Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PHN M U
L do chn ti
Trong thi i pht trin mnh m ca cng ngh thng tin, khi nim nh s
tr nn thng dng vi hu ht mi ngi trong x hi t nhng chic my chp
nh cao cp n nhng chic in thoi di ng tch hp chp nh th vic thu nhn
nh s d dng hn bao gi ht. Do , x l nh ang l mt lnh vc c mi
ngi quan tm v l mn hc chuyn ngnh i vi sinh vin cng ngh thng tin
trn c nc. Ngoi ra, x l nh cn lin quan n nhiu ngnh khoa hc khc nh
h thng thng tin, nhn dng (khun mt, du vn tay, ).
i vi mi con ngi chng ta, vic hc v phn bit c s khc nhau
gia tng k t tht d dng nhng my tnh lm c iu tng t th khng
d dng cht no, vic ny cn n nhng ngi c kin thc tt v x l nh mi
c th gip my tnh hc v phn bit c k t nhng kt qu li khng nh
mong mun.
Nhng h thng nhn dng k t (OCR - Optical Character Recognition)
ang c pht trin hng ngy vi n nh cao nhm phc v cho xu hng t
ng ha ca con ngi. Trong h thng nhn dng bin s xe l mt trong
nhng h thng quan trng gp phn gii quyt nn kt xe ang tn ti nhng
quc gia c lu lng xe lu thng dy c nhng c s h tng khng pht trin
kp p ng nhu cu .
Bn cnh , nhn dng bin s xe c ng dng rt nhiu trong thc t.
Vi nhng bi gi xe, h cn mt cng c va gi xe v tr xe nhanh nhm gim ti
kt xe vo gi cao im, va c an ton cao trnh trng hp mt xe.Vi trm
thu ph, h cn mt cng c gim s lng nhn cng, ch vi mt ngi c th
qun l ton b khu vc thu ph m khng cn tn nhiu cng sc.Vi cnh st
giao thng, h cn mt cng c gip h kim sot c s lng xe lu thng trn
ng v xc nh chnh xc nhng xe my vi phm giao thng m khng cn truy
ui Trn y l nhng v d in hnh v kh nng ng dng ca h thng nhn
dng bin s xe.
- 2 -
- 3 -
- 4 -
- 5 -
- 6 -
- 7 -
I
Green
Cyan
Yellow
H
Blue
Red
Magenta
Black
- 8 -
1.1.3.2, Saturation
M t thun ca mt mu hay khong cch ca mu ti im c cng
cn bng (nh xm). Phm vi ca Saturation t 0 n 1.
if B G
if B > G
(1.1-1)
Trong :
2 [( R G ) + ( R B)]
= cos
1
2
2
( R G ) + ( R B )(G B )
1
S = 1
3
[ min(R, G, B)]
( R + G + B)
(1.1-2)
(1.1-3)
- 9 -
1
I = ( R + G + B)
3
(1.1-4)
Ch : Nu S = 0 th H khng xc nh.
Nu I = 0 th S khng xc nh.
1.2 Mt s khi nim v x l nh
1.2.1, X l nh l g?
X l nh c xem nh l qu trnh thao tc nh u vo nhm cho ra kt
qu nh mong mun. Kt qu u ra ca mt qu trnh x l nh c th l mt nh
tt hn hoc mt kt lun [1].
nh ti u
nh
X l nh
Kt lun
Hnh 1.7. Qu trnh x l nh
A B = z ( B) z A
Ly tp
(1.2)
- 10 -
i xng nn
AB = { z ( B ) z Ac = }
(1.3)
Trong A l nh ngc vi nh A.
A o B = ( A B ) B
Trong
B : php bo mn nh.
A B : php gin n nh
(1.4)
- 11 -
1.2.2.4, Closing
Php ng ca mt tp hp A bi phn t c cu trc B, k hiu AB c
nh ngha nh sau
A B = ( A B ) B
(1.5)
Trong
B : php bo mn nh.
A B : php gin n nh
1.2.3, K thut nng cao cht lng nh
1.2.3.1, Lc xm
L mt th dng thanh biu din tn sut xut hin cc mc xm ca nh
[8]. Trong trc honh biu din gi tr mc xm ca nh c gi tr t 0 n 255,
trc tung biu din tn sut xut hin mc xm ca nh.
Cng thc tng qut
p (rk ) = nk / MN
(1.6)
Trong
p (rk ) : tn sut xut hin mc xm rk
nk : gi tr im nh ti v tr k
Hnh 1.10. Lc xm ca nh
1.2.3.2, Phn ngng theo phng php Otsu
u tin, s dng lc xm (histogram) ta s nhn c th biu din
tn sut xut hin cc mc xm ca nh [2].
L 1
p i = ni / ( M * N )
i=0
Trong :
(1.7-1)
- 12 -
ni: s lng im nh ca gi tr i.
L : 1, 2, , 256
p0 + p1 + p2 + + pL-1 = 1
Tip theo, ta chn mt ngng T(k) = k, (0 < k < L 1) phn nh u vo
thnh hai lp C1 (tp hp tt c nhng im nh c gi tr <= k) v C2 (tp hp tt
c nhng im nh c gi tr > k). T l lp C1 vi s lng im nh n k vi tng
s lng im nh c k hiu P1(k), tng t C2 k hiu l P2(k).
P1 ( k ) =
P2 ( k ) =
i=0
L 1
i = k +1
pi
(1.7-2)
pi = 1 P1 ( k )
(1.7-3)
m1 ( k ) = iP (i / C1 ) =
i =0
1 k
iPi
P1 ( k ) i = 0
(1.7-4)
1 L 1
m2 (k ) = iP(i / C2 ) =
iPi
P2 (k ) i = k +1
i = k +1
(1.7--5)
B2 (k*) = max B2 (k )
0 k L 1
(1.7-6)
B2 = P1 ( m1 mG ) 2 + P2 ( m2 mG ) 2
= P1 P2 ( m1 m2 ) 2
=
( mG P1 m )
P1 (1 P1 )
(1.7-7)
- 13 -
(1.7-8)
Trong :
mG : gi tr trung bnh ca nh.
mG =
L 1
ip
i=0
hoc mG = P1 m1 + P2 m 2
(1.7-9)
ip
i=0
(1.7-10)
(1.7-11)
Trong :
g(x, y) : nh u ra
f(x ,y) : nh u vo
x = 0, 1, 2, , M-1
y = 0, 1, 2, , N-1
1.2.3.3, Lc trung v
Lc trung v (median filter) l mt k thut lc phi tuyn (non-linear), n kh
hiu qu i vi hai loi nhiu: nhiu m (speckle noise) v nhiu mui tiu (saltpepper noise). K thut ny l mt bc rt ph bin trong x l nh [9].
Cng thc tng qut
(1.8)
- 14 -
5
4
4
3
2
1
Phn t trung v
trc khi sp xp
Phn t trung v
sau khi sp xp
sin sin
(1.9-1)
- 15 -
sinm sinm
(1.9-2)
Trong
cosm
l h s gc ca phng trnh ng thng.
sinm
Gi l gc cn tnh, ta c
cos m
= tg ( )
sin m
(1.9-3)
-cotg(m)=tg()
(1.9-4)
hay
Mt khc
o
sin = - cos( + 90 )
(1.9-5)
=> tg = -cotg(90 +)
(1.9-7)
= m - 90
(1.9 8)
- 16 -
(1.10)
1 = 20 + 02
(1.11-1)
2 = (20 02 )2 + 2112
(1.11-2)
- 17 -
(1.11-3)
(1.11-4)
(1.11-5)
(1.11-6)
(1.11-7)
pq
00
(1.11-8)
p+q
+1
2
(1.11-9)
pq =
Trong
=
M 1 N 1
pq = ( x x) p ( y y ) q f ( x, y )
(1.11-10)
x =0 y =0
Vi iu kin
p = 0, 1, 2,
q = 0, 1, 2,
x=
m10
m01
v y =
m00
m00
(1.11-11)
M 1 N 1
x
x=0 y =0
y q f ( x, y )
(1.11-12)
- 18 -
rj ( x) = Lkj p( j / x)
(1.12-1)
k =1
- 19 -
1 W
rj ( x ) =
Lkj p( x / k )P(k )
p( x) k =1
(1.12-2)
rj ( x) = Lkj p( x / k )P(k )
(1.12-3)
k =1
ij =
(1.12-4)
rj ( x) = (1 kj ) p ( x / j )P(k )
k =1
= p ( x) p ( x / j ) P( j )
(1.12-5)
(1.12-6)
(1.12-7)
- 20 -
1
e
2 j
( x m j )2
2 2j
P( j )
(1.12-8)
- 21 -
p( x / j ) =
(2 ) n 2 C j
e
12
12 ( x m j )T C j 1 ( x m j )
(1.12-9)
Trong :
| Cj | : nh thc ma trn Cj.
mj : ma trn trung bnh lp j
Cj : ma trn hip phng sai ca tp mu x vi lp j.
Cng thc tnh ma trn trung bnh
mj =
1
Nj
(1.12-10)
1
Nj
xx
m j mTj
(1.12.11)
1.3 Tiu kt
Nhng kin thc trn y gii thiu v trnh by mt s khi nim,
phng php v x l v nhn dng nh. Qua , ta c mt ci nhn tng quan hn
v hng nghin cu ca ti, v cc php bin i, v phng php nng cao
cht lng nh, v gii thut nhn dng nh. Chng tip theo ti s trnh by r
hn v vic p dng cc kin thc trn trong qu trnh nhn dng bin s xe.
- 22 -
Chia bin s
thnh 2 hng
Tch ring
tng k t trn
mi hng
Xc nh vng
cha bin s xe
Tnh gc
nghing bin
s
Quay bin s
Tnh by mmen
bt bin
Nhn dng k t
theo phn lp
Bayes
Nh phn bin
s theo ngng
- 23 -
(2.1)
Trong
R, G, B : Red, Green, Blue.
, : l mt s cho trc.
Tuy nhin, phng php trn ch tt khi nh u vo c chp trong iu
kin nh sng tt, nu nh c chp trong thi tit xu, nh sng khng ng u
th t l chnh xc rt thp.
Trong phn ny, ti a ra hai thng s l gi tr trung bnh (mean) v
lch chun (stadard deviation) pht hin vng ng vin cha bin s xe. iu
thun li l phng php ny khng ph thuc hon ton vo iu kin thi gian
(sng, tra, chiu, ti) v mi trng xung quanh.
Cng thc tng qut [4]
1, {S ( x , y ) ( S + S )} & { I ( x , y ) I + 1.0 * S )}
btrang =
(2.2)
otherwise
0,
Trong :
S(x, y) : bo ha (Saturation) ti im x, y.
- 24 -
- 25 -
- 26 -
Bt u
f(x,y) = = 255
Stack = LoangPhai(f,x,y,BC)
IsEmpty
(Stack)==0
S
p = Pop(Stack)
Xmin = ToTrai
(f,p.x,p.y,FC,BC)
TimCacXBenPhaiNhat(
stack,f,p.x,
p.y-1,xmin,FC,BC)
TimCacXBenPhaiNhat(
stack,f,p.x,
p.y+1,xmin,FC,BC)
Kt thc
- 27 -
Rmin
(2.3-1)
PA =
cmax cmin + 1
rmax rmin + 1
(2.3-2)
Trong :
S : din tch
PA :t l cnh
cmax : ta im ln nht theo trc X
cmin : ta im nh nht theo trc X
rmax : ta im ln nht theo trc Y
rmin : ta im nh nht theo trc Y
Quy nh i vi kch thc bin s xe gn my Vit Nam c chiu cao
140mm, chiu di 190mm. Do ta c t l PA i vi kch thc tht ca bin s l
- 28 -
Bt u
i < M &&
j<N
f(x,y) ==
255
ToMauKhongDeQui(f,x,y);
Rectangle(f,x,y,BC,cmax,cmin,
rmax,rmin);
Pa=(cmax.x-cmin.x+1)/(rmax.y
-rmin.y+1);
S=(ca.x-ci.x)*(ra.y-ri.y)
IsCandid
ate()==1
Kt thc
i = i +1;
j = j + 1;
- 29 -
2.3 Tch k t
2.3.1, Quay nh
2.3.1.1, S lc v thut ton quay nh
T vng cha bin s thu c t bc trn ta chuyn nh thnh nh nh
phn, tip theo ta tch bin nh xc nh gc lch ca bin s. Sau khi c gc
quay ta quay nh theo gc tm c ri lm mn c nh cht lng tt..
Chi tit cc bc quay nh c trnh by nh sau
- 30 -
- 31 -
2.3.1.4, Quay nh
tng quay nh l tng im nh s ln lt quay theo gc lch tnh
c theo php bin i Hough. Theo t Source l im gc v Dest l im sau
khi xoay mt gc . Do , vic chng ta cn lm y l c ta ca Dest.
Do ly im (0, 0) l trc quay nn 1 s trng hp nh b mt. Ta tnh tin
nh 1 khong (2M*sin(),2N*sin()). Vi M l chiu rng, N l chiu di. Sau khi
kho st thc t v th nghim trn 50 hnh bin s xe b nghing, chng ta chia ra
hai trng hp i vi bin s b nghing.
a) Trng hp bin s nghing v pha bn tri
- 32 -
(2.4-1)
DH = sin(a1)*SW + cos(a1)*SH
(2.4-2)
- 33 -
(2.4-3)
DH = cos(a1)*SH sin(a1)*SW
(2.4-4)
- 34 -
2.3.1.5, Lm mn nh
bc ny ta s dng phng php lc trung v (median filter) lm mn
nh. Vi u vo l nh xut hin nhng chm en li ti, ta ci t mt n 3x3 cho b
lc B, tm im nh xung quanh im nh ang xt s c s dng tnh ton.
Gi tr mc xm ca im en s c thay bng kt qu ca php lc.
- 35 -
Bt u
x<M &&
y<N
f(x,y)>T(k)
x= x +1;
y= y + 1;
k < L-1
Mean(p,L-1,mG);
Mean(p,k,mK);
P1(k)=Probability(p,k);
2
B
k = k +1;
=Variance(P1(k),mG,mK);
g(x,y)=0;
g(x,y)=255;
B2 (k*)< B2 (k)
B2 (k*)= B2 (k);
T(k)=k;
Kt thc
- 36 -
T ( x , y ) = mean
xm <i x+ m
ym< j y +m
{ f (i , j )}
(2.5-1)
- 37 -
(2.5-2)
Trong :
T(x,y) : ngng cc b tai v tr x,y
g(x,y) : nh u ra
f(x,y) : nh u vo
Bt u
x<M &&
y<N
i= i +1;
i= j + 1;
i<m &&
j<m
g(x,y)=255;
S
Mean+=f(i,j);
g(x,y)=0;
T(x,y)=
Mean/(m*m);
f(x,y)>T(x,y)
Kt thc
- 38 -
Min>p[i]
HangTren(x,y)=f(0,0)f(N,vitri)
i>N/2-k
&&
i<N/2+k
HangDuoi(x,y)=f(0,vitri)f(N,M)
Kt thc
- 39 -
- 40 -
- 41 -
Bt u
nh u vo
(Hng Trn)
nh u vo
(Hng Di)
VerticalProjection(HangTren,p);
VerticalProjection(HangDuoi,p);
i<N
wi=min(p,i)-min(p,j);
hi=max(p,i,j);
si=wi*hi;
wi==true&&
hi==true&&
si==true
i = i +1;
Kytu(i,j)=true;
S
Kt thc
- 42 -
- 43 -
Hnh 2.24.
a) Hnh gc, b) Hnh tnh tin, c) Hnh gim 40% kch thc,
d) Hnh gng, e) Hnh quay 45 , f) Hnh quay 90 .
- 44 -
7 gi tr
Hnh gc
bt bin
Hnh tnh
Gim
Hnh
Quay 45
Quay 90
tin
40% size
gng
0.255
0.253
0.246
0.251
0.249
0.239
2.556
2.545
2.535
2.548
2.551
2.566
2.879
2.770
2.787
2.801
2.797
2.889
2.266
2.257
2.246
2.165
2.228
2.269
4.833
4.841
4.742
4.8 46
4.883
4.993
3.664
3.766
3.674
3.648
3.664
3.654
-5.901
-5.935
-5.978
-5.881
-5.919
-5.916
- 45 -
Bt u
i = SoLuongKyTu;
i = i -1;
Display(Character);
i>0
j = j +1;
j<W
MomentInvariant(kytu[i],x);
MeanMatrix(m[j]);
CovarianceMatrix(c[j],x,m[j]);
pxw=Recognition(c[j],x,m[j]);
Max<pxw
Max=pxw;
Chacracter=i;
Kt thc
- 46 -
nh chp
sn
Chp
nh bin
s xe
Phn
vng mu
Cc bc
tin x l
nh
Phn ngng nh
Nhn dng
k t
Hin th
kt qu
Phn lp
Bayes
By mmen bt
bin
- 47 -
- 48 -
- 49 -
- 50 -
- 51 -
- 52 -
PHN KT LUN
Kt lun
ti nghin cu v nhng thut ton trong x l nh sau p dng vo
vic nhn dng bin s xe gn my t ng Vit Nam. Vi yu cu nhn dng
c k t trn bin s xe t hnh chp u vo v hin th di dng vn bn th
chng trnh sau khi xy dng p ng tt yu cu . iu cho thy chng
trnh c th c s dng xy dng h thng nhn dng bin s xe t ng vi
nhng ng dng thc t nh bi gi xe t ng, trm thu ph t ng, qun l v
theo di xe gian, theo di v x pht xe gn my vi phm giao thng ang lu thng
trn ng, So vi nhng chng trnh nhn dng trc y, ti c nhng thay
i ng k trong gii thut nhn dng cng nh khng s dng bt k cng c no
h tr trong qu trnh x l v nhn dng bin s.
Tuy nhin, vi khong thi gian cho php v kin thc c hn, ti khng
th trnh khi nhng vn cha gii quyt c, tiu biu nht l s lng tp tin
mu trong gii thut nhn dng c kch thc nh dn n c s sai lch khi nhn
dng mt s k t c hnh dng ging nhau (ch D vi s 0 hay ch B vi s 8).
Vic tm kim mt tp mu c kch thc ln v hon chnh p ng c yu
cu ca ti vn rt kh khn. Bn cnh , nh bin s c chp trong nhng
iu kin thi tit khc nhau cng nh hng ln n kt qu ca chng trnh.
Hng pht trin ca ti
Trong hng nghin cu tip theo, khc phc nhng mt hn ch ca ti
s ci thin c thi gian tnh ton v chnh xc ca chng trnh.
Thit lp mt mi trng xung quanh n nh i vi nh chp bin s xe
(hnh chp t camera n bin s xe lun mt v tr c nh) s lm tng chnh
xc ca chng trnh v mi trng xung quanh nh hng rt ln n vic xc nh
v tr bin s xe v tch ring tng k t.
Vic m rng tp tin mu l cc k quan trng v cn thit hng nghin
cu tip theo.
- 53 -