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    63 views12 pages

    World English

    Uploaded by

    Diego Eduardo
    Analysis

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 12
    7-WORLD ENGLISH “The fit significant step in che progress of English toward esas ae a word language (p. 108) t0% Dace in thease decades ofthe Lith century. Ac that fime, the numberof motherongue Englth spel «inthe woud i thought ca have been becwecn five nd ctenailion amet all of them living within {he Bh les, erwen the end of che reign of El sesh 1 (1588) and she begining of che reign of liabeth I (1952), tis igure increased almost Alyfld, ro around 250 million, the majority (aiound four-fifths) ving ouside the Brith es ‘Mose of there people were, and continue e be ‘American, and iis in 16chcencory Nort America that we find a fech dimension being added wo the history of che language. NEW ENGLAND ATLANTIC oceaw orm The New World cAROLNA i “Thefirs expedition rom England wo the New World vas commisoned by Walter Raleigh in 1584, and Seas proved robes Elut. A group of explorer landed cay egohannina tonearm Aner far Roane iad, in wha i oday Noreh Car oe Glin and exablibe all setlemene ConBice yg uyWG MUSEULA with Be native peopl followed, and it proved nec {ay for ship eo rerun to England for help and sup ples. By the time thee arcived in 1590, none ofthe eye eae righ group of ees could Be found, The mye tea ei dapperance har never been ele “Theft permanent English eterent ts rom 1607, when an expediion arved in Chesapeake By. he colonise called sei serement Jamestown {alter Jes andthe area Virginia terse Virgin (Queen Bleabec). Pusher selements quick oe loved long the coast, aad alo on the nearby lands, suchas Bamuda, Then. in Noverber 1620, theft troup of Pca, 35 members ofthe English Sepa fatist Church rived on she Mle inthe com- pany of 67 other ete. Prvened by storms rom Facing Virginia, they landed a Cape Cod Bay, and cabled a etdemene a whae is now Plymouth, Massachists The group was extremely mised, ranging in age fim young ehlcn ro peopl a their 50s, and with dlvere regional, social, and. occupational back- founds. What the ‘iigim Fecher! (a they were Ete clad) bad in common war tie seach for 3 land where chey could found a new eligi: king dem ice fiom penecion and purified rom the ‘durch practices coy had experienced in England. fe ss a sucfal seement, and by 1640 about 25,00 immigrants had come tothe re Pincelarttan ar zestn a ymeuth Masi of hess fsstlener. pores DIALECT DIFFERENCES “Thetwo senlements~onein Vegas, tthe south the cnr to the north, in prsen-day New England ~ ad diferent linguistic consequenes. ‘The southern telonises came msnl frm Bogand®’ Wen Country — such counties ae Somerset and Gloucestershire — and trough with them is chaacestieacent with ‘Damimere? voicing of 1 sounds, andthe r rongly pronounced fee wowels. Echoes ofthis accent ex il Shed the speech ofcommaniielivinginsome of the lated valeyand islndsincheaes, ch Tange ferldandin Chesapeae Bay. These Tdewate 2cens, ss they areal, lave changed somewhat over the past 4300 yeas, bur nota reply (Decne of the clave Fnolation of che peaks) as eewhere inthe county. ‘They ate somedme id tobe the closet we wl ever to the sound of Shakespearean English (2) By contast, many of the Plymouth colonists came fo countesinchecasof England in particule, Lin- celnsire,Nonghamhire, ser, Kent and London, ‘wih ome fom the Midlands, and a ew rom farther Mis, The camer accents were father diferent — fowl, lacking an afer vowel, a in present-day “Received Pronuncison (RP p 365) ~and they proved tobethe dominans influence i thisaea Thererdeney ‘novto pronounce the rails ature ofthe speech of peopl fom New England ‘Other fecures of ie language of 17ch-cenrary Eng land have ther ovate in modarn American sox, suchas he sho, a a vowel in sich word ar dance, Irhere RP developed the long’ (p-307). Bican English alto cane to pronounce sich words a mat ‘with liprounding, wherer in the USA the eater Trounded vowel (ound a natin Chace, for eae le remined, Several older wordsormesnings became pt ofehe US ceandard, ach ax mad sng and all futumn’ aswel a many dee words lin spring nin, for example, orginal from northern England, {Seommonly weed troughowt the USA. A phrase such gus wich ofen condemned san Americanism by Bech puri can in fre: be raced back wo Middle English (p39), ‘During the 17h cenary, new shipload of iumi- gan broghcan increasing vai of linguistic back [rounds Penneyranis, for example, came wo be seted Ianly by Quakers whose origins were mosey inthe ‘Miclands andthe north of England. People speaking ‘ery differen kinds of English hus found chores Tvingslngsdecach other, ache‘ middle Alancearest (New York, in paticus) became the foes of see rent, Ar consequence, the sharp divisions bere ‘eglonal dis gadallyboganrobler Theconerpcof the inching por muse have applied vey ely on t0 inmigpanesceene, Inthe Lh century there was avast wave of imi- ‘gation from nordhem Ireland. The Ish bad been iran to Ameria om sround 1600, bute main ‘movements ook place during the 17205, when areund 50,000. Tish and. Scores immiggans arcived (p.338). By the time independence was declared (1770, icisthoughethataolessthanoneinseven ofthe ‘lonilpoplaton was Scots sh Many stayed alo dhe wont, pel she aes of Philadephia, ‘most moved inland through the mountains searchof Tend. They were seer a fone peopl, wih an accent ‘hich atthe ime was described as brad’. The open Ingup ofthe south and wes was largely duo the pio neeringaprof ths roup of sees By theme ofthe fis census in 1790, the populae tion of the counery wae sround 4 milion, mos of ‘whom lived slong dhe Alani oar A centry later, ter the opening up ofthe wet, the population nun tered over 50 millon, spread throughout the cont rent The cent which emerged can now be head all ve the so-called Sunele (om Virgins southern California) and isthe accen most commonly a0 ned with pesen-day American speech (312) ard gor tet MYLES STANDISH (1584-1658) Fontana fates. Sierra Saas See teeters Gece comcmaraee [raced srontartgstrr sion ‘ihematasacte ee oidisrcancstaro beromintae Sn aaesnaar ss, ee | Thetegenartorternan, bom | Lrcnmivougn aking re WSicndexeedinbom thors ‘hetotte atthe Asma ato ‘mothe lve iin hence ‘imorew dog nsgan ca pgm hanno ore Ngueunananumoroucpecha, Wtagneaene ure ‘Peetpconecinancatorhs Linguist diversity Canada Tewas nt oni England which influenced the die | SIVEME YOUR "The frst English-language coatact with Canada] PH tion tha the Engl language was o ake in Aree ica The Spanish had capi lange pars of the west and soudhes: The French were present in the order teers, sound che St Lawrence Rives, tnd dhroughour he middle rgions (French Louiiana) ab fara the Gulf of Mexico. The Dutch ‘were in New York (ongialy New Aastedar) and the surounding ex Luge number of Gemaas | epowofonneie the 1520s but this came eo an end when the Paine tegan aes te end the 17th canary sor | Saeeceoant French came were pel surenera ding Tea tig sly in Penta andi near. In| seapogtscte the 18tn cena fllowing thie def in Queen ee sdaon, thee were increasing numbers of Afticans tering the Souda a eult ofthe save wade, and Tre totcanuy we | seticotreeton, fever anatemaein tithes oto ‘uence foes was a8 eaiy a8 1497, when John Cabot ceached Newfoundland: bur English migtation along the ‘Aaantic coat dd noe develop util acencury lates, (ven de farming, sing, and far-rading indus ‘wes attracted English-speaking seers. Thre was ‘ongoing conc With the French, whose presence ‘ised funn the saponaions of Jacquee Caso in ‘Anne's Wa (1702-13) 2nd the Pench and Indian ‘War (1754-63). During the 1750s thousands of Teach eders were deported from Acadia OcéAN thisdomaialncenctintieIthceninyspop- | owen ase slam file moran 2500 Back erin 700. | Geng, fa come sour 100000 by 175, 6x ouramber. | elo ing the sth es caret From omen thecoomopaiennnucoFAmer | Feel seni had eco he engage Gnd epecialy | (iS. A fon is vocabulary and practices of naming). Any US | prewnseotony ff Soper domy wil conain ech spk | Sregeee ‘Aneta! mimes w (Gam) Eariowrs Heke | Semeseatae {ler Chg we Suet wed ean) Capon, | Sota ‘DiMaggio, Sineens, and Valentine, Likewise, che exy- | >rmilionayear rmologéal diversity of modern place names (p-144) | sarapreseytetmner Pinaud the pace fan be seen in (Dutch) Brome, Yonkers and Harem, | fmalarnntioean, (=rtesiet ISIN Te waned efae af your (French) Maine, Derit, and Louie, snd (Span. | ‘whavesomettotrestaue Tos esto teeming sere. [3 fn Son Fron od Tle Fora ari |, imme tictensone Same entne aa ample ofthe naio’s muleingual histor, see the | Ancrtamarctigetorte Yurhiddedmeses (ity tonoteidethe pee hak poaabnrey 1 acscicSede” “Seungtabcate tee, "gaan (modern Nova Sco) and were replaced by sx- tle from New Engand. The numbers were then further increased by many coming direly fom England, Irand, snd Scotland (whose euler ir ney aoe ae NS oe Nowe Sot New Sova) Tereparnotagene vented engin at as “The nee major derdopment flowed the | Seecromenseaieg QuateeD Sng et dene ate Detiraion of indepen n 1776 Lays | Recetwamret* S2iuthieders ie” rapnoy renee aa Te tala tosie Cost. | cacpaceces Secptafenttsn revere ins) found hemaces unable tonay inthe aw | Tevetatthethcet. erutametrinmne tentcms orm Unite Sc and ment fr Canada scing | Ci Rebersiemrace aithtiaownse” Wenn Hane Ne Stoca en rings | Seswnscasusthed” spendetonapas Now Brac and fer nan They woe ‘Son flowed by many thousands (he ocd ine eyaaa) whe weresusced by he Sep” [Tag wee tiariicacincen Opes | EMO Canada (above Montreal and north of the Great | Moser canateslatesio Taka) Win 0 yen the ppudon of ie | Seeicewramerga provins had ached 10000" eee ‘Modern Canadian English has a great deal in| {at.totlats ond uke common withe Engh splenic ea of | Secunia ‘North America, ‘and people who live outside the | Sutafew miles furthar south | region often find che two varieties dificule ro die. | ‘eindtaterron. thts {Coguh Why te sina xs bs boon she | Eitsanuoeaieree | tijerottmedcie On onehondmig | Srukenteose || ways have been there, with carly Canadian | be ituenegottench Enguhdetvng tom hesametind ofmaurot | Sesb'gayag Bekah glhdlcasasd wich produced ie | petencmincen eee “original New England speech (p-93).On the other | ‘ateseslac Dumontand tac rset say nigh emerged teugh | eterna 1 force of numbers, with the dialects of che many | others such asLake T9eb-eentary American ieumigrants swamping | RIL a sme wer say Rec ben'smore doinive wane, | genase see The linge taon, unde cor hypohess | Seger ‘would lave been extremely heterogeneous. palin co ‘Dependant recs Crain tnd | PRUSCTCCOCn pewcmcnnyttan songtesencay ts Seater Ee DIALECT AREAS ‘Thee popaton move, meat erry ‘Recap a imate Stone edu re weer Spaeth consnng iti Finmiran romaterent ‘ry mse le wena Fsteaol unease US Baglh, dere is no ident between them; | tnsbrisnguagesmarerch Sahanengeconue ogheFoqutn word ‘ms ut tenancies {ehastseomea (40, eareaintejounaotthe Heenan ana however, cher no simple saement which can | Seattstopeaniey 65, Fendrenredacnr presbymectotote tan strat wath esa diferesiace them. ‘The chil dilerences are des | Yagtmevoabacry elu Ctr as enneraneot Stange eee SEEpnccn te Secchicimhentenom BLACK ENGLISH American element (92), a highly distinctive form of English was emerging the lands ofthe We Indiesad she southern part oF the mainland, spoken by te incoming bac popula- tion. This was consequence of the importation of ‘Alcan saver to workom the sage plantations a peace tice ated by the Spanish ely 281517. Pom the tal 7th cenury ships fom Eucope wavelet the ‘West Afcan oss where they exchanged cheap goods Ter blac elaver The slaves wore shipped in barbus cnditions to the Caribe landed he American oat, where they wee in tun eachangd for suck ‘omnedies sor, rum, and malases. The ships then eared wo Engend, compleing an Aan i- angle of jrney, ab the proces began agai The ese 20 Afican aves aed in Viegas ona Dutch thipin 1619. By she ine of the American Revluton (076 their numbers hd grown chal amilion, and there mee oter milion by the time slvery was abol- ied, tthe end of de US Chl War (1855) "The policy of the ve-taders wa to bring people of diene language backgrounds together in the Ships co make ie ciel fo group o plo rebelon. “The resus was the growth of sre pidgin forms of ommusicacon (p 349), ad in partic = pidgin treemeen dhe daves and the alos, many of wham spoke English, Once srived inthe Carbbesn, this Pidgin Bnglich continued to ac ta major means of fommasication berwen the back population and ‘ose contacts Resauncein rata intcse frown ae Fcobecme patel tng ae ao Feat trom Sends ‘dees ante the new landowners, and among the blacks them sclver ‘Then, when ther childsen were bor, the Pidgin gradual began co be used asa mother tongus, producing she re lack creole spec in the region. Its dhs creole Engl which rapidly came to be sed doughout the Souther planatlons, and In ‘many ofc costal rons and ind, Ar she same time, standard Brcih English wns becominga prestige varie chroughou the area, a a consequence of the ‘emerging polis] infloence of Brin. Creole forms of Pench, Spanish, and Portuguese were alo merging in and around the Caribean, and some of these inercred with both the creole anche andar ‘ise of English, The Caribbean nds thar eae to develop a remarkably diverse range of varices of ith reflecting their nid plal and eal tural iors, withthe various exolzed forms di playing the inflveno of the standard language o Aifferece degrees, Moveover, West Indian speech did noe say within he Cvtbbean sands, br moved well use, with large communis evenly found in Canada the USA, ad Briain, As we night expect, the mew locations foered she emergence of esr vate. There are now major dfrencs between the speech of thas living ia London, fr example (rose cfwhors have never been to che West Indies and tee Counterpart in the Caribbean, Weehall examine the thief feacues of this unique range of varcder on pp. 342-5. THE COLONIAL LEGACY ‘Totter angusgesvch Sports osceay ‘pentane upc candace (rete ear ‘Sones ncaseenc (Gee, oon ona, Simonet) fmsorare oe) mie Green ee totoae flere oe Ioommere gost 2 Soseomalefrend ron tern idan ar aro» paraiso fara isdn ‘ait Ania Batya sor ssccere api ‘Soar ay (te. atop. 192) ES “The gromth of Black Fagish Vernacular Inthe USA, vernacular vais of Slack English have come tobe a pista focus of acention in scent years (ee the linguistic outline on pp. 346-7). Thehnory of these varieties is cor ‘controversial, and only par understood Records ofthe eaalyspsch forme ae spare. ee unclear for example exactly how mech influence tback spend ns had on the pronuncndon of southern whiter. According v0 some lings, encratons of lve contact ele in he fai {is ofthe slave-ownere picking wp some ofthe speech habits oftheir servants, which gradually ‘Eeloped into the diinccvevouthern ‘dan Inforetionsclaterfrom the mid-19theeneury ‘when theabolconist movement focused ational treention om blacks cv ght nd srpathetic representations of Black English begat appear inuerary works suchae hore by Harit Beecher Stowe and Mark Fain (p85) allowing the widespread movement co che Jindal ce ofthe northern se in the late 19eh centr black calewe became known throughout counts especialy fo is music. ‘The linguistic reat was 2 large influx of new, informal vocsbulary into general use 26 whites picked up the lvl speech patra of those who fang, played al danced ~ ora the ely spirit tls through the many forme of ane and bes 20 Jute fashions in rapping, soul muse, and break dancing. Arche sme time here was a growth in ‘uatonal opportu for black peopl, and “rvincresing iavelvement in poliel and profes: ‘Sonal roles The cil rights movement in the 1960s had esinguscica well ae poteal se cess, wi school being obliged to take account ‘ofthe distinctive character of Black English Ve scar fllowing the succesful outome of ace ‘ase at Ana Arbor Michigen, in 1977 Ta the 1980s, the public we of many expres sions inthe angusge fo talking bout thie rou of people wag radically contained by those Isinaning + decrne of pola cometness (177). The current rempectablgy of Aficone Americas (which dacs from the 18605) has replced such form at Afo-Amerian, Afico- American, Alin evidence rom the 18303), Coloured (pefred in the period after the Civil ‘Wa, nro prefered afer the 18805 and with 2 capital N some 50 years later, and lec Black (hich became the prefered form during che 1960s, and ill she commonest ws). Blacks now offen probed. and language conflts have grown peoplestve co find fs forms of expresion lacking the peorave connocations they seein ear usage ‘OLD AND NEW ‘oloningsamseshave pour fit rah (6 Ge Senrupes ccorisecarayiowes “arma wateengto Tientintowianser ssi eM enor pepapen ste Sai, ee Teton. rherteen, “rhe helgeda awe ecape, Sycomsatmuchof the SITING inospregead are fie ay tense Soa atieee Aanoargnton sn [a] thave apacana Denar ering tng hi famousoech ten {erinspporottae legis ewererhewsen mes ‘fotralbetofts on antmorementn hese ee adeantat anette st ‘we dean tat fort caren one da ve 2 Ita they wane be pes nee ot Drking war award teckel ace e164 He was ‘ueateon ages tide 2 emo hasbeen ‘ler aust sc THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE “Towards the end of che 18th cenary, the continuing proce: of Bish worl! exploration etablihed the EEngich language in the southern hemiaphere. The numbers af speakers have never been very lee. by ‘comparison with those ia dhe northern hemisphere, but the varieties of English which have emerged ate comparably disintve. Alo, che pola and cal turd suntions of exch counay present the nguise ‘vith diften ists fiom thee encountered in the History ofthe langage in North Amesia. Australia ‘Aseria was vst by James Cook in 1770, and ‘within 20 yeas Baan ad eablishod it frst penal colony at Sydney, dus scleving she presure on the ‘overcrowded prisons in England. Abou 130,000 pis ‘ner were wansprted during the 50 years afer the suv of the fet ot in 1788, Tre eta a they ‘we elled, aio began to enter the couney from the ‘ery Beginning, but they did nor achive subeail ‘aunbets unt the mid-19th censry. From then on, immigration reply increased. By 1850, the popol tion of Austria was about 400,000, and by 1900 eal 4 milion. Toda, is over 17 milion "The British Ides provided che main source of se ders and chs the main influence on the language: Many ofthe convicts cxme fom London an Ueland (especially fellowing the 1798 Irish rebelion), and Feature of Cockney and rsh English cn be acd in the speech patterns heard in Australis today. Several svords commonly thought of at Australian sated out in Britain, and ony stl be heard locally in Bris ales, such ak caller, sucker (compase uch sep, nd jler (peso). On the ater hand, the vay Contains sua expressions which have originated in ‘Ausaia including a number fiom Aborigia lan- ‘guags),andin cen yeats the aluence of Ametican English has been nosceable, otha the county now ths very mized lecalchaacer (9.352) ‘A anjor isue in Austlian socal history hae been the question of identi. There bas long Been en- Sion berween che prseriation of Brish cultural talues and the promotion of Australian indepen- ence. Many inhabitants have fvoured the mainte tance and development of cultural continuity wich Ditains many others have come to sje tis ad tion, instead advocating nationalism, of sme kind of inenatonalism (but without a Brish focus). The Tingisée consequences ofthis isue can be clealy seen in the pater of presetday ussge waitin (op. 350-3), Se SERIOUS DRAWBACKS. Toefe feet setny oper rpeeanet Soy 30 fi ‘lore wed natomng Stleceennteged Garesbesmr ting {roti tepctire | Sdnyon neice ‘ABORIGINAL INFLUENCES Nether te Abrignesot Astana ie Maar ot Sheseeencein ie clechce tetera ‘essen ens Exe rntr anand ana fess ‘tenpce meee eat ‘arate Sionuoricrile prc ‘anime wy ce SSouetenpesione the ‘anh stn teat pert ‘THE OLD ORDER ‘CHANGETH Inoctabe 192 crt Selgin etc ee NEW ZEALAND In New Zealand (Maoti name, Aoscarod the story of [Englsh sad ater and moved more sow: Captain (Cook cared the islands in 1769-70, and European ‘whalers and uader began to see chee in che 17905, ‘xpsnding developmen already taking place in Aus (ial, Cheon tiionary work Boge among the ‘Mao fiom ¢ 1814 However dhe oficial colony was not extablihed und 1840, following the Tay of ‘Waitangi berween Msori cle and the Bish (Grown, Thee ws then a apd incre in European inamigration~ frm around 2,000 in 1840 to 25,000 by 1850, and eo three-quarters ofa milion by 1900. As early asthe turn ofthe century. visitors © the countey were making commen onthe emergence oF New Zeland accent. The wel population in 1990 wens ney 3.4 milion, “Three strands of New Zedands soc history in che present century have had espocl Linguistic conse fences Firs, incompargon with Aula cere bas bean a sronger sen af the historical relationship th Bri, sd greaer sympashy fr Bech vals {nd insttons, This ha led to a more widespread ‘conservatism, expecially in relation wo accems(p. 298). ‘Secondly there hasbeen growing sense of maionl lappy sd in psoas an emphasis on the d ‘ners berween New Zealand and Avralis This as ‘town attention to diferences inthe accents of the two counties, and motivated the use of dstincive [New Zeland vocabulary. Thirdly dere has been 3 fish concern so take sccount ofthe gl and needs ofthe Maori people, who now form some 12 per ent ‘ofthe population This har reed in an increased ‘srarenes (and, co some extent, use) of Maor! words in New Zeland English. The inguisie efees of all ‘hese tend re decribed on pp. 3545. ‘COLONIAL ENTERPRISE Daring the anes Bren oanzonachene were epee ‘ety thee eld opsny,anded eeu tne ‘ranean clo twas ear ooo reel 199-182 ‘hee Wohl stoners prometee ing te aD, wee ‘Watngton ew mau, vgs Neko, apo ‘antetan: Te tage tient {ea tsa a Sune aserinaedyihe Scuinnvence seat iccuteray satan Invern sn bon acum se Bune ean gi pang hth crelename ota fhagiy scorn cease oe Smetana, ae a i e i - 5 a i fi READ ALL ABOUT IT Thetron poge of ha fat seit Berek ad ‘Gece eager rontpes by eutng ‘uty rons a ooo scion wety bung pt (ater Wane 1966) SOUTH AFRICA epeeccnes ~ ‘SOUTH ASIA INFLUENTIAL VIEW Ente wat sash ah len chops gi edb he cig hie faunas” inn fu of nga pend cscs" | 28 151632, Bris ivolvemene inthe region des only fiom 1795, during the Napoleonic War, when 20 ceapedidonary force invaded, Brith contol wae (stblsed in 1806, and a policy of element began {camer in 1820, when smn 5,000 Beiiah were jen land inthe ener Cape. English wat made the cil angnage ofthe ein in 1822, and there wat fn atempt co angle the lage Alilaan-spesking opulacon. Engi became che language of aw, ed ‘ation, and most other apecs of publi ie. Father Bish element followed inthe 1840s and 1850s, speci in Noa, and there was a masive influx of Europeans afer the development ofthe gold snd dia- mond ares in the Wiewatertand ince. 1870s [Neatly half milion iemigrans, many of them Englshspesking,arved inthe county during the Jas quarer ofthe 19th cenury “The English langage history of the region thus fs many stands. There wat niilly © erin amount of reganal dale vari among the dif even groups of Bush secs, with the speech of ‘he Londoa area prominent in the Cape and Mid- lends and northern Beith speech sony repe= semed in Naa but in due coure. amore hhomogencous accen emerged ~an accent chat shares many saris wih the acens of Austelia,wehich ‘wat also being scl during this period (p98). At the same sien, English was being wed a's second language by the Afra speakers, and many ofthe Daath colonists took this varery with them om the Great Tie of 1836, a chey moved north 0 escape Bich le. An Aca vaey of English also deel. coped, spoken by the black population, who had lesred the langage min in mision school, and hich was influenced in’ diffrene ways by the ‘aris loa Aca language backgrounds In adie Son, English came eo be wed, slong with Aftikaans tad often othe languages, by thoe with en ethni= tally mined baclground (Coloureds; and ita als ‘opeed bythe many izwigrants foe Tn, who sve inthe country from around 1860, ‘South Afian Eagsh has thus ome ro comprize range of varieties, bur fom a social pin of view they canbe grouped together in constr the wre of Afkaas, and they do display erin common feacures (described on p.356)- English has always been minoriy language in South Aca, Means, which ws given official starusin 1925, isthe fist lan guage of the major of whites, including thos for- ‘ey in power and ae a an important slo of [enc fr thor of Afkaner backround IIs ao the Bm language of mor of the Coloured populae trainly Besh background) sod by inceing aun Schnee, bess ofthe major black popuiion (Backs out teitrethetone umber whites by oe four a one). Three chur a jenn ranenme Tiga side vo she pols! dione which hve Shannan ‘mated. South fica sciy tn tcc decades Pinan Ameo Afsne was pcived bythe Mack majo a the Inngoage of hos an cepesion: Engh wa pee 998070 ars ceed by the whe govemmene as he language of SO protex snd sclfdetemiation, Many Gncks see sors) sort English ars reins ofschivingan intron ice, Sear” wo" and unig theme with ore lcci 29) ‘On the other hand, the contemporary station oem t e250 reytngthe ve oF Engh ismorecompecthan ary Siveorttesilray Simple opposon sug For the whe authors, feo ey too, Englth war imporsnt ar emeans of inca. Sagwcrneretoweh tonal “communication, and ‘upwardly mobile’ tryehiaper co rs ‘Atanas became ineresingy bilingual, With une pgungs recta command of an Englih tat ofen rexmbles the Bab-bsed varie The public statements by South ibis aa ‘Aca plans, seen on world elev, illness ng thisabily. Aba ele aconsinsum of acceso, ORlecen ners ‘anging fom these which ar rong inucnen by pm ois ep ‘Milas vo use whi every eo Received ngage "Pronunciation (3571 and there ae comeponding 9 Sot fete vratone in grammar and yobs, Sach com Ploy rine na county where te oriding fone & soda and poll sats, and people have seven to msintain cer dey eld eling of rational and ethic idecyin the ace oppo, Stavatien ste kan tea) theresa ekatatertoxintenan: pinion ZeakenSesuttrening fADetany fSoth Ziutattaramorngtiny Aconergeh(tn)e sockeye Sezactyrgupenadonn, fleena tesoabrAan- Seinen Pere Somamistoatuatcr Stiverte eoswset onplalsiedediere Speerdeorpebere Bichoympciead— Smcicigarneton salbeontiaent unk third inthe word, afer the USA tnd UK. Thi is largely due ro the special position tthich the language he come ro hod in Inds ise ther ic hasbeen eimated tha some 4 percent of the people over 30 ili i 1994) now make ep- tar use of Englth, There are also considerable ‘nurnber of English speakers eaewherein dhe elon, tnhich comprises sx countries (India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sti Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan) that together hold abour « Rfh of the worlds population. ‘The ‘ity which has emerged ehroughout the subcon- tinea is known 2 South Asian Engi, tei es than 200 year old, bu ii already one of the most Aiscnctive varies in the Eagishspeaking world (se p 360) “The origins of South Asan English iin Brian The fe regular Brush contact With the subcon rene came in 1600 with dhe formation of che British eat India Company ~ 2 group of London mer chants who were granted a rading monopoly inthe trea by Queen Plizabeth I. Ie exblihed fe fie trading sation at Surat in 1612, and by the end of the century others were in existence at Madras, Bombay, and Caleues, During che Sth ensury, i overeame competion from other European ‘ations, especially France. Ar the power of the ‘Mughal emperors declined, the Company’ nfl fence grow, and in 1763 i rok over the revenue ‘managemene of Benga. Fllowings period of aan- al indzcipine among Company servans, the 1784 India Act established Borrd of Conta respons ble ro dhe Bish Plamen, and in 1858, afer che Indian Muriny, the Company was abolished and is powers handed over wo the Crowa, ‘During the period of Bech sovereigney (he ‘a, fom 1765 until independence in 1957, English gradually became the medium of admins textion and education throughou the subcontinent. ‘The language quedon avtacted special atetion diving the ealy 19th century, when colonial admin isrators debated the kind oF educational policy which should be introduced, A recognized tuning: pine was Lord William Bentinck acceptance of ¢ Minute, wien by ‘Thomas Macaulay in 1835, which proposed che incroduccon of an English edu. ‘ational seem ia India, When the univeciies of Bombay, Caleta, and Madras were established in 1857, Englah became the primary medium of ingertion, cheeby guaranteeing its seams and “| steady gromth during the next century. Seneanbe sae goal en Soeaeaes Toone tacey iS ep fe Mie reco Thouprthivewbecame hepa uaa hihi cone fuainounpoytaniow Indarntewahewacen guste heh ree ficalinemengnate’ fobuepeasceric obec (orwonninonngraat thoweege ‘Sarandon THE STATUS OF ENGUSH faa gin broare ‘fetliongiage th naive tial angage iSrapeoingcresolthe easton prdinecitce RS here ‘Setis baeroman wisps etaseeguon per Sse ar stetloon ond Rie tomyan te tialiangangeattow ‘teas pep Sirhan Mes ‘epoitsaienaty ed ican hese ‘Sroouetegraueh ts : Sfncetuchtie Seog oan sratlnhindt ind’ aptonungerebot inital ‘monalngugaredin FSeonecrewncce = (atwra sat 18) (Segoe tort invodedatechet irate rh ‘Sauogtobetsnd srourteteset celina i ‘THE WISTORY OF ENGLISH COLONIAL AFRICA Despite several entrie of European cade with Alcan nations, by dhe end of the 18th cencury only the Dutch atthe Cape ad etblshed a permanent seclement (100) However by 1914 colonial bie tions onthe pref Briain, France, Germany, Porc Tn and Belgaen od weed re le onsnent (apart fom Libra and Feiopia) being vied ino eooniltentoris. Aer she owo Word ‘Wars cere was a repartioning af he region, withthe confiscation of German ad lian teitories Mostof the counties cated by this partion achieved inde- pendence in or afer he 1960s, and dhe Organisation DF Aftcan Unig pledged isl to maineain exiting boundaries West Abn ‘The Engl began to vie Wet Acs at theend ofthe 1Stheeatuy.andigonaferwefindsporadicrfetences to the we ofthe language a lingua francs in some cast seements, By the Beinn ‘ry, he increase in commerce and antalave-trde scdvites had brought English co the whole West ‘Alfican coat. With hundreds of local languages to ‘contend with a pantaulr eur ofthe eon war the ‘ise of sere Bagish-based pidgin and eros ued slongside the sandard varieties of clonal offi, ‘missionaries, selet, and rade. Some of the ling. ‘tie ear ofthis highly comple language arc re described on pp. 361-2 Bae fies Although English ships had vse the aes fom the ‘end ofthe 16h century ystematicnterest began only in the 1850s, with che expeditions othe interior of ‘sch British explores as Richa Burton (1821-0), David Livingsone (1813-73), and Joho Speke (1827-64). The Imperial Brsh Ease Aiea Com any was founded in 1888, and soon aferwards 3 ‘pcem of clonal protectorates became eb, at ‘ther European nations (Germany, France 2nd Ty) ‘ied with Britain for tector contol, Five modern ste, each with hoy of Brith ule, gave English fice senus when dhey gained independence inthe 1960s, and Zimbabwe followed suc in 1980. ‘The Kinds of Engish which developed in chese countries were ery dierent rom those found ia West Affi. Large numbers of Brith emigrant seed in > the ara, producing das of expats and Aian- bornwhits (mets, doctors univer leet et.) which never emerged inthe cavironmentaly ess has pitable West African cries. A Bricsh model was Invrodaced early on nt schools reinforcing the expo- ret Britis English broughtby the many misionary = roupsaround che tur ofthe cenury. The resulewas a ‘nvity of mother congue English which has more in ‘onntion with what i earn South Aca or Aus ‘lia than in Nigeria or Ghana. The South Affcan ‘ouaetion is especialy noieablein che courte 0 | the south, and is presumably duct the influence of Aflzane speaking immigrants and the shared history ‘ofcontact with Ban language. “The rapid emergence ofa sted population who sed Bh English ara fie anguage had wo impor tane effes. Fist, i provided a strong mode for Aliant lar a 2 vecond language: These would focm the majority of English wer inthe region, Ting mainly in the cts and large evr. Secondly, with tandard English becoming wiespreadasalingua Franca (and with walla sealable inchs role) dere swariddemodvsin forthe deveopmencof the pidgin | sates of English, which re sucha noceable chae- seeriticof Was Alcan counties reaneaoes Scene enpitainions Sense mec, soto Same Zea Gaon ee ee srmcmanarmm Rear ENGLISH im WEST ‘ARICA Grif of Guinee Elna Honest ard rover smn, CLLR : Jamaica Thesettiament about a miBionof whom use WSousowetenndeca Solsarentcndlanguape, ocean fieeraniaave veg Gonbia rgihwang | *— 22 Seiceacae Selatan |S SSicome Selene eS, Maat” pieipoeae ggasemgea, Camino Soko Sibengsm cites pumerasce, sume Ton eg aatishmentoftathurt,andnortherntertoriesto lingualregion, witha 1981 some 13,600block Amerkars, Bae tewray” — Gecteraiinestnites (itasnglecourtyin 1914 populetion of ner 12m sewallasore6.00 sos Siege Gemietee Seema Geimratn motmnaein, ieecninn Deuieemnnin mubceiem: | artcastenc Seeeement Gamegear” Soa ssc Sceniacegacas meneemeyie sts com tgonityén Surreal Fotpuse Sposa Uonapgeaning Soars reson Seaaooir kat widey bwamesGermangane: Trewin Ameren Gataainguataa. oven ooyoneee vecrintharean ‘Gudedbetwentranceard_ Ube sce ep Cera tres ‘ecrefoudeain ‘oughta ofthe ‘Breiwnbocinenaans” copumhwiedtoecin ENGUISH IN EAST ‘AFRICA Br oan ae payed alr lett doen Iraneoaceam stan wx arretnarcomot® cy ght tole tec tegage reSnahsrepaced in {hath cactyhadsone Brion pope Te tee mene ace. a. Sreeence eee eral eae Ee Seo moaerome. Seater a ee ee Zambia fers Noten ‘oe ‘ston of ndepandone {wont whe dom {ed govern n5. ower nog ery ‘neat he atcan ‘many anne corey ‘Sted is ciponderce {sta tepoplton nas ‘ound. miton 15 gun onl Sronoe ‘Tere posite ferottetoatean| ‘Sonate es {egermalen bout ese ‘tEngn inte region or (Geer EHancok Rangope 1 ‘SOME DOMAINS OF ENGLISH USE IN Sik EAST AFRICAN STATES re é| ala \a|ela|¢|alalalalalal ; [ E i i i lel aa fafa aR i : F iri A leleleletals|szlalalala laa] a aaalaaal tle |e] al alae alae ela he alee laze SOUTH-EAST ASIA AND THE SOUTH PACIFIC, “The ceria in and ro she wer ofthe South Pacific on Sarat, ERC te eee cere fod 8 AUSTRALIA a oN i pawn) “D a ‘tury several erizves inthe region became British language (p. 109). ENGLISH NSE ASIA AND THE SOUTH PACIFIC See ace | | comer Fist non peers it fomal ta eens Erato neiaby ae rapity became he lorguoge of Atv 1850 biingual educational | ReectGerag” — UStnason oat Pecots oe ery Rept ioet Fovsrmiasrtehertonerststaca tetutings | | gneenworinrostedn sapere with Unperese ment, 1620) "of tpePrtc Exmpurysctonantatenong (res vestolonesty | | Engunnadarsuntyngandan ceo cat cove ae serum protecoaty 18H Rew Zelnependeny, 120% Geeenmoeteivetensneattatged, | | emmmnonga ran My fe (Gp Gook te Bern cls ae Inoepener 70 Heenieonrsom onda rere See stages ‘“n poe Seietnctandocinos | SOUS Walgerwerebougrtageeraracrouncolony | | cnr ows apt. cook 78 Unaarsproeceo Tt) Adit SOUS, (sn, ewisinedconerobeesaninestveuron | | cransnatnemadla neuer than Sinn toned y Use 18 oe Ihereponartemecmetinwandsaminzraten snd | | Saal ees enor the general Usmaonaen 029 Inwarg nonsangyrosinctheromee Atsmaue” | | Sinton et@”sauy ony ype Honaxona ———sporai Cece Chat Btn, A? eh olay nt 1997 ‘Sion teEgitn language aly nenspape he fropleover age tonsa ounsesand woe ‘Minar. 765 Siathprvesee erga Independence 79 Stet rine wtensegapelstomin 6 Engh wertcarang So year ote of ite a ca est “Iminvoduconots ban ertonl sam ‘heprorrtenaront) perce tes sea Pecangetenent 1795 smuesonyetanesare—_Indepandoc, 957 eporedinarentosmancesarsmnengiameasvery | | Stswnterusctqitewdeorndio's ‘etemera 20 suena en eaten Ee ctgeinnchenenmer oie Usimaton 044 Giparene pete erty of ndgpendene, 180 rombrtan Athouch athe outset exe choos ere seytsngaperean tna shoalshove cronela, Simao Yaa area hast Yerory ofthe Independence, 1980 Sieh aaysteymmcetagetterepancn, | | Stpmseneyes 30h Federstedstecot “apanen mandi, 520) “rae 47 Sins anon inmigertemere earn gh a Paes “ceman asa vam "Penn 188 tmiarbecanatelranpepohaora sane Ne ap cook. 74 sin prteoat 03 New Bean depandanay 101 ‘ohinecertun, higher edecton trough bemedumot | | MALAYSIA qecom ‘rsh pena settement va Terton of Aura, 1913 Englanemsatnteecued Telrguapetnrbecrne | | Thostutionaveryseretin a ‘ane, e0 ‘igthekcatnendntchedtiiyencedgre | | eetsmncctanorat Poournowuost bashes ran rote ‘nacpengon 193 ‘Seana soe ‘dopacarha atonal ange, es anton maps tp = insuha mulingulaea Rinotsupising find snderaechunganacorang) Prine Spores Ried toaster spinsh-—ndeendenes, 1346 ‘neti enginosel berg uence ea a Seenccrtce ay ‘marcas tee Suisdingtotecnenerceol egeralyssineiwe | | udumcdsstan wetede reins ah eter oeupied —_solcion of re Pein ley pan ‘ete thechartoceundotman/suaerawas | | jntogtienctigsny spat youn aan heommasiont 122 o5 Festa rng thea Emglsh Tovebgyburgescre tvoeetor sigapire sitahsatbonere io oneor maser independ, 1985 erected rater maereene | | fascia ‘Delores ne ‘taony tethers st emish honing pon aco upon rteetogn Solomons sera cenpetecnnt 163.9 Induce, 978 erieiecatecygumpeptonoetnanvtr: | | Crmprtanenan anne ‘hel hts 1780. ec petecern tas” eng 1905 ‘SeaG.lothnomeresptetsetonmencaoaaini- | | Twovadiend pepe att ergs Got Cone 77 ramed ery) Semen, ee —_Indepenere, 0 ‘eopfeneresonesnevarety Soya aan Engel ona emanates Tale ‘si iio Broenpretecers oroor Inpro, 78 Engisvesrotenergng Te poltateresolsogs | | butveguerlsasingemicst ‘Sofaiber tn frcarditaria epedsivsneriaepenenc,nowe” | | Sorarctonewich mahetesthe vata ‘opt cook 4 Jotrechadrciraion —nepandoc, 880 econ degen for thistobappeny and the ac “onunuingererpenee tapers Atle arte 108 aguiestantonnongkongfongar 13) tora Manon Wonensemes ssh isinai, 1805 Nawal mae 1919 —_Inepandoc, 962 HONG KONG Engl asad Inceeve necro! ‘Geto cqaeie at ‘Binh nga Secr en ‘ira. ‘rer en Errfert pone, + sate senna ‘coral Janta 367 ny thowteate ate Stony of Scat inte hiipsinan st omega. icant iieeeR a Sones ‘oan fa PART 1 THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH A WORLD LANGUAGE “The movement of Eglh sound the wo ban ‘rth the ponecrngvrags fo the Ami, Ai Td te Anipder pp, 98-101), cool wih she Teeny clon depres In Abs and the South Pcie (pp 102-5 and ook sgieane fr the ap wea ws dope he 20 entry 8 holla ee wenofcl langage by any ney independent sas (110, Eg now the dom inant ofa langage in over 6D counties the thle onp 109), sod epee in every con tencand in he thee jor oan ~ Adan (eg S Hiden, Indio (ey Shales). and Pai (og eval, fl he ted of epecnaon which tnaes the appleaton of the cat work langage’ + sealigy. “The present-day word sat of Engi primar- iy thera of on acon che expansion of Bech Colonial powes, which peaked towards the end of he {near andthe regener ofthe ried Sates ss the lading eoacmie power ofthe 20th erp Tes the lt ator which canine ex the frston of the Engh gingerly (ch to he fcombaue of sme in Ban who Bnd th os of Hirota linguini pemience unpalatable). The ‘USA contins neni four mes at any Englsh tedcrtngue (EMT) speaks a he tex or imgorant EMT raion (de UK) and these unis comprise 70 per cet of ail EMT speaker inthe wold (cdg cae varieties othe able fp 109), Suck dosiance, with te pois and “economic underpinnings, gives the Anette 3 con- inert in the way the lgiag ly to develop. ‘With over 60 politcal and cultural histories to com sides, ie dice wo find safe generations about the range of social functions with which Engl has same 9 be dened, General statements about the “srucute ofthe language re smewhac ease fo make (G20). The problem isnot v0 much in ration to those counties where English isa i language and ‘here by defn ie avallble fo al communion {ive situations, but for those where thar starus asa second or freign language, and wher its clei often ‘Glin by «conscious proces of language planning, tnd not by the stu eourse of lingusucevluon. Socaingistic generalization is especially a problem in those countries where Paglsh is used simultane- ‘ously ar «ise anda sacond language (eg. Canad), for where a sory of language conse ha ‘lege of Kanguage confi Ind. ‘wnt ENGLISH? engin snot your Senger tee ak ‘rae apc ann Trenrcrotersner en Sagution ecole pec brian nec tnpce sian te enuuysmn Surprccearase Engh ne scrernabarea pie ‘reramert oer sane ene ‘SSreeomorive be ores ee {etal pote restons Ste emt he Rela, atic oeaeto work Indestrtinn aur ‘Septet egies ‘penne wean ‘tonal bane wi {esubm econ the ‘maorenginspoatng rota! rosone Engine nguage of Inratioaortteccon tabard earn don ‘org train ara ‘onal martina per, rderergene sce @isorrsmectticn Soe eae feroca nde uson| ee ao Inala ensone Hestot escent ee tional rds romania the wore tremerete tens in Flot Oss roneate turandeonxind Sertng. isabone finingrage aati oneaing hare con pte aso ge ‘rar foun rn onal aces orogeny sacra. Some wrong reasons Sameera Birinci ete ots (usc ears role Fe cemed nn ‘Shey amare eg or ‘moe benfl ngage orotem eae ore our iin gare ‘es sya or rer Noabulan-mstend or ‘Sea ncn Seorerrabe rae ‘hn reas tect stan of ogi ‘rbot compare eentlanasoper ond ‘gator of genet, Srarmtea rte SeinBediegsrasa GOO MetS Soe Erinmyrt SeneRimmancaion MESTROUTTeNSN ovary ona en Eicccntedteest ” Sesemaaheeenck vnuhenmena SOLIS Associ Soiconofwenon eevee niko chwtenetmish nar hope ie) or omthy ka SSctmenesarbolel” toushthemeaumeren tah wranntaly Momlumperenegea gchuentr ncn Sapp aa bate Exguninnewsopenon, RECS WCHA NEM Serle of chops ‘ado, oren television, aeds MELon\Peopleow | netearing on whether ater crenien, Gant Dae nie na one Estarna economic See Giccere Forte omer succes ot ews St ag lan Langurgerte ood Reames gee (rage formerpticnal Entrainment reasons pole arama Sihecmdurdesrd tgorememanion, —fipous tenn“ but orczesrertingto, guapecfpoarmnc, | gutcrenon do ftrnk Slcparstersinen Snapemestrsopuaras- yong en. ANOLDSTORY tenia tongun for trend etmscethrenenany”saequtyatea ete Songotthereucnstat fee pry totan Frghnlnge fecegeteering hon reat Egineceyromet — eronanstomy = Manmenracvamined Foca TesonyseRis ome tain arte senate alow ‘oom goers of St anguge ietgunl beaut noes ‘aria rest cen fot wentosedcrs ‘can wt whch are renal tage ndon out bnetony nme ‘eologea wer ent ‘timer ee ‘nota nent ‘taut Ee va: Assy reper iter terse thay fh spree eae tei Sronborhetteens tthe two Petrretacs ae Bremieh afk ASI 5 THE THREE GRGLES Tiaspedetnght wcudtnn_tovhalipuntnod be Tocmrittptirite, dite ees Snelietenaneof nec ‘gece euahy horocng rami Beda nceesten tng insogharatocsnlonoge ome south tn Mays py ss Sockets theo? REE HOW MANY MILLIONS? Tamer atentte Shneieaetes Seem Setanta once Seater ‘Genes coves ew deen {Wee Tete) onde {Rogan ana en Ts theo Noacuntesteen fecenstnesbe oft ohne mea Seg. Soe Sarat, Be voaisoranst eens chinoess ieee ‘eset git te gant ‘Sindarin ‘Susi nfs ating ‘iterator mactnts lorhihiettidot he weres enuson Cateye era peerage Insteonthate moe are Engh aca nguage ‘artes motos noun ghortoweaganaicteone imerpeinigntesuseceaes ‘Reino. pues {orawrcouny howe may pecs Ghowmbyagemioemat Say anctinaueonrmany Foaare garde ‘acest on weretoende elearceoand sna 5) ‘Tec mre ea then weendup int tut ‘Soundsa0miton when beam tenn ‘ peesootetaheeaes rece nda awe ‘Sereno in- pisswhanevesusiedtsoce ‘eres noch eisvon has {Sherpa anda tates renimatbecnonreloatoc! ‘Sidr, apres {Shen atspuene he percentage Storeng naw compete resection or igh awn Soodetaytonsnengiaaes ‘hema dara herent ‘SSeoceterantrsater iets Gham Sbaoee Srdttorrutedconeineaann, ‘rte arenas etn s ‘machouertgureen atc ‘Tonychesinnaaumcfn Ergun uo ers mine ecimanesimats one e aninewsh rescore Shecivan Singha Ghetyarontt noctinteherct Bieter heights taser aenewr arte qnsionmars Gientace ensues” —— oatenaeater Siatecenaanen ee Se ainoeteece, Seeeas Screed eoaiecaranes seocawaieene oor cee es Seer, aeatcarcatn ipateiceeetic pombe Sees, Sergrewaes, ae eee Reoatiene, ey Eee. oe Soanieen cemenoes aos Soe [ASHORT GLOSSARY OF eLTERMS “Theworsof Word epih we, age ‘aching atu tal oteccnyme ae. a erp for scare ar Tangogt shen he ‘ster hee Someta mare sant Suet he i (engin aan tarzan arginge h oEgih or Fumcation. The nation ee [aipsnocat ang tes else ods etm Srowlegrebionen am commute 1 einai args) 8b lrg for Osco! Pt (ose Acoute ose content tein y the ect ‘ont ot iamen pationg Berton accpaton legwork st lento xa Second tan Enh in cours ‘theta opel sat neta of commoneton eee rem rah of migrants se other forego vein omy were Eglin he st tnt or onc pote ieeansnne iesditinie aie Beem (ee ee Lilie tunguae) Ye lng. ‘iat acqurenoy wc (led mathe ong ate enquace peer in rultingualstoton The fete ants may net be cet fala the forme for seam the hiem et ray arepenh Intent sere, though Tlincnd age ravens ‘She teed fee Seouny ay choose Seignate 3 angoge a ano ‘rmutiatie nee. te foton {St Language for speciatspacie Burov Alurguege curse ufpecicrnge comme sling ua he tetanic ua onthe tanga) >> U1 IM nae forge) >> 2 Line nate ngage) A uate whi seople we ther inant vores ately tah ich doe ange) FL ei fuente 5 an er tora toguage => se aching a gina 2 Sond Language >t ‘E50 fscing Eich Speak Tidhngeleagh ayon ‘sho does natn ara ‘Rete tong Mention Siege dt rson Diab anoucseceecne con og x Saens ——Wsa00 519 Se + Ms yhoo, aso + egkoy amie Foes — am Tae 3507 om is Ha > 74 Tw! goes eae oe ieond Seow 8s OT a as ise z 7 Ein aaa sean 7 & abies ses Si ir zt (Daisies Bara VF : | Geert ic a 7.009 eka) 5000 7 2 er ashes A rr Vea | Kia 7 : “ea wit | | eine rane ; ‘ipso TT Tonto | | Wate 5, 353.020, : S370 Fr m2 praseno | |ccormencrom ue aid wi cae pes aos sae | pe | Rei | uis + : | “0 Nontrat—— taoto HHS =k Taen00 6 aria o Ree sensco a0 0) Der : i ‘wvontralinwemay remands made __ STANDARD ENGLISH saree ener. Sees Tye cRG oe Ieisliicule co know what to expect, when language drops a worldwide presence to the exent chat Engh has (108). There ae no precedents for such a geographical spread ot for so many speakers. More fone dhe spead at which ie has all happened {Unprecedented although the itory of wed agli fam be usced back 400 yeas (92), the eutent {gow spurrin che language asa hitory of ethan 40 yeas, Thee bas never been such an increase in independent states (UN membership has more than Aoubied since 1960) nor sucha growth in world pop- Uulason (fom 25 thousand milion in 1950 wo 5.4 ‘housand million in 1992). How will English fae how would any language fire), faced with such ‘esponstbiliies and having to respod to such pre "The two chiefs ~ iteratonalism and iden- ‘igy— raise an immediae problem, because they con- Flt. Inthe former ie, a naion looks ou fom sl? scthe world ara whole, and tics to define is eas {in relation to that world. Tn dhe ater ease, 2 nation looks within el at che atuerae of i soiery and the poychology of is people, and wet to define ite eden lato ot sent of atonal dete. Cor. responding linguist ues automaticaly aie * International implies intl. I'he reason fr any nation wishing ro promote English to give ie acces to what the Broader Engih-spcaing wold tas wo offer, cen iti crucial for people ro be able 1 understand the English of that worl, and to be understood in sic tm, In short inteationalsm demands an agreed standard — in grammar, voab lary spelling, pronunciation, and conventions of we + Seti impli ndvidunli. Ia mation wits to preemie ii uniqueness orto establish ite presence, nde avoid beingan snonymous ingredient in cal- tural meing-pot, then ie mse satch for ways of ‘expressing i difference from chert of dhe wes Flag, uniform, and other such symbols wil have thei place, but nothing wil be so aaoualy and uni- ‘esaly present a3 national language ~ on if hee is ‘none, & national vavety ofan international language Tinshor inthe contert of English, identixy demande linguistic disinciveness — in geammay, vocabulary, speling, pronunciation, or convenrone of language ‘The future of he English langonge (p.112) depends ‘on how the tension berween thee two principles will be resolved Sse ein Segratectae ote Sees. Ebreaons aa iehcrei aoe ‘eho before 7 =o Semewe Se sioebainas gaevnee ese Seen mimtan cscteatmen Sas er) Saar, Srans. 5 Setetnecontentoncl Enhah anda tutot iol ne 25. sea rte ‘roy Gouting and Pincay esinporent ‘Sipateninswidery srecantndig of ‘Sore oy reine sc ‘Scaumy moyock she ret of Engin ‘inches Sion ey ese ‘Ertl connpe wrt Sindbgtheoye eh ‘trent cee ‘or pore, {Senalnacrrsna The Seen ntheweratonc US tuo ete Times Seber uh reriean aoa Heoncaricas reas setae seucrse. cena Seemed errs Sevens iatoseae Seema Sener cosine, eee ieee ae sae, Socal eben ene er Sree Rie ewe nar ae ae Beet Sa iinet ENGLISH Whar iS WROTE “We APETL 1988 More than just talking proper ok az Standard English Rao 2 ond reaings 10 SSO “about wor an mea enon eee Seige One vay ctepeseing ‘hemi daar oF Ahatrlnspeing toe trom eet {an Aci cerae paced hanes of Malin ced frou ae laced tho ‘as ragioalor tol ses, rotons (Grain) the eiieeet ies rere” tones heal eleton of trem macs hey Sanaa engi ra svete pul vata oe) SY vianins \ Soil vanes \ Sire bay ret lees ‘Gua abe 2) Man Repent) wouparweno segs ieee Seen Samana Seocance eee ecco Sara Teton, ‘eponatynearl andar Ennnyeroutroron + Eathountywheregtin ‘are sana Guatlonteennbers ecm 0. tramencantngi Ser Eero iieeens an eae ewes cereale et ‘odoninempapr ches neal thawates Inciinio eresabon language 108, bahere ‘emer ronnde ‘anlo0". *Teaueion pee Semenesie Zee Sevens ikea sehen a mm 7 7 aTRiLectal, ‘THE FUTURE OF ENGLISH 4 ONE LANGUAGE OR MANY? Furie? i Where: Waster evil nts si |) ec ge pepsin pans cw te Exh ahr samy ring thesore or wil crageedon thar the fae of the || cacng the development of Engish (110): one 2c. il wih shousands of words o expres itll car- my ow ncn he Engl language, eg of optimism compet with || tominain nernatina ineigiliy, promoting acer. Whether wevew these word apart ofa wor muowetadi degthsof pessimism. Among optimise may ie | tform Word Standard Engl the other acts to sandard ora regional anda wil ped ci on fe ance many ‘he German pillogis kab Grimm, who aed | proce national ieniy, promoting dvene et the exten to whch che word agente in oleh cat ‘he poem cae published n 1852 Eegiin! Sud Engi Ue ao they eaprom Thy in Saude Aten hiopra tes tra ' Englih spared and impel have become pac of Saad analy (Fal moder langage oc one hs aed such get tregth snd vigour the Engl. maybe eed ly ‘Suaxcunct oF tit Wont: and ems, ke the Erg ‘ron aederinedorogn infu meres. Siesway overall rs oft be, In chelate Victorian petiod, estimate fee of mothertongue English speakers living 2 entury thereafer (hes sodsy) often reached astronomical heights One writer, nm sue of Te Phone fou sal 3 Sepember 1873) calelatd (wich hope pre- sion) that by she year 2000 ths tol would be 1,837,286,153 ~ an eximate which, with che benefc ofhindsigh, can be son bein eer by factor osc (p.105). Such eotals were commonplace in che heady mosphere which accompanied the climax of Bech tnd Atmerican colonial expansion, By conte, there were the pessimise, predicting ‘hac within aceneuy the English langage would bein fiaymens. Here we may cite the Brith phiologis Hany Smee, wrote in 1877: by brine fcr ence] England, Amey and us tala wil be epesking rr onaligle anguges, ‘ing thirndepenlee hang of proneniion. “Thesameppoint ad ben made nay aceneary before by Noah Webser, in ix Disereton on the Engh Longuage (1789). Webser dough chat such 2 devel opment Would be ‘neomsay and unavoidable, and ‘would rea ins guage in North America, a i ferent fom the Furze language of England, asthe ‘modern Dutch, Danish apd Swedish ave from the German, ot fiom one another. Fm Websters pro- American poi of view, of couse (p81), this would ‘othave been such aad hing. [Nether Grimm nor Sweet proved ro be accarst prophets. Engl hae indeed become world la {ge bucic is by no means everywhere and isby no ‘means alvays elcome. And Eaglsh hasindecd deve ped many spoen varieties bu these rey no means mutually uniellgle Perhaps the ony safe generale Jax co be made isha predicons about she future of English have ahabiof bing wrong, WaSHERIGHT? nspsserweton i570 ‘oraconrane nem SSigeprincbye renguninmetcrat Ee any tage Seer spake iene rer een ceemote Sauce persons Seompsateiwadacone Serres Pecenrepe our? houidecbe nena tame acta ne sinter eh ‘ape troup euo. andes esy ‘Sitar Inert ones Sihertensitor ‘eoucensow ond 30, Enon be Suite dear sonmacre sees eeece Eau Bantinetninetaercoad Zee ie ‘pond urarpnote sain sam “The drive for intelligibility Te pressure for interaconal ineligibility ir very trong eal may by now be wactoppabl ntroationl teva, stele broadesting, world pres and te son, word tock market, mulation eorportons, inteqgoveramenalsgenies, and many other isi. sions have guaranteed 2 station of daly contact fr Inundeed of milion of English speakers who ogee represent every anuor vary Harel lyase to Brian) have been largely eplaced by pragratic ntltarianeexoning. I using Brith English ea se good and services, hen et British Engh be ue IF Ir aoods American English, chen so bei. And et either coreshers he employed st acavion demands, leis norsurptsing, in such a climate, 0 find core of Engith grammar, vocabulary, and orchogrpby slrady in widespread use, a least i print (p11). There i, however, sill some way eo go before che world arrives ata level of uniform usage which will {trance international isla evel comps- ‘able to thore found itranatonally. Breaklown in ‘communication deta dierence in idiom, vocab lary. grammar are common enough, even benween British and American English (p.306), and diffe ence in ejonal accent ea be devastating, “The drive for identisy “The prewure to ferter national dents ig alo very strong and he signs re tha diverges ineresing, “The 1990s ha sen no wededon in the umber of canes which involve regions trying to etablch their independence, and ne consequence of success fil nationale is he exly adoption of speech fn smarkng linguistic dance beeen che new nation andi clonal antecedents. Two local actors readily fone this distancing. eis inevitable, fs of al, dae when English sin lose conc wth othe angusges i wil adope some Of the characteristics of chose languages, especialy their vocabalary and prosody. The lanes, in parcu- la, can Bea major source of local vary identi at ie heard in the distinctive srew-cmed thythm of Indian or Caribbean English, othe rising intonaions ‘of Auscrian and New Zzaland English (9.249). ©” Secondly the fcc hat English is found all vee the ‘word mea tat wil be edt expres an emp lldled renge of fauna, flora, and cultural features, ‘Word Standard Engh wherestdorp (small town tobe theme. cor vilage) and bree Cpe of Rew) have not. The swords mos estan to world standardization wil be ‘howe which ned have equines ia Sandal Batish or American English such ax oumeh (Sco, ‘outside’ or goa (indian wate). Compose? Tere may be a eat ane which the langage cil eel ctv A nao dna ay faites vier to oe ina pari icon aay om is wourteandad bat may den be pled back We Pave unc when modest within he comminty find Mumseeiget eno, Incresiogydificleo understand what ineingid. Sevegse onset ‘An example of his acu happening wa ep i 1985 by Alan Maley ache me che Brith Coun Gl Reprsntav n Sout nd ‘Mes Indira Gandhi was promped owe o hee Minisy ‘of Econ not olog go co compli of iling sa thds of Bal in Tdi epee afer aneoding an intmiood.mecing at whic she ad ben urable to tidertand he cout fe ian dag eae ing Bhi. The fearures of Indian English which give Me Gandhi problem are well-recognized (p. 360, ‘Whether er econ was representative and infu Wego acon ene tal remain o be sen wich WORLD STANOARD? How ca mae Frerdintiecrigasot fomWorSeerd pow a te Euopean EntaherberThreare Commu anda ‘free mainpoutts‘Eaeghe "hearer one cod ‘gaamnycometobe ‘Sooty elena ryote Samper snithore Space ot ash ch Siemens Sees woh orhter Frotcrnieedsometo Gawvle ete preporlio E&muvancenie tecxy wonroceruy Sipser tid fel Pee hted feelihcoud gtaly the mon commune, ce geromiearew fesurero yom ond ‘cieywnitenone eeu | Seeretiteane THREATENING ENGLISH ‘As English extends worlwide, is presence is widely viewed as beneficial. Aims chs inevationa ine lighy and nina identi (110) ae postive sounding and forward-looking. But thee is another fie othe ean, for English & nor always welcome shen eis perv ointeree with the character oF {eof lc langage Nationals moverents may toa eject t= and wot alvayspesceily “Thnce foes of entagonisen 1 Ts hg mil ines lpg cone jnvo contact with eachother. English sl ase Tisory of borrowing ior ee angungs (653-9) and iralvaye ready Increase lxcon through the expulsion of lan words (p 126). When other la tages borow heavily fom English however, he local ‘eztion may be fr as postive People may complain about the exceive influence of English on thet an frie. and ther country may eren ty Feglatesginsci asin ance) Such aces may be psonately pursued, though ay succes ikl tobe Tied vo esced domains, such sofia publica ‘ion or commines diction. *Lesizl invasion ie Fened Because i i tena the thin end of wedge. Linguisic history contains so eral examples of English pplanting other Ingeages "Cumbre, Comish, Norn, Marx, most Nor ‘American Indian languages. most Auta Aborig- inal languages. Gael, Wekh, Maori, and Hawaiian samgle to retin ther iden. A rsetion can take place, a people become increasingly concious of the Fights of minors, but the atmosphere is inevbly fone of uncertainty and mistris.Small entries fel parca threatened, even if they do at have an English colonial hig at with Denmark and lw Tard. On this tpi, the Language is emotive. “Did English rnurder Ihe” aks one journal headlines English Kling off other languages ss another. English may be recrd ae an offical language breause afi assciaons wit clonal hry. This has happened several mee in ecene years. Tanna. a, English vas joindy oficial wich Sabi unc 1967, when the ler became sce official language. a 1974, Kenya abo replaced Pngsh by Swat as the official language, In Malaysia the National Lan- ‘guage Act oF 1967 dseablished English ar joint ‘fil language, giving sole eats to Maly. In Indi, the role of Engi in eelaion co Hind) and other ‘eponal languages is «continuing eoure of cono- vey (. 101), THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH : 2: wont ENGLISH VORPRNGOLRGH pomnnpeemeest wimsozeneeat || |p ENGLISH THREATENED oa arate, Esteem || | TheempleorKcaa once fgg shoe th Sone sitatons promt pin of ume in or Soeventeinte |, woman, etmulmctcmonte, | while English iselfoFen pow achrext,iteanalso itself show differen levelsof dominance by the contibuting ‘eentneruanearth Sorcerer“ Greretarcarane Gsepucatens” yoeatte equa Tater Sinus snaons ce ester Fashion treet 'No SURRENDER Thebitany ‘Seterear Enncanarwel render ono Scope Sageanaes re Spensiessng Chaneandia Serene we serermysuusneasuny, ‘nat oy Serer cen ieee, oe eee bechtentened Ths developments peraps unsupi ingin countries where Engh cs 3 second o or tg language, bur we might noe expect 10 find it Swthin she tec cid’ of connie whew hac radi cena ie language (107). The heat 8 frsc-language environment cones pereied as real, and can come from evo direions + Suandard English wert in the communicy may come worried by the seca ofa nonstandard vat 2,

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