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Quá Trính Kiến Tạo Hiện Nay Theo Thuyết Kiến Tạo Mảng Thạch Quyển
Quá Trính Kiến Tạo Hiện Nay Theo Thuyết Kiến Tạo Mảng Thạch Quyển
CHNG 3
QU TRNH KIN TO HIN NAY
THEO THUYT KIN TO MNG THCH QUYN
Trong bnh kin trc hin nay thch quyn Tri t c chia lm 7 mng ln v mt
s mini mng (hnh 3.1), ranh gii gia chng l cc i tch gin lc a (Baican, ng Phi,
Hng Hi), i tch gin gia i dng (Gia i Ty Dng, Gia n Dng, ng Thi
Bnh Dng), i ht chm (vng quanh Thi Bnh Dng, Min in - Sumatra - Java Philippine - Nht Bn...), i va mng (Hymalaya - Cocase, Timor) v cc t gy chuyn dng
(San - Andes, Romanche, Orient...). By mng ln l Bc M, Nam M, u - , Phi, n - c,
Chu Nam Cc v Thi Bnh Dng. Su mng u gm c min v lc a v min v i
dng, ring mng thch quyn Thi Bnh Dng ch l min c v i dng (hnh 3.2).
Trong qu kh (tr giai on trc Neoproterozoi) thch quyn lun lun c chia lm
cc mng dch chuyn tng i hoc phn k hoc hi t hoc chuyn dng.
Ngoi 7 mng thch quyn nu trn cn c cc mini mng thch quyn nh: Arp, Akht,
Philippine, Cocos, Naska, Caribe, Juan de Fuca, Somali.... Ranh gii gia cc mini mng ny
cng l ranh gii tch dn, ht chm, va mng v chuyn dng hoc gia chng vi nhau hoc
gia chng vi cc mng thch quyn ln (hnh 3.2).
Qu trnh kin to hin nay cc ranh gii mng thch quyn; ra mng thch quyn v
ni mng thch quyn rt khc bit nhau. Ranh gii mng thch quyn c chia lm 3 nhm:
phn k, hi t v chuyn dng.
Nhm phn k li chia ra tch gin v lc a (Rift lc a); tch gin v i dng (Rift
i dng).
Nhm hi t c chia ra ranh gii ht chm, trn chm v va mng. Ranh gii ht
chm li chia ra cc kiu Sunda, Andes, Nht Bn, Mariana (hnh 3.14). Mi kiu ranh gii c
th hin qu trnh a cht ring nh a hnh, trm tch, magma, bin cht, kin trc, chuyn
ng v khong sn i km v.v...
Cc kin trc tch gin thng l sn phm ca ch kin to phn k (divergent
tectonic regimes) xy ra trong trng ng sut cng gin to nn dy ni gia i dng, mng
nc su i dng, rift i dng, rift lc a. vng tch gin trong lc a bn cnh vng va
mng, vng tch gin do t gy trt bng v cc trng tch gin ni mng, bn rift, bn
ko toc,... trong qu kh mun khi phc li ch a ng lc c nht thit phi dng
phng php ly mi suy c, c bit l vic phn chia v xc lp cc t hp thch-kin to.
Cc ranh gii va mng ch tn ti khng lu v cc mng k cn sm c khu lin vi
nhau to thnh mt mng chung. Cc mng trn Tri t ngy nay thay i kch thc t t hn
.......
Trm tch
Dung nham bazan dng gi
Magma mch ng
l magma i l - u
Th li t
Magma mch ng
mant i
Moho
km
gy ang hat ng trong cc rift i dng. Mt s lng ng k cc kim loi ha tan trong
nc mch nng v ngay khi gp nc bin s ngui i, cc kim loi ny c kt ta quanh cc
ming mch. Cc mch nc nng nh th c th l ngun qung nguyn sinh ca cc sulfur Cu
phn lp, l mt t phn quan trng trong mt s khong tch ni la c.
Ch c mt ni m dy ni gia i dng ang hat ng l ra ngy nay l Iceland.
Iceland c cu to ch yu bi cc bazan c b dy ln v ch mt lng t ni la felsic
hn. Cc dung nham c phun ra ch yu dc theo cc khe nt tch i i vi s m rift. Trong
cc thung lng b xm thc su thy r cc h thng dike cung cp vt liu phun tro cho cc khe
nt tch. Ngy nay hat ng ni la v m rift b hn ch trong cc i rift hp trung tm o
ny, v cc tr thnh gi hn dn khi i ra khi rift v pha ng v ty. Xu hng l ph
hp vi s tng trng do tch gin y bin. Vic Iceland tng trng nhanh hn cc phn khc
ca ca dy ni gia i Ty Dng ch ra rng c iu g khc thng, thc vy phn ln d
liu ch ra rng n pht trin bn trn mt im nng trong manti khin sn sinh ra khi lng
magma.
V mt qu trnh thnh to rift i dng khng c nhng nt khc bit so vi rift lc a.
Hin nhin rift i dng l nhng rift hnh thnh cc i dng. Rift i dng gn lin vi
qu trnh m rng y i dng (Ocean Floor Spreading). Thuyt bnh trng y i dng
do R.S.Dietz (1962), H.H.Hess (1960), J.T.Wilson (1963) nu ln (hnh 3.6).
Mc n-c bin
Mc n-c bin
Lp ranh gii
Lp ranh gii
Hnh 3.5. M hnh th hin cc thnh phn min ngun khc nhau gii thch ngun gc ca N - MORB v P - MORB
(hay E - MORB). ( Theo Zindler vaf nnk., 1984).
a: N - MORB xut sinh t nng chy tng phn min ngun manti trn, ngho, ho trn u, ng nht v ng v;
b: P - MORB (E - MORB) dn xut t cc ngun cha cc git hp phn xut sinh t min ngun su hn, khng ng nht
v ng v trn ln vi min ngun ca N - MORB ngho. Min ngun su hn ny cng l ngun ca bazan o i d-ng .
MORB: Bazan dy ni gia i d-ng, N - MORB: normal MORB, P- MORB: plume MORB, E-MORB: enriched MORB.
10
MANTI
Hnh 3.10. M hnh thnh to hai kiu rift (theo Keen, 1985)
Qu trnh pht trin rift khng phi lin tc t giai on a n giai on e trn hnh 3.2.
Chng c th dng li bt c giai on no ty theo s pht trin ca a ng lc hc ca
vng. giai on th nht hin tng to nt lc a thng xut hin cc cu trc chc 3
(triple junctions) cu to bi h thng cc rift to vi nhau mt gc khong 1200, ngha l chia
lc a ra lm 3 mng. Bc tranh r nht v cu trc ny l h rift ng Phi. Ba mng in hnh
ca h rift ny l mng Rp, mng ng Phi v mng Ty Phi.
Cc rift lc a ng Phi l nhng thung lng ln c ranh gii l t gy c to thnh
trn cc lc a. H thng rift ng Phi tri di t vng ng a Trung Hi cho n ng Nam
Chu Phi v c nhiu nhnh tng ng vi nhng giai on pht trin khc nhau. Mt s rift mi
ch bt u m nh rift Rio Grande New Mexico. Cc rift khc nh rift Hng Hi v Vnh
Aden hon ton b ch v lc a v v i dng by gi ang pht trin trong cc rift. Mt
s rift c di do ni la trong khi s khc nu c th rt t ni la. Phn ln nm trn
v rt mng vi cc manti tng i nng cc su kh nng.
Cc rift c chia ra hai kiu. Cc rift tch cc (active rifts) c sinh ra do cc lc manti
v pht trin nhm p ng li s nng vm ca vt liu manti trn nng, tip sau l s b ch
mng v to rift. Cc rift ny, v d cc rift i dng v h thng rift ng Phi, c rt nhiu
ni la. Mt s magma n trc tip t manti trn nng vm, trong khi s khc c sinh ra
do s nng chy tng phn ca v di. Nhm rift khc, gi l rift th ng (passive rift) pht
trin p tr li cc ng sut trong cc mng khi chng chuyn ng gn nh trn b mt Tri
11
12
II
Hnh 3.12. Cc kiu t gy chuyn dng chnh (I) v cc kiu chc ba gia trc
tch gin i ht chm (hm vc i dng) v t gy chuyn dng (II).
13
basins). Nhng cu trc ny pht trin dc theo cc t gy c hin tng dch chuyn ngang v
cng l ni thun li cho s xuyn ln ca magma (hnh 3.13).
14
15
+ G ra i dng (1)
G ra i dng pht trin trn mng b ht chm (mng thch quyn i dng) c
cu trc khng cn xng, vi chiu cao 200 - 3000m so vi mt y ng bng bin thm v
thng cao hn 3000-4000m so vi mt hm vc nc su (ngha l b k hm vc i dng
dc, cn b k ng bng bin thm rt thoi). G ra i dng l ch un cong li ca v i
dng c thnh to do lc p ngang khi mng i dng tin v v b ht chm di cung o
hoc lc a, v vy cao ca g ph thuc vo hng dc i ht chm v tui ca v i
dng b ht chm. B gn hm vc nc su pht trin cc t gy thun dng bc, trong lc
b gn ng bng bin thm pht trin mt s t gy nghch. Cc a ho b hm vc i
dng gn dch v trc hm v c lc b ht chm v tiu bin.
+ Hm vc i dng (2)
Hm vc i dng hin thy l mt n v kin trc khng cn xng nm gia mng b
ht chm v mng chm. Hnh thi v qu trnh a cht ang xy ra ca hm vc i dng ty
thuc vo tc ht chm, tui (c ngha l mt ) ca mng b ht. Hm vc i dng l by
trm tch, trc tin l turbidit c ngun gc cung o. su ca hm vc c th t ti
11.022m (Marian), thng su hn g ra i dng 4000m. Chiu di hm vc i dng t
ti hng nghn kilomet vi chiu rng khng vt qu 50-100km v thng c hnh dng vng
cung li v pha i dng (mng b ht chm). Hm vc i dng hin nay c ng phng
vung gc hoc mt gc nhn vi hng ht chm. Theo mt ct ngang hm vc i dng c
hnh thi khng cn xng vi cnh thoi, mng b ht chm thng b cc a ho, a ly dc
lm phc tp thm, cn cnh lc a c cu trc dng bc thang vi t gy dc. Ch mt phn
hp tng i phng, y hm vc i dng (200-300m) ang xy ra qu trnh tch ng trm
tch. c trng trm tch cho hm vc i dng l trm tch flish, dng flish, cc turbidit lc
nguyn, tuf. Vt liu trm tch c a ra t pha lc a v sau di chuyn dc theo hm vc
vi khong cch rt xa. Khng ph thuc i ht chm c t bao gi song rnh nc su kiu
hm vc i dng ch tm thy c cc trm tch rt tr (Pleistocen, Holocen) v c b dy ch
vi trm mt, lun nm ngang pha gn g ra i dng. gn pha cung o chng thng
chui di cnh treo b li ko vo ht chm, bin dng to nn lng tr bi kt. Trm tch nhiu,
nhanh hay t, chm hm vc i dng khng ph thuc vo ngun cung cp.
+ Cung o khng ni la (3) (cung bi kt)
Cung o bi kt nm pha trong ca hm vc i dng, song song vi hm vc i
dng v thng khng nm trc tip ra lc a m nm ra cung o ni la-pluton th gia
cung o khng ni la (cung bi kt) vi cung ni la-pluton xut hin mt vng gi l bn
trc cung. i lc cung khng ni la khng xut hin m ch th hin mt g un cong ngm.
Cung khng ni la hin nay ch yu pht trin ra ty Thi Bnh Dng v c bit ng
bc n Dng (Nicobar - Adaman - Mentawai - Nias). Cc cung ny cng c hnh dng cong
li v pha i dng.
Cung o khng ni la c cu to nn bi cc lng tr bi kt. Cc lng tr bi kt l
cc tm, vy trm tch, phun tro, xm nhp ca v i dng c hng cm v pha lc a, ph
hp vi hng cm ca i ht chm.
Lng tr bi kt (acretionary prism) l mt b phn ca cung c tng trng do chuyn
i cc t mt mng i dng ang chui xung. Cc lng tr bi kt gm cc nm trm
tch v phun tro c chia tch bi cc t gy cm dc v pha lc a. Cc t gy ny c
sinh ra do bong xc ca cc trm tch v ni la su nng trong mt i ht chm v
s bong xc ny dn n tng trng ra pha ngoi ca cc i cung. Cc trm tch cng c th
b li ko vo trong manti dc theo cc i ht chm. Xm thc ht chm xy ra do mi mn c
hc dc theo phn nh ca tm mng b ht chm xung, c th c h qu ngc li ca bi kt
16
17
H2O
-ng rn - V
H2O
-ng rn - Manti
su (km)
50
ph
in
l
Amphibol phn hu
100
Ec
lo
git
Amphibolit
-ng rn
150
H2O
su (km)
50
ph
in
l
-ng rn - V
H2O
-ng rn - Manti
Amphibol phn hu
100
Amphibolit
Ec
lo
git
-ng rn
150
Hnh 3.15. M hnh th hin v tr hnh thnh i nng chy tng phn
ca i ht chm. (theo Wyllie 1984)
a - m hnh lnh, b - m hnh nng
D - D : -ng ranh gii i kh n-c ca mng v i d-ng ht chm
18
Ra lc a tch cc
V i d-ng
Nhm III
+ + + + +
+ + +
V lc a
i rift trung tm
Nhm II
+ + + + ++ + + + +
+ + + + ++ + + + +
Lamproit
+
Nhm II
Kimberlit
Nhm I
Kimberlit
+ + + + + + + ++ + + + +
+ + + + ++ + + + +
su (km)
Hnh
khi qu
t ch
c mi
kinto
tovvthnh
thnh phn
phn min
minngun
ngunto
to
Hnh 3.16.
14.17.M
Mhnh
hnh khi
qut
chra
ra c
cc
mi trng
tr-ng kin
ra ra
cc magma
kali ni
lc a.lc a.
cc magma
kalimng
ni mng
Nhm I:Llamproit (orendit), nhm II: Cc siu cao kali (leucitit, melilit olivin ,lamprophyr siu kali,
kimberlit
mica) ca i
rift lc a,
nhm
(trachy -olivin,
bazan cao
K, trachyt si
siu
Nhm
I: Lamproit
(orendit),
nhm
II:III:CCc
c siu siu
cao cao
kalikali
(leucitit,
lamprophyr
u
cao K, tephrit leucit n phonolit leucit, minet siu cao K) ca i to ni tch cc.
kali, kimberlit mica) ca i rift lc a, nhm III: Cc siu cao kali (trachy - bazan cao
kali, trachyt siu cao kali, tephrit leucit n phonolit leucit, minet siu cao kali) ca i to
ni+tch
cc.
Bn
sau cung (6)
19
20
21
22
23
24
NI MNG
R
A MNGCHM
3
3
8
2
17
17
7
18
18
5
18
A
Ni mng
Bn st
r a mng chm
10
11
12 13
3 2 14 15
18
16
C
Hnh 3.19. Cc bi cnh kin to mt ai va mng lc a
(theo A.H.G.Mitchell v M.S.Garson, 1981)
A-Bnh , cc bn st v ai to ni va mng; B- Mt ct qua
bn st v h thng cung trc va mng; C- Mt ct qua ai to
ni va mng.
1- Bn st; 2- ai chm vy trc ni; 3- Bn ra trc ni; 4t gy trt bng; 5- Bn ni mng; 6- Bn xit p; 7- Cung
ni la hot ng; 8- Cung ni la ngng hat ng; 9- Cung bi
kt (cung khng ni la); 10- Bn trc cung ni la; 11- Cung
magma do ht chm; 12- ai chm vy sau cung magma; 13Bn sau cung magma; 14- Cung magma ra i va mng; 15i khu; 16- t gy trt bng ng va mng nu va mng
xin gc; 17- i ht chm; 18- ai magma chm vy sau cung
25
3.3. QU
TO
HIN
NAY 3-NI
MNG
THCH
1- CcTRNH
i binKIN
dng; 2Cc t
gy nghch;
Cc t
gy trt
bng; 4-QUYN
t gy thun; 5Phng
p nnkin
; 6- Phng
; 7-mng
Vc thin
vn ng
cc mng.
Qu trnh
to xytcrah gi
nni
nay ca
(chuyn
ng thng ng, nm ngang, un
np, t gy, ng t, magma phun tro, xm nhp, trm tch,...) cng xy ra thng xuyn v
a dng, song quy m, cng lun lun nh, yu hn rt nhiu so vi ra mng thch quyn
v ranh gii mng thch quyn. Chuyn ng thng ng lun xy ra v u khp trong ni
mng song vi tc yu, c ly b (vi mm/nm). Chuyn ng nm ngang th hin mt s
i tch gin ban u v lc a (thi k 1 ca chu k Wilson) v thng gi l rift lc a km
theo hot ng phun tro bazan kim, phun tro tng phn (bazan- ryolit), kimberlit (hnh
3.23). Ngoi nhng i tch gin hp (rift) phn ln thch quyn cn li ca ni mng lun chu
trng ng sut p nh, va do s chuyn lc ngang t i ht chm, va mng ranh gii mng.
c trng cho bin dng do t gy thun listric thng xy ra ra lc a th ng trong thi
k u ca s pht trin (thi k rift) v cng thng km phun tro bazan tholeit. Trong ni
mng cng xy ra ng t yu, va cc i rift, t gy trt ngang, thun, thm ch c ra
lc a th ng. Hat ng magma khng ch i rift m cn ng bng bin thm i
dng, a i, craton. Nguyn nhn ca phun tro kiu ny (Siberi, Bocubay, dy o
Emperator-Hawai...) l do cc li (Plum) manti tri ln. Hat ng magma ni mng kiu ny
v cng quan trng v s c cp k hn phn cui ca mc 3.3 ny (hnh 3.21, 3.22,
3.24).
26
V i d-ng
50
v v v v v v v
v v v v v v v
Thch quyn
(Manti ngho t-ng i,
ngun ca MORB)
su magma
tch ra
100
Plum
150
Quyn mm
(Manti ngho,
ngun ca MORB)
200
Manti giu : khng ng nht do s di chuyn
ca phn nh dung th nng chy tng phn
sut 4.5 t nm.
B sung v i d-ng c b ht chm, MORB
b bin i do phn ng vi n-c bin v trm
tch i d-ng (bin khi v lc nguyn).
27
Rift
0
Nephelinit
Carbonatit
..
.
Kimberlit
V
Moho
100
.. trao i
Bin cht
Kimberlit
..
.
... .
su
(km)
200
..
.
g
-n
Quyn mm
Dung th
-ng
300
Magma
n-c
n-c
Hi n-c
Hot spot dy
ni trung tm
Dy ni gia i d-ng
Ni ngm
Cung o
200
su (km)
Quyn mm ngho
(Delepted Asthenosphere)
400
600
Lp ranh gii
800
Thch quyn i
d-ng nhp vo
min ngun OIB
28
29
30
31
S phn b cc nguyn t khng tng hp ni chung c biu din bng cch chun
ha cc hm lng nguyn t vi chondrit hoc vi bazan sng i dng v sp xp cc nguyn
t theo th t tng dn tnh khng tng hp trong mt ngun cm chc l manti (thng l
lhezolit granat) c biu din t phi sang tri trn trc honh. Cc biu thng c gi
l biu chn nhn (spidergrams) v c hnh gp khc phc tp. Cc ng c xu th dong
ra t u mt km khng tng hp nht ca hnh th ny. Trn biu chn nhn c th ch
ra: 1- cc khc nhau trong cc hm lng tuyt i; 2- cc khc nhau trong cc kiu phn b
tng i; 3- cc d thng trong cc nguyn t ring bit. Mi biu chun ha chondrit
thng dng biu din s phn b cc nguyn t t him. Cc bazan t cc bi cnh kin to
khc nhau th hin s phn b rt khc bit nhau ca cc nguyn t t him. Bazan sng i
dng bnh thng th hin s ngho i cc nguyn t t him nh, cc bazan cung th hin
s thay i t nm bt bn phi hnh n c lm giu cc nguyn t t him nh, cn cc
bazan gia mng th th hin s giu ln c cc nguyn t t him tng i nh ln ton th
cc nguyn t t him. S ngho i v giu ln ca Eu c gi l cc d thng Eu (Eu
anomalies) t hoc vng mt phn ln cc bazan, nhng c th ng k cc magma felsic.
Mt biu chn nhn quan trng khc l biu chun ha bazan sng i dng bnh thng
(normal Ocean-ridge bazans - NMORB). biu ny cc magma khc nhau c th c so
snh ngay vi NMORB. Cc bazan cung chng hn c lm giu cc nguyn t rt khng
tng hp gm cc nguyn t lithophil ion ln (large-ion lithophile elements-LILE) nh Rb, Th,
K, Ba v cc nguyn t t him nh. Chng cng th hin s ngho i tng i Ta v Nb,
trong mt s trng hp c Ti. S ngho i Ta-Nb so vi LILE ln cn c gi l thnh phn
i ht chm (subduction zone component - SZC). Cc bazan gia mng biu l s c lm
giu ton th cc nguyn t khng tng hp v mt s trng hp th hin d thng Ta-Nb
dng. hnh nguyn t ny gi l thnh phn trong mng (winthin-plate component- WPC).
Ngoi cc biu chn nhn cn c nhiu biu a ha c m t phn bit
cc magma t cc bi cnh kin to khc nhau. Chng thng c gi l cc biu phn
bit kin to (tectonic discriminant diagrams). Khng mt biu no trong nhng biu ny
l hon ton thnh cng trong nhn bit bi cnh kin to, v khng nn dng chng mt mnh
xc nh bi cnh kin to ca cc magma c. Ch khi s dng kt hp vi tham kho thm
cc ngun thng tin khc nh l cc t hp thch- kin to, cc kiu bin cht, cc mi trng
trm tch v cc c trng bin dng th cc biu phn bit kin to mi c ch trong vic
khoanh nh bi cnh kin to c xa.
Cc ng v phng x v bn vng (radiogenic and stable isotopes) c th hu ch trong
vic xc nh cc ngun magma. S tng trng ca cc t s ng v con nh 87Sr/86Sr,
206
Pb/204Pb v 143Nd/144Nd trong cc ngun thay i theo cc t s nguyn t cha-con (Rb/Sr,
U/Pb, Sm/Nd tng ng) v theo thi gian. Do , bng cch o m cc ng v phng x trong
cc magma v hiu chnh tui cc c c cc t s ban u m ta c th xc nh c
cc t s cha-con ca cc ngun. Bng cch s dng cc magma tui khc nhau ta cng c th
quan trc cc thay i thnh phn ngun theo thi gian. Cc ng v bn nh oxi, lu hunh v
cacbon cng c th c dng xc nh tnh cht cc ngun magma v cc ng v ny khng
b nh hng ng k bi cc qu trnh magma nh kt tinh phn on hoc nng chy tng
phn.
S dng cc phng php phn nh bi cnh kin to v tnh cht cc ngun magma ni
trn, chng ta c th vch ra mi lin quan gia cc magma vi cc bi cnh kin to nh sau:
- Cc bazan phun ra cc sng i dng (Ocean-ridge bazans - MORB) ch yu l
tholeit vi nhiu mc st gim LILE v cc t s 87Sr/86Sr thp. Mc bin i nhit thp
ca MORB do b sung LILE gia tng theo s gia tng khong cch t cc sng i dng.
- Cc magma trong mng c sinh ra cc o i dng v cc rift lc a, ngoi ra
cn c mt t di cc craton. Chng ch yu thuc v lot tholeit hoc kim v c th l
32
bimodal. Cc kimberlit xut hin cc craton cha cc th t manti v c th cha kim cng,
chng dng nh c sinh ra su 200-300km. So snh vi OMRB hoc vi chondrit th
cc magma trong mng c lm giu LILE, REE v HFSE.
- Cc magma sinh ra cc i ht chm thuc v cc lat tholeit hoc vi-kim v c
thnh phn i ht chm (subduction zone componets - SZC), tc l cn kit Ta-Nb so vi LILE.
- Mt s ni la (v granit) cung c th th hin s tng hm lng LILE theo
su i ht chm (s phn cc thnh phn) v phn ln cc ni la cung thay i thnh phn
dc theo ng phng ca cung.
- Cc magma c sinh ra cc ai to ni va mng ch yu l cc grranit vi-kim
(leucogranite) vi SZC v l sn phm nng chy tng phn ca cc trm tch hoc ca cc
khc trong v.
- Cc granit c chia ra bn loi chnh: 1- kiu M l plagiogranit t ophiolit cn kit
LILE v c sinh ra bi kt tinh phn on ca MORB; 2- kiu I l cc batolit granit t cc
cung hoc cc ai to ni va mng c sinh ra ch yu bi kt tinh phn on ca CAB (bazan
vi-kim) v IAB (bazan cung o); 3- kiu S l cc granit cao nhm c th cha cordierit, c
sinh ra so nng chy tng phn ca cc trm tch cc ai to ni va mng; 4- kiu A l cc
granit sau kin to c lm giu cao d LILE, REE v HFSE c th c sinh ra do nng chy
tng phn v di.
- Cc bazan sng i dng (MORB) c sinh ra do nng chy tng phn ca manti
tng i c lm giu trong cc plum dng tri hoc trong thch quyn c lm giu.
- Cc bazan i ht chm c th c sinh ra do nng chy tng phn ca cc siu
mafic c lm giu trong nm manti. Mc d s kt tinh phn on ng vai tr ch yu trong
s tin ha ca cc magma i ht chm, nhng mi yu t nh cc trm tch b ht chm, s
nhim bn do v lc a, s nng chy tng phn ca lc a v s tn ln magma c th ng
gp vo cc magma .
- Mt thnh phn i ht chm (SZC) c th c sinh ra do thot cht bc ca mng ht
chm trong LILE c lm giu trong nm manti (v sau tr thnh ngun ca CAB-IAB)
trong khi Ta-Nb c gi li trong cc pha st t i trong mng . Do s that cht bc ca
mng ht chm c hon thnh mt trc ni la nn SZC-manti b ko xung cc su ln
hn do i lu hoc s ko l ma st dc theo mng ht chm trc khi nng chy c th xy ra.
- Hat ng magma bimodal c th c gy ra do phn on cht lng mt bung
magma phn i; s kt tinh phn on trong cc andesit thng thng khng c phun ln
hoc trong mt khuynh hng bo th dn ti s di do cc thnh phn felsic-mafic trong
cc bn cung; hoc l do hai ngun magma khc nhau (manti v v).
- Cc d liu a ha v cc ng v cho thy manti khng ng nht cc t l, thay i
t vi mt n 104km, nhiu b phn c tui n vi t nm.
- Cn c ti thiu l bn, c th l su hoc nhiu hn, ngun cha manti thnh phn cht
gii thch cc t s nguyn t khng tng hp v ng v trong cc bn i dng. Cc
ngun cha c th bao gm: 1- manti nguyn thy (primordial mantle-PM) l manti khng h b
thay i v ha hc t khi Tri t c kt li; 2- manti b suy kit (depleted mantle-DM) l
manti tri qua mt hoc nhiu thi k trch chit magma v l ngun ca MORB; 3- manti
cao U/Pb (high U/Pb mantle-HIMU) l manti c t s U-Th/Pb cao v l ngun ca mt s ni
la o i dng; 4- cc thnh phn manti c lm giu khc nhau gp phn vo cc ngun
ca bazan trong mng.
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bc, vi mt s terran bin cht cao hu nh khng c nc. Cc bin i a ha khc cng c
th i km vi bin cht mc d cc thay i hm lng nguyn t chnh c xem nh khng
ng k.
Cc i gia tng mc bin cht c th c phn loi thnh cc tng bin cht
(metamorphic facies) biu th cc khong gii hn ca p sut nng, nhit v hm lng
nc trong v. C nm tng bin cht khu vc chnh c phn nh. Tng zeolit (zeolite
facies) c trng bi s pht trin ca zeolit trong cc trm tch, cc ni la v phn nh nhit
di 2000C v cc su vi lp t hn 5km. Tng phin lc (greenschist facies) c
trng bi s pht trin ca clorit, actinolit, epidot v albit cc ni la, muscovit v biotit
cc pelit. T hp tng phin xanh (blueschist facies) to thnh cc p sut cao (>5kbar)
nhng nhit thp (<4000C), v c trng bi cc khong vt glaucophan, lawsonit v jadeit.
Tng amphibolit (amphibolite facies) c trng bi disten, staurolit v silimanit metapelit,
bi plagioclas v hornblend cc mafic. Tng granulit (granulite facies) c trng bi s
tha tht hoc vng mt cc khong vt ngm nc v s xut hin ca pyroxen.
S dng cc d liu thch lun thc nghim v ng v oxi c th nh gi nhit v p
sut m cc tp hp khong vt bin cht kt tinh. T cc kt qu c th khoanh nh cc
su chn vi ca cc ai bin cht m nay l ra trn mt t. V cc gradient a nhit thay i
t ch ny n ch khc trong Tri t nn cc chui tng bin cht cng s thay i. Mt
chui tng bin cht mt vng a l no c gi l mt lot tng bin cht. C ba lot
tng bin cht chnh: Lot tng p sut thp phn nh gradient a nhit tng i t ngt
(>250C/km) v c trng bi cc khong vt nh andalusit, cordierit v silimanit; Lot tng p
sut trung bnh phn nh cc gradient a nhit trung gian (10-250C/km) c trng bi disthen,
granat; Lot tng p sut cao (100C/km) c trng bi glaucophan, jadeit v lawsonit.
Cc ai bin cht p sut thp tui no cng c, nhng chng c bit ph bin cc
teran Arkei. Cc ai bin cht trung bnh cng dc m t cc min v mi tui nhng chng
khng ph bin Arkei. Cc ai xanh xut hin u tin vo Proterozoi mun v khng ph
bin cho n sau Paleozoi gia. Cc teran ny c thnh to pha hm vc ca cc h thng
cung ng vi mt ng a nhit tt xung cc i ht chm. S vng mt ca chng cc
teran trc proterozoi mun c th phn nh cc gradient a nhit cao hn bn di h thng
cung trong Tin Cambri.
S kt tinh bin cht xut hin ko nhit ca cc tr nn cao hn mt gi tr ti hn
no . V vy, bin cht khu vc xut hin ni no nhit ca v kiu lc a c nng ln
trn quy m khu vc do bt c nguyn nhn no. Nhit nng ln trong v xut hin cc bi
cnh kin to khc nhau v nhng l do khc nhau v c khng ch bi nhiu nhn t nh
chiu dy v thnh phn ca v, hm lng v s phn b ca cc nguyn t phng x, dng
nhit t manti n v, tnh dn nhit ca cc , s c mt ca cc xm nhp magma, cc chuyn
ng ca cc cht lu nhit dch, cc hiu ng nhit ca cc th a cht khc v tc xm
thc.
Cc bi cnh kin to chnh b nung nng quy m khu vc v do b bin cht khu
vc gm:
- Cc i tch gin y bin: cc qu trnh bin cht y c gy nn do thm thu
nc bin qua cc i nt n vo trong mt ct ophiolit su 2-3km n mc lp gabro v c
nhng trng hp ring bit cn su hn nhiu, t n mc siu mafic. Nc bin chui
xung su b un nng v gy ra bin cht tng ng vi bin i lc nhng mc tng trn
ca v i dng v tng amphibolit trong lp gabro di. Khi nc nng c lm giu cc
kh magma thm thu i ln th trong phn trn ca mt ct ophiolit b bin i nhit dch ng
k v c bit b ra la. Ni ng ra th bin cht v i dng khng phi l ng ha. Mt
trong nhng xu hng c trng nht ca n l cc mafic mt i CaO v thm vo Na2O.
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Pha th hai c trng bi nn p chm chp, trong qu trnh s gin nhit lm mng
dn lp dn bin nhit (thermal boundary - phn t nht ca thch quyn di) v tng gradient
a nhit. S lm mng dn lp bin nhit c th dn n s lm dy v tip theo, nu nn p
xut hin km vi pht trin cc i t gy trt bng. Nu nh thi k ny kh di (chng hn
40 triu nm phn trung tm Appalach) th s gin nhit to ra bin cht tin trin sau kin to,
s nung nng v, xm nhp cc granit bnh thng v granit kim sau kin to.
Pha th ba bt u t s ph hy t bin s i lu ca lp bin nhit v c trng bi
s nng ln nhanh chng ca gradient a nhit, s tng nhit ng p nhanh chng, s bin cht
nhit cao tin trin v cc xm nhp thnh phn felsic sau kin to. S cng gin xut hin
trong tin trnh pha ny dn ti s pht sinh sp c trng cho pha th t.
Pha th t xy ra vi vic tng gradient nhit do cng gin v lm mng thch quyn,
dn ti s nng chy tng phn manti v tng cng hat ng magma felsic. S xm nhp cc
khi lng ln magma mafic vo trong v cung ng ngun nhit b sung lm xut hin bin cht
tin trin nhit cao v nng chy v to ra cc magma mafic. S b sung nhit tip theo c th
lm xut hin cc diapir lherzolit manti nhit cao, n ln trong qu trnh pha cng gin th
t. S st xung nhanh chng c trng cho pha ny ch yu to ra s tch t cc trm tch lc
a, tuy nhin nhng ni cc lc cng gin tng cng v tip tc sp th s st xung c
th tip tc c di mc nc bin, khi bin tin c th xy ra t t hoc t bin. Khi cc lc
tc ng ln ranh gii cc mng l nn p th s cng gin c cc kin trc chm vy lm cn
bng. nhng ni cc lc ranh gii l ko cng th s sp trng lc gy ra cng gin
c cn bng bi cc chuyn ng mng phn k v c th dn n tch gin sau cung hoc
chia tch cc lc a.
Pha kt thc l giai on th gin thch quyn sau qu trnh cng gin, trong qu trnh
pht sinh s phc hi nhit v co rt lp bin nhit, gim st gradient a nhit v hat ng
magma, h nhit ng p v bin cht git li.
Bn cht, s bo tn v phn b cc bin cht cc ai to ni ph thuc vo di
lu v tng quan gia nm pha to ni ni trn. C ch quan trng bo tn cc bin cht
cao l s cng gin sp lm cho cc kt tinh mc di c a ln mc trn, sau
chng c th l ln trn b mt do xm thc hoc do chm vy.
S phn tch cc m hnh bin cht trong bi cnh va mng ch ra rng du hiu c
trng nht ca kin sinh va mng l s xut hin bin cht phn i cc kiu disthen-silimanit v
andalusit-silimanit. Trong bin cht p sut thp khng nht thit phi thay th theo thi gian
bin cht sm, p sut trung bnh nh xy ra trong phn chia giai on pht trin bin cht ca
to ni va mng.
- i cng gin lc a: cc i cng gin v m rift lc a nh phm vi bn trng v
dy ni (the basin and Range province) ty Hoa K c trng bi s i km dng nhit cao,
tc l c tn ti cc nhit cao trong v di gy ra kt tinh bin cht. cc khu vc
nh th s nung nng v xut hin do lm mng thch quyn (bao gm c v) khin cho vt liu
quyn mm nhit cao dng ln, do sinh ra v dng ln cc magma trong manti v trong v.
- Mt s ai bin cht khu vc, nh ai Pyrenne, gn y c xem l mt i cng gin
c bn trong lc a. Cc ai to ni Paleozoi (Hercyn) Ty u c nhiu phc h bin cht
tng granulit. Tui phng x ca t nht mt phc h khng phi l Paleozoi mun m l
Paleozoi sm (Caledon). Trong cc ai , Paleozoi mun l thi gian p nn v v sinh ra bin
dng v l thi gian to ni, trong khi Paleozoi sm li l thi gian bin cht tng granulit, c
km theo cc pha xm nhp granitoid. Weber (1954) a ra gi thuyt rng trong thi gian
Paleozoi sm s m rift lc a xut hin bn trn mt d thng manti v nhit c chuyn t
manti n v di to ra bin cht tng granulit v cc xm nhp granitoid km theo.
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