Slide Tin học Đại Cương

Phn 3: Lp trnh C
Ni dung chnh
Chng 1: Tng quan v ngn ng C
Chng 2: Kiu d liu v biu thc trong C
TIN HC I CNG
Chng 3: Vo ra d liu
Phn 3: LP TRNH C
Chng 4: Cu trc iu khin

Chng 5: Mng, con tr v xu k t
Phm ng Hi
haipd@soict.hut.edu.vn
Chng 6: Cu trc
Chng 7: Hm
Chng 8: Tp d liu
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Chng 1: Tng quan v ngn ng lp trnh C
1.1 Lch s pht trin ca ngn ng C
Ni dung chnh
S ra i ca C
Nhu cu vit li HH Unix cho cc h my
tnh khc nhau
1. Lch s pht trin ca ngn ng C
Dng Assembly
Cng vic nng n, phc tp
Kh chuyn i chng trnh gia cc h my tnh
khc nhau
2. Cc phn t c bn ca ngn ng C
Cn ngn ng mi
3. Cu trc c bn ca chng trnh C
n gin vic lp trnh

Tnh kh chuyn cao
4. Bin dch chng trnh C
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C ra i ti Bell Lab thuc tp on AT&T
Tc gi Brian W. Kernighan & Dennis Ritchie

Da trn nn BCPL& B
Pht trin nm 1970, hon thnh 1972
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Ngn ng lp trnh C
Ngn ng lp trnh C
c im
Cc phin bn
Ngn ng lp trnh h thng

Tnh kh chuyn, linh hot cao
C th mnh trong x l d liu s, vn bn, c
s d liu,..
ANSI C: C chun (1989)

Cc phin bn khc xy dng da trn ANSI C
a thm th vin; B sung cho th vin chn
ca ANSI C
Phm vi s dng
Cc trnh bin dch ph bin
Vit cc chng trnh h thng
Turbo C++ v Borland C++ ca hng Borland

Inc
H iuh hnh Unix c 90% m C, 10% m hp ng
Cc trnh iu khin thit b (device driver)

X l nh
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VC v MSC ca Microsoft Corp

GCC ca GNU project
5
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1.2 Cc phn t c bn ca ngn ng C
Ni dung chnh
Cc phn t c bn
1. Tp k t
2. T kha
3. nh danh
4. Cc kiu d liu
5. Hng
6. Bin
7. Hm
8. Biu thc
9. Cu lnh
10. Ch thch
1. Lch s pht trin

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1. Tp k t
1. Tp k t Tp k t trong C
K t l cc phn t c bn to nn chng
trnh
Chng trnh: Tp cc cu lnh nhm
gii quyt nhim v t ra
Cu lnh: l cc t (t vng) lin kt vi
nhau theo c php ca ngn ng lp trnh
26 ch ci hoa:A B C ... X Y Z
26 ch ci thng:a b c x y z.
10 ch s: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9.
Cc k hiu ton hc:+ - * / = < >
Cc du ngn cch: . ; , : space tab
Cc du ngoc:( ) [ ] { }
V d: while (i < N ) do
Cc t: T hp cc k t theo nguyn tc
xy dng t vng
Cc k hiu c bit:_ ? $ & # ^ \ !

~ ...
V d: TenFile, BaiTap2
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2. T kha (keyword)
2. T khaT kha hay dng trong Turbo C
c nh ngha sn trong mi NNLT

Dnh ring cho cc mc ch xc nh
t tn cho kiu d liu:
int, float, double
break
case
char
const
continue default
do
double else
enum
float
goto
if
int
interrupt long
return
short
signed
sizeof
static
switch
typedef union
unsigned void
struct
for
while
M t cc lnh, cc cu trc lp trnh
Lu :Tt c t kha trong C u vit bng

ch ci thng
if, else, while, case, for
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3. nh danh (Identifier)
3. nh danh Quy tc t tn nh danh trong C

nh danh c bt u bi ch ci hoc
du gch di _ (underscore)
Cc k t tip theo ch c th l: ch ci,
ch s hoc du gch di _
nh danh do ngi lp trnh t khng
c trng vi cc t kha ca C
di nh danh ty thuc phin bn C
nh danh (Tn) l mt dy cc k t dng

gi tn cc i tng trong chng
trnh.
Cc i tng trong chng trnh
Bin
Hng s
Hm
Kiu d liu
Turbo C++, khng gii hn di tn, nhng

trnh bin dch ch s dng 32 k t u
nh danh c th c t bi
Ngn ng lp trnh cc t kha
Ngi lp trnh
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Ch : C l ngn ng c phn bit ch hoa v

ch thng
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3. nh danhV d
3. nh danh Mt s quy c (code convention)
nh danh hp l:
nh danh nn c tnh gi nh
Nn s dng du gch di phn tch
cc nh danh gm nhiu t
i, x, y, a, b, _function,
_MY_CONSTANT, PI, gia_tri_1
C th dng cch vit hoa ch ci u mi t
nh danh khng hp l
1_a, 3d, 55x
(bt u bng ch s)
so luong, sin()
(c k t khng hp l, du
cch, du ngoc..)
int, char
-V d: sinh_vien, sinhVien, SinhVien
Quy c thng c s dng:

Hng s dng ch ci hoa
V d: PI, EPSILON,
Cc bin, hm, cu trc dng ch ci thng
(trng vi t kha ca C)
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Bin iu khin vng lp: i, j, k

Hm: NhapDuLieu, TimKiem,
Cu trc: SinhVien, MatHang,
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4. Cc kiu d liu
4. Cc kiu d liuV d kiu int

Mt s php ton c nh ngha trn kiu
d liu int ca C
Mt kiu d liu l mt tp hp cc gi tr
m mt d liu thuc kiu d liu c th
nhn c.
V d: Mt i tng kiu int ca C s l
Mt s nguyn (S nguyn c du, 2 byte)
Gi tr thuc khong: [-32,768 (-215) 32,767 (215-1)]
Trn mt kiu d liu, xc nh mt s php

ton i vi cc d liu thuc kiu d liu
tng ng.
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V d
Tn php ton
o du
Cng;Tr;Nhn
Chia ly nguyn
K hiu
+;-;*
/
Chia ly phn d
So snh
Logic bit: AND; OR;
XOR;NOT, Shift,
%
17%32
>, <, >=, <=, ==, !=
&;|;
3^17 18
^ ; ~ ; <<; >>
~3 -4
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5. Hng
5. Hng Hng s nguyn
Hng (constant) l i lng c gi tr

khng i trong chng trnh.
Trong C, hng s nguyn c th biu din

di cc dng
Dng thp phn
Dng thp lc phn
Dng bt phn
Gi tr hng do ngi lp trnh xc nh

Cc loi hng
Hng s nguyn
Hng k t
Gi tr
thp phn
2011
Gi tr
Gi tr
thp lc phn
bt phn
0x7DB
03733
Hng chui/xu k t
396
0x18C
Hng s thc
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0614
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5. Hng Hng s thc
5. Hng Hng k t
Trong C, hng s thc c th biu din di

cc dng
Dng s thc du phy tnh
Dng s thc du phy ng
S thc du phy tnh
Hng k t c th biu din theo hai cch

t k hiu ca k t gia hai du nhy n
Dng m ASCII ca k t:
S th t ca k t trong bng m ASCII
L s nguyntun th quy tc biu din s nguyn
S thc du phy ng
K t
Dng nhy n
Dng m ASCII
3.14159
31.4159 E-1
Ch ci A
65, 0x41, 0101
123.456
12.3456 E+1 hoc

1.23456 E+2
Du nhy n
39, 0x27, 047
K t tab
\t
0, 0x09, 011
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5. Hng Hng chui/xu k t
6. Bin (variable)
Bin l i lng m gi tr c th thay i
trong chng trnh.
Tn bin phi c t theo quy tc t tn
Hng chui/xu k t c biu din bi t

dy cc k t trong xu trong cp du nhy
kp.
V thc cht, bin l cc nh trong b nh

my tnh dnh cho 1 kiu d liu no v
c t tn tin tham kho
V d:
ngon ngu lap trinh C
V d: Bin kiu int chim 2 nh
Tin hoc dai cuong
Lu :
Dai hoc Bach Khoa Ha Noi
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Hng s v bin c s dng lu tr d

liu trong chng trnh v phi thuc mt kiu
d liu no
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7. Hm Mt s hm ton hc
7. Hm (function)
Hm l chng trnh con c chc nng

Nhn d liu u vo (cc tham s vo)
Thc hin mt cng vic no
Tr v kt qu ng vi tham s truyn vo
V d: hm sin(x)
sin(3.14/2) 1.000
Sin(3.14/6) 0.499770
Hm
sqrt(x)
ngha
Cn bc 2 ca x
sqrt(16.0) 4.0
pow(x,y)
X m y ( xy )
pow(2,3) 8
fabs(x)
exp(x)
log(x)
log10(x)
sin(x)
Tr tuyt i ca x ( |x| )
E m x ( ex )
Logarithm t nhin ca x (ln x)
Logarithm c s 10 ca x (logx)
Cc hm lng gic
fabs(-5.0) 5.0
exp(1.0)2.71828
Log(2.718)0.999
Log10(100) 2.00
S nguyn nh nht khng nh

hn x (x)
S nguyn ln nht khng ln
hn x ( x)
ceil(2.5)=3
ceil(-2.5)=-2
floor(2.5)=2
floor(-2.5)=-3
V d
cos(x)/ tan(x)
Hm khng tr li mt gi tr: Th tc
ceil(x)
V d: clrscr()
floor(x)
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8. Biu thc
9. Cu lnh (statement)
Biu thc l s kt hp cc cc ton hng

(operand) bi cc ton t (operator) theo
mt quy tc xc nh.
Cc ton hng c th l bin, hng, hm
Cc ton t rt a dng: cng, tr, nhn,
chia
V d
Cu lnh din t mt hoc mt nhm cc

thao tc trong gii thut.
Chng trnh c to thnh t dy cc cu
lnh.
Cc cu lnh trong C, c kt thc bi

du chm phy (;)
Th tch hnh hp: V=Rng*Cao*Dy
Du chm phy (;) dng phn cch cc lnh
Rng
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D
y
Cao
Php nhn (*) l ton t

Cc ton hng Rng, Cao, Dy
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9. Cu lnh Phn loi
10. Ch thch (comment)

Li m t, gii thch vn tt cho mt cu
lnh, mt on chng trnh hoc c
chng trnh
Cu lnh n:
Nhng cu lnh khng cha cu lnh khc.
V d: Php gn, gi hm, vo/ra d liu
Gip vic c hiu chng trnh d dng hn
Cc cu lnh phc:
Nhng cu lnh cha cu lnh khc.
V d: Lnh khi (Tp cc lnh n nhm li vi
nhau v t trong cp ngoc nhn { } )
Ch thch khng phi l cu lnh khng nh

hng ti chng trnh
Khi gp ch thch, trnh bin dch s b qua
Cch vit ch thch
Cc lnh iu khin cu trc chng trnh
Ch thch mt dng: s dng //

Ch thch nhiu dng: s dng /* v */
V d: Lnh r nhnh, lnh lp..
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1.3 Cu trc c bn ca chng trnh C
Ni dung chnh
Cc phn c bn
Khai bo cc tp tiu
#include
1. Lch s pht trin
Khai bo cc i tng ton cc

nh ngha kiu d liu mi
Cc bin, hng
Cc hm nguyn mu (prototype)
nh ngha hm main()
{
}
nh ngha cc hm khai bo nguyn mu
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1. Khai bo cc tp tiu
Lit k danh sch th vin s c s dng
trong chng trnh
2. Khai bo cc i tng ton cc

Cc i tng ton cc c phm vi s dng
trong ton b chng trnh
Cc hm ca C u thuc mt th vin no
Khng khai bo th vin, trnh bin dch khng
hiu c hm (c th bo li)
Cc kiu d liu mi
Cc hng, bin
Cch thc (c php) khai bo

1. #include<ThuVien.h>
Cc nguyn hm
Th vin phi nm trong th mc cha cc header file

Thng c s dng
V d: #include<stdio.h>
Tun theo nguyn tc khai bo i tng
2. #include ThuVien.h
Tm kim th vin ti th mc hin ti
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2. Khai bo cc i tng ton cc
2. Khai bo cc i tng ton cc (tip)

Khai bo cc hm nguyn mu
Khai bo thng tin v cc hm ca ngi
dng s c s dng trong chng trnh
nh ngha kiu d liu

C php: typedef <nhNghaKiu> <Tn kiu
typedef unsigned char byte;
typedef struct {float re, im;} complex;
Tn hm
Danh sch cc kiu tham s s truyn vo
Kiu d liu tr v
Khai bo hng
const float PI = 3.1415;
#define Max 50
V d
float DienTichTamGiac(float a, float b, float c);
int getMax(int Arr []);
C th b tn tham s
void swap(int * a, int * b);
Khai bo bin
int N;
float Delta, x1, x2;
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V d:
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void swap(int *, int *);

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3. nh ngha hm main()
4. nh ngha cc hm khai bo
Bt buc phi c
L hm c bit trong C, nh du im bt
u ca mi chng trnh C
nh ngha cc hm khai bo phn 3

(Phn khai bo nguyn mu - prototype)
Phn khai bo nguyn mu mi ch khai bo cc
thng tin c bn v hm, cha xc nh r hm
hot ng nh th no
Khi thc hin mt chng trnh C, h thng s

gi ti hm main u tin, sau s thc hin
ln lt cc cu lnh (bao gm c li gi ti cc
hm khc) nm trong hm main()
V d
float DienTichTamGiac(float a, float b, float c){
float p = (a+b+c)/2;
return sqrt(p*(p-a)*(p-b)*(p-c));
}
C php
void main(){.}
void main(int argc, char * argv[ ]){.}
int main(){.; return 0;}
int main(int argc, char * argv[ ]){.; return 0;}
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Ch
Chng trnh u tin: Hello world!
Cc phn khng bt buc phi theo ng th t

Khi nh ngha hm c t trc hm
main(), khng cn khai bo nguyn hm
Nguyn tc:
Mi i tng cn phi c khai bo trc khi
s dng
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1. #include <stdio.h>
2. int main(){
//Khng cn tham s dng lnh
3.
printf("Hello world! \n");
4.
return 0; //Tr v gi tr 0
5. }
1. Np th vin stdio.h vo, y l th vin vo ra chun
(standard input output) cha khai bo nguyn hm cho
hm printf
2. im bt u thc hin ca chng trnh. My tnh thc
hin cc cu lnh nm trong cp ngoc {} ca main()
3. Hm printf in ra mt hng chui, c kt thuc bi du
xung dng (\n)
4. Tr v h iu hnh mt gi tr. Gi tr 0 thng dng
th hin chng trnh khng c li
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1.4 Bin dch chng trnh C
Ni dung chnh
Bin dch chng trnh

Chng trnh c vit bng ngn ng bc
cao phi c dch ra m my thc thi
1. Lch s pht trin
Cng vic dch c thc hin bi trnh bin

dch (compiler)
Cc giai on dch chng trnh

Vn bn ngun Tin x l
Source code Preprocessor

M thc thi
Executable code
Lin kt
Link
Dch
Compiler
M hp ng
Assembly code
M i tng
Object code
Hp dch
Asembler
Th vin
Libraries
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Trnh bin dch Turbo C++
Ci t Turbo C++ 3.0
Tn ti nhiu trnh bin dch cho ngn ng C
B1: Chun b b ci ca Turbo C++ 3.0
Turbo C++ ca Borland Inc

Cho php bin dch c C v C++
B ci ti trn mng, kch thc khong 4M

Copy b ci ny vo my (gi s C:\TC_Setup)
B2: Ci t Turbo C
MSC ca Microsoft, GCC ca GNU

Dev-C, C-free,
Tm n th mc cha b ci (C:\TC_Setup)
Kch hot file INSTALL.EXE
Enter the SOURCE drive to use
Enter the SOURCE Path: Nhp ng dn ti th mc

cha cc file ca b ci TC
Turbo C++ c nhiu phin bn khc nhau

S dng Turbo C++3.0 (TC)
Gn nh, tnh nng v d s dng
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Chng trnh s yu cu ch ra a cha b ci TC

Nhp tn a ( C nu t b ci ti C:\TC_Setup).
Thng thng chng trnh s t ng tm ra ch cn n

Enter chuyn sang bc tip theo.
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Ci t Turbo C++ 3.0
44
Mn hnh giao din Turbo C++ 3.0
B3: Xc nh th mc ci t. Th mc ny s cha
cc file ca TC c s dng v sau.
Dng cc phm v di chuyn hp sng n phn

Start Installation v n Enter. Chng trnh s t ng
thc hin v hon tt qu trnh ci t
Th mc ci t mc nh s l \TC nm trn th mc
gc ca a cha b ci.
Nu mun thay i th mc ci t, dng cc phm v
di chuyn hp sng n Directories, g Enter v
nhp ng dn mi, sau n phm Esc tr v
Lu : C th copy ton b th mc TC s dng 45
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S dng Turbo C++ 3.0
46
Chng trnh Hello world!
Khi ng chng trnh:

Tm n th mc BIN trong th mc ci t
Chy file TC.EXE
To ca s son tho mi
Chn menu File (hoc n Alt+F) chn New
Son tho chng trnh

G chng trnh ngun vo ca s son tho
M chng trnh c: Alt+F Open (F3)

Lu chng trnh: Alt+F Save (F2)
Nu cha c tn, s c nhc nhp tn file
Bin dch chng trnh: Bm phm F9

Chy chng trnh: Ctrl + F9
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Xem li kt qu thc hin: Alt+F5
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Phn 3: Lp trnh C
Tm tt
Ni dung chnh
1. Lch s pht trin ca ngn ng C
Chng 3: Vo ra d liu
10 phn t c bn
4 phn
Chng 6: Cu trc
4. Thc hin chng trnh C vi Turbo C
Chng 7: Hm
Chng 8: Tp d liu
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2.1 Cc kiu d liu chun trong C
Ni dung chnh
Cc kiu n
Kiu d liu ngha
Kch thc
Min d liu
char
K t;
S nguyn c du
1 byte
-128 127
2. Biu thc trong C
int
short int
S nguyn
c du
2 byte
-32.76832.767
3. Cc ton t trong C
long
S nguyn c du
4 byte
-2,147,483,648
2,147,483,647
float
S thc du phy
ng,
chnh xc n
4 byte
3.4E-38
3.4E+38
double
S thc du phy
ng,
chnh xc kp
8 byte
1.7E-308
1.7E+308
1. Cc kiu d liu chun trong C
long int
4. Mt s ton t c trng
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Cc kiu kt hp
Biu din hng s
Vi s nguyn, thm t kha unsigned ch ra s khng du

Kiu d liu
ngha
Kch thc Min d liu
unsigned char
S nguyn
khng du
1 byte
0 255
unsigned short
unsigned
unsigned int
unsigned long
unsigned long int
long double
S nguyn
khng du
2 byte
065.535
S nguyn
khng du
4 byte
0 4,294,967,295
S thc du
phy ng,
10 byte
3.4E-4932
1.1E+4932
void
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Kiu d liu
V d
ngha
S nguyn
123, -12
S thp phn
012, 03777
S bt phn
0x7F, 0x3fe15
39u 0267u, 0xFFu
12L, 07723L
0xFFL, -10L
0xFFUL,0xFFLU
3.1415 -12.3, .327
10e-12, -15.3E12
3.1415F, -12.F
S h 16
S khng du
S nguyn ln
S thc
L kiu rng, kch thc khng

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Khai bo bin
Khai bo bin
Sau khi khai bo, bin cha c gi tr xc nh.
Mt bin phi c khai bo trc khi s dng

C php khai bo:
int n; m = 2 * n; m=?
Bin cn c gn gi tr trc khi s dng
KieuDuLieu TenBien;
C cho php kt hp khai bo v khi to bin

KieuDuLieu TenBien = GiaTriBanDau;
KieuDuLieu TenBien1, , TenBien_N;
V d:
KieuDuLieu Bien1=GiaTri1, BienN=Gia_TriN;

V d:
//Khai bo bin x l mt s nguyn 2 byte c du
int x;
//Khai bo bin nguyn a v khi to gia tri bng 3
//Khai bo cc bin y, z l cc s thc 4 byte
float
int a = 3;
y,z;
//Khai bo bin thc x,y v khi to gi tri bng 5.0 v 7.6
//Sau khi khai bo, c th s dng

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x = 3;
float x = 5.0, y = 7.6;
y = x + 1;
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Khai bo hng
Khai bo hng
Dng ch th
#define
C php:
Dng t kha const
Khng c du
chm phy (;)
C php:
# define Tn_hng Gi_tr
const Kiu Tn_hng = gi_tr;
V d:
V d:
#define MAX_SINH_VIEN 50
const int MAX_SINH_VIEN = 50;
#define CNTT Cong nghe thong tin
const char CNTT[20] = Cong nghe thong tin;
#define DIEM_CHUAN 23.5
const float DIEM_CHUAN = 23.5;
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Ni dung chnh
Khai bo hng
Ch :
Gi tr ca cc hng phi c xc nh ngay
khi khai bo.
Trong chng trnh, KHNG th thay i
c gi tr ca hng.
#define l ch th tin x l
D c, d thay i
D chuyn i gia cc nn tng phn cng hn
Tc nhanh hn
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2. Biu thc trong C
3. Cc ton t trong C
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10
2.2 Biu thc trong C
2.2 Biu thc trong C
Mc ch s dng
Tnh ton gi tr biu thc

Cc ton hng c thay th bi gi tr tng ng
Lm v phi ca lnh gn.
Cc php tnh c thc hin
Lm ton hng trong cc biu thc khc.
V d (alpha = 10, beta = 81)
Lm tham s thc s trong li gi hm.
Biu thc: alpha + sqrt(beta)
Lm biu thc kim tra trong cc cu trc

iu khin
: alpha + sqrt(81)
: alpha + 9.0
Cu trc lp: for, while, do while.
: 10 + 9.0
Cu trc r nhnh: if, switch.

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: 19.0
61
1/27/2012
62
2.2 Biu thc trong C
2.2 Biu thc trong C
Cc loi biu thc
Biu thc s hc
L biu thc m gi tr ca n l cc i
lng s hc (s nguyn, s thc).
Biu th s hc
S dng cc ton t l cc php ton s hc

(cng, tr, nhn, chia),
Biu thc quan h
Cc ton hng l cc i lng s hc (hng s,

bin, biu thc khc).
V d: a, b, c l cc bin thuc kiu s thc.
Biu thc logic
3 * 3.7
8 + 6/3
a + b c
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63
1/27/2012
64
2.2 Biu thc trong C
2.2 Biu thc trong C
Biu thc quan h
Biu thc logic
L nhng biu thc c s dng cc ton t

quan h nh ln hn, nh hn, khc nhau
Ch c th tr v mt trong 2 gi tr logic
ng (TRUE) hoc Sai (FALSE)
V d
L biu thc tr v cc gi tr logic ng/Sai

Cc php ton logic gm c
AND
V logic,
s dng ton t
&&
OR
HOC logic, s dng ton t
||
NOT PH NH, s dng ton t
Biu thc quan h l trng hp ring ca biu

thc logic.
Ngn ng C coi cc gi tr nguyn khc 0 (2,

8, -5,..) l gi tr logic ng (TRUE), gi tr 0
l gi tr logic sai (FALSE)
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65
Biu thc logic cng tr v mt gi tr s hc 0/1 66
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11
2.2 Biu thc trong C
Biu thc logic V d
Ni dung chnh

2. Biu thc trong C
3. Cc ton t trong C
5 * (12 > 6) ?
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67
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2.3 Cc ton t trong C
2.3 Cc php t trong C
Cc ton t chnh
Cc ton t s hc
Ton
t
Cc ton t cho php to nn cc biu

thc t cc hng v bin
Ton t s hc
Ton t quan h
Ton t logic
Ton t logic bit
Ton t gn
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69
ngha
Kiu d liu ca
ton hng
V d
(int a = 12; float x=3.0)
o du
float, double, int, long,..

(S nguyn hoc thc)
-12, -12.34, - a, - x
- -a 12, --a ?
+
*
Cng
12 + -x 9.0
Tr
12.0 - -3 15.0
Nhn

(S nguyn hoc thc)
12 * 3.0 36.0
12 * 3 36
Chia
Nu c t nht 1 ton
hng l s thc
17.0/3.0 5.666667
17/3.0 5.666667
17.0/3 5.666667
/
%
Chia ly nguyn S nguyn int, long,..
17/35
Chia ly d
17%3 2
S nguyn: int, long,..
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70
Cc ton t quan h
Cc ton t logic
S dng xy dng cc biu thc logic

Biu thc logic c kt qu logic ng
Tr v gi tr 1
Biu thc logic c kt qu logic sai
Tr v gi tr 0
<, >, <=, >=, ==, !=

Dng cho php so snh gi tr 2 ton hng
Kt qu php so snh l mt s nguyn
1 nu quan h c kt qu l ng,
0 nu quan h c kt qu sai
V d:
Cc ton t
6 > 4 Tr v gi tr 1
6 < 4 Tr v gi tr 0
int b =(x !=y);
Nu x v y khc nhau, biu thc ng v b mang gi tr 1.
Ngc li biu thc sai v b mang gi tr 0
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68
5 * (12 > 6) 5
V logic:
Op1 && Op2
Hoc logic:
Op1 || Op2
Ph nh logic:
71
1/27/2012
! Op
Oprand: Ton hng
72
12
Cc ton t logic (tip)
Ton t logic bit
Ton t bit c s dng vi kiu s nguyn
V logic ( && ) :
Cho kt qu ng (tr v gi tr 1) khi c 2 ton
hng u ng (khc 0)
V d: 3 < 5 && 4 < 6 1; 3 < 5 && 5 > 6 0
Hoc logic ( || ):
Op1 & Op2
Hoc nh phn :
Op1 | Op2
Hoc c loi tr nh phn: Op1 ^ Op2
Cho kt qu sai (tr v gi tr 0) ch khi c 2 ton

hng u sai (bng 0)
V d:
4 || 5 < 3 1; 5 < 5 || 2 > 6 0
o bt nh phn :
Dch tri:
Cho kt qu ng (1) hoc sai (0) khi ton hng

l sai (0) hoc ng (khc 0)
V d:
! 3 0; !(2 > 3) 1;
1/27/2012
~ Op
Oprand: Ton hng
Ph nh logic ( ! ):
Op << n (nhn vi 2n)
Dch phi: Op >> n (Chia vi 2n)

Op l gi tr c dch, n l s bit dch
73
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74
Ton t logic bit (tip)

char Op1 = 83, Op2 = -38,
char r = Op1 & Op2;
01010011
11011010
r = 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 (82)
Op
Ton t logic bit (tip)

char Op1 = 83, Op2 = -38,
3;
char r = Op1 | Op2;

01010011
11011010
r = 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 (-37)
char r = Op1 ^ Op2;

char r = ~ Op2;
01010011
11011010
11011010
r = 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 (37)
r = 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 (-119)
unsigned char r = Op1 | Op2; r = 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 219
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75
Op
3;
char r = Op1 >> Op;

01010011
r = 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 (10)
char r = Op2 >> Op;
11011010
r =1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 (-5)
unsigned char Op =218;

unsigned char r =Op >> 3;
11011010
r =0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 (27)
char r = Op2 << 2;

r = 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 (104)
int r = Op2<<2 ?
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76
Ton t gn
Ton t gn
Bin = Biu_thc;
Biu thc gn l biu thc nn cng c gi tr.

Gi tr ca biu thc gn bng gi tr ca
biu_thc bn phi ton t
K t = l ton t gn
Biu thc bn phi du bng tc tnh ton
Gi tr ca biu_thc c gn cho bin
C th gn gi tr ca biu thc gn cho mt

bin khc
V d:
int
a =
b =
c =
V nh phn:
C th s dng nh mt biu thc bnh thng
a, b, c;
3;
a + 5;
a * b;
V d:
int a, b, c;
a = b = 2007;
c = (a = 20) * (b = 30);// c600
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77
1/27/2012
78
13
Ton t gn Dng kt hp
Ni dung chnh
Var <op>= Exp Var = Var <op> Exp
Ton t s hc:
+=
V d:
-=
*=
/=
a *= b
%=
2. Biu thc trong C
// a= a * b
Ton t logic bit:

&=
|=
x &= 0x3F
V d:
^=
// x = x & 0x3F
Ton t dch:
<<= >>=
s <<= 4
V d:
// s = s << 4
1/27/2012
3. Cc ton t trong C
79
1/27/2012
80
2.4 Mt s ton t c trng
Cc ton t
Tng gim t ng mt n v
Tng/gim t ng mt n v
Tng t ng
--
Gim t ng
++Var, Var++
--Var, Var-Variable: Bin
Tin t (hu t): bin c tng/gim trc

(sau) khi s dng tnh ton biu thc
V d:
Ly a ch
Biu thc iu kin
int
Ton t phy
1/27/2012
++
81
1/27/2012
a = 5, b, c, d, e;
b = a++;
c = ++a;
d = a--;
e = --a;
// b = 5 sau a = 6
// a = 7 ri ti c = 7
// d = 7 ri ti a = 6
// a = 5 sau e= 5
82
Ton t ly a ch
Ton t phng iu kin (biu thc iu kin)
& Tn_bin
K t & l ton t ly a ch bin
Bin thc cht l mt vng
nh ca my tnh c t tn
tn ca bin
Mi nh trn b nh my
tnh u c nh a ch.
Mi bin u c a ch
V d:
int a = 2006;
&a a ch ca nh dng
Kiu a ch?
cha gi tr bin a
1/27/2012
exp1 ? exp 2 : exp3

expression: Biu thc
Nu exp1 0 (gi tr ng), biu thc iu

kin tr v gi tr ca exp2
Nu exp1 = 0 (gi tr sai) biu thc iu kin
tr v gi tr ca exp3
V d:
float x= 5.2, y = 3.8, z;
z = (x < y) ? x : y;
z = 3.8
// z min{x, y}
if (x < y) z = x; else z = y;
83
1/27/2012
84
14
Ton t phy
Chuyn kiu
(Kiu) biu thc
Chuyn kiu t ng
biu_thc_1, biu thc_2,..

Ton t phy ( , ) cho php s dng nhiu biu
thc ti ni ch cho php vit mt biu thc
Cc biu thc c tnh ton t tri qua phi
Gi tr v kiu ca biu thc l gi tr v kiu ca
biu thc cui cng, bn phi
V d:
if (i = 0, a !=b)
for(i = 0, j = 0; i < 100; i++, j++).
1/27/2012
Chng trnh dch t ng chuyn i t kiu c

phm vi biu din thp ti kiu c phm vi biu
din cao
char int long int float
double long double
p kiu
Bng cu lnh tng minh trong chng trnh
c s dng khi mun chuyn sang kiu c
phm vi biu din thp hn
85
Th t u tin cc ton t
Chuyn kiuV d
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
87
Mc
1
Ton t
-> . [ ] () ++ hu t --hu t
Chc nng
La chn, ch s
++ -- ~ ! + - * & () sizeof
Ton t 1 ngi, p kiu,
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
* / %
+ >> <<
< <= > >=
== !=
&
^
|
&&
||
?:
= *= += <<= &= ...
Ton t s hc lp nhn
Ton t s hc lp cng
Dch bit
Ton t quan h
Bng, khc
AND nh phn
XOR nh phn
OR nh phn
AND logic
OR logic
Ton t phng iu kin
Ton t gn
1/27/2012
Th t u tin cc ton t
V d
Nguyn tc
Biu thc con trong ngoc c tnh ton trc
Php ton mt ngi ng bn tri ton hng c
kt hp vi ton hng i lin n.
Ton hng ng cnh hai ton t
const int N=10;

float S= 0.0;
int b;
S = N/3 +1;
b=(S>4);
Nu hai ton t c u tin khc nhau th ton t no

c u tin cao hn s kt hp vi ton hng
Nu hai ton t cng u tin th da vo trt t kt
hp ca cc ton t xc nh ton t c kt hp
vi ton hng.
int a= 3, b=4, c;
c = a++ * ++b;
a=.. b= c=
S=. b =..
V d
a < 10 && 2 * b < c ( a < 10 ) && ( ( 2 * b ) < c )
Ch : int x = 5, a = 5 * x++; a = 25, x = 6
88
1/27/2012
Chiu
Chiu kt hp vi cc ton hng
1/27/2012
86
void main(){
long L = 0xABCDEF; float f = 123.456;
int i;
L = 11259375; i = -12817(CDEF)
clrscr();
f = 123.456001; L = 123; i = 123
i = (int) L;
printf(\n L = %ld; i = %d(%X), L, i, i);
i = (int) f; L = (long) f;
printf(\n f = %f; L = %ld; i = %d, f, L, i);
}
1/27/2012
89
int k ,num=30;
k =num>5 ? (num <=10 ? 100 : 200): 500;
k=?
1/27/2012
90
15
Phn 3: Lp trnh C
Tm tt
Kiu d liu
Nguyn
Ni dung chnh
: char, unsigned char, int, long,

unsigned int, unsigned long
: float, double, long double
Thc

Chng 3: Vo ra d liu
Gi tr logic
ng/TRUE : 1 (Khc 0)
Sai/FALSE : 0
Ton t
Mt ngi
Hai ngi
3 ngi
1/27/2012
: + -; ++ --; ~ !; &; (); &, ^, |

: + - * / %; == != < <= > >=; << >>;
&& ||; = *= +=
:?:
Chng 6: Cu trc
Chng 7: Hm
Chng 8: Tp d liu
91
Chng 3: Vo ra d liu
92
Chng 3: Vo/Ra d liu
3.1 Cc hm vo ra c bn
Ni dung chnh
Cc hm vo ra c bn
a ra d liu:
1. Cc hm vo ra c bn:
printf()
printf()
scanf()
Nhp d liu
scanf()
2. Cc hm vo ra khc
Cn np th vin stdio.h
gets()
puts()
getch()
1/27/2012
1/27/2012
khai bo tp tiu :
#include <stdio.h>
93
Chng 3: Vo/Ra d liu
1/27/2012
94
Chng 3: Vo/Ra d liu
3.1 Cc hm vo ra c bn printf()
Hm a ra d liu
Mc ch
Hin th ra mn hnh cc loi d liu c bn
S nguyn, s thc, k t, xu k t
printf()
To mt s hiu ng hin th c bit

Xung dng, sang trang,
C php
printf(xau_dinh_dang [, DS_tham_so]);
1/27/2012
95
1/27/2012
96
16
Chng 3: Vo/Ra d liu
Chng 3: Vo/Ra d liu
C php
V d
printf(xau_dinh_dang [, DS_tham_so]);
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{ int a = 5;
float x = 1.234;
printf( Hien thi mot bieu thuc nguyen %d v
mot so thuc %f ,2 * a, x);
}
Xau_dinh_dang: L mt xu qui nh cch thc

hin th d liu ra mn hnh my tnh.
Bao gm cc nhm k t nh dng
Nhm k t nh dng th k xc nh quy cch
hin th tham s th k trong DS_tham_s
S lng tham s trong DS_tham_s bng s lng
nhm cc k t nh dng trong xu_nh_dng.
DS_tham_so: Danh sch cc bin/biu thc s
Kt qu:
c hin th gi tr ln mn hnh theo cch thc

c qui nh trong xau_dinh_dang.
Hien thi mot bieu thuc nguyen 10 va mot so thuc 1.234000
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97
Chng 3: Vo/Ra d liu
1/27/2012
98
Chng 3: Vo/Ra d liu
Xu nh dng
Nhm k t nh dng
Mi nhm k t nh dng ch dng cho mt
kiu d liu
V d: %d dng cho kiu nguyn
%f dng cho kiu thc
DS_tham_so phi ph hp vi cc nhm k
t nh dng trong xau_dinh_dang v:
Cc k t thng thng:
c hin th ra mn hnh.
Cc k t iu khin:
Dng to cc hiu ng hin th c bit nh
xung dng (\n)..
Cc nhm k t nh dng:
S lng;
Th t
Kiu d liu;
Xc nh quy cch hin th cc tham s trong

phn danh_sach_tham_so.
1/27/2012
99
Chng 3: Vo/Ra d liu
Nu khng ph hp s hin
th ra kt qu khng nh
printf( %d ,3.14); -31457
C-Free 1374389535 !?
1/27/2012
100
Chng 3: Vo/Ra d liu
Cc k t nh dng
Cc k t nh dng
K t
K t
%i, %d
Kiu d liu
int, char
Kt qu
S thp phn
%o
int, char
S bt phn
(khng c 0 ng trc)
%x %X
int, char
S hexa
%u
unsigned int/char S thp phn
Kiu d liu
Kt qu
%ld, %li
long
S thp phn
%lo
long
S bt phn
(khng c 0 ng trc)
%lx, %LX
long
S hexa
(ch thng/ch hoa)
(ch thng/ch hoa)
%lu
unsigned long S thp phn
Nhn xt:
Vi kiu long, thm k t l ngay sau du %
1/27/2012
101
1/27/2012
102
17
Chng 3: Vo/Ra d liu
Chng 3: Vo/Ra d liu
rng hin th S nguyn, K t, Xu k t
Cc k t nh dng
K t
%f
Kiu d liu
Kt qu
float/double S thc du phy tnh
%e, %E float/double
S thc du phy ng
%c
int, char
K t n l
%s
char []
Hin th xu k t kt
thc bi \0
Hin th k t %
%%
C dng %m,
m l mt gi tr nguyn, khng m.
m cho bit s ch trng dnh cho hin th
biu thc tng ng
V d:
int a = 1234;
printf(%5d,a) 1234
printf(%5d,34)
34
k hiu cho du trng (space)
1/27/2012
103
Chng 3: Vo/Ra d liu
1/27/2012
104
Chng 3: Vo/Ra d liu
rng hin th S thc
rng hin thV d
C dng %m.n,
printf("\n%3d %15s %3c", 1, "nguyen van a", 'g');
printf("\n%3d %15s %3c", 2, "tran van b", 'k');
nguyen van a
tran van b
1/27/2012
105
Chng 3: Vo/Ra d liu
rng hin th Ch
Nu s ch cn hin th d liu ln hn
c cung cp trong nh dng T ng
cung cp thm ch mi hin th y ,
khng ct bt ni dung ca d liu.
V d:
printf(%2d, 1234); 1234
printf(%6.3f, 123.456); 123.456
printf(%12.6e, 123.456); 1.234560e+02
printf(%12.3e, 123.456);
1.235e+02
C-Free
1.235e+002
1/27/2012
107
m, n l 2 gi tr nguyn, khng m.
m cho bit kch thc hin th s thc
n cho bit kch thc dnh cho phn
thp phn, nu khng C s lm trn
khi hin th
V d:
printf("\n%f",17.345);
17.345000
printf("\n%.2f",17.345);
17.35
printf("\n%8.2f",17.345);
17.35
1/27/2012
106
Chng 3: Vo/Ra d liu
Cn l tri - cn l phi
% Khi hin th d liu c s dng tham s

rng, cn l tri cn thm du tr - vo
ngay sau du %:
Ngm nh, cn l phi
V d:
printf("%-3d%-10s%-5.2f%-3c",5,"Hello",7.5, 'g')
5
1/27/2012
Hello
7.50 g
108
18
Chng 3: Vo/Ra d liu
Chng 3: Vo/Ra d liu
3.1 Cc hm vo ra c bn scanf()
Hm nhp d liu
Mc ch
Dng nhp d liu t bn phm
K t n l
Chui k t
S nguyn
scanf()
Thp phn, Bt phn, Hexa
S thc
Du phy tnh; Du phy ng
C php
scanf(xau_dinh_dang[,DS_dia_chi]);
1/27/2012
109
Chng 3: Vo/Ra d liu
110
Chng 3: Vo/Ra d liu
C php
Ha ng
scanf(xau_dinh_dang [, DS_dia_chi]);
Xau_dinh_dang:
Gm cc k t c qui nh cho tng loi
d liu c nhp vo.
c cc k t c g vo t bn phm
Cn c vo xu nh dng, chuyn thng
tin nhp sang kiu d liu ph hp
V d: d liu nh nhp kiu nguyn th xu

nh dng l : %d
DS_dia_chi:
Bao gm a ch ca cc bin (ton t &),
phn tch nhau bi du phy (,)
Phi ph hp vi cc k t nh dng trong
xau_dinh_dang v s lng, kiu, th t 111
1/27/2012
Chng 3: Vo/Ra d liu
Gn nhng gi tr va nhp vo cc bin

tng ng trong DS_dia_chi
V d:
int a;
scanf(%d,&a); 1234_ a = 1234
1/27/2012
112
Chng 3: Vo/Ra d liu
Ghi ch
Thng tin c g vo t bn phm, c lu
vng m trc khi c x l bi hm
scanf()Hm scanf() c t vng m
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int a, b;
scanf("%d",&a);
scanf("%d",&b);
printf ("%d %d", a, b);
return 0;
}
1/27/2012
1/27/2012
113
Cc k t nh dng
K t
Khun dng d liu nhp
%c
c k t n l
%d
c s thp phn
%o
c s bt phn
%x
c s hexa
%u
c s thp phn khng du
1/27/2012
114
19
Chng 3: Vo/Ra d liu
Chng 3: Vo/Ra d liu
Cc k t nh dng
K t
V d
Ch thch
%s
c xu k t ti khi gp du phn cch
%f
c s thc du phy tnh (float)
%ld
%lf
c s nguyn kiu long

c s thc du phy tnh (double)
%e
c s thc du phy ng
%%
c k t %
1/27/2012
115
Chng 3: Vo/Ra d liu
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdio.h>
void main(){
// khai bao bien
int a; float x;
char ch; char str[30];
// Nhap du lieu
printf(Nhap vao mot so nguyen:); scanf(%d,&a);
printf(\nNhap vao mot so thuc:); scanf(%f,&x);
printf(\n Nhap vao mot ki tu:);
fflush(stdin); scanf(%c,&ch);
1/27/2012
116
Chng 3: Vo/Ra d liu
V d
V dKt qu thc hin
printf(\nNhap vao mot xau ki tu:);

fflush(stdin); scanf(%s,str);
// Hien thi du lieu vua nhap vao
printf(\nNhung du lieu vua nhap vao);
printf(\nSo nguyen : %d,a);
printf(\nSo thuc : %5.2f,x);
printf(\nKy tu : %c,ch);
printf(\nXau ky tu : %s,str);
getch();
}
1/27/2012
117
Chng 3: Vo/Ra d liu
118
Chng 3: Vo/Ra d liu
Cc quy tc cn lu
Cc quy tc cn lu
Khi c s
Khi c k t
Hm scanf() cho rng mi k t c trong b m
ca thit b vo chun u l hp l, k c cc k
t tab, xung dng hay du cch
Hm scanf() quan nim rng mi k t s,

du chm (.) u l k t hp l.
S thc du phy ng, chp nhn k t e/E
Khi c xu k t:
Khi gp cc du phn cch nh tab, xung

dng hay du cch (space bar), scanf() s
hiu l kt thc nhp d liu cho mt s
1/27/2012
1/27/2012
Hm scanf() nu gp cc k t du trng, du tab

hay du xung dng th n s hiu l kt thc
nhp d liu cho mt xu k t.
Ghi ch:
Trc khi nhp d liu k t hay xu k t nn
dng lnh fflush(stdin) xa b m.
119
1/27/2012
120
20
Chng 3: Vo/Ra d liu
Chng 3: Vo/Ra d liu
V d: c 2 s nguyn, a ra tng, hiu, tch
V d: c 2 s nguyn, a ra tng, hiu, tch
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int A, B;
printf("Nhap vao 2 so nguyen : "); scanf("%d %d",&A,&B);
printf("\n");
printf("Tong %d + %d = %d \n", A, B, A + B);
printf("Hieu %d - %d = %d\n", A, B, A - B);
printf("Tich %d x %d = %d\n", A, B, A * B);
printf("Thuong %d / %d = %.3f\n", A, B, (float)A / B);
printf("Chia nguyen %d / %d = %d\n", A, B, A / B);
printf("Chia du %d %% %d = %d\n", A, B, A % B);
printf("\n");
return 0;
}
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Chng 3: Vo/Ra d liu
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122
Chng 3: Vo/Ra d liu
V d: c ta 3 im A,B,C v a ra d/tch ABC
Bi tp
1. Vit chng trnh nhp vo t bn phm chiu
di 3 cnh ca mt tam gic, ri a ra din
tch v cc ng cao ca tam gic
2. Nhp vo t bn phm ta 3 im A,B,C ri
a ra di cc cnh ca tam gic ABC v
ca ng trung tuyn AM
3. Cho hm s: f ( x) = x 7 + 53 x 5 + 3 x 3 + 2 + 12
Vit chng trnh nhp vo 3 s thc a,b,c v a ra
trung bnh cng ca f(a),f(b),f(c)
4. Nhp x vo t bn phm v tnh gi tr ca biu

thc A = cos 3a + 5 2 x 3 + x + 1 trong a = 2 x + v b = ln(e x+1.23 + 1)
2
log 7 (3 x + 2.14b)
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#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main(){
float Ax,Ay, Bx, By, Cx, Cy, AB, BC, CA,p;
printf("Nhap vao toa do diem A : "); scanf("%f %f",&Ax,&Ay);
printf("Nhap vao toa do diem B : "); scanf("%f %f",&Bx,&By);
printf("Nhap vao toa do diem C : "); scanf("%f %f",&Cx,&Cy);
//Tinh do dai cac canh cua tam giac
AB = sqrt((Ax-Bx)*(Ax-Bx)+(Ay-By)*(Ay-By));
BC = sqrt((Bx-Cx)*(Bx-Cx)+(By-Cy)*(By-Cy));
CA = sqrt((Cx-Ax)*(Cx-Ax)+(Cy-Ay)*(Cy-Ay));
p = (AB +BC +CA)/2;
printf("Dien tich tam giac ABC la: %f",sqrt(p*(p-AB)*(p-BC)*(p-CA)));
printf("\n");
return 0;
}
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Chng 3: Vo ra d liu
Chng 3: Vo/Ra d liu
V d: c ta 3 im A,B,C v a ra d/tch ABC
Ni dung chnh
1. Cc hm vo ra c bn:
printf()
scanf()
2. Cc hm vo ra khc
Cn np th vin
gets()
conio.h
puts()
#include <conio.h>
getch()
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125
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126
21
Chng 3: Vo/Ra d liu
Chng 3: Vo/Ra d liu
3.2 Cc hm vo ra khc
3.2 Cc hm vo ra khc
gets()
puts()
Mc ch:
Mc ch:
Dng nhp vo t bn phm mt xu
k t bao gm c du cch, iu m
hm scanf() khng lm c.
C php :
gets (xu_k_t);
V d:
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char str [40];

printf(Nhap vao mot xau ki tu:);
fflush(stdin);
gets(str);
Hin th ra mn hnh ni dung xu_k_t

v sau a con tr xung dng mi
C php:
puts(xu_k_t);
V d:
puts(Nhap vao xau ki tu:);
Tng ng vi lnh:
printf(%s\n,Nhap vao xau ki tu:).
127
Chng 3: Vo/Ra d liu
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128
Chng 3: Vo/Ra d liu
3.2 Cc hm vo ra khc
3.2 Cc hm vo ra khc
getch()
V d
Mc ch
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdio.h>
void main(){
char ten[30], lop[10]; //Kieu chuoi, mang ky tu
puts("Hay cho biet ten ban : ");
fflush(stdin); gets(ten);
puts("Hay cho biet lop ban hoc : ");
fflush(stdin); gets(lop);
i c mt k t bn phm
Thng dng ch ngi s dng
n mt phm bt k trc khi kt thc
chng trnh.
C php
getch();
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printf("\nChao ban %s, sinh vin lop %s\n",ten,lop);

puts("Chuc ban thi qua mon Tin Hoc Dai Cuong");
getch();
129
}1/27/2012
130
Chng 3: Vo ra d liu
Chng 3: Vo/Ra d liu
3.2 Cc hm vo ra khc
V d Kt qu thc hin
Tm tt
Cc hm c bn (stdio.h)
printf()/ scanf ()
Xu nh dng:
%[flags][width][.precision][l][t]
flags (+/-,#): Xc nh s cn l
l (l/L): Bin dng long
t (d/i/o/u/x/X/f/e/E/g/G/c/s/%): kiu hin th
Cc hm khc (conio.h)
puts() / gets() / getch()
Tm hiu thm
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fprintf() / fscanf() Vo/ra t file

sprintf(f) / sscanf() Vo ra t xu k t
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22
Phn 3: Lp trnh C
Ni dung chnh
Ni dung chnh

Chng 3: Vo ra d liu
Cu trc if, if else

Cu trc la chn switch
3. Cu trc lp
Vng lp for
Vng lp while v do while

Chng 6: Cu trc
4. Cc lnh thay i cu trc lp trnh
Chng 7: Hm
Cu lnh continue
Cu lnh break
Chng 8: Tp d liu
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1. Cu trc lnh khi

2. Cu trc r nhnh
133
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4.1 Cu trc lnh khi
4.1 Cu trc lnh khi
Lnh n >< Lnh ghp

Lnh n:
Cu trc lng nhau

Trong lnh ghp cha lnh ghp khc
L biu thc theo sau bi du ;

V du: x= 0; i++; printf(Hello);
S lng nhau khng hn ch
Lnh ghp (khi lnh)

L tp hp cc cu lnh (n v ghp) c
t trong cp ngoc nhn { }
C cho php khai bo bin trong mt khi lnh
Phn khai bo phi nm trc cc cu lnh
Ch :
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Lnh ghp c th t ti bt c ch no m c php

cho php t 1 cu lnh n
Khng t du ; sau mt lnh khi
135
{//Khai bo i tng cc b trong khi

lenh;
{//Khai bo i tng cc b trong khi
lenh;
...
}
Nu cc i tng c
khai bo trng tn nhau ?

}
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4.1 Cu trc lnh khi
4.1 Cu trc lnh khi
V d
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdio.h>
void main(){ // ham main() cung la mot khoi lenh
int c = 10, d= 20;
printf( Bien ngoai khoi c = %d; d=%d ,c,d);
{
int c = 10;
printf(\n Bien trong khoi c = %d; d=%d,c,d);
printf(\n Gia tri cua cac bien duoc them 10 don vi);
c = c + 10; d= d + 10;
printf(\n Bien trong khoi c = %d; d=%d,c,d);
}
printf(\n Bien ra ngoai khoi c = %d; d=%d,c,d);
getch();
} // ket thuc khoi lenh cua ham main()
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134
V dKt qu thc hin
Bin a phng / Bin ton cc

137
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138
23
4.2 Cu trc r nhnh
Ni dung chnh
Cu trc if
1. Cu trc lnh khi

2. Cu trc r nhnh
ng
Cu trc if, if else

Cu lnh tip
Vng lp for
if (Biu thc iu kin)

Cu lnh;
Cu lnh k tip;

Cu lnh continue
Cu lnh break
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if (n % 2 == 0)
printf(so chan);
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140
4.2 Cu trc r nhnh
4.2 Cu trc r nhnh
Cu trc if.else.
Lu
Biu thc iu kin:
Sai
Biu thc iu kin
L biu thc tr v gi tr logic ng/sai

Gi tr logic ng/True : khc 0
Cu lnh 2
Cu lnh 1
Gi tr logic sai/False: bng 0
Cu lnh tip
if (Biu thc iu kin)
Cu lnh 1;
if (x > y)
z = x;
else
else
Cu lnh 2;
Cu lnh k tip;
V d
if (2+5) printf(Hello world! );Chp nhn
Cu lnh:
C th l mt lnh khi ( t trong cp { } )
z = y;
printf(max: %d, z);
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142
4.2 Cu trc r nhnh
4.2 Cu trc r nhnh
V d: So snh 2 s thc c nhp vo
V d: So snh 2 s thc c nhp vo
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
float a, b; float max; // khai bao bien
printf( Nhap gia tri a va b: );
scanf(%f %f,&a,&b);
if(a < b)
max = b;
else
max = a;
printf(\nSo lon nhat trong 2 so %.4f va %.4f la %.4f ,a,b,max);
getch();
} //ket thuc ham main()
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Sai
Cu lnh
3. Cu trc lp
ng
Biu thc iu kin
if(a < b)
max = b;
else
max = a;
143
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max = a > b ? a : b;
144
24
4.2 Cu trc r nhnh
4.2 Cu trc r nhnh
Gii phng trnh ax + b = 0 Thc hin
V d: Gii phng trnh ax + b = 0

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{ float a, b;
printf("\nGiai phuong trinh bac nhat ax + b = 0");
printf("\nCho biet he so a b : "); scanf("%f%f", &a, &b);
if (a==0)
if (b!=0)
printf("Phuong trinh vo nghiem");
else
printf("Phuong trinh vo so nghiem");
else
printf("Dap so cua phuong trinh tren = %f", -b/a);
getch();
} //ket thuc ham main()
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145
146
4.2 Cu trc r nhnh
4.2 Cu trc r nhnh
V d: Nhp x v tnh hm
Cu trc if / if else lng nhau
#include <stdio.h>
x 2 + sin 4 2x + 1
khi x < 3
#include <math.h>
khi x = 3
f ( x) = 5
void main()
2
{
x 3 + log10 ( x 3) khi x > 3
float x, fx;
printf(\nNhap x: ); scanf(%f,&x);
if(x < 3)
fx = x*x+pow(sin(2*M_PI*x),4)+1;
else
if (x==3)
fx = 5;
else
fx = sqrt(x-3) +log10(x*x-3);
printf(\n Ket qu: %.4f,fx);
}
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Nu cu trc if.. v if else c th lng

nhau. Khi else s tng ng vi if
(pha trn, cha c else) gn nht
if (/k_1)
if (/k_2)
if (/k_1)
{ if (/k_2)
lnh_1;
lnh_1;
else
lnh_2;
}
else
lnh_2;
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4.2 Cu trc r nhnh
4.2 Cu trc r nhnh
Cu trc if / if else lng nhau V d
int a, b, c = 10;
switch (bieu_thuc)
if (a==0)
if (b == 0)
c = 20;
else
c = 30;
a 0, b=? c = 10
if (a==0){
if (b == 0)
c = 20;
}else
c = 30;
a 0, b=? c = 30
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c = 20
case gia_tri_1: lenh_1; [break];
a=0, b 0 c = 30
case gia_tri_2: lenh_2; [break];
a=0, b=0
a=0, b=0
[default: lenh_n+1; [break];]

}
c = 20
Cu_lnh_tip
a=0, b 0 c = 10
149
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150
25
4.2 Cu trc r nhnh
4.2 Cu trc r nhnh
Tnh g/tr
Biu thc
g/tr b/t=G/tr 1
C ch hot ng
Sai
g/tr b/t=G/tr 2
Sai
ng
ng
Lnh_1
break ?
ng
break ?
Lnh_n+1
Sai
ng
break ?
Tnh gi tr ca biu_thc,
So snh gi tr ca biu_thc vi cc
gi_tr_k (vi k = 1, 2, n) nm sau cc
t kha case
ng
Lnh_2
Sai
Sai
default ?
Xy ra 2 kh nng
Sai
ng
Cu_lnh_tip
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4.2 Cu trc r nhnh
4.2 Cu trc r nhnh
Cu trc la chn switchc ch hot ng

Tn ti gi_tr_i bng gi tr biu thc.
Cu trc la chn switchc ch hot ng

Khng tn ti gi_tr_i (i = 1, 2, n) no
bng gi tr biu thc
Thc hin lnh_i

Nu tn ti lnh break,
Nu c nhn default:
Nhy ti tip tc thc hin Cu_lnh_tip nm

sau cu trc switch
Chng trnh s thc hin lnh_n+1

Thc hin Cu_lnh_tip nm ngay sau cu trc
switch.
Nu khng tn ti lnh break

Thc hin cc lnh sau lnh_i cho ti khi gp
break hoc ti khi thot khi cu trc switch
Nu khng c nhn default:

Chng trnh chuyn sang thc hin lnh tip theo
nm ngay sau cu trc switch: Cu_Lnh_tip
Thc hin Cu_lnh_tip
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153
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154
4.2 Cu trc r nhnh
4.2 Cu trc r nhnh
Cu trc la chn switchV d 1
Lp trnh c t bn phm mt s
nguyn 1N 10 v a ra t ting
Anh tng ng
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152
155
#include <stdio.h>
void main(){
int N;
printf(\nNhap mot gia tri so nguyen khong am: ); scanf(%d,&N);
switch(N) {
case 1: printf( %d -> One \n,N); break;
case 2: printf(%d -> Two \n,N); break;
case 3: printf(%d -> Three \n,N); break;
case 4: printf(%d -> Four \n,N); break;
case 5: printf(%d -> Five \n,N); break;
case 6: printf(%d -> Six \n,N); break;
case 7: printf(%d -> Seven \n,N); break;
case 8: printf(%d -> Eight \n,N); break;
case 9: printf(%d -> Nine \n,N); break;
case 10: printf(%d -> Ten \n,N); break;
default : printf(Khong thoa man dieu kien [1..10] \n);
}
}
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156
26
4.2 Cu trc r nhnh
4.2 Cu trc r nhnh
Cu trc la chn switch Thc hin
Nhp vo s nguyn khng m, a

ra ngy trong tun tng ng (theo
s d khi chia cho 7).
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157
4.2 Cu trc r nhnh
Cu trc la chn switch Thc hin
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159
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160
4.2 Cu trc r nhnh
4.2 Cu trc r nhnh
Cu trc la chn switch V d
C th s dng c im Khng c lnh

break chng trnh s t ng chuyn
xung thc hin cc cu lnh tip sau
vit chung m lnh cho cc trng hp
khc nhau nhng c x l nh nhau
V d:Trong mt nm cc thng c 30 ngy l 4, 6,
9, 11 cn cc thng c 31 ngy l 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10,
12. Ring thng hai c th c 28 hoc 29 ngy.
Hy vit chng trnh nhp vo 1 thng, sau
a ra kt lun thng c bao nhiu ngy
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158
4.2 Cu trc r nhnh
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdio.h>
void main(){
int a;
printf(\nNhap mot gia tri so nguyen khong am: ); scanf(%d,&a);
switch(a % 7) {
case 0: printf( Chu nhat); break;
case 1: printf( Thu Hai); break;
case 2: printf( Thu Ba); break;
case 3: printf( Thu Tu); break;
case 4: printf( Thu Nam); break;
case 5: printf( Thu Sau); break;
case 6: printf( Thu Bay); break;
}
getch();
}
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161
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdio.h>
void main () {
int thang; clrscr();
printf("\nNhap vao thang trong nam "); sanf("%d",&thang);
switch(thang) {
case 1:
case 3:
case 5:
case 7:
case 8:
case 10:
case 12: printf("\n Thang %d co 31 ngay ",thang);
break;
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27
4.2 Cu trc r nhnh
4.2 Cu trc r nhnh
Cu trc la chn switchLu
case 4:
case 6:
case 9:
case 11: printf("\n Thang %d co 30 ngay ",thang);
break;
case 2: printf ("\ Thang 2 co 28 hoac 29 ngay");
break;
default : printf("\n Khong co thang %d", thang);
break;
Gi tr ca biu thc trong cu trc

switch phi l s nguyn (kiu m c)
Phi c kiu d liu l char, int, long
Cc gi tr sau t kha case (gia_tri_1,
gia_tri_2,.. ) cng phi l s nguyn
iu kin trong cu trc if / if..else cho php
lm vic vi cc kiu d liu khc s
nguyn
}
getch();
}
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163
164
4.2 Cu trc r nhnh
4.2 Cu trc r nhnh
Cc v d
V d 1: Tnh cc taxi
1. Vit chng trnh tnh cc Taxi theo cng

thc:
1 km u tin c cc l 10000,
30 km tip theo c gi l 8000/1km
Cc km sau c gi l 6000/1km.
2. Vit chng trnh gii phng trnh bc hai

ax2 + bx + c = 0
3. Vit chng trnh gii h phng trnh bc
nht
a1 x + b1 y = c1
a2 x + b2 y = c2
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165
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
void main() {
unsigned long sotien;
float sokm;
printf("\nBan hay cho biet so km da di duoc : ");
scanf("%f", &sokm);
if (sokm <= 1.0)
sotien = 10000;
else
if (sokm <= 31.0)
sotien = 10000 + (ceil(sokm) - 1.0 ) * 8000;
else
sotien = 250000 + (ceil(sokm) - 31) * 6000;
printf("\nSo tien can tra = %lud", sotien);
}
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166
4.2 Cu trc r nhnh
4.2 Cu trc r nhnh
V d 1 Thc hin chng trnh
V d 2: Gii phng trnh bc 2

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h> // s dng hm ton hc sqrt
void main(){
float a, b, c, delta;
printf(\n\nNhap he so a b c : "); scanf("%f%f%f", &a, &b, &c);
delta = b * b - 4 * a * c;
if( a==0) printf(P/trinh suy bien thanh p/trinh bac 1 %fx+%f=0,b,c);
else if (delta < 0) printf("Phuong trinh vo nghiem");
else if (delta == 0)
printf("Phuong trinh co nghiem kep x1 = x2 = %f", -b/(2*a));
else
printf(Phuong trinh co hai nghiem phan biet\n x1=%f \n x2=%f",
(-b + sqrt(delta))/(2*a), (-b - sqrt(delta))/(2*a) );
}
sotien= sokm <=1.0 ? 10000 : sokm <= 31 ? 10000 +

(ceil(sokm) - 1.0 ) * 8000 : 250000+(ceil(sokm) - 31) * 6000;
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168
28
4.2 Cu trc r nhnh
4.2 Cu trc r nhnh
V d 3: Gii h phng trnh
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169
#include <stdio.h>
void main() {
float a1,b1,c1,a2,b2,c2,x,y,dx,dy,d;
printf(\n\nNhap cac so:\n");
printf("a1,b1,c1=");scanf("%f%f%f",&a1,&b1,&c1);
printf("a2,b2,c2=");scanf("%f%f%f",&a2,&b2,&c2);
d = a1 * b2 - a2 * b1;
dx = c1 * b2 - c2 * b1;
dy = a1 * c2 - a2 * c1;
if (d != 0) {
x = dx/d; y = dy/d;
printf("He PT co nghiem x=%f, y=%f\n",x,y);
}else
if (dx==0) printf("He PT co vo so nghiem!\n");
else printf("He phuong trinh vo nghiem!");
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4.2 Cu trc r nhnh
4.2 Cu trc r nhnh
Bi tp
1. Vit chng trnh nhp vo mt k t h hexa v
a ra gi tr h 10 tng ng
2. Lp trnh c ta 4 im A,B,C,M ri kim tra
xem im M nm trong, nm trn cnh hay nm
ngoi tam gic ABC.
3. Lp trnh c vo t bn phm 2 gi tr a, b ri
tnh y = 15 x2+x+7.2 trong
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a + b
n' u a < b
3
x = 1.5172 n' u a = b
a b
2
n' u a > b
2
a + b
172
4.3 Cu trc lp
Ni dung chnh
Cc cu trc lp
1. Cu trc lnh khi

2. Cu trc r nhnh
Vng lp for
Cu trc if, if else

Vng lp while
3. Cu trc lp
Vng lp for
Vng lp do while

Cu lnh continue
Cu lnh break
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174
29
4.3 Cu trc lp
4.3 Cu trc lp
Mc ch v c php
Dng lp cng vic mt s chnh xc ln
nh trc da vo s bin thin ca
bin iu khin
for
for([b.thuc_1];[b.thuc_2];[b.thuc_3]) Lnh;
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b.thuc_1: Khi to gi tr ban u cho vng lp

b.thuc_2: iu kin tip tc vng lp
b.thuc_3: Thay i bin iu khin ca vng lp
Lnh: C th l lnh n lnh kp hoc lnh rng
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4.3 Cu trc lp
4.3 Cu trc lp
S c php
176
S dng
int i;
for(i = 0; i < 100; i++) Cu_lnh;
int i;
for(i = 0; i < 100; i+=2)Cu_lnh;
int i;
for(i = 100; i > 0; i--) Cu_lnh;
for(int i = 0; i < 100; i++) Lnh;
for(int i = 100; i > 0; i--) Lnh;
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4.3 Cu trc lp
4.3 Cu trc lp
Turbo C++ 3.0, vn bn ngun .cpp (c++)
178
V d 1 : a ra cc s nguyn l nh hn 100
V d 2 : a ra cc s nguyn l nh hn 100
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main(){
int i;
for(i = 1;i<100;i++) {
if(i%2 == 1) printf(%5d,i);
if((i+1)%20 ==0) printf(\n);
}
getch();
}
#include <conio.h>
void main(){
int i;
for(i = 99;i > 0;i-=2) {
printf(%5d,i);
if( (i-1) % 20 == 0) printf(\n);
}
getch();
}
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30
4.3 Cu trc lp
4.3 Cu trc lp
V d 4 Nhp n v tnh tng 1 +1/2+..+1/n
V d 3 Nhp n v a ra n!
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
float S = 0.0;
int n, i;
printf(Nhap n : );scanf(%d,&n);
for(i = 1;i <= n;i++)
S = S + (float)1/i;
printf(Ket qua l %7.4f ,S);
getch();
Nhap n : 10
}
Ket qua l
l 2.9290
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
long P = 1;
int n, i;
for(i = 1;i<=n;i++)
P = P * i;
printf(Ket qua l %ld ,P);
getch();
Nhap n : 6
}
Ket qua l
l 720
1/27/2012
181
4.3 Cu trc lp
abc=a3+b3+c3
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{ int a, b, c;
for(a = 1;a<=9;a++)
for(b = 0;b<=9;b++)
for(c = 0;c<=9;c++)
if(a*a*a+b*b*b+c*c*c==100*a+10*b+c)
printf(%d \n,100*a+10*b+c);
getch();
}
1/27/2012
183
V d 5 Tm s 3 ch s tha mn abc=a3+b3+c3
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{int i, a, b, c;
for(i = 100;i<1000;i++){
a = i / 100;
b = i % 100 / 10;
c = i % 100 % 10;
if(a*a*a+b*b*b+c*c*c == i)
printf(%d \n,i);
}//for
getch();
}
4.3 Cu trc lp
4.3 Cu trc lp
Ch
153
370
371
407
1/27/2012
184
Ch
Khng nht thit phi c y cc

thnh phn trong vng lp for
1. Biu thc khi to
int getchar(): c k t t vng m bn

phm. Nu vng m rng, i ngi dng
g dy k t (cho ti khi n phm Enter), s
tr v k t u
2. Biu thc iu khin

for(i=0 ; ; c=getchar(), i++)
if(c==\n) break;
printf(\nSo ky tu: %d,i);
3. Thn vng lp
for(i=0 ; getchar() != \n, i++);
1/27/2012
char c; int i=0;

for( ; (c=getchar())! = '\n ; i++)
putchar(c);
putchar(int c): a k t ra mn hnh

1/27/2012
182
4.3 Cu trc lp
V d 5 Tm s 3 ch s tha mn
1/27/2012
185
Hello world
Hello world
So ky tu: 11
Hello world
So ky tu: 12
Hello world
So ky tu: 11
186
31
4.3 Cu trc lp
4.3 Cu trc lp
Mc ch & C php
Dng thc hin lp i lp li mt cng vic
no vi s ln lp khng xc nh.
while
C php:
while(bieu_thuc_dieu_kien)
lenh;
Chng trnh kim tra iu kin trc khi lp
Gi tr ca biu thc iu kin l ng thc hin lnh
1/27/2012
187
Cc lenh ca vng lp c th khng c thc hin

ln no Biu_thc_iu_kin sai ngay t u
1/27/2012
Biu_thc_iu_kin lun ng lp v hn ln 188
4.3 Cu trc lp
4.3 Cu trc lp
S c php
Nhp n v a tng ca n s nguyn u tin

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main(){
long S = 0;
int n;
while (n > 0){
while (n> 0)
S = S + n;
n = n 1;
S += n--;
}
printf(Ket qua l %ld ,S);
getch();
}
Tnh ton gi tr ca
Biu thc iu kin
Lnh
Biu thc != 0
ng
Sai
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189
4.3 Cu trc lp
3n5-317n
Cho bit kt qu thc hin chng trnh
<5
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int i=3;
while (i > 1){
if(i % 2==0) i = i / 2;
else i = i * 3 + 1;
printf("%4d",i);
}
getch();
10 5 16 8 4 2 1
}
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <math.h>
void main()
n = 10
{
while (3*pow(n,5)-317*n >= 5)
clrscr();
n--;
int n=0;
while (3* pow(n,5) - 317*n < 5) n++;
printf("%4d",n-1);
getch();
}
n= 3
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190
4.3 Cu trc lp
Tm s nguyn ln nht tha mn
1/27/2012
191
1/27/2012
192
32
4.3 Cu trc lp
4.3 Cu trc lp
Nhp chui v m s nguyn m, ph m, khong trng

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{ int na, pa, kt;
char c;
na = pa = kt = 0;
clrscr(); printf(>);
while( (c=getchar()) !='\n'){
switch(c){
case 'a': case e': case i': case o': case u :
case A': caseE': case I': case0': case U : na++; break;
case ' ': kt++; break;
default : pa++;
}
}
printf("Chuoi co :%d nguyen am :%d phu am va %d khoang trang",na,pa,kt);
} 1/27/2012
do..while
193
1/27/2012
4.3 Cu trc lp
4.3 Cu trc lp
Mc ch & C php
194
S c php
Dng thc hin lp i lp li mt cng

vic no vi s ln lp khng xc nh.
Lnh
C php:
do{
Tnh ton gi tr ca
lenh;
}while(bieu_thuc_dieu_kien);
Biu thc iu kin
Chng trnh kim tra iu kin sau khi lp

Cc lenh c thc hin t nht mt ln
Biu thc lun ng, lp v hn ln
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195
Biu thc != 0
ng
Sai
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4.3 Cu trc lp
4.3 Cu trc lp
Nhp n v a tng ca n s nguyn u tin
V d
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main(){
long S = 0;
int n;
do {
do
S = S + n;
S += n-n--;;
n = n 1;
while (n> 0);
}while (n > 0);
printf(Ket qua l %ld ,S);
getch();
Nhap n : 96
}
Ket qua l
l 4656
Nhp vo im ca mt sinh vin, nu

im khng [0, 10] th thng bo cho
ngi dng nhp li.
Cch lm:
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196
Nu dng lnh if Ch kim tra c 1 ln

Khng dng for c v cha bit trc s
ln lp.
S dng vng lp while/ do while
197
1/27/2012
198
33
4.3 Cu trc lp
4.3 Cu trc lp
Dng vng lp while Kt qu
Dng vng lp while

#include <stdio.h>
void main(){
float diem; clrscr();
printf(Chuong trinh nhap diem sinh vien\n");
printf("Nhap diem (0<=diem<=10):");
scanf("%f",&diem);
while (diem < 0 || diem > 10) {
printf("\nBan nhap khong dung!\n");
printf("Ban hay nhap lai (0<=diem<=10):");
scanf("%f",&diem);
}
printf("\nDiem ban vua nhap la: %.2f, diem);
}
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199
1/27/2012
200
4.3 Cu trc lp
4.3 Cu trc lp
Dng vng lp dowhile

#include <stdio.h>
void main() {
float diem; clrscr();
printf(Chuong trinh nhap diem sinh vien\n");
do {
printf("Nhap diem (0<=diem<=10):");
scanf("%f",&diem);
if (diem < 0 || diem > 10)
printf("\nBan nhap khong dung!\n");
} while (diem < 0 || diem > 10);
printf("\nDiem ban vua nhap la: %.2f, diem);
}
1/27/2012
Nhp s v kim tra s hon thin

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
201
#include <stdio.h>
fflush(): xa vng m bn phm
#include <ctype.h>
#include <conio.h>
toupper(): chuyn sang ch hoa
void main(){
long int n, tong, i;
getche():
c k t t vng m & hin
char ch;
do
{
th ln mn hnh (getch() th khng)
tong = 0;
printf("\n\nNhap vao mot so nguyen: "); scanf("%ld",&n);
printf("Cac uoc so cua %ld la: ",n);
for(i = 1;i<n;i++)
if(n % i == 0){
printf("%5d",i);
tong = tong + i;
}//if & for
printf("\nTong cac uoc so cua %ld bang %ld",n,tong);
if(tong == n) printf("\n
%5ld LA so hoan thien,n);
else
printf("\n
%5ld KHONG LA so hoan thien,n);
printf("\nBan co muon thuc hien lai(c/k)? ");
fflush(stdin);
}while(toupper(getche()) !='K');
printf("\n\nAn phim bat ki de ket thuc ...");
getch();
}
1/27/2012
202
4.3 Cu trc lp
V d
Vit chng trnh thc hin cng vic
- Nhp vo t bn phm 2 s nguyn
- Nhp vo t bn phm mt k t bt k;
Nu y l mt ton t s hc th a ra
gi tr tng ng vi ton t.
Nu khng phi th a ra thng bo sai
- Chng trnh thc hin cho ti khi k t

nhp vo l q hoc Q
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203
1/27/2012
204
34
case '%':
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main() {
case '/':
int a, b;
char ch;
break;
if (b==0) printf(" Chia cho 0\n");
else printf(" Co ket qua: %d\n",a/b);
break;
int Fin = 0;
clrscr();
case 'q':
case 'Q':
Fin=1;
break;
default: printf(" khong co toan tu nay\n");
printf("Nhap cac so a, b "); scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);

do{
printf("\nToan tu (+ ; - ; * ; / ; %) "); ch=getche();
}
}while(Fin==0);
printf("\nKet thuc, an mot phim...");
switch(ch){
case '+': printf(" Co ket qua: %d\n",a+b); break;
getch();
case '-': printf(" Co ket qua: %d\n",a-b); break;

case '*': printf(" Co ket qua: %d\n",a*b); break;
1/27/2012
if (b==0) printf(" Chia cho 0\n");

else printf(" Co ket qua: %d\n",a%b);
}
205
1/27/2012
206
4.3 Cu trc lp
V d: Nhp xu, m s k t ca xu
Khai bo: int n=0; char c;
Dng vng for
for(n=0;;c=getchar(),n++) if(c==\n) break;
for(n=0 ; getchar() != '\n' ; n++);
Dng vng lp while

c = getchar();
while (c !=\n){
c= getchar();
n++;
}
Dng vng lp do while

do{
c = getchar();
n++;
}while(c!=\n);
a kt qu ra: printf(Chuoi chua %d ky tu ,n);

1/27/2012
207
1/27/2012
4.3 Cu trc lp
4.3 Cu trc lp
Bi tp 1
Bi tp 2
1. Nhp vo 2 s a, b tha mn 1 < a < a+100< b.

Lit k cc s nguyn t trong khong a,b
2. Vit chng trnh nhp vo 3 s nguyn a,b,n tha
mn 0<a<b+n v sinh ra n s ngu nhin trong
khong a, b
3. Vit chng trnh nhp mt s nguyn dng N v
phn tch N thnh cc tha s nguyn t
4. Nhp vo dy cho ti khi gp s 0. Tnh tng ca
dy v trung bnh cng cc s l
5. Nhp vo mt dy k t cho ti khi gp du xung
dng. m s t ca dy bit rng cc t c
phn cch ch bi cc k t trng (1 hoc nhiu)
1/27/2012
208
209
1. Nhp vo mt dy k t cho ti khi gp k t * a ra

tn sut xut hin ca cc nguyn m
5
2. Cho hm s f ( x) .= x + 5 x Lp trnh tnh v a ra
mn hnh cc cp gi tr x,f(x) vi x ly dy gi tr -10;9.9;-9.8; ..; 4.9;5.0.
3. c vo dy s cho ti khi gp s 0; Tm s ln nht, nh
nht ca dy v s ln xut hin cc gi tr
4. c vo mt dy cho ti khi tng ca dy ln hn 2011.
Tnh trung bnh cng cc s l c
5. c x v eps v tnh biu thc sau vi chnh xc nh
hn eps
( 1) n x n
x 2 x3
+L+
+L
S =1 x +
2! 3!
n!
1/27/2012
210
35
4.3 Cu trc lp
4.3 Cu trc lp
Bi tp
Tnh hm
Vit chng trnh c x v n vo t bn phm ri tnh

S = x + x x + L + x n d' u c n
pow(x,y) sinh ra li khi x m

v y khng l s nguyn
fabs(x) tr v tr tuyt i ca
x khi l s thc
5.
for(x=-10.0; x<=5.0; x+=0.1){
6.
if(x==0)
for(int i=-100;i<50;i++){
x=(float)i/10;
7.
fx = 0.0;
.
8.
else
9.
fx = pow(x,5)+x/fabs(x) * pow(fabs(x), 0.2);
10.
printf("<%4.1f,%7.2f>\n",x,fx);
11.
}
12. }
211
1/27/2012
212
4.3 Cu trc lp
c dy s., tm v m s max
Ni dung chnh
2. #include <limits.h>
1. Cu trc lnh khi

2. Cu trc r nhnh
3. void main(){
4.
int a, d=0, max = INT_MIN;
5.
do {
6.
printf("Nhap mot so : "); scanf("%d",&a);
7.
if( a > max){
8.
max = a;
9.
d = 1;
10.
}else
11.
if (a == max) d++;
12.
}while ( a!= 0);
13.
printf(Max: %d; Co %d gia tri",max,d);
14. }
1/27/2012
2. #include <math.h>
3. void main(){
4.
float x, fx;
C sai s khi x=0.0
x 2 x3
xn
+
+L+
S =1+ x +
n
2
3
x 2 x3
xn
+
+L+
S = 1+ x +
n!
2! 3!
x 2 x3
(1) n x n
S = 1 x +
+L+
2! 3!
n!
1/27/2012
f ( x) = x 5 + 5 x
Cu trc if, if else

3. Cu trc lp
Vng lp for

Cu lnh continue
Cu lnh break
213
1/27/2012
214
4.4 Cc lnh thay i cu trc lp trnh
Mc ch
Continue >< break
Cc vng lp while/ do ... while/ for s kt

thc qu trnh lp khi biu thc iu kin
ca vng lp khng cn c tha mn.
Tuy nhin trong lp trnh i khi ta cng cn
thot khi vng lp ngay c khi biu thc
iu kin ca vng lp vn cn c tha
mn.
h tr ngi lp trnh lm vic , ngn
ng C cung cp 2 cu lnh l continue v
break
1/27/2012
215
1/27/2012
216
36
continue
V d 1
B qua vic thc hin cc cu

lnh nm sau lnh continue
trong thn vng lp.
Chuyn sang thc hin mt vng
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
Tnh tng 100 s nguyn u tin
{
ngoi tr cc s chia ht cho 5
int i;
int sum = 0;
for(i = 1;i<=100;i++)
{
if(i % 5 == 0)
for(i=1;i<=100;i++)
continue;
if (i % 5 != 0)
sum += i;
sum += i;
}
}
lp mi
1/27/2012
217
break
V d 2
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
for(i = 1;i<=10;i++)
{
if(i == 5) continue;
printf(%5d,i);
if(i==7) break;
}
getch();
}
Thot khi vng lp ngay c khi biu

thc iu kin ca vng lp vn cn
c tha mn.
Ch :
break dng thot ra khi khi lp
hin ti
break cng dng thot ra khi
lnh r nhnh switch
219
1/27/2012
220
V d 3
Nhp mt s nguyn, kim tra xem c l s nguyn t khng?

#includ <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
void main()
{ int N, i, OK = 1;
printf("\nNhap gia tri N : "); scanf("%d", &N);
if (n<2) printf("\nSo %d khong phai so nguyen to",N);
else {
for
i<=(int)sqrt(N);
for(i=2;
(i=2;
i < N; i++)
i++)
if (N%i == 0) {
OK = 0;
break;
i <= (int)sqrt(N)
}
if (OK) printf("\nSo %d la so nguyen to.", N);
else
printf("\nSo %d la hop so.", N);
}
i= 2;
getch();
while (N % i != 0) i++;
}
if (i == N) printf( so ng to )
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{ int i,j;
clrscr();
for(i = 0;i<10;i++) {
for (j=0; j < 10; j ++) {
if(j > i){
break;
}//if
}//for _ j
printf("i:%d j:%d\n",i,j);
}//for_i
getch();
}
1/27/2012
218
1/27/2012
1/27/2012
221
1/27/2012
222
37
Phn tch s nguyn ra tha s nguyn t

2. #include <conio.h>
3. #include <ctype.h>
4. void main(){
5. int N, i;
6. do{ printf("\n\nNhap vao so nguyen duong "); scanf("%d",&N);
7.
printf("%d = ",N);
8.
i = 2;
9.
while (i < N ){
10.
if (N % i == 0){
11.
printf("%d x ",i);
12.
N = N/i;
13.
} else i++;
14.
}
15.
printf("%d \n",N);
16.
printf("Tiep tuc <C/K>?"); fflush(stdin);
17. }while(toupper(getche()) != 'K');
18. }
1/27/2012
223
1/27/2012
Vit chng trnh c x v n vo t bn phm ri tnh
Nhp chui k t cho n khi gp k t *

Tnh tn sut xut hin nguyn m a
2. #include <conio.h>
3. #include <ctype.h>
4. void main(){
5.
char c; int n, d;
6.
do{
7.
printf("\n\n");
8.
d=0; n=0;
9.
while( (c=getche()) !='*'){
10.
n++;
11.
if (c=='a') d++;
12.
}
13.
if(n==0)
14.
printf("\nChuoi ky tu rong\n");
15.
else
16.
printf("\ntan suat xuat hien ky tu 'a' la %5.2f%%\n",(float)100*d/n);
17.
printf("Tiep tuc <C/K>?: ");
18.
}while(toupper(getche()) != 'K');
19.
}
1/27/2012
225
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
#include <stdio.h>
x2 x3
xn
#include <conio.h>
+
+L+
S =1+ x +
2! 3!
n!
void main(){
int n, i;
float x, u = 1.0,S=1.0;
clrscr();
printf("Nhap vao so nguyen n : "); scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Nhap vao so thuc x : ");
scanf("%f",&x);
for(i = 1; i <= n; i ++){
u *= x/i;
S += u;
}
printf("Ket qua la %.8f",S);
getch();
}
1/27/2012
226
V d tng hp
Nhp mt dy s cho ti khi s phn t trong dy ln hn 100
Vit chng trnh thc hin cc cng vic

sau
Nhp vo mt dy s cho ti khi
Bt u
i
Nhp s a
Tng ca dy ln hn 1550 hoc l

S phn t trong dy ln hn 100
a ra s phn t nm trong khong (35,

70)
a ra trung bnh cng ca cc phn t
chia ht cho 7
1/27/2012
224
i+1
i > 100
Kt thc
227
1/27/2012
#include <stdio.h>
void main(){
int a, i;
i = 0;
do{
printf("Nhap vao so nguyen:");
scanf("%d",&a);
i++;
}while (i <= 100);
}
228
38
Nhp mt dy s cho ti khi tng ca dy ln hn 1550

Bt u
i
S
Nhp s a
S
S+a
S > 1550
Kt thc
Nhp mt dy s cho ti khi tha mn.
#include <stdio.h>
void main(){
int a, S;
S = 0;
do{
scanf("%d",&a);
S+=a;
}while (S <= 1550);
}
Bt u
i
S
Nhp s a
S
S+a
i+1
i > 100
S > 1550
#include <stdio.h>
void main(){
int a, i, S;
S = 0; i=0;
do{
scanf("%d",&a);
S+=a;
i++;
}while ( (i <=100)&&(S <= 1550) );
}
Kt thc
1/27/2012
229
a ra TBC ca cc phn t chia ht cho 7(1)
230
a ra TBC ca cc phn t chia ht cho 7(2)

#include <stdio.h>
void main(){
int a, i=0,S7=0,d7=0,S=0;
do{
printf("Nhap vao so nguyen:"); scanf("%d",&a);
i++; S+=a;
if(a%7==0){
d7++;
S7+=a;
}
}while ( (i <=100)&&(S <= 1550) );
if(d7==0)
printf(Khong co so chia het cho 7);
else
printf(Ket qua la %.4f,(float) S7/d7);
}
Bt u
#include <stdio.h>
void main(){
int a, i=0,S7=0,d7=0; S7i 0 0
d7 0
do{
printf("Nhap vao so
nguyen:"); scanf("%d",&a);
Nhp s a
i
i+1
i++;
if(a%7==0){
d7 d7+1
a % 7=0
d7++;
S7 S7+1
s
S7+=a;
}
i > 100
s
}while (i <= 100);
if(d7==0)
s
Thng bo: Khng
TBC l: S7/d7
d7=0
printf(Khong
co so
chia het
c scho
chia ht7);
cho 7
else
printf(Ket qua la %.4f,(float) S7/d7);
Kt thc
}
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231
V d tng hp
#include <stdio.h>
void main(){
int a, i=0,S7=0,d7=0,S=0, d = 0;
do{
printf("Nhap vao so nguyen:"); scanf("%d",&a);
i++; S+=a;
if(a%7==0){
d7++;
S7+=a;
}
if( (a>35) && (a < 70) ) d++;
}while ( (i <=100)&&(S <= 1550) );
printf(So phan tu trong khoang (35,70) la %d \n,d);
if(d7==0) printf(Khong co so chia het cho 7);
else printf(TBC cac so chia het cho 7 %.4f,(float) S7/d7);
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233
}
1/27/2012
232
Tng kt
1. Cu lnh khi
t trong cp ngoc nhn { }
2. Cu trc r nhnh
if (bieu_thuc), if (bieu_thuc) else
switch (bieu_thuc) {(case/break/default)}
3. Cu trc lp
for(bieu_thuc_1; bieu_thuc_2; bieu_thuc_3) CauLenh;
while (bieu_thuc) CauLenh;
do Cau_Lenh while (bieu_thuc);

continue/ break
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39
Phn 3: Lp trnh C
Ni dung chnh
Ni dung chnh
1. Mng

Chng 3: Vo ra d liu
Khi nim
Khai bo v s dng
Cc thao tc thng gp
2. Con tr

Chng 6: Cu trc
Khi nim v cch khai bo

Ton t a ch (&), ton t ni dung (*)
Php ton trn con tr
Con tr v mng
3. Xu k t
Chng 7: Hm
Chng 8: Tp d liu
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235
Khi nim
Khai bo v s dng
Cc hm x l k t v xu k t
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236
5.1 Mng
5.1 Mng
Khi nim mng
Khi nim mng
Trong thc t, thng gp cc i tng c

tnh cht chung
Kiu mng l mt kiu d liu gm
Thng trong nm
im trung bnh ca sinh vin trong lp
Cc i tng c nhm li di mt tn
i tng c c trng bi tn nhm v
th t trong nhm
Thng th 3 trong nm: Thng 3
Sinh vin th 17 trong lp:
Mt s hu hn thnh phn.
Cc thnh phn c cng mt kiu: kiu c s
hay l kiu thnh phn.
Mi phn t ca mng c tham kho

thng qua
Tn mng v
Ch s ca phn t trong mng
S th t trong nhm l ch s phn t

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237
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5.1 Mng
5.1 Mng
Khai bo mng
Cp pht b nh cho mng
Kiu_d_liu Tn_Mng[Kch thc];

Kiu_d_liu: kiu ca cc phn t trong
mng (nguyn, thc, k t, chui, mng,)
Tn_mng: tn ca mng
Kch_thc_mng: s phn t trong mng
V d
Cc phn t trong mng c cp pht cc

nh k tip nhau trong b nh
Kch thc ca mng bng kch thc mt
phn t nhn vi s phn t
V d:
int A[10];//Mng A gm 10 phn t nguyn
A[0]
// khai bo mng 10 phn t c kiu d liu int

int Mang_so_nguyen[10];
float A[10]; // Mng 10 phn t kiu s thc
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238
A[1]
A[2]
A[3]
A[4]
A[5]
A[6]
A[7]
A[8]
A[9]
Kch thc ca mng A: 10 x 2 = 20 bytes

239
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240
40
5.1 Mng
5.1 Mng
Truy nhp n thnh phn ca mng
Truy nhp n thnh phn ca mngV d
Bin mng lu tr a ch nh u tin

trong vng nh c cp pht
Ngn ng C nh ch s cc phn t trong
mng bt u t 0
Cc phn t ca mng c truy nhp
thng qua
Tn mng v
Ch s ca phn t ca phn t trong mng
Tn_Mang[Ch_s_phn_t];
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A[1]
5
A[2]
A[0]
A[3]
A[4]
7
A[5]
A[4]
A[6]
A[7]
A[8]
A[9]
A[9]
A[0] = 7;
A[1] = 5;
A[4] = 7;
int N = A[1] + A[4]; N = 14
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242
5.1 Mng
V d
Mng nhiu chiu

Mi phn t ca mng c th l mt mng
int A[10];
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) A[i]= 2* i;
0?
2?
4?
?
6
8?
Mng nhiu chiu
?
?
?
?
16
10
12
14
?
18
Kiu Tn[Chiu_1] [Chiu_2] [Chiu_N];
0
i : 10
7
4
1
2
5
6
3
8
9
Ch : C khng kim tra vt qu gii hn
ca mng khi truy nhp
int A[3], B[4], C[3];
A[0]
A[1]
A[2]
B[0]
B[1]
B[2]
B[3]
C[0]
C[1]
C[2]
A[5] B[2] C[-2] nu c/cp lin tip
243
Kiu: Kiu ca mi phn t trong mng

Chiu_1, Chiu_2,Chiu_N: Cc hng s
nguyn, cho bit kch thc (s phn t) ca mi
chiu
Mng gm: Chiu_1 x Chiu_2 x...x Chiu_N
phn t c lu tr trong vng nh lin tc. Cc
phn t thuc kiu Kiu
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5.1 Mng
5.1 Mng
Mng nhiu chiu
Mng nhiu chiuV d

int b[3][4][5];
int t[3][4] ;
t[0]
t[0][0]
t[0][1]
t[0][2]
t[0][3]
t[1]
t[1][0]
t[1][1]
t[1][2]
t[1][3]
t[2]
t[2][0]
t[2][1]
t[2][2]
t[2][3]
b[2][2][4]
b[2]
b[1]
b[0]
b[0][1][2]
Mng b gm 3 phn t b[0], b[1], b[2]

Mi phn t l mng hai chiu gm 4 hng
(hng 0, 1, 2, 3) v 5 ct (0, 1, 2, 3, 4)
Mi phn t c kiu nguyn c du, 2 byte
t[1][0] t[1][1] t[1][2] t[1][3]

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A[0]
7
5.1 Mng
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int A[10];//Mng A gm 10 phn t nguyn
245
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246
41
5.1 Mng
5.1 Mng
Khi to gi tr cho mng Ch
Khi to gi tr cho mng

Cc phn t ca mng c th c khi to
gi tr ngay khi khai bo
V d
int a[4] = {1,4,6,2};
int b[2][3]={ {1,2,3}, {4,5,6} };
int t[3][4] = {
{1, 2, 3, 4},
{5, 6, 7, 8},
{9, 10, 11, 12},
};
1/27/2012
S lng gi tr khi to khng c ln

hn s lng phn t trong mng
Nu s lng ny nh hn, cc phn t cn li
c khi to gi tr 0
int A[3][4] = { {1}, {4,5} };
int A[3][4] = { };Tt c u mang gi tr 0
C th xc nh kch thc mng thng qua

s gi tr khi to nu trng kch thc
mng
int A1 [8] = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16};
int A2 [] = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16};
247
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248
5.1 Mng
5.1 Mng
Cc thao tc thng gp
Nhp d liu
Dng hm scanf()
Nhp/Xut d liu cho mng

Mng 1 chiu, ma trn
V d:
Bi ton m
Nhp d liu cho mt phn t
m s phn t
Tnh ton trn cc phn t..
scanf(%d,&Tab[2]);phn t th 3 ca mng
Nhp d liu cho c mng
Tm kim phn t
Dng vng lp for
Ln nht/nh nht/bt k
for(i = 1; i < 10; i++)
Sp xp phn t trong mng
scanf(%d,&Tab[i]);
Theo th t, theo nguyn tc
Chn thm phn t, xa phn t
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int Tab[10];
Nn in ra ch s phn t khi nhp

249
1/27/2012
printf(Tab[%d] : ); scanf(%d,&Tab[i])
5.1 Mng
5.1 Mng
Nhp d liuV d 1
Nhp d liuLu
Nhp vo lng ma (mm) trong nm
Nu s phn t ca mng ch c bit ti

thi im thc hin chng trnh (nhng
bit s phn t ti a)
#include <stdio.h>
#define MONTHS 12
int main(){
int rainfall[MONTHS], i;
for ( i=0; i < MONTHS; i++ ){
Khai bo mng vi kch thc ti a

S dng bin nguyn lu s phn t thc s
ca mng.
V d:
Nhp vo mng khng qu 100 s thc
printf(Nhap luong ma thng %d: , i+1);

scanf("%d", &rainfall[i] );
}
return 0;
}
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251
Khai bo mng thc Tab c ti a 100 phn t.

Nhp s phn t thc s ca mng
Nhp gi tr cho tng phn phn t (dng for)
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42
5.1 Mng
5.1 Mng
Nhp d liuV d 2
Xut d liu trong mng
#include<stdio.h>
#void main(){
float A[100];
int n, i;
do{
printf(\n Cho biet so phan tu cua mang: );
scanf(%d,&n);
}while (n>100 || n<=0);
Dng hm printf()
int Tab[10];
V d:
Hin th phn t th 5:
printf(%d,Tab[4]);
hin th tt c cc phn t:
for(i = 0; i < 10; i++)
printf(%4d,Tab[i]);
for(i = 0; i < n; i++){

printf(A[%d] = ", i); scanf("%f",&A[i]);
}
}
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Cc kiu xut d liu

Hin th tt c/mt phn theo dng/ct..
Hin th tng k phn t trn mt dng
253
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254
5.1 Mng
5.1 Mng
Xut d liu trong mngV d 1
Xut d liu trong mngV d 1Thc hin
#include <stdio.h>
#define MAX 12
void main(){
int A[MAX], i;
for ( i=0; i < MAX; i++ ){ //Nhp d liu
printf(A[%d]: , i+1); scanf("%d", &A [i] );
}
for ( i=0; i < MAX; i++ ){
)
printf( "%d\n
"%4d
,
A[i]);
"%4d , A[i]);
if( (i+1) %4==0) printf(\n);
}
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255
256
5.1 Mng
5.1 Mng
V d 2: Nhp v a ra mn hnh mt ma trn

2. void main(){
3.
int A[20][20], n, m, i,j;
4.
printf("Nhap so hang : "); scanf("%d",&n);
5.
printf("Nhap so cot : ");
scanf("%d",&m);
6.
printf("\n");
7.
for ( i=0; i < n; i++ )
8.
for(j=0; j < m; j++) {
9.
printf("Nhap phan tu A[%d,%d]: ", i+1,j+1);
10.
scanf("%d", &A[i][j] );
11.
}
12.
printf("\n\n MA TRAN DA NHAP \n\n");
13.
for ( i=0; i < n; i++ ){
14.
for(j=0; j < m; j++)
15.
printf( "%4d" ,A[i][j]);
16.
printf("\n");
17.
}
18. }
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257
V d 2Kt qu thc hin
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258
43
5.1 Mng
5.1 Mng
m s phn t tha mn iu kin
V d: Nhp mng, a ra TBC cc s chia ht cho 7
Duyt tng phn t ca dy (dng for )

Nu phn t xt tha mn iu kin
Ghi nhn
Chuyn sang xem xt phn t tip theo

V d: m s thng c lng ma ln hn 50mm
int dem = 0;
for(i = 0; i < MONTHS; i++)
if(rainfall[i] > 50)
dem++;
printf("\nThang mua nhieu hon 50mm: %d", dem);
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259
#include<stdio.h>
void main(){
int A[100];
int n, i, d = 0, S=0;
printf(\n So phan tu cua mang (<100) : ); scanf(%d,&n);
for(i = 0; i < n; i++){
printf("A[%d] = ", i); scanf("%d",&A[i]);
}
for(i = 0; i < n; i++)
if(A[i] %7==0){
d++;
S+= A[i];
}
if(d > 0) printf(TBC so chia het cho 7: %7.2f,(float)S/d);
else printf(Trong day khong co so chia het cho 7);
}
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260
5.1 Mng
5.1 Mng
Tm kim phn t
Tm kim phn t
Tm phn t ln nht (nh nht)
Tm kim cc phn t tha mn iu kin

(ging bi ton m)
Gi s phn t l phn t u tin

Ln lt so snh vi cc phn t cn li
Dng for duyt ton b
Nu phn t mi ca dy ln hn coi y l phn

t ln nht v tip tc so snh vi phn t k
Nu khng ng, so snh tip vi phn t k
Nu cn thit, dng thm mng ghi li ch s
V d: Tm thng c lng ma nhiu nht trong nm

max = rainfall[0];
if(rainfall[i] > max)
max = rainfall[i];
printf("\n Luong mua nhieu nhat la: %d", max);
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V d: a ra danh sch cc thng c lng

ma nhiu hn 50mm
printf(Thang co luong mua lon hon 500mm)
if(rainfall[i] > 50)
printf("\nThang %d", i+1);
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5.1 Mng
5.1 Mng
Tm kim phn t (tip)
Tm kim phn t V d
Tm phn t u tin ca danh sch
int Tab[100]
int N, i, k, f;//N: s phn t, k phn t cn tm
Dng vn lp for kt hp vi break;
Dng for
Dng vng lp while
for(i = 0; i < N; i++)

if(Tab[i] == k) break;
if(i< N) printf(Tim thay tai vi tri %d,i);
V d
a ra phn t u ca mng c gi tr
bng k;
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262
Dng while
263
i=0; f =0;
//f: found. f = 1 k is found
while(i < N && f==0){
if(Tab[i] == k) f = 1;
else i++;}
if
(f==1)
printf(Tim thay tai vi tri %d,i);
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264
44
5.1 Mng
5.1 Mng
Bi ton sp xp tng Thut ton la chn

Nguyn tc
Bi ton sp xp theo th t
Cho mng phn t, sp xp theo th t
tng/gim
Ti lt sp th k, tm phn t nh nht trong s

cc phn t cha c sp xp ([k..last]) v i
ch cho phn t th k (c ch s k-1)
Cc thut ton
Khi k = 1, phn t th nht (ch s 0) ng v tr

Khi k= 2, phn t th hai (ch s 1) ng v tr
Sp xp thm dn (insertion sort)

Sp xp la chn (selection sort)
Sp xp ni bt (bubble sort)
Sp xp vun ng (heap sort)
Sp xp nhanh (quick sort)
Sp xp trn (merge sort)
.
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265
266
5.1 Mng
5.1 Mng
Lt 2 Lt 3 Lt 4
Dy
Lt 1
3
2
1
3
2
5
2
3
5
3
5
3
6
5
1
2
3
2
3
5
5
6
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267
//Khai bo cc bin
int A[100];
//Mng cha d liu
int N, i, j, tmp;
//Sp xp
for(i = 0; i < N 1; i++)
for(j = i + 1; j < N; j++)
if(A[i] > A[j]) {
tmp = A[i];
A[i] = A[j];
A[j] = tmp;
}
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268
5.1 Mng
5.1 Mng
V d
V d
Nhp vo t bn phm mt mng cc s

nguyn khng qu 100 phn t
Hin th dy s va nhp
Sp xp dy theo th t gim dn
Hin th dy ti mi lt sp xp
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269
1. #include<stdio.h>
2. void main(){
3.
int A[100] ;
4.
int N, i, j , t;
5.
printf("So phan tu [< 100]: "); scanf("%d",&N);
6.
printf("Hay nhap day so...\n");
7.
for(i=0; i < N; i++){
8.
printf("A[%d] = ",i+1); scanf("%d",&A[i]);
9.
}
10.
printf("\nDay vua nhap...\n");
11.
for(i=0; i < N; i++)
12.
printf("%4d", A[i]);
13.
printf("\n\n");
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270
45
5.1 Mng
5.1 Mng
V d
V dKt qu
1.
printf("Sap xep day theo thuat toan lua chon");
2.
for(i=0; i < N-1; i++){
3.
for(j=i; j < N; j++)
4.
if(A[i] < A[j]) {
5.
t = A[i];
6.
A[i] = A[j];
7.
A[j] = t;
8.
}//if & for_j
9.
printf("\nLuot %d : ",i+1);
10.
for(j=0; j < N; j++)
11.
printf("%4d", A[j]);
12.
}//for_i
13. }//main
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271
1/27/2012
272
5.1 Mng
5.1 Mng
Bi ton chn phn t a vo v tr k
Bi ton xa phn t v tr k (0k<N)
for(i = N; i > k; i--)
A[i] = A[i-1];
8
7
4
8
A[k] = a;
N= N + 1;
3
9
N
Ch :
9
4
N = MAX: khng chn c
A[i-1] = A[i];
N= N - 1;
4
9
4
k > N Chn vo v tr N;
?
9
8
3
for(i = k+1; i < N; i++)
k< 0 Chn vo v tr 0
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273
1/27/2012
5.1 Mng
5.1 Mng
Bi tp 1
Bi tp 2
1.
1.
Nhp vo t bn phm mt dy s nguyn (<100 phn

t). Sp xp dy theo nguyn tc: Bn trn l s chn
chia ht cho 3. Bn dui l s l chia ht cho 3. Gia l
cc s cn li. a c 2 dy ra mn hnh.
2.
Vit chng trnh nhp vo t bn mt dy s (<100

phn t). a ra s b nht v v tr nhng s bng s
b nht
3.
Nhp vo mt dy s (<100 phn t) v sp xp theo

th t tng dn. Nhp thm vo mt s v chn s mi
nhp vo ng v tr
4.
Nhp vo mt dy (<100 phn t); xa i cc phn t

chia ht cho 5 v a kt qu ra mn hnh
Nhp vo dy s, tnh v a ra mn hnh
2.
3.
4.
5.
Tng v tch ca dy s
Cc s chia ht cho 3 v ln hn 10
m cc s nm trong on [100,1000]
Nhp vo mt dy s; tm s chn nh nht dy

Nhp dy s; m xem c bao nhiu b 3 s tha
mn iu kin xi=(xi-1+xi+1)/2
c vo dy s c n phn t (n<100). c s x v
s k nguyn. Chn x vo v tr k ca dy. Nu k>n,
chn x vo v tr n+1.
Nhp vo n v dy s (x1,x2,xn) ;(y1,y2,..yn) ri tnh
n
a)
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274
cosx sin x
i
i =1
(x y )
n1
b)
i =1
c)
x
1
i +1
2
i +1
275
1/27/2012
276
46
5.1 Mng
5.1 Mng
Bi cha
Bi cha Sp xp s chn chia ht 3 ln u dy..
#include<stdio.h>
void main(){
int A[100];
int N, i;
//Nhp d liu
printf("So phan tu : "); scanf("%d",&N);
for(i=0; i < N; i ++){
printf("A[%d] = ",i);scanf("%d",&A[i]);
}
//Cc thao tc x l mng: chn, xa, sp xp,
//a D liu ra
for(i=0; i < N; i ++)
printf("%4d",A[i]);
}
1. { int d = 0, t;
2.
for(i=0;i < N; i++)
3.
if(A[i]%6==0){
4.
t=A[i]; A[i]=A[d]; A[d] = t;
5.
d++;
6.
}
7.
for(i=d; i < N; i++)
8.
if(A[i]%3 != 0){
9.
t=A[i]; A[i]=A[d]; A[d] = t;
10.
d++;
11.
}
12. }
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277
278
5.1 Mng
5.1 Mng
Bi cha Sp xp tng dn v chn ng v tr
Bi cha Xa cc phn t chia ht cho 5..
1. { int k = 0,i, j, t;
2.
for(i=0;i < N - 1; i++)//Sp xp la chn
3.
for(j=i+1;j < N ; j++)
4.
if(A[i] > A[j]){
5.
t = A[j]; A[j] = A[i]; A[i]=t;
6.
}
7.
printf("Phan tu moi:"); scanf("%d",&k);//Nhp p/t mi
8.
i = N; //Chn ng v tr
9.
while( (i > 0) &&(A[i-1] > k) ){
10.
A[i] = A[i-1];
11.
i--;
12.
}
13.
A[i] = k;
14.
N++;
15. }
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1/27/2012
1. { // PP: Gi li cc phn t khng chia ht cho 5

2.
int d = 0, i;
3.
for(i=0;i < N; i++)
4.
if(A[i] % 5 != 0){
5.
A[d] = A[i];
6.
d++;
7.
}
8.
N = d;
9. }
279
1/27/2012
280
5.1 Mng
5.1 Mng
Xa cc phn t chia ht cho 5 Kt qu
Bi tp 3 : Ma trn
1. Vit chng trnh nhp vo mt ma trn vung,
cc phn t nguyn, sau
a ra ma trn tam gic dui

a ra ma trn tam gic trn
2. Nhp M, N (M, N < 30) v mt ma trn MxN.

a ma trn ra mn hnh
Tm hng/ct c tng cc phn t ln nht

Tm s ln nht/nh nht v v tr trong ma trn
a ra ma trn S cng kch thc tha mn
si , j
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281
1/27/2012
1 n' u ui , j > 0
= 0 n' u ui , j = 0
1 n' u ui , j < 0
282
47
5.1 Mng
5.1 Mng
Nhp vo mt ma trn vung,..
a ra ma trn tam gic trn, di
#include <stdio.h>
void main(){
int A[20][20], N,i,j;
printf("Nhap kich thuoc : "); scanf("%d",&N);
printf("\n");
for ( i=0; i < N; i++ )
for(j=0; j < N; j++)
{
printf("Nhap phan tu [%d,%d]:", i+1,j+1);
scanf("%d", &A[i][j] );
}
printf("\n\n MA TRAN DA NHAP \n\n");
for ( i=0; i < N; i++ ){
for(j=0; j < N; j++)
printf("\n");
}
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283
printf("\n\n MA TRAN TAM GIAC TREN \n\n");

for ( i=0; i < N; i++ ){
for(j=0; j < N; j++)
if(j >= i)
else
printf("%4c",32); //32 l m ASCII ca du cch
printf("\n");
}
printf("\n\n MA TRAN TAM GIAC DUOI \n\n");
for ( i=0; i < N; i++ ){
for(j=0; j <= i; j++)
printf("\n");
}
}//main
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5.1 Mng
Ni dung chnh
Thc hin
1. Mng
Khi nim
Khai bo v s dng
Cc thao tc thng gp
2. Con tr

Php ton trn con tr
Con tr v mng
3. Xu k t
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285
5.2 Con tr
Gii thiu
a ch
B nh gm dy cc nh
L mt khi nim mnh

trong C
Cho php truy nhp gin tip

ti mt i tng c a ch
(bin, hm)
Truy nhp trc tip thng
qua tn
00000
00001
Mi nh l mt byte
Mi nh c mt a ch ring
Cc bin trong chng trnh c lu ti vng

nh no trong b nh
Bin
Khi khai bo bin, ty thuc vo kiu, bin s

c cp mt s nh lin tc nhau
Bin int c cp 2 bytes, float c cp 4 bytes,..
Con tr
FFFFF
B nh
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5.2 Con tr
Cho php tnh ton trn con tr

S dng con tr hm
Khi nim
Khai bo v s dng
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a ch ca bin, l a ch ca byte u tin trong s

cc byte c cp
Khi gn gi tr cho bin, ni dung cc byte cung cp cho
bin s thay i
288
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5.2 Con tr
5.2 Con tr
a ch V d
int N;
float x;
char Arr[4];
Con tr
Con tr l mt bin m
gi tr ca n l a ch
ca mt vng nh
a ch bin N
?
E8
03
?
?
00
?
00
?
1B
?
41
?
01
?
05
?
09
?
0D
a ch bin X
N = 1000;//03E8
a ch bin Arr
X=9.6875;//411B0000
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
Arr[i]= 4*i+1;
a ch ca mt bin l a ch byte
nh u tin c cung cp cho
bin lu tr d liu
N
X
Arr
Bin nh
EB03
ABCD
ABCD
EFCD
Bin con tr
C th tr ti mt hm
289
FFFF
B nh
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5.2 Con tr
5.2 Con tr
Con tr Khai bo
Kiu
Ton t a ch (&)
K hiu: &
L ton t mt ngi, tr
v a ch ca bin
Tn;
Tn: Tn ca mt bin con tr

Kiu: Kiu ca bin m con tr Tn tr ti
Tr ti cc bin khc nhau, c cng kiu
Kiu bin m con tr tr ti khng thay i c

Mun thay i phi thc hin p kiu
V d:
int * pi;
//Con tr, tr ti mt bin kiu nguyn
char * pc; //Con tr, tr ti mt bin kiu k t

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0000
Bin N
ABCD
a ch bin c th c
gn cho mt con tr, tr ti
i tng cng kiu
Gi tr ca con tr c th thay i c
291
V d
ABCD
int N; // &N ABCD

int * pi;
pi = &N; // piABCD
EFCD
Bin pi
FFFF
B nh
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5.2 Con tr
5.2 Con tr
Ton t ni dung (*)

K hiu: *
L ton t mt ngi, tr v gi
tr (ni dung) ca vng nh m
con tr ang tr ti
V d
Gn gi tr cho con tr
0000
Bin N
20
10
ABCD
Con tr c gn a ch ca mt bin
Bin cng kiu vi kiu m con tr tr ti
Nu khng, cn phi p kiu
Con tr c gn gi tr ca con tr khc

Hai con tr s tr ti cng mt bin(do cng a ch)
Hai con tr nn cng kiu tr n
int N;
Nu khng, phi p kiu
N= 10; *pi = 10;
N = 10;//Vng nh m pi tr ti
mang gi tr 10; Vy *pi=10
*pi = 20;// Vng nh pi tr ti c
gn gi tr 20; Vy N= 20
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Con tr dng tr ti mt
bin nh
C th tr ti con tr khc
B nh
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int * pi;
pi = &N;
Vng nh ny c th dng
cha cc bin c kiu c
bn (nguyn, thc, k t,)
hay c cu trc (mng, bn
ghi,..)
0000
ABCD
EFCD
Con tr pi
FFFF
B nh
Con tr c gn gi tr NULL
V d: int *p; p = 0;
Gn ni dung vng nh 2 con tr tr ti.
V d: int *p1, *p2;
293
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*p1 = *p2;
294
49
5.2 Con tr
5.2 Con tr
V d
V d
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdio.h>
void main(){
void main(){
int N=5, M=10;
int *p1 = &N;
int *p1 = &N;
int *p2 = &M;
int *p2 = &M;
*p1 = *p2;
p1 = p2;
printf("%d %d",*p1,*p2);
}
2. void main(){
}
10 10
3.
int N=5, M=10;
4.
int *p1 = &N;
5.
int *p2 = &M;
6.
*p1 = *p2;
7.
10
5
10
ABCF
ABCD
ABCD
ABCF
p2 p1
int N=5, M=10;
0000
8. }
10 10
B nh
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FFFF
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5.2 Con tr
5.2 Con tr
V d
Cc php ton trn con tr

0000
Cng con tr vi mt s nguyn

Kt qu: Con tr cng kiu
2. void main(){
ABCD
5
10
int N=5, M=10;
4.
int *p1 = &N;
5.
int *p2 = &M;
6.
p1 = p2;
ABCF
7.
ABCD
ABCF
ABCF
p2 p1
3.
Tr con tr vi mt s nguyn
Kt qu: Con tr cng kiu
Tr 2 con tr cng kiu cho nhau

Kt qu: Mt s nguyn
Khong cch gia 2 con tr c o bng s phn t
thuc kiu d liu m con tr tr ti
8. }
FFFF
B nh
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5.2 Con tr
Mi quan h gia con tr v mng mt chiu
Cc php ton trn con trV d

0000
int N=1000, M=2000,P=3000;
p1 - p2 -2
P
M
N
* (p2-1) 2000
* ++ p1 2000
298
5.2 Con tr
int * p1 = &P, *p2 = &N;
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p2
p1
Ghi ch:
Kiu int, cc phn t cch nhau 2 bytes
Kiu float, cc phn t cch nhau 4 bytes
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E8
03
D0
07
B8
0B
ABC0
ABC1
ABC2
ABC3
ABC4
ABC5
ABC6
Nu Tab l tn mt mng Tab l mt con

tr hng cha a ch ca phn t u tin
ca mng Tab (&Tab[0])
Khng tn ti php tnh trn tn mng, hoc gn
gi tr cho tn mng (VD: Tab=; Tab++)
C th s dng mt con tr duyt mng

nu n c gn gi tr bng a ch ca
mng (a ch ca phn t u tin)
ABC4
ABC0
ABC2
FFFF
B nh
299
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50
5.2 Con tr
5.2 Con tr
V d
Con tr void
void * Tn_con_tr
int Tab[10];
int * p = Tab; // int *p = &Tab[0]
L mt con tr c bit: con tr khng c kiu

C th nhn gi tr l a ch ca mt bin c kiu
d liu bt k
for(i = 0; i < 10; i ++)

printf(%d , *(p + i) );
Thng dng lm i s trong li gi hm c th

nhn bt k kiu a ch no ca tham s c truyn
for(i = 0; i < 10; i ++)

printf(%d , p[i]);
V d:
void * p, *q;
int n; float x;
for(i = 0; i < 10; i ++)

printf(%d , *(p++) );
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301
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5.2 Con tr
5.2 Con tr
V d
V d
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
30
{
int a=3, *p;
p = &a;
printf("%d\n", a * *p * a + *p);
return 0;
}
#include<stdio.h>
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int main(){
int arr[2][2][2] = {10, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8};
int *p, *q;
p = &arr[1][1][1];
q = (int *) arr;
return 0;
}
303
Khi nim xu k t
Xu k t (string) l mt dy cc k t vit
lin tip nhau
Khi nim
Khai bo v s dng
Cc thao tc thng gp
di xu l s k t c trong xu
2. Con tr
Xu khng c k t no: Xu rng

Php ton trn con tr
Con tr v mng
V d: Tin hoc, String

Lu tr: kt thc xu bng k t \0 hay
NULL (m ASCII l 0)
3. Xu k t
Khi nim
Khai bo v s dng
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5.3 Xu k t
1. Mng
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Ni dung chnh
8, 5
printf("%d, %d\n", *p, *(q+4) );
T
305
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i n
c \0
306
51
5.3 Xu k t
5.3 Xu k t
Khai bo
Khi nim xu k tLu

Xu k t >< mng k t
char tn_xu [s_k_t_ti_a];
Tp hp cc k t vit lin tip nhau
lu tr mt xu c n k t chng ta cn
mt mng c kch thc n+1
Truy nhp mt phn t ca xu k t (l mt k t)

ging nh truy nhp vo mt phn t ca mng:
Tn[Ch_s]
Phn t cui cng cha k t NULL
Xu k t c k t kt thc xu, mng k t

khng c k t kt thc xu
V d
Xu k t di 1 >< k t (A =A ?)
A l 1 k t, c lu tr trong 1 byte
A l 1 xu k t, ngoi k t A cn c k t \0
=> c lu tr trong 2 byte
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307
char str[8] = Tin hoc;
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i n
c \0
308
5.3 Xu k t
5.3 Xu k t
Truy nhp phn t ca xu
V d: Nhp xu v m s k t *
Ging nh truy nhp ti mt phn t ca

mng k t
tn_xu [ch_s_ca_k_t]
V d:
T
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lu tr xu Tin hoc chng ta phi khai

bo xu c s phn t ti a t nht l 8
char Str[10] = Tin hoc;

i
Str[0] T
Str[3]
Str[7] \0
Str[8] ?
1 \0
c \0 ?
?
Str[3] = -;
Str[7] = ;
Str[8] = 1 ;
Str[9] = \0; Str: Tin-hoc 1
309
Tnh chiu di ca xu
#include <stdio.h>
d=0;
void main(){
while(Str[d] != '\0') d++;
char Str[100];
int d=0, i=0;
printf("Nhap xau ky tu: "); gets(Str);
while(Str[i] != '\0'){
if(Str[i]=='*')
d++;
i++;
}
printf("Ket qua : %d",d);
}
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310
5.3 Xu k t
5.3 Xu k t
Cc hm x l k t
Cc hm x l k tChuyn i ch hoa/thng
int toupper(char ch):
Chuyn k t thng thnh k t hoa
toupper(a) => A
Tp tiu : ctype.h
int tolower(char ch)

Chuyn k t hoa thnh k t thng
#include <ctype.h>
tolower(B) => b
V d
do{
.
printf(Tiep tuc <C/K>? :); fflush(stdin);
}while(toupper(getche()) !='K');
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312
52
5.3 Xu k t
5.3 Xu k t
Cc hm x l k t Kim tra ch hoa/thng
Cc hm x l k t Kim tra ch ci/ch s
int isalpha(char ch):
int islower(char ch)
Kim tra k t trong tham s c phi ch ci

khng (az,A,..Z). Hm tr v khc 0 nu
ng, ngc li tr v gi tr bng 0
V d: printf("%d ",isalpha('A')); 0 (1 !?)
Kim tra ch thng:

Hm tr v gi tr khc 0 nu ch l ch
thng, ngc li tr v 0
V d: printf("%d ",islower('A')); 0
int isdigit(char ch):
int isupper(char ch):

Kim tra ch hoa:
Kim tra k t trong tham s c phi ch s

(0,1,..9) khng. Hm tr v khc 0 nu ng,
ngc li tr v gi tr bng 0
V d: printf("%d ",isdigit('A')); 0
Hm tr v gi tr khc 0 nu ch l ch hoa,
ngc li tr v 0
V d: printf("%d ",isupper('A')); 0 (1 !?)
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314
5.3 Xu k t
5.3 Xu k t
Khi nim xu k tKim tra k t c bit
V d: Nhp xu v m t, phn cch bi du trng
int iscntrl(char ch)

Kim tra k t iu khin (0-31).
Hm tr v khc 0 nu ng, ngc li tr v
gi tr bng 0
int isspace(char ch)

Kim tra k t du cch (m 32), xung dng
(\n 10), u dng (\r 13), tab ngang (\t 9), tab
dc (\v 11).
Hm tr v khc 0 nu ng, ngc li tr v
gi tr bng 0
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#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
int main(){
char Str[100]; int d=0, i=0;
printf("Nhap xau ky tu: "); gets(Str);
if(Str[0] == '\0') printf( Xau rong ");
else{
if( ! isspace(Str[0]) ) d=1;
i=1;
while(Str[i] != '\0'){
if( isspace(Str[i-1] ) && (! isspace(Str[i])) ) d++;
i++;
}
printf("Ket qua : %d",d);
}
}
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5.3 Xu k t
5.3 Xu k t
Cc hm x l xu k t
Cc hm x l xu k t
Vo/ra xu k t
Tp tiu : string.h
Tp tiu : stdio.h
Nhp xu k t
#include <string.h >
gets(tn_xu);
scanf(%s,&tn_xu);
puts(tn_xu);
printf(%s,tn_xu);
Ch :
char str[100] = Hello world;
char * p = str;
p l con tr ti mng cc k t/ xu k t
S khc nhau gia gets v scanf?
Xu k t, c th c khai bo char *
Hin th xu k t
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316
p+6 cng l xu k t : world

317
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318
53
5.3 Xu k t
5.3 Xu k t
Cc hm x l xu k t
Cc hm x l xu k t
int strcmp(char * xu_1, char * xu_2)
size_t strlen(char * xu)
So snh hai xu.

Tr v gi tr 0 nu hai xu ging nhau;
Gi tr < 0: xu_1 < xu_2
Gi tr >0: xu_1 > xu_2
Tr v di xu
printf("%d ",strlen("Hello world")); 11
char * strcpy(char * ch, char * ngun)
V d
sao chp xu, tr v gi tr xu ngun
char Str[20];
strcpy(Str,hello);
printf(%d, strcmp(Str,hello));0
printf(%d, strcmp(Str,hello!); -1 (!?)
printf(%d, strcmp(Str,Hello); 1 (!?)
char Str[20];
printf("%s ",strcpy(Str,"Hello")); Hello
printf("%s", Str); Hello
Ch : Php gn Str = Hello l khng hp l
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5.3 Xu k t
5.3 Xu k t
Cc hm x l xu k t
Cc hm x l xu k t
char * strcat(char * xch, char * ngun)
char * strchr (char * s, int c)
Ghp ni xu ngun vo ngay sau xu ch, tr

li xu kt qu
V d
char Str[20];
strcpy(Str,"Hello ");
printf("%s ",strcat(Str,"world")); Hello world
printf("\n%s",Str); Hello world
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Tr v con tr tr ti v tr xut hin u tin

ca chui s2 trong s1. Nu khng tn ti, tr
v con tr null
printf("%s ",strstr(Str,llo)); llo world
321
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322
5.3 Xu k t
5.3 Xu k t
Cc hm x l xu k t (tip)
V d: o ngc xu k t
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
main(){
char s[100],c;
int i, n;
printf("Nhap xau: ");gets(s);
n =strlen(s);
for(i=0;i <n/2;i++){
c = s[i];
s[i] = s[n-i-1];
s[n-i-1]=c;
}
printf("%s",s);
}
Tp tiu : stdlib.h
int atoi(char * str):
Chuyn mt xu k t thnh mt s nguyn
tng ng
V d: atoi(1234) 1234
int atol(char * str):

Chuyn xu k t thnh s long int
float atof(char * str):

Chuyn xu k t thnh s thc
V d:
atof(123.456E-2) 1.23456
Tht bi c 3 hm: tr v 0
Tr v con tr tr ti v tr xut hin u tin

ca k t c trong s. Nu khng c tr v con
tr null
strcpy(Str,"Hello world");
printf("%s ",strchr(Str,o')); o world
char* strstr(char * s1, char * s2)
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320
323
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324
54
5.3 Xu k t
5.3 Xu k t
V d: Kim tra xu i xng
m s ln xut hin ch ci trong xu
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
main(){
char s[20];
int i,n;
printf("Nhap vao xau ki tu: ");gets(s);
n=strlen(s);
for(i=0;i<n/2;i++)
if(s[i]!=s[n-1-i])
break;
if(i==n/2)
printf("Xau doi xung");
else
printf("Xau khong doi xung");
}
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325
#include<stdio.h>
#include<ctype.h>
#include<string.h>
main(){
char s[20];
int dem[26] = {};
int i,n;
puts("Nhap vao xau ki tu:");gets(s);
n=strlen(s);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
if(isalpha(s[i]))
dem[ tolower(s[i ]) - 'a ]++;
for(i=0;i<26;i++)
if(dem[i]!=0)
printf("Ki tu %c xuat hien %d lan\n",'a'+i,dem[i]);
}
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326
5.3 Xu k t
5.3 Xu k t
m s ln xut hin ch ci trong xu
Mng xu k t
Xu k t c th l kiu phn t ca mng
Khai bo
char DS[100][30];
Mng c ti a 100 phn t, cc phn t l
xu c di ti a 30
S dng
Nh mt mng bnh thng
Mi phn t mng c s dng nh mt xu
k t
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327
5.3 Xu k t
V d: Nhp vo DSSV cho ti khi gp tn rng, in DS

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
void main(){
int i, n;
char DS[100][30];
printf("Nhap DSSV (<100), go Enter de thoat..\n");
n =0;
do{
printf("Ten sinh vien[%d]: ",n+1); gets(DS[n]);
if(DS[n][0] !='\x0') n++;
else break;
if(strcmp(DS[n],""))n++
if(n==100) break;
if(strlen(DS[n])>0) n++
}while(1);
printf("\n\nDS sinh vien vua nhap \n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++) printf("%s\n",DS[i]);
329
}
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329
1/27/2012
328
5.3 Xu k t
V dKt qu thc hin
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330
55
5.3 Xu k t
5.3 Xu k t
V d
V d: Nhp vo DS sinh vin, in ra DS sp

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
void main(){
int i, j, N;
char DS[100][30], str[30];
//Nhap DS lop
printf("So sinh vien : ");
scanf("%d",&N);
fflush(stdin);
for(i=0;i < N;i++){
printf("Ten sinh vien[%d]: ",i);
gets(DS[i]);
}
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//So snh theo H+m+tn

for(i = 0; i < N - 1; i ++)
for(j = i +1; j < N; j ++)
if(strcmp(DS[i],DS[j]) > 0){
strcpy(str,DS[i]);
strcpy(DS[i],DS[j]);
strcpy(DS[j],str);
}
//In danh sch sp xp
printf("\nDS sinh vien vua nhap \n");
for(i=0;i < N;i++)
printf("%s\n",DS[i]);
}//main
331
332
5.3 Xu k t
5.3 Xu k t
V d
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V d
333
//Sap xep theo tn

char ten_i[30],ten_j[30];
for(i = 0; i < N - 1; i ++)
for(j = i +1; j < N; j ++){
strcpy(ten_i,strrchr(DS[i],32));
strcpy(ten_j,strrchr(DS[j],32));
if(strcmp(ten_i,ten_j) > 0){
strcpy(str,DS[i]);
strcpy(DS[i],DS[j]);
strcpy(DS[j],str);
}
}
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Phn 3: Lp trnh C
5.3 Xu k t
V d
Ni dung chnh
Chng 3: Vo ra d liu
Chng 6: Cu trc
Chng 7: Hm
Chng 8: Tp d liu
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335
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336
56
Chng 6: Cu trc
Chng 6: Cu trc
6.1 Khi nim cu trc
Ni dung chnh
V d Bi ton qun l th sinh thi i hc
1. Khi nim cu trc
qun l cn lu tr cc thng tin
Khi nim
2. Khai bo cu trc
Khi bo kiu cu trc

Khai bo bin cu trc
nh ngha kiu d liu vi typedef
S bo danh: S nguyn khng du

H tn sinh vin: Chui k t khng qu 30
Khi thi: K t (A,B,C..)
Tng im 3 mn thi: kiu thc
Do vy vi mi sinh vin cn cc bin

unsigned
char
char
float
3. X l d liu cu trc
Truy nhp cc trng d liu

Php gn gia cc bin cu trc
Mt s v d
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337
Chng 6: Cu trc
SBD;
Ten[30];
KhoiThi;
KetQua;
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338
Chng 6: Cu trc
6.1 Khi nim cu trc
6.1 Khi nim cu trc
V d Bi ton qun l th sinh thi i hc (tip)
V d Bi ton qun l th sinh thi i hc (tip)
qun l danh sch (di 1000) th sinh d

thi, cn nhiu mng ri rc
DS_SBD
123
456
789
Mng k t
DS_Ten
#define MAX 1000
Nguyn Nguyn Trn An

Vn An Hong Ngha
unsigned
DS_SBD[MAX];
char
DS_Ten[MAX][30];
char
DS_KhoiThi[MAX];
float
DS_KetQua[MAX];
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DS_KhoiThi
A
DS_KetQua
24.5 28.5 22.0
339
Chng 6: Cu trc
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TS: i+2
TS: TS:
i i+1
Bin iu khin
dng duyt mng
340
Chng 6: Cu trc
6.1 Khi nim cu trc
6.1 Khi nim cu trc
V d Vn & gii php
Khi nim
Dng nhiu mng
Cu trc l kiu d liu phc hp, do ngi

dng t nh ngha
- Kh qun l, d nhm ln
- Khng th hin cu trc thng tin dnh cho tng
th sinh
Mng cc cu
trc thng tin
dnh cho th sinh
1/27/2012
Cu trc thng tin

dnh cho mt th sinh
THNG TIN TH SINH

THNG TIN TH SINH
S
bo
danh:....123
S bo
danh:
THNG
TIN
THSINH
SINH
THNG
H
TIN
v
TH
Tn:..Nguyn
Vn An..
H v Tn:
S bo danh:
Khi
thi:A.
S bo danh:
Khi thi:.
H v Tn:
Ktqu:.
qu:24.5.
H v Tn:
Kt
Khi thi:.
Khi thi:.
Ktqu:.
qu:. Mi phn t ca mng
Kt
l mt cu trc thng341
tin
Kiu cu trc bao gm nhiu thnh phn c th

thuc cc kiu d liu khc nhau
Cc thnh phn: gi l trng d liu (field)
Cc thnh phn, khng c truy nhp theo ch
s (nh mng) m theo tn ca trng.
C th coi mt bin cu trc l mt tp hp ca mt
hay nhiu bin ri rc, thng c kiu khc nhau
thnh mt bin c mt tn duy nht d dng
qun l v s dng
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342
57
Chng 6: Cu trc
Chng 6: Cu trc
6.1 Khi nim cu trc
Khi nim V d
Ni dung chnh
Kt qu hc tp ca sinh vin
1. Khi nim cu trc
TenSV: Chui k t
2. Khai bo cu trc
MaSV: Chui s/ s nguyn
iem: S thc
im trong mt phng
Tn im: K t (A, B, C..)
Khi bo kiu cu trc

Khai bo bin cu trc
3. X l d liu cu trc
Honh : S thc
Tung : S thc
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Khi nim
343
Chng 6: Cu trc

Mt s v d
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Chng 6: Cu trc
6.2 Khai bo cu trc
6.2 Khai bo cu trc
Khai bo kiu cu trc V d
Khai bo kiu cu trc
Th sinh vin
struct Tn_kiu_cu_ trc {

<Khai bo cc trng d liu>
};
S hiu:(Chui k t)..
Tn sinh vin: (Chui k t)
Nm sinh:(S nguyn)
struct: t kha, cho php ngi dng khai bo

kiu d liu mi: kiu cu trc
Tn_kiu_cu_truc: Tn ca kiu cu trc do
ngi dng t nh ngha
Kha:(S nguyn).
Lp: :.(Chui k t).
Tun theo nguyn tc t tn i tng trong C
Point2D
Khai bo cc trng d liu: Danh sch cc

khai bo thnh phn (trng:field) ca cu trc
Ging khai bo bin
Cc trng c th c kiu bt k
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Honh (x)(S thc)..

Tung (y)..(S thc)..
345
Chng 6: Cu trc
struct SinhVien{
char SHSV[10];
char Ten[30];
int NS;
int Khoa;
char Lop [10];
};
struct Point{
float x, y;
};
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346
Chng 6: Cu trc
6.2 Khai bo cu trc
6.2 Khai bo cu trc
Khai bo bin cu trc
Khai bo kiu cu trc nhm to nh ngha

ton th cho cc cu trc s c dng
sau ny
Khai bo bin cu trc C php

Tn ti nh ngha kiu cu trc
struct Kiu_cu_ trc Tn_bin;

Khai bo trc tip
struct {
}Tn_bin;
Khng cung cp khng gian nh cho kiu
Khai bo bin cu trc nhm yu cu

chng trnh to vng nh lu tr cc
d liu cho bin cu trc
Kt hp vi khai bo kiu
Cha d liu ca cc trng ca cu trc
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347
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struct Kiu_cu_ trc {

}Tn_bin;
348
58
Chng 6: Cu trc
Chng 6: Cu trc
6.2 Khai bo cu trc
6.2 Khai bo cu trc
Khai bo bin cu trc V d

Tn ti nh ngha kiu cu trc
Khai bo bin cu trc Ch
Cc cu trc c th c khai bo lng nhau

struct diem_thi {
float dToan, dLy, dHoa;
}
struct thi_sinh{
char SBD[10];
char ho_va_ten[30];
struct diem_thi ket_qua;
} thi_sinh_1, thi_sinh_2;
struct SinhVien SV1, SV2, Thu khoa;

Khai bo trc tip
struct {
float x, y; //Ta trn mt phng
}A, B;
//Khai bo 2 im A, B
Kt hp vi khai bo kiu
struct Point_3D{
float x, y, z;// Ta khng gian
}A, B;
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Chng 6: Cu trc
350
Chng 6: Cu trc
6.2 Khai bo cu trc
6.2 Khai bo cu trc
C th khai bo trc tip cc trng d liu

ca mt cu trc bn trong cu trc khc
struct thi_sinh{
char SBD[10];
char ho_va_ten[30];
struct{
float dToan, dLy, dHoa;
} ket_qua;
} thi_sinh_1, thi_sinh_2;
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C th gn gi tr khi u cho mt bin cu

trc, theo nguyn tc nh kiu mng
struct SinhVien{
V d:
char Ten[20];
struct Date{
struct Date{
int day;
int day;
int month;
int month;
int year;
int year;
};
} NS;
struct SinhVien{
} SV = {Tran Anh", 20,12,1990 };
char Ten[30];
struct Date NS;
} SV = {Tran Anh", 20, 12, 1990 };
351
Chng 6: Cu trc
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352
Chng 6: Cu trc
6.2 Khai bo cu trc
6.2 Khai bo cu trc
typedef <tn_c> <tn_mi>;
Thng c kt hp vi kiu cu trc

khai bo mt b danh cho mt cu trc
Mc ch
t tn mi ng ngha vi tn ca mt kiu
d liu c nh ngha
Thng c s dng cho kiu cu trc
Gip cho khai bo tr nn quen thuc v t b sai hn
V d
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typedef char Str80[80] ;

typedef long mask;
Str80 str="Bonjour tout le monde !";
mask a, b;
Gip khai bo tr nn quen thuc v t b sai hn

typedef struct { //nh ngha mt cu trc
char SHSV[10];
char Ten[30];
int NS;
int Khoa;
char Lop [10];
} SinhVien;
//t tn cho cu trc l SinhVien
SinhVien SV;
353
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//To mt bin cu trc

354
59
Chng 6: Cu trc
Chng 6: Cu trc
6.2 Khai bo cu trc
6.2 Khai bo cu trc
nh ngha kiu d liu vi typedef Ch
nh ngha kiu d liu vi typedef Ch
Cho php t tn mi trng vi tn c
typedef struct point_2D {

float x, y;
}point_2D, diem_2_chieu, ten_bat_ki;
point_2D X;
diem_2_chieu Y;
ten_bat_ki Z;
Ch :
point_2D, diem_2_chieu, ten_bat_ki l
cc tn cu trc, khng phi tn bin
typedef struct {
float x, y, z;
}point_3D;
point_3D M;
point_3D N;
V d
struct point_3D{
float x, y, z;
}
struct point_3D M;
typedef struct point_3D point_3D;
point_3D N;
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355
Chng 6: Cu trc
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356
Chng 6: Cu trc
6.3 X l d liu cu trc
Ni dung chnh
Truy cp cc trng d liu
1. Khi nim cu trc
C php
Khi nim
tn_bin_cu_trc.tn_trng
2. Khai bo cu trc
Lu
Khi bo kiu cu trc

Khai bo bin cu trc
Du . l ton t truy cp vo trng

d liu trong cu trc
Nu trng d liu l mt cu trc =>
s dng tip du . truy cp vo
thnh phn mc su hn
3. X l d liu cu trc

Mt s v d
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357
Chng 6: Cu trc
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358
Chng 6: Cu trc
V d
V d
#include <stdio.h>
void main(){
struct{
char Ten[20];
struct Date{
int day;
int month;
int year;
} NS;
} SV = {"Tran Anh", 20,12, 1990 };
Xy dng mt cu trc biu din im trong

khng gian 2 chiu. Nhp gi tr cho mt
bin kiu cu trc ny, sau hin th gi
tr cc trng d liu ca bin ny ra mn
hnh.
Cu trc: tn im, ta x, ta y
Nhp, hin th tng trng ca bin cu trc
nh cc bin d liu khc
printf(" Sinh vien %s (%d/%d/%d)",

SV.Ten,SV.NS.day,SV.NS.month,SV.NS.year);
}
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359
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360
60
Chng 6: Cu trc
Chng 6: Cu trc
V d
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
typedef struct{
char ten[5];
int x,y;
}toado;
void main(){
toado t;
printf("Nhap thong tin toa do\n");
printf("Ten diem: ");gets(t.ten);
printf("Toa do x: ");scanf("%d",&t.x);
printf("Toa do y: ");scanf("%d",&t.y);
printf("Gia tri cac truong\n");
printf("%-5s%3d%3d\n",t.ten,t.x,t.y);
getch();
}
1/27/2012
Mun sao chp d liu t bin cu trc ny

sang bin cu trc khc cng kiu
gn ln lt tng trng trong hai bin cu trc
C cung cp php gn hai bin cu trc cng
kiu:
bin_cu_trc_1 = bin_cu_trc_2;
361
Chng 6: Cu trc
362
Chng 6: Cu trc
V d
V d
Xy dng cu trc gm h tn v im
TC ca sinh vin
a, b, c l 3 bin cu trc.
Nhp gi tr cho bin a.
Gn b=a,
gn tng trng ca a cho c.
So snh a, b v c ?
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363
Chng 6: Cu trc
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
typedef struct{
char hoten[20];
int diem;
}sinhvien;
void main(){
sinhvien a,b,c;
printf("Nhap thong tin sinh vien\n");
printf("Ho ten: ");gets(a.hoten);
printf("Diem:");scanf("%d",&a.diem);
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364
Chng 6: Cu trc
V d Kt qu
V d
b=a;
strcpy(c.hoten,a.hoten);
c.diem=a.diem;
printf(Bien a: ");
printf("%-20s%3d\n",a.hoten,a.diem);
printf(Bien b: ");
printf("%-20s%3d\n",b.hoten,b.diem);
printf(Bien c: ");
printf("%-20s%3d\n",c.hoten,c.diem);
getch();
}
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365
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366
61
Chng 6: Cu trc
Chng 6: Cu trc
Bi tp
Bi tp 1
1. Lp trnh c vo mt danh sch khng qu

100 sinh vin gm: H tn, nm sinh
1. a ra DS nhng sinh vin sinh nm 1990
2. a ra DSSV sp xp theo th t ABC
2. Lp trnh c vo DS th sinh gm H tn,

im thi 3 mn Ton, L,Ha, kt thc nhp
khi gp sinh vin c tn rng
1. c tip vo mt im chun; a ra danh sch
th sinh trng tuyn (khng c im lit - 0)
2. a ra th sinh cao im nht
3. Tm im chun, nu ch ly K SV, K nhp vo.
Nu c nhiu ngi bng im nhau; loi c
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367
Chng 6: Cu trc
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
typedef struct{
char Ten[30];
int NS;
}SinhVien;
void main(){
SinhVien DS[100], SV;
int N,i,j;
printf("Nhap So sinh vien : "); scanf("%d",&N);
fflush(stdin);
for ( i=0; i < N; i++ ){
fflush(stdin);
printf("Nhap du lieu cho sinh vien %d: \n", i+1);
printf("Ho ten : "); gets(DS[i].Ten);
printf("Nam sinh :");scanf("%d", &DS[i].NS);
}
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368
Chng 6: Cu trc
Bi tp 1 Kt qu
Bi tp 1 (tip)
printf("\n\n DANH SACH SINH VIEN\n\n");
for(i = 0; i < N; i ++)
if(DS[i].NS ==1990)
printf("%s\n",DS[i].Ten);
for(i = 0; i < N - 1; i ++)
for(j = i+1; j < N; j ++)
if(strcmp(DS[i].Ten,DS[j].Ten) > 0){
SV= DS[i];
DS[i]=DS[j];
DS[j] = SV;
}
printf("\n\n DANH SACH SINH VIEN DA SAP XEP\n\n");
for(i = 0; i < N; i ++)
}//main
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369
Chng 6: Cu trc
370
Chng 6: Cu trc
Bi tp 2 (1/4)
Bi tp 2 (2/4)
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
typedef struct{
char Ten[30];
struct{
int T, L, H, S;
} DT;
}SinhVien;
void main(){
SinhVien DS[100], TK, SV;
int N,i,j,K;
float C;
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371
N = 0;
do{
printf("\nNhap DL cho sv thu %d\n",N+1);
printf("Ten SV : "); gets(DS[N].Ten);
if(strlen(DS[N].Ten)==0)
break;
else{
printf("Diem thi T L H cua SV %s : ",DS[N].Ten);
scanf("%d%d%d",&DS[N].DT.T,&DS[N].DT.L,&DS[N].DT.H);
fflush(stdin);
DS[N].DT.S = DS[N].DT.T + DS[N].DT.L + DS[N].DT.H;
N++;
}
}while(1);
printf("\n\n DANH SACH SINH VIEN\n\n");
printf("
Ten SV
Toan Ly
Hoa Tong \n");
for(i = 0; i < N; i ++)
printf("%-20s%5d%5d%5d%6d\n",DS[i].Ten,
DS[i].DT.T,DS[i].DT.L,DS[i].DT.H,DS[i].DT.S);
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372
62
Chng 6: Cu trc
Chng 6: Cu trc
Bi tp 2 (3/4)
Bi tp 2 (4/4)
printf("\n\nDiem Chuan : ");scanf("%f",&C);

printf("\n\n DANH SACH SINH VIEN TRUNG TUYEN \n\n");
for(i = 0; i < N; i ++)
if( (DS[i].DT.S >= C)&&
(DS[i].DT.T*DS[i].DT.L*DS[i].DT.H > 0))
TK = DS[0];
for(i = 1; i < N; i ++)
if(DS[i].DT.S > TK.DT.S)
TK = DS[i];
for(i = 0; i < N; i ++)
if(DS[i].DT.S == TK.DT.S)
printf("\n\n THU KHOA: %s \n\n",TK.Ten);
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373
Chng 6: Cu trc
Chng 6: Cu trc
Cu hi 1: Kt qu a ra mn hnh
#include<stdio.h>
typedef struct {
int SHSV;
char Ten[25];
}SV;
void main(){
SV DS[] = { {12, "Mai"},
{13, "Nam"},
{14, "Minh"}};
printf("%d ", DS[1].SHSV);
printf("%s\n", (*(DS+2)).Ten);
}1/27/2012
a
b
c
d
e
Bi tp 1
Lp trnh thc hin cc cng vic sau
12 Mai
12 Nam
13 Nam
13 Minh
14 Minh
c vo t bn phm mt danh sch thuc gm

Tn thuc (chui khng qu 20 k t)
Nm ht hn
S lng cn
n gi
Kt thc nhp khi gp thuc c tn ***
a danh sch thuc ra mn hnh

a ra danh sch cc thuc ht hn
Xa khi danh sch nhng thuc ht hn.
a danh sch mi ra mn hnh
Tnh tng gi tr cc thuc ht hn
375
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376
Phn 3: Lp trnh C
Chng 6: Cu trc
Ni dung chnh
Bi tp 2
Cho mt danh sch thnh tch thi u bng ca 32
i tuyn bao gm: Tn i bng, s bn thng, s
bn thua, s th , s th vng
Vit chng trnh thc hin
Nhp d liu vo t bn phm
Nhp vo tn i bng,
a ra thnh thch ca i ny
Nu khng tn ti, thng bo: khng tm thy
Tnh v a ra mn hnh s im ca cc i nu
Mi bn thng c tnh 10 im
Mi bn thua b pht 5 im, mi th vng tr 2 im,
th tr 5 im
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printf("\nSo nguoi trung tuyen:"); scanf("%d",&K);

for(i = 0; i < N - 1; i ++)
for(j = i+1; j < N; j ++)
if(DS[i].DT.S < DS[j].DT.S ){
SV= DS[i];
DS[i]=DS[j];
DS[j] = SV;
}
while((K>0)&&(DS[K-1].DT.S==DS[K].DT.S))K--;
if(K>0){
printf("Diem Chuan La : %4d",DS[K-1].DT.S);
printf("\n\n Danh Sach sinh vien trung tuyen \n");
for(i=0; i < K; i++)
}
}//main
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374

Chng 3: Vo ra d liu
Chng 6: Cu trc
Chng 7: Hm
Chng 8: Tp d liu
377
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378
63
Chng 7: Hm
Chng 7: Hm
7.1 Khi nim hm
Ni dung chnh
Khi nim & Vai tr
1. Khi nim hm
Khi nim
Khi nim chng trnh con

Phn loi: hm v th tc
L mt chng trnh nm trong mt chng

trnh ln hn nhm thc hin mt nhim v c
th
2. Khai bo v s dng hm
Vai tr
Khai bo v s dng
Chia nh chng trnh ra thnh tng phn

qun l
3. Phm vi ca bin
Ton cc v a phng
Phng php lp trnh c cu trc
4. Truyn tham s
C th s dng li nhiu ln: printf(), scanf()

Chng trnh d dng c v bo tr hn
Truyn theo gi tr, truyn theo a ch

Bin static, bin register
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379
7.1 Khi nim hm
Ni dung chnh
Phn loi
Hm
(function)
C tr v gi tr
1. Khi nim hm
Hm chun C
trong th vin
Hm (ngi dng)
t nh ngha
Ch cho php khai bo chng trnh con l hm.

S dng kiu void vi ngha khng l kiu
d liu no c chuyn th tc v dng hm
381
Chng 7: Hm
4. Truyn tham s

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382
7.2 Khai bo v s dng hm
V d
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Ton cc v a phng
Chng 7: Hm
Gi chng
trnh con ra
thc hin
Khai bo v s dng
3. Phm vi ca bin
Ngn ng lp trnh C
1/27/2012

Phn loi: hm v th tc
Th tc
(procedure)
Khng tr v gi tr
nh ngha hm
#include<stdio.h>
int bp(int x){
int y;
y = x * x;
return y;
}
void main(){
int i;
for (i=1; i< 20; i+=2)
printf("%4d\n", bp(i));
printf("\n");
}
C php
Dng u hm
Kiu_hm Tn_hm(DS khai bo tham s)

{
[<Cc khai bo cc b>]
[<Cc cu lnh>]
}
Thn hm
Khai bo
chng
trnh con
380
Chng 7: Hm
Chng 7: Hm
Chng
trnh con
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383
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384
64
Chng 7: Hm
Chng 7: Hm
Dng u hmTn hm
Dng u hm
Kiu_hm Tn_hm(DS khai bo tham s)

M t cc thng tin c trao i gia bn
trong v bn ngoi hm.
L tn do ngi s dng t nh ngha

Tun theo quy tc t tn i tng
Tn ca hm,
Cc tham s u vo
Nn mang ngha gi chc nng ca hm
Hm cn nhng thng tin g hot ng
Tham s u ra v gi tr tr v
Hm cung cp nhng thng tin g cho mi trng
Dng phn bit cc hm vi nhau,

khng tn ti 2 hm c dng u hm ging nhau.
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385
Chng 7: Hm
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Chng 7: Hm
Dng u hmKhai bo cc tham s hnh thc
Dng u hmKhai bo cc tham s hnh thc
Khai bo cc thng tin cn cho hot ng

ca hm v cc thng tin, kt qu tnh ton
c hm tr li.
Cc tham s cung cp cho hm trong qu

trnh thc hin hm l tham s thc s
Tham s cha d liu vo cung cp cho hm

Tham s cha d liu ra m hm tnh ton c.
Cc tham s s dng trong khai bo hm l

tham s hnh thc.
Nguyn tc khai bo tham s hnh thc nh
ging nh khai bo mt bin
kiu_d_liu_ca_tham_s tn_ca_tham_s
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386
387
Chng 7: Hm
Kiu d liu ca tham s thc phi ging kiu d

liu ca tham s hnh thc tng ng vi tham
s thc s ,.
Mt hm c th c mt, nhiu hoc khng c

tham s no c
Nu c nhiu tham s, phi c phn cch vi
nhau bng du phy.
khng c tham s vn phi c cp du ngoc
n sau tn hm
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388
Chng 7: Hm
Dng u hmKiu d liu tr v
Dng u hmKiu d liu tr v
Thng thng hm sau khi c thc hin

s tr v mt gi tr kt qu tnh ton no
.
s dng c gi tr cn phi bit
n thuc kiu d liu g.
Trong C, kiu d liu tr v ca hm c th

l kiu d liu bt k (kiu d liu c sn
hoc kiu d liu do ngi dng t nh
ngha) nhng khng c l kiu d liu
mng.
Nu kiu d liu tr v l kiu void th hm
khng tr v gi tr no c.
Nu khng khai bo kiu d liu tr v th
chng trnh dch ca C s ngm hiu
rng kiu d liu tr v ca hm l kiu int.
Kiu d liu ca i tng tnh ton c hm

tr v c gi l kiu d liu tr v ca hm.
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389
1/27/2012
390
65
Chng 7: Hm
Chng 7: Hm
Thn hm
Thn hm (tip)
Danh sch cc cu lnh

Thng c t nht mt lnh return
Hat ng ca hm
Thc hin ln lt cc lnh cho n khi
Khi gp lnh return biu_thc

Tnh ton gi tr ca biu_thc,
Ly kt qu tnh ton c lm gi tr tr v cho
li gi hm
Kt thc vic thc hin hm, tr v chng trnh
gi n.
Thc hin xong tt c cc cu lnh c trong

thn hm
Gp lnh return
Nu return khng c phn biu_thc,

Kt thc thc hin hm m khng tr v gi
tr no c.
C php chung
return [biu_thc];
Dng khi hm c khai bo c kiu tr v l void
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391
Chng 7: Hm
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392
Chng 7: Hm
S dng hm
V d: Cho bit kt qu thc hin chng trnh

#include<stdio.h>
Tn_hm (DS_tham_s_thc _s);

V d:
N = bp(1);N= bp(3);,
Lu :
int fun(int a){

a++;
return a;
}
Gi hm thng qua tn hm v cc tham s c cung

cp thc s cho hm (tham s thc s).
Nu hm nhn nhiu tham s th cc tham s ngn cch
nhau bi du phy
Cc tham s hnh thc ca hm s nhn cc gi tr t
tham s truyn vo
393
Chng 7: Hm
int main(){
printf("%d\n", fun(5));
return 0;
}
1/27/2012
5
fun(5)
1/27/2012
6
394
V d: Cho bit kt qu thc hin chng trnh
int fun(int n){

if(n==0) return 1;
else return n*fun(n-1);
}
fun(4)
Chng 7: Hm
#include<stdio.h>
fun(3)
int main(){
printf("%d\n", fun(fun(fun(3))));
return 0;
}
Sau khi thc hin xong, tr v im m hm c gi

1/27/2012
V d 1: Tnh TBC f(a),f(b), f(c) nu f(x) =
fun(5)
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
5 * fun(4)
4 * fun(3)
3 * fun(2)
2 * fun(1)
1 * fun(0)
120
f ( x) = x 5 + 5 x
1
395
float f(float x){

if(x==0.0)
return 0;
else
return pow(x,5)+x/fabs(x) * pow(fabs(x), 0.2);
}
void main(){
float a, b, c;
printf("So 3 so thuc : "); scanf("%f%f%f",&a,&b,&c);
printf("Ket qua %f \n",(f(a)+f(b)+f(c))/3);
}1/27/2012
396
66
Chng 7: Hm
Chng 7: Hm
VD c ta 3 im A,B,C v a ra d/tch ABC

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
typedef struct{
float x, y;
}Point;
float kc(Point A, Point B){
return sqrt(pow(A.x-B.x,2)+pow(A.y-B.y,2));
}
1/27/2012
397
V d 3: Tm SCLN ca dy s
1.
# include <stdio.h>
2.
int uscln(int a, int b) {
3.
while (a !=b){
4.
if(a > b) a = a- b;
5.
else b = b - a;
6.
}
7.
return a;
8.
}
9.
void main(){
10.
int A[100], N, i, r;
11.
printf("So phan tu : "); scanf("%d",&N);
12.
for(i=0; i < N; i++){
13.
printf("A[%d] = ",i+1); scanf("%d",&A[i]);
14.
}
15.
r = A[0];
16.
for(i = 1; i < N; i++)
17.
r = uscln(r,A[i]);
18.
printf("Ket qua %d \n",r);
1/27/2012
19. }
1. Khi nim hm
1/27/2012
Khai bo v s dng
3. Phm vi ca bin
Ton cc v a phng
4. Truyn tham s
399

1/27/2012
400
Chng 7: Hm
7.3 Phm vi ca bin
Phn loi bin
Phm vi
Tnh hung
Trong hai phm vi khc nhau c
hai bin cng tn. Trong mt
phm vi ny nm trong phm vi
kia?

Phn loi: hm v th tc
7.3 Phm vi ca bin
Bin ch c tc dng trong

phm vi c khai bo
Trong cng mt phm vi
cc bin phi c tn khc
nhau.
398
Ni dung chnh
Chng 7: Hm
Khi lnh, chng trnh con,

chng trnh chnh
void main(){
Point A, B, C;
float AB,BC,CA,p,S;
printf("Toa do A (x,y) :"); scanf("%f%f",&A.x,&A.y);
printf("Toa do B (x,y) :"); scanf("%f%f",&B.x,&B.y);
printf("Toa do C (x,y) :"); scanf("%f%f",&C.x,&C.y);
AB = kc(A,B); BC = kc(B,C); CA = kc(C,A);
p= (AB + BC + CA)/2;
S = sqrt(p*(p-AB)*(p-BC)*(p-CA));
printf("Dien tich ABC %f",S);
}1/27/2012
Chng 7: Hm
Chng 7: Hm
Phm vi:
VD c ta 3 im A,B,C v a ra d/tch ABC
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int i;
int binhphuong(int x){
int y;
y = x * x;
return y;
}
void main(){
int y;
for (i=0; i<= 10; i++){
y = binhphuong(i);
printf(%d , y);
}
}
Bin ton cc:

Bin c khai bo trong chng trnh chnh,
c t sau khai bo tp tiu .
Bin cc b:
bin c khai bo trong lnh khi hoc
chng trnh con, c t trc cc cu lnh.
Ghi ch
Hm main() cng l mt chng trnh con
nhng l ni chng trnh c bt u
Bin khai bo trong hm main() cng l bin
cc b, ch c phm vi trong hm main().
401
1/27/2012
402
67
Chng 7: Hm
Chng 7: Hm
7.3 Phm vi ca bin
7.3 Phm vi ca bin
Bin static
V dKt qu
Bin cc b ra khi phm vi th b nh

dnh cho bin c gii phng
#include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
void fct() {
Yu cu lu tr gi tr ca bin cc b mt
cch lu di => s dng t kha static
static int count = 1;

printf("\n Day la lan goi ham fct lan thu %2d", count++);
}
C php:
void main(){
static <kiu_d_liu> tn_bin;
int i;
for(i = 0; i < 10; i++) fct();
getch();
}
1/27/2012
403
Chng 7: Hm
1/27/2012
404
Chng 7: Hm
7.3 Phm vi ca bin
7.3 Phm vi ca bin
V d
Bin register
Thanh ghi c tc truy cp nhanh hn

RAM, b nh ngoi
Lu bin trong thanh ghi s tng tc
thc hin chng trnh
C php
register <kiu_d_liu> tn_bin;
Lu :
s lng bin register khng nhiu v thng
ch vi kiu d liu nh nh int, char
1/27/2012
405
Chng 7: Hm
1/27/2012
Chng 7: Hm
7.4 Truyn tham s
Ni dung chnh
V d
1. Khi nim hm
# include <stdio.h>
void swap(int a, int b) {
int x = a;
a = b;
b = x;
return;
}
void main(){
int a = 5, b = 100;
printf("Truoc: a=%d, b=%d \n\n",a,b);
swap(a,b);
printf("Sau : a=%d, b=%d\n\n",a,b);
return;
}

Phn loi: hm v th tc
Khai bo v s dng
3. Phm vi ca bin
Ton cc v a phng
4. Truyn tham s
1/27/2012
406

407
1/27/2012
408
68
Chng 7: Hm
Chng 7: Hm
74 Truyn tham s
7.4 Truyn tham s
Truyn theo gi tr v truyn theo bin
Truyn theo bin
Truyn theo tr
Thc cht l truyn theo a ch ca bin
Da trn nguyn tc truyn nhng bn sao ca

bin c truyn
Nhng cu lnh thay i gi tr tham s hnh
thc s khng nh hng ti bin c truyn
Truyn theo bin

Tham s c truyn s thc s l bin v cc
thao tc s thi hnh trc tip vi bin
Nhng cu lnh thay i gi tr tham s hnh
thc s nh hng ti bin c truyn
1/27/2012
409
Chng 7: Hm
V d: void swap (int *pa, int *pb);
Truyn tham s
a ch ca bin c truyn
V d: swap(&a,&b)
1/27/2012
410
V d
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
void swap(int * pa, int * pb) {
int x = *pa;
*pa = *pb;
*pb = x;
return;
}
void main(){
int a = 5, b = 100;
printf("Truoc: a=%d, b=%d \n\n",a,b);
swap(&a,&b);
printf("Sau : a=%d, b=%d\n\n",a,b);
return;
}
1/27/2012
411
Chng 6: Cu trc
#include<stdio.h>
void fun(int n){
if(n > 0) {
fun(--n);
printf("%d ", n);
fun(--n);
}
}
int main(){
fun(3);
return 0;
}
1/27/2012
a
b
c
d
e
0210
0102
1120
0120
0201
412
Chng 6: Cu trc
1/27/2012
Khai bo l mt con tr, tr ti mt i tng c

kiu mun truyn vo
Chng 6: Cu trc
7.4 Truyn tham s
#include<stdio.h>
void fun(int *i, int *j){
*i = *i * *i;
*j = *j * *j;
}
int main(){
int i=5, j=2;
fun(&i, &j);
printf("%d, %d", i, j);
return 0;
}
Khai bo hm [tham s phi cha a ch]:
a
b
c
d
e
5, 2
2, 5
10, 4
4, 25
25, 4
413
#include<stdio.h>
void fun(char *a){
printf("%c", *++a);
a++;
printf("%c", *a);
}
int main(){
void fun(char*);
char a[10]="ABCDEF";
fun(&a[0]);
return 0;
}1/27/2012
a
b
c
d
e
AB
AC
BC
BD
CD
414
69
Phn 3: Lp trnh C
"
Ni dung chnh

Chng 3: Vo ra d liu
Chng 6: Cu trc
Chng 7: Hm
Chng 8: Tp d liu
1/27/2012
415
70

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Phn 3: Lp trnh C

Chng 4: Cu trc iu khin

Chng 1: Tng quan v ngn ng C

Chng 1: Tng quan v ngn ng lp trnh C

1.1 Lch s pht trin ca ngn ng C

1. Lch s pht trin ca ngn ng C

3. Cu trc c bn ca chng trnh C

n gin vic lp trnh

4. Bin dch chng trnh C

C ra i ti Bell Lab thuc tp on AT&T

Chng 1: Tng quan v ngn ng lp trnh C

Tc gi Brian W. Kernighan & Dennis Ritchie

Chng 1: Tng quan v ngn ng lp trnh C

1.1 Lch s pht trin ca ngn ng C

1.1 Lch s pht trin ca ngn ng C

Ngn ng lp trnh h thng

ANSI C: C chun (1989)

Cc trnh bin dch ph bin

Vit cc chng trnh h thng

Turbo C++ v Borland C++ ca hng Borland

H iuh hnh Unix c 90% m C, 10% m hp ng

Cc trnh iu khin thit b (device driver)

VC v MSC ca Microsoft Corp

Chng 1: Tng quan v ngn ng C

Chng 1: Tng quan v ngn ng lp trnh C

1.2 Cc phn t c bn ca ngn ng C

1. Lch s pht trin

Chng 1: Tng quan v ngn ng lp trnh C

Chng 1: Tng quan v ngn ng lp trnh C

1.2 Cc phn t c bn ca ngn ng C

1.2 Cc phn t c bn ca ngn ng C

Cc k hiu c bit:_ ? $ & # ^ \ !

Chng 1: Tng quan v ngn ng lp trnh C

Chng 1: Tng quan v ngn ng lp trnh C

1.2 Cc phn t c bn ca ngn ng C

1.2 Cc phn t c bn ca ngn ng C

2. T khaT kha hay dng trong Turbo C

c nh ngha sn trong mi NNLT

M t cc lnh, cc cu trc lp trnh

Lu :Tt c t kha trong C u vit bng

if, else, while, case, for

Chng 1: Tng quan v ngn ng lp trnh C

Chng 1: Tng quan v ngn ng lp trnh C

1.2 Cc phn t c bn ca ngn ng C

1.2 Cc phn t c bn ca ngn ng C

3. nh danh Quy tc t tn nh danh trong C

nh danh (Tn) l mt dy cc k t dng

Turbo C++, khng gii hn di tn, nhng

Chng 1: Tng quan v ngn ng lp trnh C

Ch : C l ngn ng c phn bit ch hoa v

Chng 1: Tng quan v ngn ng lp trnh C

1.2 Cc phn t c bn ca ngn ng C

1.2 Cc phn t c bn ca ngn ng C

3. nh danh Mt s quy c (code convention)

C th dng cch vit hoa ch ci u mi t

-V d: sinh_vien, sinhVien, SinhVien

Quy c thng c s dng:

Cc bin, hm, cu trc dng ch ci thng

Bin iu khin vng lp: i, j, k

Chng 1: Tng quan v ngn ng lp trnh C

Chng 1: Tng quan v ngn ng lp trnh C

1.2 Cc phn t c bn ca ngn ng C

1.2 Cc phn t c bn ca ngn ng C

4. Cc kiu d liuV d kiu int

Th tch hnh hp: V=RngCaoDy