UNIVERSITI FINAL EXAMINATION JANUARY 2014 SEMESTER COURSE : CBB3033/CCB3033 - ADVANCED TRANSPORT PROCESSES / TRANSPORT PHENOMENA DATE : 30" APRIL 2014 (WEDNESDAY) TIME : 9:00 AM — 12:00 NOON (3 hours) INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Answer ALL questions from the Question Booklet. Begin EACH answer on a new page in the Answer booklet given. Indicate clearly answers that are cancelled, if any. Where applicable, show clearly steps taken in arriving at the solutions and indicate ALL assumptions, if any, Do not open this Question Booklet until instructed. There are NINE (9) pages in this Question Booklet including the cover page and appendices, Universiti Teknologi PETRONASa. CBB3033/CCB3033 In a preliminary design of an ammonia plant, it is desired to estimate the viscosity of the synthesis gas at 37 °C and 28.5 atm. The relevant physical properties of the gases and the compositions of the synthesis gas are given in TABLE Q1. Estimate the viscosity of the synthesis gas using the information in APPENDIX Aand APPENDIX B. TABLE Q1: Physical properties and Composition Species [Mf x T Pe te He 2.016 075 333 [128 | 3.47«10" Ne 28.02 0.25 [126.2 | 335 | 1.80x10" where M= molecular mass concentration in mole fraction = Critical Temperature in K P,=crtical Pressure in atm H4--Viscosity in poise (8 marks} The thermal conductivity of CH, at 300°C and 1atm is 0.03427 Wim-k. The critical temperature and pressure of CH, are 191 K and 45.8 atm, respectively. Estimate its thermal conductivity at 400°C and 1Satm using the corresponding state principle graph given in APPENDIX C. [6 marks] The generalized Newton's law of viscosity is given in APPENDIX A. Derive the simplified form for incompressible Newtonian fluid for 2 and jy with appropriate justification for any simplification step and discuss the results. [6 marks]CBB3033/CCB3033 ‘A Newtonian fluid is flowing in a laminar flow in a narrow slit between two stationary horizontal parallel plates shown in FIGURE Q2due to pressure difference. The length and width of the plates are L and 1, respectively. The height of the slit, y, is very small compared to its width, resulting in negligible “edge effects’. Po 4 _______,| FIGURE Q2: Flow between two horizontal parallel plates a. Analyse the system using the shell balance approach and develop the equations for momentum flux and the velocity distribution. (12 marks] b. Sketch the momentum flux and velocity profile and interpret the results, [4 marks] c. Analyse the equation for the velocity distribution and determine the maximum velocity. [4 marks}CBB3033/CCB3033 A cylindrical rod of radius xR moves axially with a velocity v,= walong the axis of cylindrical cavity of radius R as shown in FIGURE Q3, The pressures at both ends of the cavity are the same so that the fluid moves through the annulus region solely because of the rod motion. Cylinder of inside Fluid at modified radius R uid at modified pressure Py \ pressure Pp Rod of radius xR moving with velocity v9 FIGURE Q3: Annular flow with inner cylinder moving axially a. Analyse the flow in the narrow annular region and formulate the equations for the velocity distribution and the momentum flux stating the appropriate assumptions and boundary conditions. [8 marks] b. Determine the viscous force acting on the external surface of the rod over the length L. [8 marks] ©. Compare the viscous force acting on the external surface of the rod and the internal surface of the cylinder in the narrow annular region and make your conclusion. [4 marks]CBB3033/CCB3033 A process stream is being carried by a standard steel pipe shown in FIGURE Q4 having an internal diameter of 52.501 mm and wall thickness of 3.912 mm. The pipe is insulated with two layers industrial thermal insulation materials of 50 mm thickness each. The inner surface temperature of the pipe, 7p, is 120°C and the outer surface temperature, 73, of the second insulation material is 30°C. The thermal conductivity of the pipe and the insulating materials at the flow condition are given in TABLE Q4. FIGURE Q4:Steel pipe with insulation TABLE Q4: Thermal conductivity of pipe and insulating material ‘Component Thermal conductivity WimK) Steekpipe 45.1722 Insulating Material A 0.0602 Insulating Material B 0.0519 a, Derive a general equation for the heat flux across the outside surface and calculate its value. (8 marks] b. Fora pipe length of 1m estimate the heat loss (heat flow). [4 marks] c. Estimate the temperature at the interface of the insulation material A and B, i.e., 72 [8 marks]5. CBB3033/CCB3033 Microelectronic devices are fabricated by forming layers of thin films onto silicon wafer. FIGURE Q5 shows a description of chemical vapour deposition to form silicone thin film. The chemical reaction is ‘SiH«(g) > Si(s)+2H2(g). The surface reaction is carried out at 100 Pa and 900 K. The distance from the diffuser to the film surface is 6 cm. i Lise —— SiH, vapour and H, gas mixture To vacuum oe Si Diffuser = 0 i * Quiescent 4° POs Ta film Heated plate FIGURE Q5:Chemical vapour deposition of SiH. a. __ By stating appropriate assumptions,formulate the flux diffusion for SiH. State assumptions made. Refer to APPENDICES for general equation of molar flux. [12 marks] b. Ina production of circular silicon wafer, two different diameters are manufactured. Compare and discuss the initial deposition rate of Si in gimin for circular wafer of 12 cm and 8 cm diameter.The initial gas mixture at steady state contains 20 mol% of SiH4. Given; Molecular weight = Si: 28g/mol , Sia: 32g/mol Diffusivity of SiH, in mixture = 4,06x10° cm’/s Total molar concentration, ¢ = 4.188x10mol/om? [8 marks] -END OF PAPER-CBB3033/CCB3033 APPENDIX A fe TOM where [u.]=micropoise, [PJ=am — [1.]=K yee Ha =D Ss where Sx" andy, --L(i, Me) |y,[ae) #) vel M,} Hy) Ma Zeaprd op, } ey Equation of Motion in Cartesian Coordinates Equation of Motion in Cylindrical Coordinates for z-coordinate oy, oy, | Vp OY, oy, op fla 16 a Bey Me MO 1 re Sorte 4k, aa a0 2) a [e! 36 et ht, Relationship of molar flux and concentration gradient in z- direction Ny Dy B44 2,(Ny +N) &=u Reduced viscosity 1, CBB3033/CCB3033 APPENDIX B Viscosity Estimation Curve using Corresponding State Correlations 20 Dense gas Two-phase uo 2 region + os Critical 08 point 05 Low density limit 02 04 0506 08 1.0 2 Reduced temperature T, APPENDIX CCBB3033/CCB3033 09 08 o7 06 05 z 8 z 5 02 03 04 06 08 10 2 3. 4 5 6 78910 Reduced temperature, 7, Fig. 9.2-1, Reduced thermal conductivity for monatomic substances as a function of the reduced temperature and pressure [E. J. Owens and G. Thodos, AICKE Journal, 3, 454-461 (1957)]. A large-scale version of this chart may be found in O, A. Hougen, K. M. Watson, and R. A. Ragatz, Chemical Process Principles Charts, 2nd edition, Wiley, New York (1960).