Nguyn Thanh Bnh

TRNG I HC KHOA HC T NHIN

I HC QUC GIA H NI
KHOA: VT L

BI BO CO THC HNH VT L HT
NHN
DNG PHNG PHP CHUN NI HIU SUT GHI XC NH T S HOT ,

TUI V GIU CA MU URAN V THANH NHIN LIU HT NHN

hng dn:
Sinh vin thc hin:
Lp

Kho

PGS.TS BI VN LOT
NGUYN THANH BNH
CNG NGH HT NHN
57

H NI, thng 11 nm 2015

Nguyn Thanh Bnh

LI CM N
Sau mt thi gian thc hin bi thc hnh: DNG PHNG PHP CHUN NI HIU
SUT GHI XC NH T S HOT , TUI V GIU CA MU URAN V THANH
NHIN LIU HT NHN

hon thnh.

Vi tnh cm c bit chn thnh, em xin by t lng cm n su sc n

PGS.TS .Bi Vn Lot tn tnh, trc tip hng dn, ch bo em trong sut qu
trnh thc hin cc bi thc hnh ny.
Em cng chn thnh cm n tp th nhm nng lng K57-CNHN, thy inh Vn
Thn gip chnh sa nhng thiu st bi bo co ny c tt nht.
D c nhiu c gng trong qu trnh thc hin, song bi bo co khng trch
khi nhng thiu st. Rt mong nhn c s gp , ch bo ca thy c , bn b .
H ni, thng 11 nm 2015
Sinh vin
Nguyn Thanh Bnh

Nguyn Thanh Bnh

1 c s l thuyt
1. Cc chui phng x trong thanh nhin liu Uran c lm giu
Uran t nhin gm ba ng v c chu k bn r ln l 238U, 235U v 234U. Tnh theo
thnh phn khi lng ng v 238U chim 99,25%, 235U khong 0,72% v mt lng
rt nh 234U. Cc ng v phng x ny phn r thnh cc ng v con v bn thn cc
ng v con cng l phng x li phn r thnh cc ng v chu khc v c nh vy
qu trnh phn r to thnh chui cho n khi ng v cui cng l ng v bn ng
v ch.
Cc thanh nhin liu ngay sau khi c lm giu c ba ng v 238U, 235Uv 234U .
Trong ng v 234U l sn phm phn r ca 238U. Chu k bn r ca 234U l 2,5 .
105 nm rt nh so vi chu k bn r ca 238U. Ngoi ra tui ca thanh nhin liu ln
nht khng vt qu 80 nm; v vy c th coi rng ng v 238U phn r v 234U
khng ng k so vi s 234U c lm giu cng vi 235U. Cc ng v trong dy 238U
ng sau 234U ch do 234U c lm giu phn r v. V vy trn thc t coi thanh
nhin liu c lm giu cha s dng c ba ng v ca Uran l 238U, 235U v 234U.
Ngoi ba ng v trn vi cc thanh nhin liu c s dng cn c thm ng
232
v U. Chnh s c mt ca ng v 232U v sn phm con chu ca n l thng tin
quan trng phn bit thanh nhin liu ti x l t cht thi ht nhn ca l phn ng
ht nhn vi thanh nhin liu Uran cha c s dng.
hiu c ph gamma ca cc ng v ny, cn phi bit r s phn r ca
chng theo chui cng nh tnh cht ca cc ng v con chu c mt trong chui.
1.1 Chui phn r ca ng v 238U
Bng 1.1. Chui phn r ca ng v 238U
TT

ng v phng x

Loi phn r

chu k bn
r

238

4,468 x 109 nm

234

Th

24,1 ngy

234

mp
pa

1,17
pht
(234mPa) 6,7 gi
(234Pa)

234

2,455 x 105 nm

230

Th

7,538 x 104 nm

226

Ra

1600 nm

222

Rn

3,824 ngy

234

IT=0,16%

Nguyn Thanh Bnh

218

P0

3,1 pht

214

Pb

26,8 pht

10

214

Bi

19,9 pht

11

214

Po

164,3 x 10'4 giy

12

210

pb

22,3 nm

13

210

Bi

5,013 ngy

14

210

Po

138,376 ngy

15

206

Pb

Ben

238

U l ng v phng x phn r alpha thnh 234Th. ng v con ny cng l ng

v phng x v phn r thnh 234mPa. ng v 234mPa phn nhnh thnh 234Pa vi xc
sut l 0,16 (%) v c hai ng v ny u phn r tr thnh ng v 234U. Chui
phn r ny tip din cho n ng v cui cng ca chui ny l ng v bn 206Pb.
Cc ng v phng x trong chui u c chu k bn r u ngn hn nhiu so vi
chu k bn r ca ng v m 238U. iu ny c ngha rng hot ca cc ng v
con chu ca 238U trong khi Uran t nhin khng b xo trn s cn bng vnh vin
vi 238U. Hot ca cc ng v con chu ny bng vi hot ca 238U. Trong
chui phn r c 14 ng v phng x nn hot tng ca khi ny s ln hn hot
ca ng v 238U hoc ca bt k ng v phng x no trong chui 14 ln.
Trong s cc ng v con trong chui phn r ca 238U khng phi ng v no
cng c th o c ph gamma mt cch d dng. Thc t ch c su ng v trong
Bng 1.1 c gch chn l c th o c mt cch tng i d. Do vy, c th
o hot ca cc ng v ny v t suy ra hot ca cc ng v trc trong
chui phn r. Ch cn phi kim tra v iu kin cn bng.
v phng php ny ch ng cho mu cn bng. C th o hot ca cc ng
v trong chui nh 234Th, 234mPa, 226Ra v 214Pb, 2l4Bi v 210Pb kim tra iu kin cn
bng ny. Trong Bng 1.2 a ra mt s vch gamma c trng ca su ng v trn
Bng 1.2.Mt s vch gamma pht ra ca cc ng v phng x trong chui 238U
ng v

238U
234Th

Nng lng gamma (keV)

Xc sut pht x (%)

49,55

0,0697 (26)

63,28

4,8 (6)

92,37

2,81 (26)

92,79

2,77 (26)

Nguyn Thanh Bnh

234m

pa

226

Ra

214Pb

214

Bi

210

Pb

1001,03

1,021 (15)

766,37

0,391 (9)

258,19

0,075 (3)

186,21

3,555 (19)

351,93

35,60 (7)

295,22

18,414(36)

242,00

7,258(22)

609,31

45,49(16)

1764,49

15,31 (3)

1120,29

14,91 (3)

1238,11

5,831 (15)

2204,21

4,913 (14)

46,54

4,25 (5)

Cn nhn mnh iu kin t c cn bng l mu phi khng b xo trn.

Trong trng hp ngc li, c th cc ng v con s b tht thot v do s ph v
cn bng.
T Bng 1.1, c th nhn thy rng nu i vi thanh nhin liu Uran t ng v
th 4 tr i c th coi nh l dy phng x ca 234U. Ngoi ra bng cch o hot
phng x ca ng v 234Th v 234mPa c th nh gi c ng gp ca 238U sau khi
c lm giu phn r v 234U so vi 234U c trong thanh nhin liu.
1.2 Chui phn r phng x ca ng v 235U
Trong t nhin, ng v phng x 235U ch chim 0,72% trong tng s Uran.
Tuy l hm lng ca ng v ny c trong t nhin khng nhiu nhng do n c chu
k bn r ln nn nu xt v phng din bc x gamma, tm quan trng ca n cng
khng km g so vi tm quan trng ca ng v 238U. Chui phn r phng x ca
ng v 235U c a ra trong Bng 1.3 . Chui phn r ny c 12 ng v bao gm
11 tng phn r v c 7 loi ht alpha c nng lng khc nhau c pht ra trong
chui ny nu b qua mt vi nhnh phn r c xc sut rt nh
Bng 1.3 Chui phn r ca 235U
TT
1
2
3
4

ng v phng x
235
U
231
Th
231
Pa
227
Ac

Loi phn r

Chu k bn r
7,038 x 108 nm
25,52 gi
3,276 x 104 nm
21,773 nm

Nguyn Thanh Bnh

227

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Th
pr
223
Ra
219
Rn
2,5
Po
211
Pb
211
Bi
206
pb
223

18,72 ngy
21,8 pht
11,435 ngy
3,96 giy
1,78 x 10'3 giy
36,1 pht
2,14 pht
Bn

Trong s cc ng v ny, ch c nh gamma ca ng v 235U l c th d dng o

c. nh ca mt s ng v khc nh 227Th, 223Ra v 219Rn o kh khn hn. Mc
d sai s o nh gamma ca cc ng v con c th tng i cao nhng vic o hot
ca chng vn cho php c nhng on nhn v hot ca 235U hoc kim tra v
cn bng phng x ca mu. Trong Bng 1.4 a ra mt s vch gamma c trng ca
4 ng v trn
Bng 1.4. Mt s vch gamma pht ra ca cc ng v phng x trong chui 235U.
ng v
235

227Th
223 Ra
219Rn

Nng lng gamma (keV)

185,72
143,76
163,33
205,31
235,96
256,23
259,46
271,23
401,81
295,22
242,00

Xc sut pht x (%)

57,2 (5)
10,96 (8)
5,08 (4)
5,01 (5)
12,6 (6)
6,8 (4)
13,7 (4)
10,8 (7)
6,4 (5)
18,414(36)
7,258(22)

Trong qu trnh hot ng ca l phn ng ht nhn, ng v 232U hnh thnh. Do

, nu trong mu phn tch m c mt ca 232U, th mu l vt liu ti x l t
cht thi ca l phn ng ht nhn .nhng ta khng cp trong cc bi thc hnh
ny.
1.3. Ph gamma ca cc ng v con chu ca Uran
Con chu ca Uran bao gm rt nhiu ng v. Khng phi tt c cc ng v ny
u pht ra tia gamma. Tuy nhin nhng ng v pht ra tia gamma trong dy phn
r phng x Uran thng c s phn r rt phc tp. Chng hn ph gamma ca
ng v 214Bi c th c ti vi trm nh mc d a s cc nh ny c cng rt
nh, khi o ph ca cc ng v ny lun gp phi sai s gy ra do hin tng trng
phng tng v chng chp nh. V vy khi o v phn tch ph, cn phi chn la
nh phn tch mt cch k lng gim sai s xung mc thp nht.Thng thng
s chn nhng bc x gamma c trng c cng ln v xa cc vch khc.

Nguyn Thanh Bnh

2 Cch s dng phn mm origin trong vic tch ph gamma

2.1 gii thiu v origin 8.5.1
1. Khi nim
Origin l phn mm h tr cho cc k s v cc nh khoa hc phn tch

Nguyn Thanh Bnh

d liu bng cch th hin trn cc dng th.

2. Cc tnh nng ca phn mm
Cc u im ca phn mm:
a. S dng mt cch d dng vi giao din ha v cc kiu ca s con
b. Trao i d liu d dng vi nhiu phn mm x l d liu (Excel,
Matlab,Ladview...).
c. Hin th d liu cn phn tch di cc dng th (Graph) khc nhau mt
cch linh hot mm do. Cc d liu ny c th c ly t nhiu ngun
d liu khc nhau.
d. T ng cp nht cc gi tr
e. H tr lp trnh trn ngn ng c chun (ANSI C).
f. H tr truyn thng thng qua cng COM
Phm vi s dng phn mm:
Hin nay c khong 500 cng ty trn ton cu s dng phn mm Origin trn rt
nhiu cc lnh vc khc nhau.
3. Giao din lm vic trn origin

2.2

Cc thao tc tch ph gamma trn origin 8.5.1

Nguyn Thanh Bnh

S dng phn mm origin tch cc nh gamma khi chng chng chp nhau
hoc tnh din tch vng nh hp th ton phn mt cch chnh xc nht.
trng cc bi thc hnh ny ta dng origin km vi maetro mt phn mm
chuyn dng cho ph gamma .dng meatro vi mc nh xc nh cc knh
ca nh m ta quan tm.

Mun dng origin cho ton b ph ny ta chuyn ph o c dui dng ASCII SPE
th origin mi h tr . cch thc hin: trn maetro vo file/save as trong mc save as
type chn ASCII SPE

Nguyn Thanh Bnh

Sau save li Xc nh knh ca on ph m ta quan tm phn ny l 1163 n

Nguyn Thanh Bnh

1265
Bc tip theo vo origin m file va lu di dang ASCII SPE ln

Ta c mt bng s liu nh hnh trn sau ta chuyn trc cho 1 ct thnh trc y
bng cch nh hnh di: chut phi vo ct ri chn set As Y.

Nguyn Thanh Bnh

Sau v li ph gamma m ta cn tch trn origin t 1163 n 1265

Bc tip theo l ta phi fit hm (fit nh gamma) ta chn Analysic/ Peak and
Baseline/ Peak Analyzer/ Open Dialog.

Nguyn Thanh Bnh

Xut hin ca s Peak Analyzer mc phn Recalculate chn auto. Phn

Goal
chn Fit Peaks (Pro) sau Next

Nguyn Thanh Bnh

Tip n ta xc nh Baseline mc Baseline Mode chn User Defined, b chn

Enable Auto Find, mc Num Ber of Points to Find chn l 2 sau chn Add

Cch Add l kch p chut tri vo im ta chn , chn 2 im sao cho ng

chn hp l nht, sau c Next .

Nguyn Thanh Bnh

Vy l xong phn Baseline .tip theo n phn Find Peak b tch Enable Auto Find
sau chon Add kch p chut tri vo cc nh m ta xc nh l nh hp th

to

Nguyn Thanh Bnh

n phn , sau done ra Next.

Khi xut hin bng trn ta n fit ri kim tra xem cc nh c c feed ng hay
khng. Ri n Finish lc trn origin tr v cho ta cc kt qu cn quan tm nh
sau:
Trong bi ny chng ta ch cn quan tm n din tch nh hp th ton phn Area .
mt ct l N v ct bn cnh ch sai s ca Area
C th vi Peak 1 c Area=40011,770871774,13239, cc nh cn li tng t.

Peak1(Gaussian)

Peak2(Gaussian)

Peak3(Gaussian)

Peak4(Gaussian)

y0
xc
Area
w
y0
xc
Area
w
y0
xc
Area
w
y0
xc
Area
w

0
1180.37124
40011.77087
7.67986
0
1203.06602
30401.7679
9.19244
0
1223.47514
78918.31667
8.84137
0
1243.62958
288691.27753
7.07033

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0.16698
1774.13239
0.39321
0
0.2879
1943.02739
0.67922
0
0.10462
1905.70371
0.24684
0
0.02044
1702.38739
0.04815

Nguyn Thanh Bnh

Hnh ca ph khi c fit bng origin

Ngoi ra nu trong ph c cc nh khng phi dng nh gauss th phn Fit Peak
chng ta chon fitControl v chnh li cc loi nh cho ph hp nht

3.

Xc nh giu ca mu Uran bng phng php chunni hiu

sut ghi.
3.1c s l thuyt

xc nh giu, tui v chy theo t s hot , cn phi xc nh t s hot

ca cc ng v phng x trong mu. phng php ph gamma chnh l vic s
dng cc tia gamma a nhm, ngha l o hai hay nhiu nh gamma vi nng lng
tng t nhng t cc ng v khc nhau, t t l hot c th suy ra c cc tnh
cht khc nhau nh giu, hm lng hay tui ca nhin liu hay mu Uran.
Vic tnh t l hot c th hin qua cng thc sau:
A1
A2

n1. Br 2. 2. 2. 2
n 2. Br 1. 1. 1. 1

(1.1)

Trong A1, A2 l cc hot ca 2 ng v 1 v 2 tng ng; n1, n2 l s m ti

cc nh tng ng vi cc tia gamma 1 , 2 vi mt nng lng c th E1, E2 t
ng v 1 v 2 tng ng; Br1 Br2 l cng ca tia 1 v 2
1, 2 l gc chiu ti detector ca 1 v 2
Hai gi tr ny thc cht l hon ton ging nhau v c o trn cng 1 mu v cng
1 php o, 1 v 2 l hiu sut ghi ng vi cc mc nng lng E1, E2 ca tia 1 ,

Nguyn Thanh Bnh

2 t hai ng v tng ng; 1, 2 l h s truyn dn gamma n detector tng

ng vi 1, 2.
T biu thc 1.1, qua gin c v bin i, ta c c:
A1
A2

Trong hm

n(E i2)
f ( E)=
Br (Ei2 )

n1. Br 2
n2. Br 1

n1 /Br 1
n2 /Br 2

n1 /Br 1
f ( E)

l hm ca cc gi tr E2i c c t cc tia i ca ng

v th 2. Hm ny c gi l hm hiu sut ghi, hm hiu sut ghi tng ng f ph

thuc vo nng lng nhng khng ph thuc vo hm lng nguyn t ang xt.
Da trn cc tia gamma do ng v th 2 pht ra, thc nghim xc nh tc m
ti nh hp th, ng thi bit c h s phn nhnh, t xy dng c th
n

m t s ph thuc t s Br

hay hm f ( E) vo nng lng , th ny cn

c gi l ng cong hiu sut ghi v n th hin hiu sut ghi o ca thit b theo
mc nng lng trong 1 vng ph. Phng php tnh t s hot da trn ng
cong hiu sut ghi ny c gi l k thut chun trong hay hiu chnh ni.
A1
T cng thc: A 2

=>

m1
m2

n1 /Br 1
f ( Ei2 )

1 2
n1
.
.
2 1. Br 1. f ( Ei2 )

1 m 1 1
.
.
2 m2 2
T 11

1 2
.
2 T 21

(1.2)

n1
Br 1. f ( E i2)

(1.3)

Vy Ta hon ton c th tnh ton t s hot cng nh t s khi lng ca cc

ng v bt k c trong mu o thng qua cc biu thc 1.2 v 1.3. t c th xc
nh c thnh phn ng v cng nh hm lng ca mi ng v c trong mu
nhin liu cn o.

Nguyn Thanh Bnh

tnh ton giu ca nhin liu Uran ta p dng cng thc

1+0.0003479 .

q235 =

A (234 U )
A(238 U )
+6.43 .
A ( 235 U )
A ( 235 U ) .100

vy tnh giu ca Uran th ta i tnh t s hot ca 234U/235U v 238U/235U bng

phng php chun ni hiu sut ghi.

3.2kt qu xc nh giu ca mu nhin liu

hnh 3.2: ph gamma mu Uran xc nh giu vi live time 171650,5s

Nguyn Thanh Bnh

Bng s liu khi x l mu Uran vi phn mm maetro v c x l ph bng origin:

Thi gian o mu l: 171650,5 s
N
120,9
143,7
6
163,3
3
185,7
1
205,3
1
258,2
27

57705
74697
8
33587
7
35680
10
29175
8

N
917
3750
1404
3857
4
2736

62326

652

n
n
Br
Br
n/Br
n/Br
0,3361 0,0053 0,003 0,0000 988,75 15,71
77
42
4
5
67
26
4,3517 0,0218 0,109
39,705 0,206
38
47
6 0,0014
64
94
1,9567 0,0081 0,050
38,518 0,162
49
79
8 0,0006
69
66
20,786 0,2247
0,488
48
24 0,572
0,008
36,34
74
1,6997 0,0159 0,050
33,926 0,319
21
39
1 0,0007
57
04
0,3630 0,0037 0,000 0,0000 477,76 4,997
98
98
76
24
09
93

khp hm bng origin 8.5.1 kt qu thu c ng cong ni hiu sut ghi ng vi

th nghim o mu .
Hm khp hiu sut ghi: f ( E ) = -7,79366.10-4E2 + 0,17782E + 30,25618
Vi chun khp R2 =0,99964
trong E l nng lng bc x gamma
ni suy cc gi tr:
f ( 120,9 ) =40.36
f ( 258,227 ) =24.02

p dng cc biu thc:

Nguyn Thanh Bnh

A (234U )
A ( 235U )

n120,9 /Br 120,9

f (120,9)

A (238U ) n 258,227 /Br 258,227

=
f (258,227)
A ( 235U )

=> q235 =

=24,5 0.4

=19.89 0,21

1+0,0003479.24,498+6,43.19.89 .100

= 0,7758

0.0008 (%)

4. nh gi t s hot ca mu Uran vi cc gc o khc nhau

4.1 Ngun US1 G1

hnh 4.1: ph gamma US1 G1 vi live time 16053,20s

Bng s liu khi x l mu US1 G1

Nguyn Thanh Bnh

Thi gian o mu : 16053,2 s

ng v

214

Bi

214

Pb

234

Pa

Energy
(keV)

Br

Br
0,0033

n/Br
(cps)
148,41
57

609,31

1075958

67,0245

0,4516

1,0845

806,17

24134

1,5034

0,01255

0,00011

119,79
09

1,0500

1120,29

226003

14,0784

0,1478

0,0011

95,252
9

0,7089

1377,67

52309

3,2585

0,03954

0,00033

82,409
7

0,6878

1509,49

25920

1,6146

0,02108

0,00021

76,595
4

0,7630

1729,59

33131

2,0638

0,02817

0,0023

73,263
2

5,9817

1764,49

168342

10,4865

0,1517

0,0012

69,126
6

0,5468

785,96

21684

1,3508

0,01077

0,00011

125,41
86

1,2810

1001,03

14230

0,8864

0,00832

0,0001

106,54
18

1,2806

n/Br

Nguyn Thanh Bnh

khp hm bng origin 8.5.1 kt qu thu c ng cong ni hiu sut ghi ng vi

th nghim o mu .
hm khp ni hiu sut ghi:
f ( E ) = (4,74768.10-563,6902.10-5 )E2 - (0.17820.0161)E + (236,35495 9,60001)

vi chun khp : R2 =0,99182

trong E l nng lng bc x gamma
ni suy cc gi tr:
f ( 785,96 ) =

125,6249 26,1883

f ( 1001,03 ) = 105,5461 32,0987

A (214 Pb) n 785,96/ Br 785,96
=
f (785,96)
A ( 214 Bi )
A (234 Pa)
A ( 214Bi )

= 0,9984 0,0212

n1001,03 /Br 1001,03

f (1001,03)

4.2 Ngun US1 G2

=1,0094 0,0323

Nguyn Thanh Bnh

hnh 4.2: ph gamma US1 G2 vi live time 5114,14 s

live Time: 5114,14 s
Bng s liu khi x l mu US1 G2
Energy
(keV)

Br

Br

n/Br
(cps)

n/Br

214

Bi

609,31
806,17
1120,29
1377,67
1509,49
1729,59
1764,49

278362
6269
60747
14463
6785
8986
45763

54,4299
1,2258
11,8782
2,8280
1,3267
1,7571
8,9483

0,4516
0,01255
0,1478
0,03954
0,02108
0,02817
0,1517

0,0033
0,00011
0,0011
0,00033
0,00021
0,0023
0,0012

120,5267
97,6747
80,3670
71,5236
62,9371
62,3745
58,9870

0,8807
0,8561
0,5981
0,5969
0,6270
5,0927
0,4666

214

Pb

785,96

5994

1,1720

0,01077

0,00011

108,8249

1,1115

1001,03

3805

0,7440

0,00832

0,0001

89,4250

1,0748

ng v

234

Pa

Nguyn Thanh Bnh

khp hm bng origin 8.5.1 kt qu thu c ng cong ni hiu sut ghi ng vi

th nghim o mu
Hm khp ni hiu sut ghi:

-5
-5
2
f ( E ) = 3,37407.10 72,407.10 )E (0,130960,01821)E+(185,1893810,76229)

Vi chun khp : R2=0.98326

trong E l nng lng bc x gamma
ni suy cc gi tr:
f ( 785,96 ) =

103,1028 29,5474

f ( 1001,03 ) = 87,9047 36,2467

A (214 Pb) n 785,96/ Br 785,96
=
f (785,96)
A ( 214 Bi )
A (234 Pa)
A ( 214Bi )

= 1,0555 0,0317

n1001,03 /Br 1001,03

f (1001,03)

= 1,0173 0,0464

Nguyn Thanh Bnh

4.3 Ngun US1 G3

Hnh 4.3: ph gamma US1 G3 vi live time 52978,78 s

live time 52978,78 s
Bng s liu khi x l mu US1 G3
ng v

214

Bi

214

Pb
Pa

234

Energy
(keV)
609,31
806,17
1120,29
1377,67
1509,49
1729,59
1764,49
785,96
1001,03

Br

Br

1875089
48114
510642
123926
62053
77479
400652
43243
30505

35,3932
0,9082
9,6386
2,3392
1,1713
1,4625
7,5625
0,8162
0,5758

0,4516
0,01255
0,1478
0,03954
0,02108
0,02817
0,1517
0,01077
0,00832

0,0033
0,00011
0,0011
0,00033
0,00021
0,0023
0,0012
0,00011
0,0001

n/Br
(cps)
78,3729
72,3645
65,2139
59,1594
55,5636
51,9153
49,8517
75,7876
69,2063

n/Br
0,5727
0,6343
0,4854
0,4937
0,5535
4,2387
0,3943
0,7741
0,8318

Nguyn Thanh Bnh

khp hm bng origin 8.5.1 kt qu thu c ng cong ni hiu sut ghi ng vi

th nghim o mu
Hm khp ni hiu sut ghi:

-6
-6
2
f ( E ) = 1,45853.10 1,00964.10 )E (0,02788 0,00248)E+(94,528011,40643)

Vi chun khp : R2=0.99877

trong E l nng lng bc x gamma
ni suy cc gi tr:
f ( 785,96 ) =

73,5164 3,9793

f ( 1001,03 ) = 68,0808 4,9007

A (214 Pb) n 785,96/ Br 785,96
=
f (785,96)
A ( 214 Bi )
A (234 Pa)
A ( 214Bi )

= 1,0309 0,0124

n1001,03 /Br 1001,03

f (1001,03)

= 1,0165 0,0151

Nguyn Thanh Bnh

Ta c kt qu thu c:
A (214 Pb)
A ( 214 Bi )

US1 G1
US1 G2
US1 G3

0,9984 0,0212
1,0555 0,0317
1,0309 0,0124

A (234 Pa)
A ( 214Bi )

1,0094 0,0323
1,0173 0,0464
1,0165 0,0151

Vy T 3 hnh hc o khc nhau nhng ta thy t s hot xp x bng nhau iu

chng t t s hot khng ph thuc vo hnh hc o.

Nguyn Thanh Bnh

4.4 Cu hi ph ca phn 4:
nu bit s m ( area) ca nh gamma 186 kev th c tnh c t s hot ca
235

U/238U khng?
Tr li

Hon ton c th: sau y l phng php lm:

nh gamma 186keV l nh chp ca 2 ng v l 235U (E=185,71keV)v 226Ra
(E=186,21 keV) v vy s m ca nh 186 keV l tng s m ca 2 ng v trn.
(235U) c phn nhnh Br(185,71)=0.572
(226Ra) c phn nhnh Br(186,21)=0.03533
ta c A(226Ra)=A(214Pb) v A(238U)=A(234Pa) do hin tng cn bng phng x.
4.4.1 trng hp 1: bit area ca nh chp l x v ca nh (235U) l y th s m
ca nh (226Ra) l x-y.
theo cng thc tnh hot ta c:
N
A= G . t L Br .

trong : N l tng s m ca nh gamma, G gc khi ti det,tL thi gian o mu,

hiu sut ghi ca det v n ph thuc vo nng lng.
do 2 nh c nng lng xp x nhau nn ta c.hiu sut ghi xp x bng nhau .do
chng nm trong 1 mu nn G nh nhau.
T lp lun trn ta c:
A (226 Ra)
A (235U )

N (186,21) x Br(185,71)
N (185,71) x Br (186,21 )

0.572 y
0,03533( x y )

A (214 Bi)
A (235 U )

(1)

Nguyn Thanh Bnh

Ta li c A( U)=A(
238

234

A (234 Pa)
Pa) => A ( 214Bi )

A (238 U)
(2)
A ( 214Bi )

tnh c cc phn

trn.
T (1) v (2) ta hon ton tnh c t s hot ca 235U/238U.
4.4.2 trng hp 2: ch bit nh tng 186 keV (trng hp ny thng gp v vic
bit s m ca 1 trong 2 nh gamma 185,71 keV vi 186,21 keV l rt kh.
Cch thc hin: chng ta tnh nh 185,71 keV ca 235U bng cch xy dng hm ni
hiu sut ghi ca 235U l f (E) sau thay E=185,71 vo ta tnh c
n(185,71)/Br(185,71) ta bit h s phn nhnh Br(185,71)=0,572
t y => c N (185,71)
t =>

N (186,21) = N (186) - N (185,71)

bit c s m ca 2 nh chp.

theo cng thc tnh hot ta c:

N

A= G . t L Br .
trong : N l tng s m ca nh gamma, G gc khi ti det,tL thi gian o mu,
hiu sut ghi ca det v n ph thuc vo nng lng.
do 2 nh c nng lng xp x nhau nn ta c.hiu sut ghi xp x bng nhau .do
chng nm trong 1 mu nn G nh nhau.
T lp lun trn ta c:
A (226 Ra)
A (235U )

238

N (186,21) x Br(185,71)
N (185,71) x Br (186,21 )

Ta li c A( U)=A(

234

0.572 y
0,03533( x y )

A (214 Bi)
A (235 U )

(3)

A (234 Pa)
A (238 U)
Pa) => A ( 214Bi ) = A ( 214Bi ) (4) tnh c cc phn trn.

Nguyn Thanh Bnh

T (3) v (4) ta hon ton tnh c t s hot ca 235U/238U.

5 . s dng phng php ni hiu sut ghi tnh giu ca mt mu

Uran c khi lng mu khc nhau.
5.1 mu U36-2010-10cm-5.55g

Hnh 5.1: ph gamma U36-2010-10cm-5.55g vi live time 172751,16 s

Bng s liu khi x l mu U36-2010-10cm-5.55g vi phn mm maetro v c x
l ph bng origin:
Thi gian o mu l: 172751,16 s
ng
v
234U
235U

E(keV)
120,9
143,7
6
163,3
3
202,1
1

N
11657
3
15480
40
77122
5
16407
34

N
929
4397
2594
804

0,6748
03
8,9610
98
4,4643
69
0,9535
91

0,0053
78
0,0254
53
0,0150
16
0,0046
54

Br
0,003
4
0,109
6
0,050
8
0,010
8

Br
0,0000
5
0,0014
0,0006
0,0003

n/Br
198,47
15
81,761
84
87,881
29
88,295
49

n/Br
3,31
97
1,06
99
1,07
92
2,49
02

Nguyn Thanh Bnh

238U

205,3
1
258,2
27

77129
4

4877

2258

454

4,4647
69
0,0130
71

0,0282
31
0,0026
28

0,050
1
0,000
76

0,0007
0,0000
24

89,117
14
17,198
45

1,36
67
3,50
04

khp hm bng origin 8.5.1 kt qu thu c ng cong ni hiu sut ghi ng vi

th nghim o mu .
Hm khp hiu sut ghi: f ( E ) = -0,00464E2 + 1,73366E -71,59798
Vi chun khp R2 =0,97351
trong E l nng lng bc x gamma
ni suy cc gi tr:
f ( 120,9 ) =69,6122
f ( 258,227 ) =66,6792

p dng cc biu thc:

A (234U )
A ( 235U )

n120,9 /Br 120,9

f (120,9)

=2.851 0,048

Nguyn Thanh Bnh

A (238U ) n 258,227 /Br 258,227

=
f (258,227)
A ( 235U )

=> q235 =

=0.279 0,037

1+0,0003479.2,828+6,43.0,258 .100

=35,7640.031 (%)

5.2 mu U36-2010-10cm-10,49g

Hnh 5.2: ph gamma U36-2010-10cm-10,49g vi live time 261156,4 s

Bng s liu khi x l mu U36-2010-10cm-10,49g vi phn mm maetro v c x
l ph bng origin:
Thi gian o mu l: 261156,4 s
n
g v

E(keV)

234
U

120,9

194444

206
5

0,74455

Br

Br

n/Br

n/Br

0,00790
7

0,0034

0,00005

218,985
3

3,972323

Nguyn Thanh Bnh

235
U

238
U

143,76

259042
4

223
9

9,91905
2

0,00857
3

0,1096

0,0014

90,5023

1,158695

163,33

132389
6

174
8

5,06936
1

0,00669
3

0,0508

0,0006

99,7905
7

1,18597

202,11

303152

823

1,16080
6

0,00315
1

0,0108

0,0003

107,482
1

2,999838

205,31

143089
0

141
9

5,47905
4

0,00543
4

0,0501

0,0007

109,362
4

1,531861

258,22
7

5418

181

0,02074
6

0,00069
3

0,0007
6

0,00002
4

27,2976
2

1,25488

khp hm bng origin 8.5.1 kt qu thu c ng cong ni hiu sut ghi ng vi

th nghim o mu .
Hm khp hiu sut ghi: f ( E ) = -0,00405E2 + 1,71502E - 72.31156
Vi chun khp R2 =0,99306
trong E l nng lng bc x gamma
ni suy cc gi tr:
f ( 120,9 ) =75,8363
f ( 258,227 ) =100,4941

p dng cc biu thc:

Nguyn Thanh Bnh

A (234U )
A ( 235U )

n120,9 /Br 120,9

f (120,9)

A (238U ) n 258,227 /Br 258,227

=
f (258,227)
A ( 235U )

=> q235 =

=2.888 0,052

=0.272 0,012

1+0,0003479.2,828+6,43.0,258 .100

Mu
giu

=36,3950.0106 (%)

U36-2010-10cm-5.55g
35,7640.031

U36-2010-10cm-10,49g
36,3950.0106

T 2 kt qu trn cho ta thy phng php tnh giu mu Uran hay thanh nhin liu
Uran khng ph thuc vo khi lng ca mu .

Kt lun

BI BO CO THC HNH VT L HT NHN

Bi bo co thc hnh : DNG PHNG PHP CHUN NI HIU SUT GHI

XC

NH T S HOT , GIU CA MU URAN V THANH NHIN LIU HTNHN . cc

kt qu t c bao gm:
1. Nghin cu tng quan l thuyt v cc chui phn r phng x ca cc ng v
Uran v phng php phn tch ph gamma.
2. Tm hiu cc k thut o c ph gamma v tin hnh thc nghim x l ph
gamma, phn tch s liu cng nh s dng mt s php hiu chnh sai s nng
cao kt qu thc nghim.
3. Tm hiu phng php khng ph hy mu xc nh giu ca mu Uran hoc
thanh nhin liu Uran bng ph gamma bng phng php chun ni hiu sut
ghi
4. S dng thnh tho cc phn mm x l ph gamma nh origin ,
GammaVision, Maestro
5. Tin hnh xc nh giu ca cc mu Uran c lm giu cao.

Nguyn Thanh Bnh

Kt qu bi bo co ch ra rng phng php ph gamma v phng php chun

ni c trnh by trong bo co cho php tnh giu ca thanh nhin liu hay mu
Uran vi chnh xc tng ng vi nhng phng php khc. u im ca
phng php ph gamma trnh by trong bo co l phng php khng ph hy mu,
khng cn mu chun, v c bit p dng cho mu c khi lng v hnh dng bt
k.
Ngoi ra tui ca thanh nhin liu cng c xc nh thng qua t s hot
ca cc ng v trong dy 234U, 235U, 238U bng s dng phng php chun ni
hiu sut ghi cung thu c kt qu chnh xc cao so vi cc phng php khc , phn
tnh tui khng c trnh by trong bo co ny, y cng chnh l cng vic d nh
tip tc trin khai sau ny ca em
Bn cnh , qua vic thc hin bn bo co, em c nhng kinh nghim ng
qu trong vic gii quyt mt bi ton thc nghim vt l ht nhn cng nh b sung
thm cc kin thc c bn v k nng thc nghim cn thit
Ti liu tham kho
1. Ng Quang Huy, c s vt l ht nhn, NXB khoa hc v k thut, H Ni,
2006
2. Bi Vn Lot, cc phng php phn tch ht nhn,10-2014
3. Nguyn Vn , phng php phn tch ht nhn,NXB i hc quc gia H
Ni,2005