Sdegus ; Shen Sy Unet woaldr a gordi? Sed Shaving Seong -» Conse LSC0 4 Dowdy dewrvage ford 23 Stability of Slopes 23.1. INTRODUCTION Earth embankments are commonly required for railways, roadways, earth dams, levees and river training works. The stability of these embankments or slopes, as they are commonly called, should be very thoroughly analysed since their failure may lead to loss of human life as well as collosal economic loss. ‘The failure of a mass of soil located beneath a slope is called a_slide.| It involves movement, of the entire mass of soil that participates in the failureé SOIL MECHANICS AND FouNp,, i surface are identical, and therefore, the failure of the slope usually involves q ‘yg: ee mass along a plane parallel to the slope at some depth. Let CD represen a failure plane at depth z below the surface, é Consider a prism of soil, of inclined length b along the slope, and depth z the critical surface, The horizontal length of prism is 6 cos i, and its volume per length of prism is z.b.cos é. Weight of prism =W=y.z.b cos i. *. Vertical stress 6, on the surface CD is given by (23.1) If o and t are the stress components normal and tangential to the surface CD, we have © = 0; cos i= y zC08'i (23.2. a) (23.2. b) The tangential component t is called the shear stress which induces failure along CD and which is resisted by shear strength t, of the soil. The factor of safety of the slope, FIG. 23.1 INFINITE against sliding due to shear is given by 0:2 Hey. 2. cosi and T=; sin i= 7 zcosi sini hh Ret ‘The shear strength t,, in general, consists of both cohesion and internal fi We shall ‘consider two cases of soil: () cohesionless soil, and (ii) cohesive soil q @ Case () : Cohesionless soil. In Fig. 23.2, OA is the failure envelope ft @ cohesionless soil, defined by the equation. 5 y=otan 6 ws i OB represents the locus of the stress components (6,1) acting on the critical suid (Fig. 23.1) for various values of z, For a given slope i, both o and t vary 2, but their ratio ; " x o coti= constant The Tine OB, drawn at inclination i with the c-axis, therefore, represents the equation or ++(23.5) mal stress o ast is smaller So long as i is less than 9, ing case of stabili FIG. 23.2. FAILURE CONDITION FOR AN bility, the angle INFINITE SLOPE OF COMESIONLESS Soh For a given value of no failure will not occur so long than 5, Jn the limitiILITY OF SLOPES sTABI é of slope is referred to as the angle of repose. The factor of safety against sliding is given by (03.6) Submerged slope :, If the slope is submerged, the bulk unit weight y should be replaced by submerged unit weight y’ and o and t should be calculated using y'. Also, g should be determined corresponding to submerged condition. o=7'zo0s"i 3 t=y' zoos isiné Hence This shows that factor safely of a submerged slope is the same as that in dry state. Steady seepage along the slope If the infinite slope is subjected to steady seepage parallel to the slope, the weight W of the prism should be taken corresponding to saturated weight of the soil. Thus, We tee -2.b 608 i, 2 = W/b = Ysa Z COS fs 0= 07008 = Yrnz cos?! ...(), ia ee ee mt a FIG. 23.3 STEADY//SEEPAGE ALONG INFINITE SLOPE wll Sin sation to these, there is an upward force u due to seeping water, given by seliii) = Yw 2.0087 Hence the effective normal stress, 0 ' = 0-H = Yyq ZC0S"i- Yy Z COS? i - =y'z00si 2 ‘ ‘ an Hence pa Stang _ yz cos! itan @ ® T ‘Ysat Z COS Your tani Since y'/y,y is nearly half, the factor of safety is reduced to nearly one-half when ere is seepage parallel to the slope.) Case (i) : Cobesive soil. — In Fig. 23.4, DA is strength envelope defined by the equation y=ctotand (23.7 a) If the slope angle is equal to or Jess than 4, represented by line OB, ite of Stress is reached and the slope will be stable. If a line OF, at a slope $ is drawn, it will cut the strength envelope at some point F, and a state of incipient ie i reached because the shear stress corresponding t0 the dep represented by point Wes %2 DOS ++(23.6 a) no critical| 6 ‘SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDA F equals to shear strength ry. For any depth z less than that represented by poi | the shear stress t is Jess than the shear strength ty and the slope remains stable," example, the depth z corresponding to point C, is stable for the slope of angle ist Hence, if i is greater than 4, the slope can be stable only upto a limited depth as the critical depth H,. The factor of safety against failure, for, any depth z corresponding to point C, of the slope angle i>, is given by ctotand 4 po bactoune 7 Putting G=yzc0s?i and t=yzcosisini, we get e+yzcos*i tang 72.005 =—_—<£ ime Ce er: “yzsinicosi ” tani +(23.7) FIG. 23.4 FAILURE CONDITIONS OF AN 7 'E SLOPE OF COI E Note that for non-cohesive soil, c=0 INFINITE ‘SI )HESIVE SOIL and hence Eq. 23.7 reduces to Eq. 23.6. For the critical depth z= H, corresponding to point F, ty equals + (ie. F=1). Hea we get, from Eq. 23.7, YH, cos i sin i = ¢ + yH, cos? i tan : or H, ¢—__1__ (Oh Y (tan i tan 6) cos i Fa. 23.8 indicates that for given values of i and @; H, is Proportional to cobesitt Rewriting Eq. 23.8, &= (tani - tan $) cos?i oe (BS, YHe ‘The dimensionless quantity om is called the stability number Sq : Sia 8, (B10 THe d | Tet-Fe represent the factor of safety with respect to cohesion, and let cq be & mobilised cohesion, at depth H, given by aa. (Bil The stability number is then written as et c ; Hi 310) OT TH” Ry =(tani-tan})costi From Eqs. 23.9 and 23.12, we getee a srasitsT OF SLOPES or +--(23.13) Thus the factor of safety F. with respect to cohesion, also represents the factor of safery with respect to height. It is based on the assumption that the frictional resistance of the soil is fully developed. However, the true factor of safety is different from and is equally applied to both cohesion and frictional resistance of soil. ‘Submerged slope : If the slope is submerged, y should be replaced by y' 3 also cand © should ve determined corresponding to submerged condition. c+y' zoos itang pales ‘Thus, 7" geos Faint «(23.7 @) sa G 1 a sec?i (23.8a) tani -tan 9 1" (tani — tan g) cos*é Steady seepage along the slope : As in the case of non-cohesive soil, * should be taken with respect 0 saturated weight (Ya) while o should be computed with respect fo the submerged weight. Hence Eqs. 23.7 is modified as under po ott 'z.costitan @ c 42 ime Yoart cos tsint Yen cost sing © You” tant For the critical height z=, corresponding to F=1, we have from above Yeat He cos isin i=c+y' He cos*itan @ =—____—__—_, c (23.8 b) Ga tan iy tan g) C08 Ey Ja pengy oe which gives He Ya Comparing it with Eq. 23.8, it is seen that the effect of shearing resistance ¢ is reduced as compared to Eq. 23.8. Example 23.1. A long natural slope of cohesionless soit is inclined at 12° 10 the horizontal. Taking = 30°, determine the factor of safety of the slope- If the slope is completely submerged, what will be change in the factor of safety Solution ; From Eq, 23.6, F=%= a2? Here @=30°, i= 12° as =2.72 Effect of submergence: When the slope is submerged, y is replaced by y' Cy 'zeos* i) tang _ tan g _ tan 30° aoe a = 2.72 = 7 yrzsinicosi tani tan 12° _ Thus, the F.S. will remain the same, except that ¢ is to be determined under submerged condition, i ma Example 23.2, A long natural slope of sandy soil (9 = 25°) is inclined at 10° 10 rizontal. The water table is at the surface and the seepage is parallel to the slope. Fej os 90H, MECHANICS AND OLN If the saturated unit weight of the soil is 19.5kN/mP, determine the factor of SA the slope. 5 ‘ Mts ying 095-980 ia 25 Solution : From Eq. 23.6 (@), F= 1 aay 19.5 tan 10° Example 23.3. A long natural slope in a c—@ soil is inclined at 12° to the hora The water table is at the surface and the seepage is parallel to the slope. If q y slip has developed at a depth of 4 m, determine the Sector of safety. Take c=8kN/m’, p= 22? and yrar=19kKN/m’. Solution ‘ c+y'zcostitang 8+ (19 - 9.81) x 4 cos” 12° tan 22° From Bq. 23.7 (6) P= cosisini 19 x 4 cos 12° sin 12 23.3. STABILITY ANALYSIS OF FINITE SLOPES Failure of finite slopes occurs along a surface which is a curve. In stability comput the curve representing the real surface of sliding is usually replaced by an arc of a ¢ or logarithmic spiral. Two basic types of failure of a finite slope may occur: (j failure, (ii) base failure. If the failure occurs along a surface of sliding that intersects the slope at or a its toe, the slide is known as slope failure. Slope failure is called as a i (Fig. 23.5(a)] if the arc passes above the toc, or toe failure [Fig, 23.5(0)] if the Passes through the toe. On the 4 other hand, if the soil beneath iT, the toe of the slope is weak # the failure occurs along a sur- OTTTITTTIT? VIVITTIITITT face that passes at some distance below the toe of the slope. Slope failure Such a type of failure is called base failure (Fig. 23.5 ()]. The ratio of the total depth FIG. 23.5. TYPES'OF FAILURE OF FINITE SLOPE (H+ D) to depth H is called the depth factor Dy. For toe failure, D;=1; for base failure, Dy> i. Type of slip surfaces or failure surfaces : The rupture of a finite slope may 3 Place along one of the following failure surfaces 1, Planar failure surface 2. Circular failure surface 3. Non-circular failure sui Planar failure surface may commonly occur in a soil deposit or embankment ¥ a specific plane of weakness. Excavation in stratified deposit ae surface along a plane parallel to the Strata, Similarly, in composite earth dams Surfaces, Hen Of weakness within the bank may consist we cay or tuee sm Eee cater i most cases, actual failure surfaces are curved. Collin observed? ke ‘own a sliding surface, in a definite pattern resembling Selold. Generally, the failure surfaces have ares Somewhat flatter at the ends and § (2) Face failure (0) Toe failure (o) Base aiemeee og STABILITY OF SLOPES oo at the centre. Circular rupture surface was first proposed b; #4 investigations by Swedish Geotechnical Commission justified Leer e hee ae roximation of actual slip surface in homogeneous and isotropic soil conditions. For simple Frealised problems, the assumption of a circular failure surface is sufficiently accurate, Non-circular (or composite) failure surface occur in many practical cases, According to Bennett (1951), non circular (or composite) slip surface may arise in homogeneous dams having one or more of the following : (® Foundation of infinite depth (i) Rigid boundary planes of maximum or zero. shear. and (iif) Presence of relatively stronger or weaker layer. Similarly, according to Morgenstern and Price (1965), conditions for which non-circular (or composite) slip surface may occur in non-homogeneous earth dams may occur are : () Presence of a soft layer in foundation (i) Use of different type of soil or rock in the dam section with varying strength and pore pressure condition and (iii) Use of drainage blankets to facilitate dissipation of pore pressures. Methods of Analysis : The stability of a finite slope can be investigated by a number of methods, We shall deal with the following common methods : 1, Culmann’s method of planer failure surface 2, The Swedish circle method (slip circle method) 3. The friction circle method 4. Bishop's method. 23.4, PLANAR FAILURE SURFACE : CULMANN’S METHOD Culmann (1866) considered a simple failure mechanism of a slope of homogeneous soil with plane failure surface passing through the toe of the slope. Let AB be any probable slip plane. The wedge ADB is in equilibrium under the action of three forces : () Weight of the wedge, = SAB Y=} L.hey @ (ii) The cohesive force C along the surface AB, resisting motion= cm .L (ii) The reaction R, inclined at angle gm to the normal B {a) Culmann's slip plane (b) Force triangle FIG. 23.6. CULMANN’S METHOD USING PLANAR FAILURE SURFACESOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATI, is Ria HS Hence h | Noy AD= GH aint 1 sin @ “ae Substituting in (), we get W=zLy.H— ay fy | If ¢ and o are the appropriate shear strength parameters, the shear stren i i = Weos 0. tan @ (t) along the slip plane is yoo. bt Ds, she Gt ° mm ee — parallel to the plane AC causing sliding is t= Wsing, i «Factor of safety, F= Substituting the value of W in the above expression, we get +574 [sin ((— 0)/sin #] cos 6 tan @ 47H [sin @ - 6)/sin i] sin 0 i c 7 ili sll Let cy be the mobilised cohesion = and = angle of mobilised friction : me) Considering AB to be the failure plane, we have, from force poyg =un- shown in Fig. 23.7 (6), alm k = fies are fe sin(®-@m) sin (90° + @m) COS Om - : ce-L _ phy Hsin (9) Substituting for the weight W, we get wo-ar = “Ta Tee Ge o =e 9%] bcos i sec gm sin (i- 6) sin 0 =n) ...23.19 YH ‘ where c,/yH=S, is known as the stability number. For failure to occur, the stability number (S,) has to be maximum. In other words, ft ‘most dangerous plane is that for which the angle 6 (=0,) is the such that 5, becomes maximum 4660 dé cos (8 - Om) sin (i - 8) — sin © ~ gm) cos (i- 6) =0 or tan (8 ~ nm) = tan (i - 6) or Making © = 0. = THE SWEDISH SLIP CIRCLE METHOD The method, developed by Swedish engineers assumes that the surface of sliding is ‘an aré of a circle. We shall consider two cases: (i) analysis of purely cohesive soil (6 analysis) and (ii) analyis of a soil possessing both cohesion and friction (c- analysis). @ $.=0 analysis : Fig. 23.7 shows a slope AB, the stability of which is to be determined. The method consists in assuming a number of trial slip circles, and finding the factor of safety of each. The circle corresponding to the minimum factor of safety is the critical slip circle, Let AD be a trial slip circle, with r as the radius and O as the centre of rotation. Let W be the weight of the soil of the wedge ABDA of unit thickness, acting through its centroid. The driving moment Mp will be equal to Wx where ¥ is the distance of line of action of W from the vertical line passing through the centre of rotation. If cy is the unit cohesion and 2 = length of the slip arc M0 = 8, the shear resistance developed along the slip surface will be equal to c, 2, which acts at a radial distance r from the centre of rotation O. Hence the resisting moment My will be equal to r.c,£. The factor of safety F is then given by - Mise cA rete ht .a316 Alternativety, Let cq= mobilised shear re- sistance of soil (6 = 0), necessary for equilibrium. - 9 wx Then W=cnl.r or tm=—a~. 2 > Hence p= £4 - Suh. «..(23.16) ro Wx The distance ¥ of the centroid of the Wedge, from centre of rotation O, can be de- = . 3. 23.7. du=0 ANALYSIS. termined by dividing the wedge into a number ee : Of vertical slices and dividing the algebraic sum of moment of weight of cach slice by the weight of the wedge.SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUND, 612 , 2c i == | devel ; Effect of tension crack : If a tension crack of depth a( za Op, ay will enter in the crack, exerting a hydrostatic pressure force Py acting on the pay, DE at a height 2/3 from E. Hence the arc portion DE will be ineffective in resig, the slide. The modified arc length (L), for use in Eq. 23.16, will be equal to Az (i) c—6 analysis : In order to test the stability of the slope of a -$ sol slip circle is drawn, and the material above the asssumed slip sure “is divided ing convenient number of vertical strips or slices. The forces between the slices are ney and each slice is assumed to act independently as a column of soil of unit thickness and of width b. The weight W of each slice is assumed to act at its centre. If this weight of each slice is resolved into normal (\N) and tangential (7) components, the normal com- ponents will pass through the centre of rotation (0), and hence do not cause any driving moment on the slice. How- ever, the tangential compo- A nent T causes a driving mo- ment Mp=Txr , where r is the radius of the slip circle. ‘The tangential components of the few slices at the base may cause resisting moment; in that case T is considered negative. ° “Sgae-Cenite of rotation If cis the unit cohesion and AL is the curved length of each slice then the resisting force, from Coulomb's equa. T — cure tion is equal to (CAL +Ntan 4) For the entire slip sur- © face AB, we have FIG. 23.8. SLIP CIRCLE METHOD : ¢- ANALYSIS. Driving moment Mo=rZT ; Resisting moment Mp =r [ce AL + tend 3 where E7=algebraié sum of all tangential components EN= sum of all normal components(STABILITY OF SLOPES 613 2n 18 5 EAL=L =3E>= length AB of slip circle Hence factor of safety against sliding is paMa ch + tan 6 ZN ber of trial slip circl Mo a ae A number of trial slip circles are chosen and factor of safety of each is computed. ‘The circle giving the minimum factor of safety is the critical slip circle “es In order to find EN and ZT, N-curves and T-curves are drawn (Fig. 23.8 (©), (@) by making the ordinates of these diagrams equal to N and T values for different strips and joining them by smooth curves. The area of these diagrams can be measured with the help of planimeter and EN and £7 can then be computed, A simplified rectangular plot method has been suggested by Singh (1962). Referring to Fig. 23.9, Let a..z be the boundary ordinates of the slices. Let the width of . each slice be & and the width of the last slice be mb. The total weight EW of the sliding sector, in terms of area, may be written as LW=atat «--(23.18) ‘This shows that the weight can be taken cor- responding to the end or- dinate of each slice. This ‘weight can be resolved into corresponding N and T components, Then the N- rectangle is plotted by measuring various N-values (Le. Ny Nyse etc) as ab- seissa and the constant width b as the ordinate. Ng(t+m) Similarly, 7 rectangle can “we ‘be constructed. JON, HNN ON ef Ns—ofe Nee Ny It should be clearly YE) enandwaocamae 22 WLM plot method if there are {b) N-Rectangle n-slices, the total number of ordinates will be ry (n-1), the ordinates at Fark FD the end of the last strip Zit ee strip 9) being zero. Toe, ‘Ay= ie v= area of N-rectangle (6) T Rectangle in sq. cm, y = unit weight FIG. 23.9 RECTANGULAR PLOT METHOD. Ta Ta Tae Te‘SOIL MECHANICS AND Foy a4 is 1cm=x metres, then| x? and its volume =AyxX% x 1m? per meife . of the soil of (kN/m*) and if the scale of drawing of N-rectangle in square metres = Ay - of the dam. Hence EN=Ay. xy KN The third method of comp : Similarly © ET =Ar-x° 7 KN ting EN and E7 is vith the help of table shown by TABLE 23.1 N=W cos a ’ Slice No. Wa Nn in Sum EN= an {_tte The method of slices is a general method which is equally applicable to homoge soils, stratified soils, fully or partly submerged soils, non-uniform slopes and to cases 9 seepage and pore pressure exist within the soil. Method of locating centre of critical slip circle. In order to reduce the ma of trials to find the centre of critical slip circle, Fellinious has given a method of lo- cating the locus on which the probable centre may lie. For a homogeneous c- soil, the centte of slip circle lie on a line PQ, in which the point Q has its co-ordinates H downwards from toe and 4.5 H horizontaly Locus of centre away, as shown in Fig. 23.10. The other oq! S'? point P is located with the help of directional angle « and B given in Table 23.2. When the line PQ is obtained, trial centres are obtained on it and factor of safety corresponding to each centre is cal- culated from Eq. 23.17. These various fac- tors of safety so obtained are plotted as ordinates on the corresponding centres (Fig. 23.10) and a smooth curve is obtained. The centre corresponding to the lowest factor of safety is the critical circle centre . For i 45H —— 2 4 =0 soil, P represents the centre of the r1g, 25.10, FELLINIOUS METHOD OF 100" critical circle. CENTRE OF CRITICAL’ SLIP CIRC!TABILITY OF SLOPES Slope angle (i Directional angles Cy 45 26.6 93.6. STABILITY OF SLOPES ( "The stability of slopes of an earth dam is tested under the following conditions: 1. Stability of downstream slope during steady seepage. 2, Stability of upstream slope during sudden drawdown. 3. Stability of upstream and downstream slopes during and immediately after construction. 1. Stability of downstream slope during steady seepage : Critical condition of ds slope occurs when the reservoir is full and percolation is at its maximum rate. The direction of seepage forces tend to decrease the stability. In other words, the pore water pressure (U) acting on the soil mass below the saturation line reduces the effective stress responsible for mobilising shearing resistance. The factor of safety in this case is given cL +tang’ 2(0V-U) by nt ar where EU = total pore pressure on the slip surface and c’ and 4" are the shear parameters based on the ef- fective stress analysis The pore water pres- sure at any point is repre- sented by the piezometric head A, at that point. Thus, the variations of pore water pressure along a likely slip surface is obtained by meas- uring at each of its inter- sections with an equipotential Tine, the vertical height from ee naection to the level at which the equipotential line cuts the phreatic line. The po et Sure Pore pressures represented by yg, 23.11. STABILITY OF D/S SLOPE DURING STEADY SEEPAGE. ++(23.19) Phreatic line Critical slip ‘rele a616 SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION, Vertical height so obtained are plotted to scale in a direction normal to the sliding su at the respective points of intersection. The distribution of pore-water pressure on the verti slip surface during steady seepage is shown in Fig. 23.11. The area of U-diagram ca be measured with the help of a planimeter, or else the rectangular plot method cap te utilised. If Ay is the area of U-diagram (cm?), then EU=Ay xxx yy KN, where ri the scale of drawing (i.e. 1 em =. metres), and yy is the unit weight of the water in kN/q! In the absence of a flow net, the factor of safety of the d/s slope can be approxima cL +tan orn’ sp +Q3.29) where the normal components N’ are to be calculated on the basis of buoyant unit weigh y' of the dam while 7 components are to be calculated on the basis of saturated ‘Unit weight. \-2=0) with different depth factors. TABLE 23.5. TAYLOR’S STABILITY NUMBER SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATIO\, Table 23.6 gives the stabity 0.261 0.239 0.218 0.219 0.195 0.173, 0.152 0.134 0.7 60° 0.191 0.162 0.138 0.116 0.097 0.079 45° (0.170) 0.136 0.108 0.083 0.062. 0.044 30° (0.156) (0.110) 0.075 0.046 0.0625 0.009 152 0.145) (0.068) (0.023) =, = = [Note. Figures in brackets are the most dangerous circle through the toe when a more dangerous ci passing below the toe exists.) TABLE 23.6. VALUES OF Sq‘ FOR SLOPES IN COHESIVE SOILS (@=0) WITH DIFFERENT DEPTH FACTORS Stability number Sn Stopeiexel® Depth factor Dy 1 15 2 3 © 90 0.261 75 0.219 A 0.191 33 0.181 0.181, 0.181 0.181 0.181 45 0.164 0.174 0.17 0.180 0.181 30 0.133 0.164 o1n 0.178 0.181 25 0.113, 0.153, 0.166 0.175 0.181 15 0.083 0.128 0.150 0.167 0.181 18 0.054 0.080 0.107 0.140 o.t8tTT. DE a Ee grat OF SLOPES as nosing Taylor's stability curves, and effective value gq = tan 2 { me ) should therefore pe wken instead of 6 AS 20 OP” 0 proximation, however, dm, may be 5, 20261 022 fori= 90° taken equal 10 7,» For example, if g = 18° and 0. _} 1 18° _ 12°. The value of re fel tex ppe 2 The value o ote 5, is then taken from the table (or chart) corresponding t0 $n eZ yor purely frictional soil 3 o14 oy (c=0), the stability number is zero, 5 Ly Dat 2. ind Taylor's stability curves do not 2 0.1/1 apply. The stability of slope then 8 |o,= tntrely depends upon the slope angle 0.10 i. imespective of the height of the Z slope. 8 In Eq. 23.28, F is the factor ofsafety with respect to shear strength, ie F= Fr= Fp. In order to determine thevalve F atti and error procedure = “(I is adopted. aa { To start with, a value of Fy is assumed and the value of oO 70 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Slope angle aft Om tan ‘( me) is found, Then ° from Table 23.5 (or Fig. 23.15), FIG. 23.15. CHART OF TAYLOR'S STABILITY NUMBER. 5, is found for this value of Gm» and slope i- Then from Eq. 23.27, Fe is determined by the relation, Reger ; i of F. is not equal to Fy, another value of F, is assumed a steps are repeated to get the corresponding & eFiake ‘Three or four such trials will give three or u eben of values of (Fy, F.), from which a plot is made a as F, and F, as shown in Fig. 23.16. The point P *s Fer, hei of ‘this curve with a 45° line gives shear he, ns required factor of safety with respect to iin” defined by Eq. 23.26. See example 23.9 for E FIG. 23.16 . If this value oe ya - SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDA, the drained cohesion and, angle water content, and neple may be obtained from Tayig Long term stability : For long term stability, the | shearing resistance has to be used. Assuming no change in seepage effect, an approximate idea of the long term stability stability curves. . the Stability of submerged slope : When the slope '§ A ee de ae density y', and weighted frictional angle gw given by the i used for computing stability number Si. wt me) Cs wont (R Wieden kat 23.29 or Oe -L(£) If Fe=1. n=, and hence ev = Fo ie Yeor For long term stability, the drained cohesion and angle of shearing resistance by to be used, Assuming no change in water content and neglecting seepage effects, an approxina idea of the long term stability may be obtained from Taylor's stability curves. When th slope is fully submerged, submerged density y’ should be used in Eq. 23.27 and if te slope is saturated by capillary water, Yzy should be used. In the case of sudden drawdown, the weighted frictional angle $y (given by Eq. 23.30) should be used in finding te stability number, and Yq should be used in Eq. 23.28. t= Lo «(23.29 Ysat Example 23.5. Calculate the factor of safety with respect to cohesion, of a dg slope laid at I in 2 to a height of 10 m, if the angle of internal friction = 10° ; c= 25 kN/ and y=19kN/m. What will be the critical height of the slope in this soil: ? Solution i=tan"!} =26.5° For i =26.5° and $ = 10°, S, = 0.064 But Sie : =< 25 far o Fe= The critical height H. is given by fag SnyH_ 0.064 x 19 x 10 bee He= Fe. H = 2.06 x 10 = 20.6 m Alternatively: = 25 eyes Meo T Sx OG ~ 206m Example 23.6, i ple 23.6. A slope is to be constructed at an inclination of 30° with the horizon lope at factor of safety of 1.5. The soil has the followitt + = 22.5° and y= 19 kN/n’, frictional angle 6,, Properties: c= ISkKN/n® Solution. The mobilised is given by ven by me (BHSOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDAng i 4355, . Factor of safety = Me = vier tension cracks ; (©) Factor of safe ryelop and ater fis in these, Hydrostatic Pressure Pw a vipa, GC a a height z0/3 from point G. Hence shear resistance will not | avaiable for the are portion GC. The effective arc length for soil 1 will be BG ogy wv . for’ which the angle ,’. will be lesser than 6) { 25 9.105) mi. Now a=% (when @ = 0) = “G9 point G at 2.105 m below the level FC. 14° (By ‘measurement from Fig. 23.22) Hence locate Then angle sre je a22 m a angina 22) xa Mp=9 202.2 1+ 35 «1131 x 1) = 3958 kNem/m run The disturbing moment will however remain the same. : Factor of safes 325% 21.29, 9, \BISHOP’S METHOD OF STABILITY ANALYSIS\ shop_(1955) took into consideration thé forces acting on the sides of the which were neglected Swedish method. The slip surface is assumed to be an of a circle and the factor of safety against sliding is defined as the ratio of the shear strength of soil to that required to maintain limiting equilibrium (i.e. mobilised strength): ra¥ B31 where y= shear strength ; t=mobilised shear 2 His method also takes into account the pore pressure acting on the slice. Let Ey and Ey, 1 = resultant horizontal forces on the section n and n-+ 1 respectively Xn and Xn+1= resultant vertical shear forces W=weight of slice P=total normal force acting at the base of the slice S=shear force acting along the base of the slice z=height of the slice '=length of the arc ab of the slice 6=horizontal width of the slice O= os fone of re oats ab of the slice with horizontal ‘Ontal distance of the slice from the centre of the rotation. The normal stress ¢ on the slice =?ee, sraBILITY OF SLOPES a ‘if wis’ the pore pressure, the effective stress is P onus x u «+(23.31) —«——_40 Centre of ‘otation oe Beran 2 senorita Now, F= z (3.32) Hence shear force ++-(23.33) or Resolving forces on the slice vertically, we get Pcos@+Ssin@ =W+Xn—Xnvt (23.34) Substituting P= P‘+ul and the value of S from Eq. 23.33 and simplifying we get W+ Xn —Xnes ~ ul cos 0 - Glin 8 pe cos 6 + sin o 2 «.(23.35) Consider the equilibrium of the whole sliding wedge AabB. Since no external force acts on the surface of the slope, we haveSOIL MECHANICS AND Foy, eS ™“ ryWx=LSralt ir EW B= a 23,33. and 23.36, we have Hence from Eqs. i = set + (P - ul) tan $' F swat! ¢ _ sic'l+ P' tan $] swe Substituting the value of P’ from Eq. 23.35, we get a {i+ Xe Xavs—uleos 0-F rang} | ti a cl+tan + nome | (Bs Wx cos 0 + SiO tan 6 y Substituting x=rsin 0, b=[cos | be, (wee nat} | Ww and Xn-Xa+i%0, we get 1 , 4 ___sec @ i Povo) [eee mantle 5 F For partly submerged slope, a similar treatment leads to the following expression 1 x sec | i —— _ | e+ (i + We — ib) tan 4'} x —— |. a | (Wi + Waid) tan ¢'} Tun an F d where W; = full weight of the slice above the free water surface | W,= submerged weight of soil in the soil below the free water surfice — i= pore water pressure expressed as an excess over the hydrostatic corresponding to the water level outside the slope. Eqs. 23.40 and 23.41 contain factor of safety in both .sides. The solution of trial and error. To avoid necessary trial computations, Bishop and Morgenstera tl! gave the following expression for the factor of safety : F=m- nr oo when m and n are stability coefficients, to be obtained from charts prepared by ™%) for various values of a Dy (depth factor) and r,. | During and immediately’ after the end of construction, the pore pressure 1 my Aum, B do may be written as nats, . wow ye YZSTABILITY OF SLOPES Taking 4j~0 at optim imum water conte 7 oF tent, and substituting where B= overall pore pressure coefficient «4! aa From the Skempton’s pore pressure equation 4u=Bldo+Ac-acy] Fe 4 Ag, Ba rca we get pe BIK+ AN) T= 80 = aya &™ 23.10. EXAMPLES FROM COMPETETIVE EXAMINATIONS Sears Example 23.17. Stability analysis te following results Sum of tangential forces = 150 kN: sum of normal forces =320 kN Sun of neutral forces =50 RN; lengih of failure surface = 18 m fective ancle of shearing resivance =15°, Efecve cokesion = 204d A a Ao's_As~au Ke Ag~Au ee So, Ao-au os Aovmye we ger 1423.43) (23.44) (23.45) by the method of slices for 1:1 slope on the critical tip gave Calculate the factor safety with respect 10 the shear strength. (Civil Services Exam. 2002) Solution L +(EN- ZU) tung _ 20% 18 + 20-50) tan 15° rs Example 23.18. A slope isto be consirucied in a soll for which 7 =0 and Bx 36 FS.= 2882 is to be ‘assumed that the water level may occasionally reach the surface of a slope, with Seepage taking place parallel 10 the slope. Determine the maxinum slope angle for a factor of safely 1.5, assuming « potential Failure surface parallel 10 the slope. What would be the factor of safety of the slope, constructed ot ‘his angle, if the water table should be well below the surface ? The saturated unit weight of the soil is 19kN/me, (Gate Exam. 1994) Solution (@ Seepage parallel to. slope w = Yor - £608 4 zoe = 02 608 i= Ysa 2008 | : no. 2324 ore presure = yw cos! yung ¥_ (@=w tang _ y zoos' itang eonene. Saat t + Yea 2008 88 F. 99,81 = 9.19 KN/m? Here, ya = 19 KN/m? 3 Faure plane 23.6 0)