVE INTERRUPTS . 2 OF

THEM ARE FROM EXTERNAL
DEVICES, TWO FROM COUNTER &
ONE FROM SERIAL PORT .
28/09/99
CE-6265
L37 of 40
8 of 28
Micro Controllers
11) THE 8051 HAS 111 INSTRUCTION.

a) 49 SINGLE BYTE
b) 45 TWO - BYTE
c) 17 THREE - BYTE
28/09/99
CE-6265
L37 of 40
9 of 28
Micro Controllers
12) OPERATES WITH 12 MHZ CLOCK

13) ON SINGLE +5V SUPPLY
14) ALSO INSTRUCTIONS FOR
MULTIPLICATION & DIVISION.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L37 of 40
10 of 28
Micro Controllers
15) TAKES 1 MICRO SECOND FOR

ADDITION.
16) TAKES 4 MICRO SECOND FOR
MULTIPLICATION AND
DIVISION.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L37 of 40
11 of 28
32-BIT MP
INTRODUCTION
TO 80386
80486 &
PENTIUM
28/09/99
CE-6265
L37 of 40
12 of 28
32-BIT MP
OBJECTIVES
1) DESCRIBE FUNCTION &
PURPOSE OF EACH PROGRAM VISIBLE REGISTER IN 8086-80486
& PENTIUM MICROPROCESSOR.
2) DETAIL THE FLAG REGISTER .
28/09/99
CE-6265
L37 of 40
13 of 28
32-BIT MP
3) DETAIL OPERATION OF MEMORY

PAGING MECHANISM.
4) DESCRIBE HOW MEMORY IS

ACCESSED USING REAL-MODE
MEMORY-ADDRESSING
TECHNIQUE.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L37 of 40
14 of 28
32-BIT MP
5) DESCRIBE PROGRAM-INVISIBLE
REGISTERS FOUND IN 80286,
80386 & 80486 & PENTIUM.
6) DESCRIBE HOW MEMORY IS
ACCESSED USING PROTECTEDMODE MEMORY-ADDRESSING
TECHNIQUE.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L37 of 40
15 of 28
32-BIT MP
80386,80486 & PENTIUM

1) CONTAINS 32-BIT INTERNAL
ARCHITECTURES.
2) 8-BIT INTERNAL REGISTERS
ARE AH,AL,BH,BL,CH,CL,DH &DL.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L37 of 40
16 of 28
32-BIT MP
3) 16-BIT REGISTERS ARE AX,BX,

CX,DX,SP,BP,SI,DI,IP,FLAGS,CS,DS,
ES,SS,FS & GS.
4) 32-BIT REGISTERS ARE EAX,EBX,

ECX,EDX,ESP,EBP,EDI,ESI,EIP &
E-FLAGS.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L37 of 40
17 of 28
32-BIT MP
MULTI-PURPOSE
REGISTERS
* EAX ( ACCUMULATOR)
* EBX ( BASE-INDEX)
* ECX ( COUNT)
28/09/99
CE-6265
L37 of 40
18 of 28
32-BIT MP
* EDX ( DATA)
* EBP ( BASE POINTER)
* EDI ( DESTINATION INDEX)
* ESI ( SOURCE INDEX )
28/09/99
CE-6265
L37 of 40
19 of 28
32-BIT MP
EAX
1) REFERENCED AS A 32-BIT
REGISTER (EAX).
2) REFERNCED AS A 16-BIT
REGISTER (AX).
28/09/99
CE-6265
L37 of 40
20 of 28
32-BIT MP
3) REFERNCED AS A 8-BIT
REGISTER (AH Or AL ).
4) ACCUMULATOR IS USED FOR
INSTRUCTIONS LIKE MULTIPLIC- ATION, DIVISION &
ADJUSTMENTS.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L37 of 40
2 1 of 28
32-BIT MP
5) THIS REGISTER ALSO HOLD AN

ADDRESS TO ACCESS A LOCATION
IN THE MEMORY SYSTEM.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L37 of 40
22 of 28
32-BIT MP
EBX
1) ADDRESSABLE AS
EBX,BX,BH OR BL.
2) BX REGISTER IS USED TO
ADDRESS MEMORY IN ALL
VERSIONS.
3) CAN ALSO ADDRESS DATA.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L37 of 40
23 of 28
32-BIT MP
ECX
1) THIS REGISTER CAN HOLD
COUNT.
2) IT CAN ALSO ADDRESS
MEMORY DATA.
3) INSTRUCTIONS USING A
COUNT ARE REPEATED STRING
INSTRUCTIONS.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L37 of 40
24 of 28
32-BIT MP
EDX
1) HOLD RESULT FROM A
MULTIPLICATION &
DIVIDEND BEFORE A
DIVISION.
2) CAN ADDRESS MEMORY
DATA.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L37 of 40
25 of 28
32-BIT MP
EBP
1) POINTS TO A MEMORY
LOCATION FOR MEMORY
DATA TRANSFER.
2) ADDRESSED AS EITHER BP
Or EBP.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L37 of 40
26 of 28
32-BIT MP
EDI
1) ADDRESSES STRING
DESTINATIN DATA FOR
STRING INSTRUCTION.
2) FUNCTIONS AS A 32-BIT
(EDI) Or 16-BIT (DI) MULTI
PURPOSE REGISTERS.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L37 of 40
27 of 28
32-BIT MP
ESI
1) ADDRESSES SOURCE STRING
DATA FOR STRING
INSTRUCTIONS.
2) ADDRESSED AS 16-BIT (SI) Or
32-BIT (ESI).
28/09/99
CE-6265
L37 of 40
28 of 28
32-BIT MP
SPECIAL PURPOSE
REGISTERS
* EIP ( INSTRUCTION
POINTER )
* ESP ( STACK POINTER )
* EFLAGS
28/09/99
CE-6265
L38 of 40
1 of 30
32-BIT MP
* C (CARRY)
* P (PARITY )
* A (AUXILIARY CARRY )
* Z (ZERO )
* S (SIGN )
28/09/99
CE-6265
L38 of 40
2 of 30
32-BIT MP
* T (TRAP)
* I (INTERRUPT )
* D (DIRECTION )
* O (OVERFLOW )
28/09/99
CE-6265
L38 of 40
3 of 30
32-BIT MP
* IOPL ( INPUT/OUTPUT PRIVILEGE

LEVEL )
* NT ( NESTED TASK )
* RF ( RESUME )
* VM ( VERTUAL MODE )
28/09/99
CE-6265
L38 of 40
4 of 30
32-BIT MP
* AC ( ALIGNMENT CHECK)
* VIF ( VIRTUAL INTERRUPT )
* VIP ( VERTUAL INTERRUPT
PENDING )
* ID ( IDENTIFICATION )
28/09/99
CE-6265
L38 of 40
5 of 30
32-BIT MP
EIP
1) THIS REGISTER IS IP (16-BITS)
WHEN MICROPROCESSOR
OPERATES IN REAL MODE &
EIP (32-BITS) WHEN OPERATE IN
THE PROTECTED MODE.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L38 of 40
6 of 30
32-BIT MP
2) 8086,8088 & 80286 CONTAINS EIP

BUT 80286 OPERATE IN PROTECTED MODE.
3) INSTRUCTION POINTER CAN BE
MODIFIED WITH JUMP Or CALL
INSTRUCTION.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L38 of 40
7 of 30
32-BIT MP
ESP
1) ADDRESSES AN AREA OF
MEMORY CALLED STACK.
2) REFFERED AS SP (16-BIT )
Or ESP (32-BIT ).
28/09/99
CE-6265
L38 of 40
8 of 30
32-BIT MP
EFLAGS
1) INDICATES CONDITION OF
MICROPROCESSOR.
2) CONTROL ITS OPERATION.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L38 of 40
9 of 30
32-BIT MP
3) IT IS UPWARD COMPATIBLE
FROM 8086/8088 TO PENTIUM
MPU.
4) 8086-80286 CONTAINS FLAG
REGISTER (16-BIT ) & 80386
CONTAINS EFLAGS (32-BIT ).
28/09/99
CE-6265
L38 of 40
10 of 30
32-BIT MP
C (carry )
1) HOLD THE CARRY AFTER
ADDITION Or THE BORROW
AFTER SUBTRACTION.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L38 of 40
11 of 30
32-BIT MP
2) INDICATES ERROR
CONDITIONS AS DICTATED
BY SOME PROGRAMS &
PROCEDURES.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L38 of 40
12 of 30
32-BIT MP
P ( parity )
1) LOGIC 0 FOR ODD PARITY & A
LOGIC 1 FOR EVEN PARITY.
2) ITS FINDS LITTLE APPLICATION IN PROGRAMMING.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L38 of 40
13 of 30
32-BIT MP
3) PARITY IS COUNT OF
ONES IN A NUMBER
EXPRESSED AS EVEN Or
ODD.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L38 of 40
14 of 30
32-BIT MP
A(auxiliary carry)
1) IT IS TESTED BY DAA &
DAS INSTRUCTION.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L38 of 40
15 of 30
2) HOLDS CARRY AFTER
32-BIT MP
ADDITION OR BORROW AFTER

SUBTRACTION BETWEEN BIT
POSITIONS 3 & 4 OF THE
RESULT.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L38 of 40
16 of 30
32-BIT MP
Z (zero)
1) SHOWS THAT THE RESULT
OF AN ARITHMETIC Or LOGIC
OPERATION IS ZERO.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L38 of 40
17 of 30
32-BIT MP
2) IF Z=1, RESULT IS 0.
3) IF Z=0, RESULT IS NOT 0.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L38 of 40
18 of 30
32-BIT MP
S (sign)
1) HOLD ARITHMETIC SIGN OF
THE RESULT AFTER AN
ARITHMETIC Or LOGIC
INSTRUCTION EXECUTES.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L38 of 40
19 of 30
32-BIT MP
2) IF S=1, SIGN BIT IS SET Or

NEGATIVE.
3) IF S=0, BIT IS CLEARED Or
POSITIVE.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L38 of 40
20 of 30
32-BIT MP
T (trap)
1) ENABLES TRAPPING
THROUGH AN ON-CHIP
DEBUGGING FEATURE.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L38 of 40
21 of 30
32-BIT MP
2) IF T=1, MPU INTERRUPTS THE

FLOW OF PROGRAM AS INDIC-ATED BY DEBUG & CONTROL
REGISTERS.
3) IF T=0, THE TRAPPING (DEBUG-GING) FEATURE IS DISABLED.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L38 of 40
22 of 30
32-BIT MP
4) THE CODE VIEW PROGRAM CAN

USE THE TRAP FEATURE &
DEBUG REGISTERS TO DEBUG
FAULTY SOFTWARE.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L38 of 40
23 of 30
32-BIT MP
I (interrupt )
1) CONTROLS THE OPERATION OF
THE INTR INPUT PIN.
2) IF I=1, THE INTR PIN IS ENABLED
.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L38 of 40
24 of 30
32-BIT MP
3) IF I=0, PIN IS DISABLED.

4) STATE OF I FLAG BIT IS
CONTROLLED BY STI & CLI.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L38 of 40
25 of 30
D (direction)
32-BIT MP
1) SELECTS EITHER THE

INCREMENT Or DECREMENT
MODE FOR THE DI Or SI
REGISTERS DURING STRING
INSTRUCTIONS.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L38 of 40
26 of 30
2) IF D=1 , REGISTERS ARE

AUTOMATICALLY
DECREMENTED.
32-BIT MP
3) IF D=0, REGISTERS ARE

AUTOMATICALLY
INCREMENTED.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L38 of 40
27 of 30
32-BIT MP
4) D FLAG IS SET WITH THE STD

I NSTRUCTION.
5) D FLAG IS CLEARED WITH THE
CLD INSTUCTION.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L38 of 40
28 of 30
O (over flow)
32-BIT MP
1) OCCURS WHEN SIGNED NUMBERS

ARE ADDED Or SUBTRACTED.
2) FOR UNSIGNED OPERATION,
THIS FLAG IS IGNORED.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L38 of 40
29 of 30
32-BIT MP
3) INDICATES THAT THE RESULT

HAS EXCEEDED CAPACITY OF
MACHINE .
28/09/99
CE-6265
L38 of 40
30 of 30
IOPL
32-BIT MP
1) USED IN PROTECTED-MODE
OPERATION TO SELECT THE
PRIVILEGE LEVEL FOR I/O
DEVICES.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L39 of 40
1 of 26
32-BIT MP
2) IOPL OF 00 IS THE HIGHEST Or

MOST TRUSTED LEVEL & AN IOPL
OF 11 IS LOWEST Or LEAST
TRUSTED LEVEL.
3) IF THE CURRENT PRIVILEGE
LEVEL IS HIGHER THEN I/O
EXECUTES WITHOUT HINDRENCE
28/09/99
CE-6265
L39 of 40
2 of 26
32-BIT MP
4) IF THE IOPL IS LOWER THAN

CURRENT PRIVILEGE LEVEL,
AN INTERRUPT OUCCERS,
CAUSING EXECUTION TO
SUSPEND.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L39 of 40
3 of 26
32-BIT MP
NT
1) IT IS SET WHEN THE TASK
IS NESTED BY SOFTWARE.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L39 of 40
4 of 26
32-BIT MP
2) INDICATES THAT THE

CURRENT TASK IS NESTED
WITHIN ANOTHER IN
PROTECTED MODE
OPERATION .
28/09/99
CE-6265
L39 of 40
5 of 26
32-BIT MP
RF
1) IT IS USED WITH THE
DEBUGGING TO CONTROL THE
RESUMPTION OF EXECUTION
AFTER THE NEXT INSTRUCTION .
28/09/99
CE-6265
L39 of 40
6 of 26
32-BIT MP
VM
1) SELECTS VIRTUAL-MODE
OPERATION IN A PROTECTED
MODE SYSTEM.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L39 of 40
7 of 26
32-BIT MP
2) IT ALLOWS MULTIPLE DOS

MEMORY PARTITIONS, 1M
BYTE IN LENGTH, TO
COEXIST IN THE MEMORY
SYSTEM.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L39 of 40
8 of 26
32-BIT MP
AC
1) 80486SX MPU CONTAINS
ALLIGNMENT CHECK BIT .
28/09/99
CE-6265
L39 of 40
9 of 26
32-BIT MP
2) ACTIVATES IF A WORD Or
DOUBLE WORD IS
ADDRESSED ON A
NONWORD Or
NONDOUBLEWORD
BOUNDARY.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L39 of 40
10 of 26
32-BIT MP
VIF
1) IT IS A VIRTUAL-MODE
COPY OF THE INTERRUPT
FLAG BIT AVAILABLE TO THE
PENTIUM MPU.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L39 of 40
11 of 26
32-BIT MP
VIP
1) USED IN MULTITASKING
ENVIRONMENTS.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L39 of 40
12 of 26
32-BIT MP
2) PROVIDES INFORMATION
ABOUT A VIRTUAL-MODE
INTERRUPT FOR THE PENTIUM
MPU.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L39 of 40
13 of 26
32-BIT MP
ID
1) INDICATES THAT THE
PENTIUM MPU SUPPORTS
THE CPUID INSTRUCTION.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L39 of 40
14 of 26
2) CPUID INSTRUCTION
32-BIT MP
PROVIDES THE SYSTEM

WITH INFORMATION ABOUT
THE PENTIUM MPU.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L39 of 40
15 of 26
SEGMENT
REGISTERS
32-BIT MP
* CS (CODE SEGMENT)
* DS (DATA)
28/09/99
CE-6265
L39 of 40
16 of 26
32-BIT MP
* ES (EXTRA)
* SS (STACK)
* FS & GS
28/09/99
CE-6265
L39 of 40
17 of 26
32-BIT MP
CS
1) IT IS A SECTION OF
MEMORY THAT HOLDS THE
CODE ( programs & procedures)
USED BY THE MPU.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L39 of 40
18 of 26
32-BIT MP
2) IT DEFINES THE STARTING

ADDRESSED OF THE SECTION OF
MEMORY HOLDING CODE.
3) IN REAL-MODE OPERATION,
IT DEFINES THE START OF A 64K
BYTE SECTION OF MEMORY
.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L39 of 40
19 of 26
32-BIT MP
4) IN PROTECTED-MODE, IT
SELECTS A DESCRIPTOR THAT
DESCRIBES STARTING ADDRESS
& LENGTH OF SECTION OF
MEMORY HOLDING CODE.
5) IN PROTECTED-MODE, CODE
SEGMENT LIMITED TO 64K BYTE
28/09/99
CE-6265
L39 of 40
20 of 26
32-BIT MP
DS
1) CONTAINS MOST OF DATA
USED BY A PROGRAM.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L39 of 40
21 of 26
32-BIT MP
2) DATA ACCESSED BY AN
OFFSET ADDRESS Or BY
CONTENTS OF OTHER
REGISTER THAT HOLDS
THE OFFSET ADDRESS.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L39 of 40
22 of 26
32-BIT MP
ES
1) ADDITIONAL DATA SEGMENT
USED BY SOME OF THE STRING
INSTRUCTION TO HOLD
DESTINATION DATA.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L39 of 40
23 of 26
SS
32-BIT MP
1) DEFINES THE AREA OF MEMORY

USED FOR THE STACK.
2) LOCATION OF CURRENT ENTRY
POINT IN SS DETERM- -INED BY
SP REGISTER.
3) BP ALSO ADDRESSES DATA.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L39 of 40
24 of 26
FS & GS
32-BIT MP
1) THESE REGISTERS ARE

AVAILABLE IN THE 80386, 80486 &
PENTIUM MICROPROCESSORS
TO ALLOW TWO ADDITIONAL
MEMORY SEGMENTS FOR
ACCESS BY PROGRAMS.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L39 of 40
25 of 26
REAL MODE MEMORY
32-BIT MP
FFFF
1FFFF
OFFSET = F000
1F000
64K - BYTE
SEGMENT
SEGMENT REGISTER
1
10000
00000
28/09/99
CE-6265
L39 of 40
26 of 26
32-BIT MP
REAL-MODE MEMORY
ADDRESSING
1) OPERATES IN 8086.
2) CAN BE OPERATED WITH 8088.
3) USES CONVENTIONAL MEMORY.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L40 of 40
1 of 22
32-BIT MP
SEGMENTS & OFFSETS

* DEFINES BEGNING OF MEMORY
ADDRESS.
* OFFSET ADDRESS SELECTS ANY
ADDRESS WITHIN 64K MEMORY
SEGMENTS.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L40 of 40
2 of 22
32-BIT MP
* 16 BYTES BOUNDARY IS CALLED

PARAGRAPH.
* OFFSET ADDRESS IS ADDED TO

START OF SEGMENT ADDRESS
TO ADDRESS MEMORY LOCATION
IN MEMORY SEGMENT.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L40 of 40
3 of 22
32-BIT MP
MEMORY IN 80286 TO
PENTIUM
* EXTRA 64K MINUS 16 BYTES `OF
MEMORY IS ADDRESSABLE.
* THIS IS CALLED HIGH MEMORY.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L40 of 40
4 of 22
32-BIT MP
* ADDRESSING MODES COMBINE

MORE THAN ONE REGISTER & AN
OFFSET VALUE TO FORM AN
OFFSET ADDRESS.
* SUM OF THESE VALUES EXCEED

FFFFH .
28/09/99
CE-6265
L40 of 40
5 of 22
32-BIT MP
MEMORY PAGING
* ALLOWS PHYSICAL MEMORY
LOCATION TO BE ASSIGNED TO
ANY LINEAR ADDRESS.
* LINEAR ADDRESS IS GENERATED
BY PROGRAM.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L40 of 40
6 of 22
32-BIT MP
* LINEAR ADDRESS IS TRANSLATED

INTO PHYSICAL ADDRESS.
* APPLICATION WRITTEN AT A
SPECIFIC ADDRESS RELOCATED
THROUGH PAGING MECHANISM.
* e.g. EMM386.EXE
28/09/99
CE-6265
L40 of 40
7 of 22
32-BIT MP
*EMM386.EXE REASSIGNS EXTENDED

MEMORY IN 4K BLOCKS TO THE
SYSTEM MEMORY BETWEEN VIDEO
BIOS & SYSTEM BIOS.
* WITHOUT PAGING USE OF THIS

AREA OF MEMORY IS IMPOSSIBLE.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L40 of 40
8 of 22
32-BIT MP
PAGING REGISTERS
* USES CONTROL REGISTERS
CR0 THROUGH CR3.
* REGISTERS AVAIABLE
FROM 80386 TO PENTIUM.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L40 of 40
9 of 22
32-BIT MP
* PENTIUM CONTAINS ADDITIONAL

CR4 REGISTERS.
* IT CONTROLS EXTENSIONS.
* ONE OF THIS FEATURE IS 4MB
PAGE.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L40 of 40
10 of 22
32-BIT MP
* LEFT MOST BIT POSITION OF CR0

SELECTS PAGING WHEN AT LOGIC 1
* IF 0 , LINEAR ADDRESS BECOMES

PHYSICAL ADDRESS.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L40 of 40
11 of 22
32-BIT MP
* PAGING MECHANISM FUNCTIONS

IN REAL & PROTECTED MODE.
* CR3 CONTAIN PAGE DIRECTORY

BASE ADDRESS.
* CR3 CONTAIN PCD & PWT BITS.

28/09/99
CE-6265
L40 of 40
12 of 22
32-BIT MP
* THE PCD & PWT BITS CONTROLS

OPERATION OF PCD & PWT PINS
OF THE MICROPROCESSOR.
* IF PCD IS SET , PCD PIN BECOMES

A LOGIC 1 DURING BUS CYCLES
THAT ARE NOT PAGES.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L40 of 40
13 of 22
32-BIT MP
* PCD & PWT ALLOWS HARDWARE

TO CONTROL LEVEL 2 CACHE
MEMORY.
* PAGE DIRECTORY BASE ADDRESS
LOCATES THE PAGE DIRECTORY
FOR PAGE TRANSLATION UNIT.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L40 of 40
14 of 22
32-BIT MP
* ADDRESS LOCATES PAGE DIRECT-ORY AT ANY 4K BOUNDARY IN

THE MEMORY UNIT.
* CONTAINS 1,024 DIRECTORY

ENTRIES OF 4 BYTES EACH.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L40 of 40
15 of 22
32-BIT MP
* LINEAR ADDRESSES DIVIDED INTO

3 SECTIONS USED TO ACCESS :----a) PAGE DIRECTORY ENTRY
b) PAGE TABLE ENTRY
c) PAFE OFFSET ADDRESS
28/09/99
CE-6265
L40 of 40
16 of 22
32-BIT MP
FORMAT FOR LINEAR ADDRESS

31
22
DIRECTORY
28/09/99
21
12
11
PAGE TABLE
CE-6265
L40 of 40
0
OFFSET
17 of 22
32-BIT
PAGE DIRECTORY
OR PAGE TABLE ENTRY
31
12
ADDRESS
28/09/99
MP
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
D A P P U WP
CW
DT
CE-6265
L40 of 40
PRESENT
WRITABLE
USER DEFINED
WRITE -THROUGH
CACHE DISABLE
ACCESSED
DIRTY ( 0 in page
18 of 22directory )
32-BIT MP
PAGE DIRECTORY
* ONLY ONE PAGE DIRECTORY IN
THIS SYSTEM.
* CONTAINS 1,024 DOUBLE WORD
ADDRESSES & LOCATE UPTO 1,024
PAGE TABLE.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L40 of 40
19 of 22
* 4K BYTES IN LENGTH.
32-BIT MP
* IF 4G BYTE MEMORY IS PAGED,

SYSTEM ALLOCATE 4K BYTE OF
MEMORY FOR IT .
* REPRESENTS CONSIDERABLE
INVESTMENT IN MEMORY RESOU-RCES.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L40 of 40
20 of 22
32-BIT MP
PAGE TABLE
* 4K BYTE IN LENGTH.
* DOS SYSTEM WITH EMM386.EXE
PROGRAM USES PAGE TABLE TO
REDEFINE THE AREA OF
MEMORY.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L40 of 40
21 of 22
32-BIT MP
* IT REPAGES EXTENDED MEMORY

TO BACK FILL PART OF CONVEENTIONAL MEMORY, THUS
ALLOWING DOS ACCESS TO
ADDITIONAL MEMORY.
28/09/99
CE-6265
L40 of 40
22 of 22

MICROPROCESSOR

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

MICROPROCESSOR

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

COMPUTER ENGG. DEPTT .

THIS SUBJECT IS IMPORTANT FOR

EARLIER WE HAVE USED 8 BIT OR 16

THESE MICROPROCESSORS PROVIDE

TOTAL NO. OF PRACTICALS 2

GENERATION , MAXIMUM AND

MEMORY AND I/O

STYLE OF EXAMINATION 3 HOURS

PRACTICAL EXAMS : 25TH NOV TO

8086 USING DEBUG

BOOKS AND REFERENCES

2. MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM THE

3. PROGRAMMING THE 80286,80386,

80486 AND PENTIUM BASED

4. THE 8086/8088 MICROPROCESSOR

DANPAT RAI & SONS

TOPIC WISE BREAKUP OF

MEMORY & I./O INTERFACE

*** THREE GROUPS

1) DATA GROUP REGISTERS

* IT HAS 4 GENERAL PURPOSE

* BX REGISTER SERVES AS THE

* CX REGISTER SERVES AS A COUNT

REGISTER USED FOR INPUT/OUTPUT

* TWO INDEX REGISTERS:* SOURCE INDEX REGISTER

* ALWAYS POINTS TO THE

*** 8 GENERAL PURPOSE

*** SEGMENT GROUP CONSISTS

OF CS, DS, SS & ES REGISTERS.

*** OFFSET ADDRESS.

*** PHYSICAL ADDRESS =

A) USE OF MEMORY AREAS

B) PUT THE PROGRAM OR

C) ALLOW MEMORY CAPACITY

D) INSTRUCTION, DATA & STACK

2) HOLDS CARRY AFTER

ADDITION OR BORROW AFTER

1) SHOWS THAT THE RESULT

2) IF S=1, SIGN BIT IS SET Or

2) IF T=1, MPU INTERRUPTS THE

4) THE CODE VIEW PROGRAM CAN

3) IF I=0, PIN IS DISABLED.

1) SELECTS EITHER THE INCREMENT

2) IF D=1 , REGISTERS ARE

4) D FLAG IS SET WITH THE STD

1) OCCURS WHEN SIGNED NUMBERS

3) INDICATES THAT THE RESULT

* SYSTEM NEEDS BUS DRIVER &

*** 20 ADDRESS LINES

*** 29,000 TRANSISTORS

***16 BIT MICROPROCESSOR.

23/ 9/ 99 CE 6265 L03 OF 40 12 OF 26

8086 PIN DIAGRAM

*TWO MODES OF OPERATION:-1) MINIMUM MODE

*REMAINING BUS CONTROL

SIGNALS PROVIDE ADDITIONAL

* PIN 33 (MN/MX) DETERMINES

* WHEN IT STAPPED TO +5V IT

* BOTH HAVE 20 ADDRESS PINS

* LENGTH OF BUS CYCLE IN

CE-6265 L03 OF 40 22of 26

* IN ADDITION TO THAT AN INDETE- RMINATE NUMBER OF WAIT

A19 /S6-A16/ S3 BHE / S7