THE HUMAN

ORGANISM
Mariejim Diane O. Payot, RMT, MSMT
Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Santo Tomas

ANATOMY &
PHYSIOLOGY

Anatomy - study of the structure of body

parts & their relationships to one another
o

Gross or macroscopic

Microscopic

Developmental

Physiology study of the function or

processes of living things

GROSS ANATOMY

Regional all
structures in one
part of the body
or area

Systemic gross
anatomy of the
body by system
Surface external
features

MICROSCOPIC
ANATOMY

Cytology or Cellular cell

Histology tissues

DEVELOPMENTAL
ANATOMY

Traces structural changes

throughout life
Embryology
developmental changes of
the body before birth

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
1.

2.

3.

Chemical Level
Atoms (colored balls)
combine to form
molecules
Cell Level Molecules
form organelles, such
as the nucleus and
mitochondria, which
make up cells
Tissue Level Similar
cells and surrounding
materials make up
tissues

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
1.

2.

3.

Chemical Level
Atoms (colored balls)
combine to form
molecules
Cell Level Molecules
form organelles, such
as the nucleus and
mitochondria, which
make up cells
Tissue Level Similar
cells and surrounding
materials make up
tissues

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
1.

2.

3.

Chemical Level
Atoms (colored balls)
combine to form
molecules
Cell Level Molecules
form organelles, such
as the nucleus and
mitochondria, which
make up cells
Tissue Level Similar
cells and surrounding
materials make up
tissues

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
4.

5.

6.

Organ Level Different

tissues combine to form
organs, such as the
urinary bladder
Organ System Level
Organs such as the
urinary bladder and
kidneys make up an
organ system

Organism Level Organ

systems make up an
organism

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
4.

5.

6.

Organ Level Different

tissues combine to form
organs, such as the
urinary bladder
Organ System Level
Organs such as the
urinary bladder and
kidneys make up an
organ system

Organism Level Organ

systems make up an
organism

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
4.

5.

6.

Organ Level Different

tissues combine to form
organs, such as the
urinary bladder
Organ System Level
Organs such as the
urinary bladder and
kidneys make up an
organ system

Organism Level Organ

systems make up an
organism

THE ORGAN
SYSTEMS

CHARACTERISTICS OF
LIFE

Organization

Metabolism

Responsiveness

Growth

Development

Reproduction

HOMEOSTASIS

ability to maintain a relatively stable internal

environment in an ever-changing outside
world
Communication essential to maintain
homeostasis

HOMEOSTATIC
CONTROL

Stimulus produces a change to a variable (the factor being

regulated)
Receptor detects the change; monitors the environment and
responds to change (stimuli)
Input information travels along the afferent pathway to the
control center (determines the appropriate response & course
of action)
Output information sent from the control center travels
down the efferent pathway to the effector
Response from the effector; balances out the original
stimulus to maintain homeostasis

HOMEOSTATIC
CONTROL

Afferent pathways
o

Carry nerve impulses into the CNS

Efferent pathways
o

Carry nerve impulses away from the CNS to effectors

(muscles, glands)

HOMEOSTATIC
CONTROL

Negative Feedback
o

Turns off the original stimulus

Positive Feedback
o
o

Enhances and up-regulates the initial stimulus

Usually harmful to the body

ANATOMICAL
TERMS AND
BODY PLANE

BODY POSITIONS

Anatomical Position human

standing erect with the face
directed forward, the arms hanging
on the sides, and the palms facing
forward, the thumbs point away
from the body, the feet slightly
apart with the toes pointing
forward.

BODY POSITIONS

Supine Position person

lying face upward

Prone Position person

lying face downward

DIRECTIONAL TERMS

Right/Left
Cephalic/Caudal
Superior/Inferior
Anterior/Posterior
Ventral/Dorsal
Proximal/Distal
Lateral/Medial
Superficial/Deep
Contralateral/Ipsilateral
Intermediate

BODY PARTS AND

REGIONS

BODY PARTS AND REGIONS

Abdomen Regions

Organs

Right Hypochondrium Liver, Gallbladder, Right Kidney, Small Intestine

Left Hypochondrium Spleen, Colon, Left Kidney, Pancreas

Epigastrium

Stomach, Liver, Pancreas, Duodenum, Spleen,

Adrenal Glands

Right Lumber Region Gallbladder, Liver, Right Colon

Left Lumber Region Descending Colon, Left Kidney

Umbilical Region

Umbilicus, Jejunum, Ileum, Duodenum

Right Iliac Fossa

Appendix, Cecum

Left Iliac Fossa

Descending Colon, Sigmoid Colon

Hypogastrium

Urinary Bladder, Sigmoid Colon, Female

Reproductive Organs

BODY PLANES

ORGAN PLANES

BODY CAVITIES

Dorsal Cavity
o
o

Protects the nervous system

Cranial cavity within the
skull and encases the brain
Vertebral cavity runs
within the vertebral column
and encases the spinal cord

BODY CAVITIES

Ventral Cavity
o

o
o

Houses the internal organs

(viscera)
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity

BODY CAVITIES

Thoracic Cavity
o

Pleural cavity each

houses a lung
Mediastinum contains
the pericardial cavity;
surrounds the remaining
thoracic organs
Pericardial cavity
encloses the heart

BODY CAVITIES

Abdominopelvic Cavity
o

Separated from the

superior thoracic cavity by
the dome-shaped
diaphragm
Abdominal cavity
stomach, intestines, spleen,
liver & other organs
Pelvic cavity bladder,
reproductive organs and
rectum

SEROUS MEMBRANES

Parietal membrane lines the wall of cavity

Visceral membrane in contact with the
internal organs
Serous fluid secreted by serous membrane;
protects the organs against friction

SEROUS MEMBRANES

Pericardial Cavity
o

Surrounds the heart

Pleural Cavities
o

Surround the lungs

SEROUS MEMBRANES

Peritoneal Cavity
o

Surrounds certain
abdominal and pelvic
organs
Mesenteries hold the
abdominal organs in place;
passageway for blood
vessels and nerves to
organs
Retroperitoneal organs
located behind the
parietal peritoneum

ORGANS OF THE
ABDOMINOPELVIC
REGIONS

OTHER BODY
CAVITIES

Oral and digestive mouth and cavities of the

digestive organs

Nasal located within and posterior to the nose

Orbital house the eyes

Middle ear contain bones (ossicles) that transmit

sound vibrations
Synovial joint cavities

Prepare for a long

quiz next
meeting!