Ting

Vit

nh ngha

Accumulation
chamber

Bung tch
t

Thit b dng trong phng php khai

thc du.

Acre-foot

Acr fut
(n v th
tch
khong
1200 m3)

n v th tch c din tch y bng

1 acre (mu Anh khong 0,4 hecta)
v b dy bng mt fut. Mt acre-foot
cha 7,758 bbl du tng ng vi
43,560 ft3.

Acre-yield

Sn lng
theo acr

Sn lng trung bnh ca du v kh

tnh trn mt acr din tch va cha
du.

Actual calender
day allowable

Mc khai
thc cho
php theo
ngy lch
thc t

Lng du, kh cho php khai thc

tnh theo ngy thc t hot ng (do
mt c quan iu phi ca Chnh ph
quy nh).

Additive

Cht ph
gia

Mt cht ha hc hoc mt cht

khong cho thm vi lng nh vo
mt cht khc lm bin i cc
tnh cht ca cht .

Adsorption
gasoline

Xng hp
th

Xng t nhin c ly ra t kh m
bng than hot tnh hoc keo silic.

Sut linh
ng
ngc, t
s linh
ng
ngc

Sut linh ng c tnh bng cch

chia nht ca du th cho nht
ca mt cht lng bm vo. Sut linh
ng ny xy ra trong trng hp
bm ngp nc nng cao thu hi
du, khi nht ca du cao hn
nhiu so vi cht lng c bm vo
bn cha.

Alcohol

Cn

Tn ca mt nhm cc hp cht hu
c ha hc gm cacbon, hydro v oxy.
Lot cc phn t khc nhau v chiu
di chui v bao gm cc
hydrocacbon cng vi nhm hydroxyl;
CH (3) (CH (2))n-OH (v d,
methanol, ethanol v ru butyl bc
ba).

Alkylate

Sn phm
ankyl ho

Thut ng

Adverse
mobility ratio

Cc sn phm ca phn ng alkyl

ha, c s dng trong pha trn
xng c ch s octan cao.T lin

quan: Alkylation,

Alkylation

Alkyl ha

Qu trnh lc du v mt ho hc kt
hp isobutan vi hydrocacbon olefin
(v d, propylen, butylen) thng qua
s kim sot ca nhit v p sut
vi s c mt ca cht xc tc
anacid, thng l acid sulfuric hoc
acid hydrofluoric. Sn phm Alkyl
ha, nh isoparaffin, c ch s octan
cao v c pha trn vi xng ng
c v xng my bay tng gi tr
chng n ca nhin liu.

American
Society for
Testing
Materials
(ASTM)

Hi Kim
nghim
Vt liu M

Cc thng s k thut cho cc sn

phm du m c xc nh bng cc
phng php th nghim ASTM.

im
Anilin

Nhit thp nht thng biu th

bng F, cc lng bng nhau
ca anilin ho hc v du s hn hp
hon ton. in anilin l mt ch th
v c tnh ca du.

Tc nhn
chng cn

Cht ph gia dng trong qu trnh

axit ho mt b cha du atphan
nng. Tc nhn chng cn thng l
mt cht ho hc c hot tnh b
mt.T lin quan: Additive,

Vin du
kh M

Vin Du kh M (API) l hip hi

thng mi quc gia i din cho tt
c cc lnh vc thuc ngnh cng
nghip du v kh t t nhin ca
M.

API gravity

Trng lc
API

Thang phn nh t trng ca du th,

nc hoc kh thin nhin. Trng lc
API tnh bng cch ly 141,5 chia cho
trng lng ring ca cht 60
F tr i 131,5.

Archies
equation

Phng
trnh
Archie

Phng trnh thc nghim dng

tnh hm lng hydrocacbon ca mt
b du thng qua bo ho nc.

Hng liu,
cht thm

Cc hydrocacbon c trng bi cc
cu trc vng cha bo ha ca cc

Aniline point

Antisludge
agent

API (American
Petroleum
Institute)

Aromatics

nguyn t cacbon. Hng liu du kh

thng mi l benzen, toluen v
xylen (BTX).

Nha
ng
atphan

Cht rn hoc cht lng rt qunh

mu nu t sm n en gm ch
yu l hydrocacbon. Atphan c trng
lng phn t rt cao v nng chy
khong 20 C (70 F), khin n c
th phn bit so vi du nng. T
trng ca atphan t 1,0 n 1,1.
Atphan d ho tan trong isunfua
cacbon. Atphan tm thy trong phn
ln cc loi du th.

Asphalt base
crude oil

Du th
nn
atphan

Loi du th cha t hoc khng cha

parafin, nhng c cn st atphan khi
chng ct. Khi em t, loi du ny
li cn st ging hc n. Du th
nn atphan gm ch yu nhng hp
cht hirocacbon napten, mu en.
Loi du ny chim khong 15 %
lng du cung cp trn th gii.

Asphalt plant

Thit b ti
sinh

Phng tin x l cht cn v nc

thu hi du th t trong .

Atphanten

Nhng loi bitum rn, mu nu sm

n en sinh ra hoc di dng ho
tan hoc di dng phn tn trong
du th hoc trong cc trm tch.
Atphanten d ho tan trong isunsua
cacbon, c trng lng phn t cao
(500 1000), gm cabon v hiro vi
lng nh nit, lu hynh v oxi.
Atphanten c th kt ta bi kh si
bt trong b cha du.

Asphalt

Asphaltene

ASTM paraffin
wax melting
point
Atmospheric
crude oil
distillation

im nng chy ca parafin o theo

phng php ASTM.
Phng
php
chng ct
du th
trong kh
quyn

Qu trnh lc du tch cc thnh

phn du th p sut kh quyn
bng cch nung nng vi nhit
khong 600 n 750 F (ty
thuc vo tnh cht ca du th v
cc sn phm mong mun) v sau
ngng t cc phn phn on bng

lm mt.

Aviation
gasoline
(Avgas)

Xng my
bay

Mt hn hp phc tp ca
hydrocacbon tng i d bay hi c
hoc khng thm mt lng nh cht
ph gia, pha trn to thnh mt
loi nhin liu ph hp s dng
trong ng c pittng ngnh hng
khng. Cc thng s k thut nhin
liu c quy nh ti Thng s k
thut ASTM D 910 v Thng s k
thut qun s MIL-G-5572.

Aviation
gasoline
blending
components

Thnh
phn pha
trn xng
my bay

Naptha s c s dng pha trn

vo xng my bay thnh phm (v d:
alkylate, reformate, benzene, toluene,
xylene). Khng bao gm oxygenates
(cn, ete), butan v pentan.

ng ht
du

ng bng thp nh, di ti 50 ft, c

ng knh hn 1 ft, c van u
di dng d a du ln trn mt
t mt s ging du.

X lan

Tu vn chuyn du, thng l trn

sng, c sc cha t 8.000 n
50.000 thng, hoc trng lng t
1.000 n 10.000 tn.

Basic sediment
and water

Nc v
tp cht c
s

Nhng tp cht rn v nc mui ln

trong du. Phn ln lng nc mui
c ly i trong b tch ly, cn
nhng cn th c lng xung
y thng cha.

BBQ

BBQ

Mt hn hp du th Bonny, Brass
River, Qua Ibo t Nigeria.

Beach price

Gi du
th sau khi
x l
bin

Gi du th khai thc ngoi bin v

c a vo t lin sau khi c x
l ngay trn bin.

Benzen
(C6H6)

Hydrocacbon thm c mt t l nh
trong mt s loi du th, cng c
lm t than trong sn xut than cc.
c s dng nh mt dung mi
trong sn xut cc cht ty ra, si
tng hp, ha du, v l mt thnh
phn ca xng c ch s octane cao.

Baler

Barge

Benzen (C6H6)

Black gold

Vng en

Ch du th.

Black oil

Du en

Loi du th mu rt sm, thng

mu en, nhng i khi c mu xanh
nht hoc nu, khi mi khai thc c t
l kh-du t hn 2000 scf/stb

Bleached oil

Du mt
mu

Du th b mt mu di tc dng
ca nh sng mt tri.

Thit b
pha trn

Thit b khng c kh nng lc du,

nhng c kh nng sn xut xng
ng c thng qua trn c hc hoc
pha trn oxygenates vi xng ng
c.

Blending plant

Mt thnh phn kt hp vi cc cht

khc to thnh mt sn phm lc
du.

Blendstock
S hunh
quang ca
du

S hunh quang ca du th di tia

cc tm.

Bonded
petroleum
imports

Kho xng
du nhp
khu

Xng du nhp khu v c lu tr

ti kho ca Hi quan. Vic nhp khu
ny khng c a vo trong cc s
liu thng k nhp khu cho n khi
chng c (1) rt khi kho min
thu s dng lm nhin liu cho
cc tu thuyn v my bay hot ng
trong thng mi quc t, hoc (2)
rt khi lu tr vi vic np thu
s dng trong nc.

Brainstorms

K s khai
thc du
kh

Brent crude

Du Brent

Mt loi du th ngt nh c ngun

gc t Bin Bc v thng c lc
pha ty bc chu u.

BTX

BTX

T vit tt cho cc hng liu du m

thng mi benzene, toluene,
xylene.

Bloom

Qu trnh loi b benzen, toluen v

xylen t reformat hoc nhit phn
xng.

BTX extraction
Bulk station

Trm np

Mt b cha c s dng ch yu

liu

cho lu tr hoc tip th cc sn

phm du m, trong sc cha t
hn 50.000 thng v tip nhn cc
sn phm du m bng xe bn hoc
xe ti.

Bulk terminal

Mt b cha c s dng ch yu
cho lu tr hoc tip th cc sn
phm du m, trong sc cha
50.000 thng tr ln v /hoc tip
nhn cc sn phm xng du bng
tu ch du, x lan, hay ng ng.

Bunker C

Bunker C

Nhin liu d tha c s dng lm

nhin liu tu bin, thng c hm
lng lu hunh v nht cao.

Butane (C4H10)

Butan
(C4H10)

Hydrocacbon chui thng hoc nhnh

c chit xut t kh thin nhin
hoc dng kh t lc du, bao gm
isobutan v butan; v c quy nh
trong Thng s k thut ASTM D1835.

Butylene
(C4H8)

Butylen
(C4H8)

L hydrocacbon olefin thu c t

qu trnh lc du.

Captive refinery
oxygenate
plants

C s sn xut oxygenate nm trong

hoc tip gip mt t hp nh my
lc du.

Catalyst

Cht xc
tc

Catalyst
cracker

Thit b
cracking
xc tc

Catalytic
cracking

Cracking
xc tc

Catalytic
hydrocracking

Craking c
hydro xc
tc

Cht c tc dng thc y phn ng

ho hc, nhng khng b nh hng
trong qu trnh phn ng.

Qu trnh lc du ph v cc phn t
hydrocacbon ln hn, nng hn v
phc tp hn thnh cc phn t n
gin v nh hn. Cracking xc tc
c thc hin bng vic s dng cc
tc nhn xc tc v l mt qu trnh
hiu qu tng sn lng xng du
t du th.
Qu trnh lc du s dng hydro v
cht xc tc c nhit tng i
thp v p sut cao chuyn i
im si trung bnh hoc nguyn liu

cn d li thnh xng c ch s
octane cao, nhin liu my bay phn
lc, v du nhin liu cao cp. Qu
trnh ny s dng mt hoc nhiu
cht xc tc, ph thuc vo sn lng
sn phm, v c th x l nguyn liu
c lu hunh cao m khng cn kh
lu hunh trc.

Tch cc
hp cht
ca du
bng hydro
xc tc

Qu trnh lc du x l cc phn
phn on ca du m t phng
php chng ct kh quyn hoc chn
khng kt hp vi cht xc tc v
mt lng ng k hydro. Qu trnh
ny bao gm kh lu hunh, loi b
cc cht (v d, cc hp cht nit),
chuyn i t cc olefin thnh
parafin,

Phng
php
reforming
xc tc

Qu trnh lc du s dng nhit v p

sut kt hp vi cc cht xc tc
sp xp li cc phn t hydrocacbon
nht nh bng cch chuyn i cc
hydrocacbon paraffin v naphthen
thnh nguyn liu ha du v nguyn
liu c ch s octan cao ph hp
pha xng thnh phm.T lin
quan: Naphthenes,

Xetan

Mt loi hydrocarbon paraffin c s

dng nh l mt cht ph gia trong
nhin liu diesel.

Cetane number

Ch s
Xetan

T l phn trm theo th tch ca

xetan thm vo nhin liu diesel c
bn t c cc c tnh gy
chy.

Charge
capacity

Cng sut
tch np

Cng sut u vo ca cc thit b lc

du.

Chi ph,
bo him,
vn ti

Thut ng dng ch mt loi hnh

mua bn trong ngi mua tr mt
mc gi bao gm gi FOB cng thm
tt c cc chi ph bo him v vn
chuyn.T lin quan: FOB (Free on
Board),

Catalytic
hydrotreating

Catalytic
reforming

Cetane

CIF (Cost,
Insurance, and
Frieght)
Clean Cargo

Cc sn phm lc du nh xng, du
ha, du si v nhin liu my bay

phn lc c vn chuyn bng tu

ch, x lan, xe bn.

im m

Nhit ti ln u tin c hin

tng kt ta trong cht lng khi n
c lm lnh. i vi du th, l
nhit ln u tin c dng my
m, thng l do c s hnh thnh
parafin rn.

Du than

Thut ng dng ch mt loi

phin du c bit c s dng cho
mc ch chiu sng. Du than thu
c t phng php chng ct phn
hy than, sp khong cht v
phin st cha nha ng (bitum).

Condensate

Condensat
e, du
ngng, kh
ngng

Cc hyrocacbon lng trong thnh

phn ca du th, rt nh, sinh ra
dng kh trong iu kin ca va cha
di t (nhit v p sut cao)
v ngng t thnh cht lng trong
iu kin trn mt t. Cc kh ngng
in hnh thng l nhng cht lng
khng mu hoc c mu nht vi
nhng nh mu , xanh hoc lam.
OPEC nhiu nm tranh lun v
nh ngha chnh xc ca Condensate,
v n khng bao gm trong hn ngch
sn lng du th ca tng quc gia.

Correlation
index

Ch s lin
kt

i lng dng xc nh bn cht

ho hc ca cc thnh phn chng
khc nhau trong mt loi du th.

Cloud point

Coal oil

Crack spread l mt thut ng c

s dng trong ngnh cng nghip du
v giao dch tng lai cho s khc
bit gia gi du th v cc sn phm
xng du c lc t n.

Crack spread

Cracking

Cracking

Qu trnh lc du dng ph v cc
hyrocacbon c mch di thnh
nhng hyrocacbon c mch ngn
hn v d nh xng, bng cch dng
nhit, p sut v/hoc ho cht.T
lin quan: Thermal
cracking, Catalytic
hydrocracking, Catalytic

cracking,

Crude oil

Du th

Du th l mt cht lng hu c
thng c tm thy di b mt tri
t. N c to thnh t hng ngn
phn t bao gm hydro v cc
nguyn t cacbon. Hn hp
hydrocacbon ny cha t l khc
nhau v thnh phn nh oxy, nit, lu
hunh v cc nguyn t kim loi
nng.T lin quan: Petroleum,

Crude oil losses

S tn tht
v du th

Khi lng du th b mt trong cc

hot ng ca nh my lc du.
Nhng tn tht ny l do s c trn
du, nhim bn, ha hon,

Sn xut
du th

Khi lng du th c khai thc t

cc m du trong thi hn nht nh.
Sn lng ny c chuyn giao t b
cha vi ng ng dn, xe ti, hoc
cc phng tin khc vn chuyn
n cc nh my lc du hoc cc
cng xp d.

Cht lng
du th

Dng ch hai thuc tnh ca du

th, hm lng lu hunh v t trng
API nh hng n s phc tp v
phng php x l v cc c tnh
ca sn phm.

Dng du
th

Du th c sn xut trong mt khu

vc c th hoc mt tp hp cc loi
du th vi cht lng tng t t cc
khu vc trong phm vi gn, trong
ngnh cng nghip du kh thng
m t vi mt tn c th, chng hn
nh West Texas Intermediate hoc
Saudi Light.

Kh
atphan

Qu trnh lc du trong cn atphan

c x l bng propan lng kh
b nha v atphanten, c th dng
pentan ho tan nha v lm kt
ta atphanten.

Crude oil
production

Crude oil
qualities

Crude oil
stream

Deasphalting

Delayed coking

Luyn than
cc

Qu trnh phn on du th nng

c nhit phn trong iu kin nhit
cao v p lc to ra mt hn
hp ca cc loi du nh v cc du

m. Cc loi du nh c th c x
l thm trong cc nh my lc du
p ng cc tiu chun sn phm.
Than cc c th c s dng lm
nhin liu hoc trong cc ng dng
khc nh sn xut thp hoc nhm.

Denatured

lm bin
tnh, bin
cht

Ethanol nhin liu c to ra bng

cch cho thm bin tnh du, thng
l pentan hoc xng ng c thng
thng. Ethanol nhin liu thng
b lm bin tnh trc khi vn chuyn
t nh my sn xut ethanol bng
cch thm bin tnh 2 5% th tch.

Desulfurization

Kh lu
hunh

Vic loi b lu hunh khi xng, du.

Diesel Fuel

Nhin liu
Diesel

Sn phm chng ct c s dng

lm nhin liu trong ng c nh
la, tng t nh du si nhng phi
p ng c im k thut l ch s
xetan l 40 hoc ln hn.

Diesel index

Ch s
Diesel

Mt thc o v cht lng nh la

ca nhin liu diesel tnh t mt cng
thc lin quan n trng lc ca
nhin liu v im anilin ca n.

Du
iezen

Mt loi nhin liu lng, sn phm

ca qu trnh chng ct trc tip du
m 250 350oC s dng ch yu
cho ng c iezen.

Du nhin
liu chng
ct

Phn loi chung i vi mt trong cc

phn phn on ca du m c sn
xut trong phng php chng ct
thng thng, bao gm nhin liu
diesel v du nhin liu (FO).

Downstream

H ngun

(1) Cc hot ng sau khai thc du.

(2) Vn chuyn, lc v tip th v du.
(3) on cui hoc hng ca ng
pha trc theo hng dng chy.

EBP (ethanol
blended petrol)

Xng
khng ch

Xng khng ch trong bao gm

mt t l ethanol (v d, E10 l xng
khng ch bao gm 10% ethanol)

Enhanced oil
recovery

Tng
cng thu

Phng php nhn to dng thu

hi c nhiu du sau t sn xut

Diesel oil (DO)

Distillate fuel
oil

hi du

ban u bng cch tc ng va cha

t nhin v c th bng cch bm
ngp nc. Nhng phng php
thng thng y mnh thu hi
du gm nhng phng php nhit,
ho hc v hn hp kh.

ETBE

Ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) thng

c s dng nh l mt cht ph gia
xy ha trong sn xut xng t du
th.

Etan
(C2H6)

Chui hydrocacbon thng th kh.

N l kh paraffin khng mu si
nhit -127,48 F, c chit xut
t kh thin nhin v dng kh trong
nh my lc du.

Ete

Thut ng chung p dng cho mt

nhm cc hp cht ha hc hu c
gm cacbon, hydro v oxy, c trng
bi mt nguyn t oxy gn vi hai
nguyn t cacbon (v d, methyl
tertiary butyl ether).

Ethylene

Etylen

Hydrocacbon olefin thu c t qu

trnh lc ha du. Etylen c s
dng nh mt nguyn liu ha du
cho nhiu ng dng ha hc v sn
xut hng tiu dng.

Farm-out

Cho
nhng li
sau khi
thu

Quyn li trong mt hp ng thu

du hoc kh c cp bi ch cho
thu vi bn th ba.

Feedstock

Nguyn
liu

Ho cht c lc v a ch bin t
cc hydrocacbon v dng sn xut
nhng ho cht c gc du m.
Mtan, etilen, proetilen, butilen v
napten l nhng nguyn liu thng
dng.

Field

Khu m
du

Mt hoc nhiu m du lin quan ti

cng mt cu trc a cht.

FOB (Free on
Board)

Giao hng
ln tu

L iu kin mua bn quc t, theo

, ngi bn c trch nhim v chu
chi ph cho n khi hng c giao
ln tu ti cng xp hng quy nh

ETBE

Ethane (C2H6)

Ether

trong hp ng. Trong ngnh cng

nghip du kh quc t, thut ng ny
thng dng ch gi du hoc kh
thin nhin c tnh ti cng ca
nc sn xut (hoc xut khu).T
lin quan: CIF (Cost, Insurance,
and Frieght),
FOD (Fuel Oil
Domestique)

Du t
nng

Thut ng ting Php cho du t

nng.

Fractional
distillation

Chng ct
phn on

Qu trnh tch ca cc thnh phn c

im si khc nhau t mt dung dch.

Fuel oil (FO)

Du
mazut, du
nhin liu

Mazut l phn cn ca qu trnh

chng ct du m c nhit si cao
hn 350C. Du FO c s dng lm
nhin liu t l trong cng nghip
ni hi, l nung, l t dng bay hi,
dng ng khi hoc cho cc loi ng
c t trong ca tu bin.

Futures
contract

Hp ng
tng lai

Hp ng giao hng ha vo mt thi

im nht nh trong tng lai, mc
gi tha thun ti thi im giao
dch.

g/l

g/l, gam/lt

Gam trn mi lt. Ngoi ra cn c

g/ml. c s dng nh mt thc o
tp cht v xc nh t trng ca
cc sn phm lc du . V d, loi
xng tiu chun c c xc nh l
0,755 g/ml.

Gallon

Gallon

n v o th tch cht lng. Anh

bng 4,545 lt, M bng 3,785 lt.

Gasohol

Gasohol

S pha trn xng thnh phm c

cha cn (thng l ethanol) nng
t 5,7% v 10% th tch.

Gasoil

Gasoil

Mt sn phm chng ct trung gian

c s dng cho nhin liu diesel,
lm nng nhin liu hoc i khi c
coi nh nhin liu. M cn c gi
l Heating Oil.

Gasoline

Xng

Hn hp hirocacbon d bay hi, d

chy c ngun gc t du m, chng
ct nhit 30 180C,ch yu
c s dng lm nhin liu cho ng

c t trong.
Green oil

Du xanh

Mt loi du th c c s l parafin c
mu xanh nht.

Gudron

Cn
Gudron

Cn gudron l phn cn cn li ca
qu trnh chng ct chn khng, c
nhit si trn 500C.

Du nng

Du nng c trng lc API nh hn 28

. Trng lc API cng thp, du cng
nng.T lin quan: API gravity,

Hedge

Bo him

Gim thiu ri ro bng cc cam kt

d bo mt mc gi c nh thng
qua mt hp ng tng lai hoc ty
chn. Ngi mua v ngi bn c th
t bo him.

High Sulfur
Diesel (HSD)
fuel

Nhin liu
Diesel
cha lu
hunh cao

Nhin liu diesel c cha hn 500

phn triu (ppm) lu hunh.

HLS (Heavy
Louisiana
Sweet)

Du th
ngt, nng
Louisiana

Du th ngt, nng tiu bang

Louisiana , M.

HSFO (High
sulfur fuel oil)

Du nhin
liu cha
lu hunh
cao

Du nhin liu cha lng lu hunh

cao. Thng thng du nhin liu c
cha lu hunh 3,5%.

Heavy crude oil

Hydrodesulfuriz
ation

Mt qu trnh xc tc ha hc loi
b lu hunh bng hydro t cc sn
phm du m. Mc ch ca vic loi
b lu hunh l gim lng kh
thi t vic s dng nhin liu cho xe
t, my bay, du t

Imperial gallon

Galon Anh

n v o th tch cht lng dng

Anh v Canaa. Mt galon Anh bng
khong 1,201 galon M.

IPE
(International
Petroleum
Exchange)

Sn giao
dch xng
du quc
t (IPE)

Sn giao dch xng du quc t

London, Anh.

Isobutylene
(C4H8)

Isobutylen
(C4H8)

Hydrocacbon olefin thu c t qu

trnh lc ha du.

Isomerization

ng phn

Qu trnh lc du lm thay i s sp

ha

xp c bn ca cc nguyn t trong
phn t m khng cn thm hoc loi
b bt c cht g t nguyn liu ban
u. c s dng chuyn i
butan thnh isobutan (C4), nguyn
liu ca qu trnh alkyl ha , v
pentan v hexan thnh isopentan
(C5) v isohexan (C6), l cc thnh
phn xng c ch s octan cao.

Isopentane

Isopentan

Chui hydrocacbon no nhnh (C5H12)

thu c bng cch phn on xng
t nhin hoc ng phn ha pentan.

Jet Fuel

Nhin liu
phn lc

Sn phm du ha cht lng cao

c s dng ch yu lm nhin liu
cho my bay phn lc thng mi v
ng c my bay phn lc cnh qut.

Du ha

Hn hp ca hirocacbon thu c
bng chng ct du m nhit si
140320 C, t bay hi hn so vi
xng. Du ha c dng cho n
thp sng, my si v l nhin liu
cho ng c phn lc

Ngh nh
th Kyoto

Mt hip c ca 163 quc gia, c

to ra vo nm 1997, yu cu 35
quc gia cng nghip gim lng kh
thi ca su loi kh thi nh knh ti
thiu 5% t nm 2008-2012 so vi
nm 1990. Kyoto c hiu lc ngy
16/12/2005.

Landed cost

Chi ph cho
du d ti
cng

Gi du th ti cng d hng, bao

gm cc chi ph lin quan n mua
hng, vn chuyn v bo him t cc
im mua n cng d hng. Ko bao
gm chi ph pht sinh ti cng d
hng (v d: ph lu bi, thu nhp
khu, l ph, ph cu cng).

Lifting

a du
ln

Qu trnh a du t di ging ln.

Light crude oil

Du th
nh

Du th c trng lc API cao hn 33

. Trng lc API cng ln, du th
cng nh.T lin quan: API gravity,

Light ends

Thnh

Thnh phn c trng lng phn t

Kerosene

Kyoto Protocol

phn nh

thp ca du, v d propan v butan.

Cc thnh phn ny rt d bay hi.

Kh thin
nhin ha
lng

LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) l kh

thin nhin c ha lng khi lm
lnh su n m 162oC sau khi
loi b cc tp cht. LNG c thnh
phn ch yu l metan .

Liquefied
Petroleum Gas
(LPG)

Kh du m
ha lng

L hn hp hirocacbon nh ch yu
gm propane v butane, l mt cht
sch c th bo qun v vn chuyn
di dng lng trong iu kin p
sut trung bnh nhit mi trng.
LPG l mt trong nhng loi nhin liu
quan trng v ph bin ti Vit Nam.

LLS (Light
Louisiana
Sweet)

Du th
ngt, nh
Louisiana

Du th ngt, nh tiu bang

Louisiana, M.

Low sulfur
crude

Du th t
lu hunh

Du th cha t hn 0,6 % trng lng

lu hunh.

LSFO (Low
sulfur fuel oil)

Du nhin
liu cha
lu hunh
thp

Du nhin liu cha lu hunh thp,

thng ch 1% lu hunh hoc t hn.

Lubricants

Du bi
trn

Cht c s dng gim ma st

gia cc b mt chu lc, hoc kt
hp vo cc cht khc h tr trong
sn xut cc sn phm khc. Du m
bi trn c th c to ra t cc sn
phm chng ct t du hoc cn du.

Methanol
(CH3OH)

Methanol
(CH3OH)

Cn nh, d bay hi dng pha ch

xng.

Mogas (Motor
Gasoline)

Mogas

c s dng nh mt thut ng thay

th cho xng.T lin quan: Gasoline,

MOPS (Mean of
Platts
Singapore)

MOPS

Gi trung bnh ca xng du c

giao dch th trng Singapore.

Motor gasoline
blending
components

Cc thnh
phn pha
trn xng
ng c

Naphthas (v d: alkylate, reformate,

benzen, toluen, xylen) c s dng
pha trn hoc thm vo xng ng
c.

MTBE ( Methyl

MTBE

MTBE l mt cht ph gia xy ha

Liquefied
Natural Gas
(LNG)

tertiary butyl
ether)

tng ch s octan c s dng

pha ch xng.

Naphtha

napta

Phn chng ct sinh ra gia khong

220 F v 315 F v c v tr gia
xng v du ha.

Naphthene
s

Mt trong ba phn loi hydrocacrbon

c bn c tm thy t nhin trong
du th. Naphthenes c s dng
lm nguyn liu ha du.

Natural gas

Kh thin
nhin

Mt hn hp t nhin ca cc loi kh
hydrocarbon tm thy trong s hnh
thnh a cht xp bn di b mt
tri t, cng vi du m. Thnh phn
ch yu l metan.

NGL (Natural
gas liquids)

Kh thin
nhin lng
(NGL)

NGL c th bao gm etan, propan,

butan, isobutan v xng t nhin /
condensate. Khng nn nhm ln vi
LNG, kh t nhin ha lng. LNG l kh
mtan ha lng.

NWE
(Northwest
Europe)

NWE

Th trng du v sn phm ha du
vng Ty Bc chu u.

NYMEX

Sn giao dch hng ha ln nht th

gii thuc s hu v iu hnh bi
CME Group. NYMEX nm ti Trung
tm ti chnh Th gii NewYork. Vn
phng b sung c t ti Boston,
Washington, D.C, Atlanta, San
Francisco, Dubai, London v Tokyo.
NYMEX cn c bit n trong
ngnh cng nghip nng lng l
Merc NY.

OAPEC
(Organization
of Arab
Petroleum
Exporting
Countries)

OAPEC

T chc cc nc rp xut khu du

m, OAPEC c thnh lp thng 1
nm 1968 thc y hp tc kinh t
quc t trong ngnh cng nghip du
m. Cc nc thnh vin bao gm
Algeria, Bahrain, Ai Cp, Iraq, Kuwait,
Libya, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, v
United Arab Emirates. Tr s ti
Kuwait.

Octane number

Tr s

Tr s octan l i lng c trng cho

Naphthenes

NYMEX (New
York Mercantile
Exchange)

OPEC
(Organization
of Petroleum
Exporting
Countries)

octan

kh nng chng kch n ca xng. Tr

s octan cng cao, kh nng chng
kch n ca ng c cng ln. Tr s
octan c 2 dng: Tr s octan nghin
cu (RON-Research octane number)
phn nh hiu sut nhin liu theo
iu kin li xe trung bnh, trong khi
th nghim cho tr s octan ng c
(MON-Motor octane number) phn
nh iu kin li xe tc cao. Cc
th nghim cho c hai con s trn
thc t c thc hin trong phng
th nghim.

OPEC

T chc cc nc xut khu du m

(OPEC) c thnh lp ti Baghdad,
Iraq thng 9 nm 1960 bi 5 quc gia
l Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia v
Venezuela, sau c s tham gia
ca Qatar (1961), Indonesia (1962)
khng cn thnh vin nm 2009,
Libya (1962), UAE (1967), Algeria
(1969), Nigeria (1971), Ecuador
(1973), Gabon (1975) khng cn l
thnh vin nm 1995 v Angola
(2007). Mc tiu ca OPEC l phi
hp v thng nht chnh sch du m
gia cc quc gia thnh vin. Hin
nay, OPEC c tng cng 12 quc gia
thnh vin, c tr s ti Vienna, o.

Out-turn

Khi lng du d xung t tu. Gi

out-turn cho php ngi mua ch tr
tin cho lng du o c vo cc
b cha.

Oxygenate

Bo ha
oxy

Cc cht khi thm vo xng lm tng

lng oxy trong hn hp xng.
Ethanol, Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether
(MTBE), Ethyl Ether Tertiary Butyl
(ETBE), methanol l cc cht lm bo
ha oxy ph bin.

Petrochemical
feedstocks

Nguyn
liu ha
du

Nguyn liu ha hc c ngun gc t

du m ch yu dng cho sn xut
ha cht, cao su tng hp, v mt
lot cc cht do.

Petrochemicals

Ha cht
du m

Ha cht c ngun gc t du m,
nguyn liu cho sn xut nha v cao
su tng hp. Ha du bao gm
benzene, toluene, xylene, styrene v
methanol.

Petroleum

Du m,
du kh

Thut ng theo ngha rng ca hn

hp hydrocacbon lng, bao gm du
th, condensate, sn phm lc du.

Petroleum
geologists

Nh a
cht du
m

Nh a cht du m nghin cu mt
t v h rt quan trng trong vic
tm kim ti nguyn khong sn v
du m.

Petroleum
products

Cc sn
phm du
m

Cc sn phm du m thu c t
vic x l du th (bao gm c
condensate), kh t nhin, v cc hp
cht hydrocarbon khc. Cc sn
phm du m bao gm du cha lc,
kh du m ha lng, pentan, xng
my bay, xng ng c, nhin liu
my bay phn lc dng naphtha,
nhin liu my bay phn lc dng du
ha, du ha, du nhin liu chng
ct, cn nhin liu, nguyn liu ha
du, naphthas, cht bi trn, cc loi
sp , cc du m, nha ng
atphan, du ri ng, v cc sn
phm khc.

Pipeline

ng ng
dn du

H thng ng dn c s dng
vn chuyn du th v cc sn phm
du m.

Platts

Nh cung cp thng tin th trng

nng lng bao gm cc tiu chun
gi xng du, in ht nhn, nng
lng xanh

Platts
Singapore

Platts
Singapore

Gi xng du thnh phm c giao

dch ti th trng Singapore theo
ngy lm vic thc t.T lin
quan: Platts,

Play

Tp hp
cha du

Mt loi cha, chn v by c

bit c cha du m thng mi vi
m du pht hin trc y trong
mt khu vc.

Platts

S trn
ngp bng
polime

Qu trnh tng cng thu hi du

dng trong iu kin b cha bm p
nc bnh thng khng hiu qu.
Polime c thm vo trong nc
bm p c nht cao v c hiu
qu.

Pour point

im chy

Nhit thp nht ti mt loi du

s chy. im chy l mt ch th v
hm lng sp ca du. im chy
cng cao th du cng cha nhiu
sp. im chy ca du l t 75
F n 04 F.

Ppm (Parts per

million)

Phn triu
(ppm)

Thng c s dng nh lng

cc kim loi hoc cc tp cht khc
trong cc sn phm lc du.

Premium

Premium

Mt khon tin thm gia ngi mua

v ngi bn vt trn mt mc hin
ti.

Propylene
(C3H6)

Propylen
(C3H6)

Hydrocacbon olefin thu c t qu

trnh lc ha du.

Pygas
( Pyrolysis
gasoline)

Xng nhit
phn

Mt loi sn phm naphtha vi hm

lng cht thm cao, c s dng
pha ch xng hoc lm nguyn
liu cho chit xut. Pygas c sn
xut trong cc nh my ethylen x l
butan, naphtha hoc gasoil.

Qua Ibo

Qua Ibo

Du th Nigeria vi API khong 35,9

.

R+M/2

Tr s octan nghin cu cng vi tr s

octan ng c chia cho 2, cn c
gi l ch s chng kch n.T lin
quan: Octane number,

Refined
products

Sn phm
lc du

Sn phm lc du l cc hydrocacbon
khc nhau thu c t qu trnh lc
tch t du th. Cc sn phm lc
du c trng l LPG, naphtha, xng,
du ha, nhin liu phn lc, du
si, nhin liu diesel, cn du, du
nhn v cc du m.

Refinery

Nh my
lc du

Polymer
flooding

R+M/2

Nh my lc du l mt nh my ln
bao gm cc thit b x l khc nhau
c s dng chuyn i du th

thnh cc sn phm hon chnh. Qu

trnh ny bao gm t nng, chng
ct, reforming, cracking v tch cc
hp cht ca du bng hydro.
Reservoir

Va cha
du

Lp trm tch c kh nng cha du

trong cc l rng ca .

Residual fuel oil

du nhin
liu nng,
cn mazut

Cn du mazut c nht trung bnh,

c s dng cho cc tu thuyn v
cc nh my in.

Residue

Cn

Cc cht cn li (cn) sau khi chng

ct.

Residuum

Cn, tn
d

D lng t du th sau khi chng ct

ngoi tr cc thnh phn nng nht,
vi mt khong si ln hn 1.000
F.

Road oil

Du ri
ng

Du nng bao gm c nha ng

cn d c s dng chng bi v
x l b mt ng b v ng cao
tc.

RON (Research
octane number)

Tr s
octan
nghin cu

T lin quan: Octane number,

RVP (Reid Vapor

Pressure)

p sut hi
Reid

Mt thc o kh nng bay hi ca

xng.

Saturated oil

Du bo
ho

Du th ho tan cc kh thin nhin.

Lng kh ho tan c th tng ln khi
p sut tng v nhit gim.

Du lng
ng

Du th c quay vng li mt cch

t nhin bi qu trnh bo mn t
trm tch c trc. Du lng ng c
xu hng tr thnh du nng.

Senile oil

Du gi

Du th nng b tc dng ca vi
khun v/hoc b nc ra la lm
cho thoi ho. Kt qu sinh ra mt
loi du nng thng cha lu hunh
v giu hp cht cha oxi.

Shale oil

Du st
nn

Du hnh thnh do t nng st nn.

Skimmer

Thng vt
du

Thng dng vt vng du khi mt

nc.

Sedimentary oil

Sour or Sweet
Crude

Du th
chua hoc
ngt

Thut ng biu th mc tng i

ca hm lng lu hunh trong du
th. Du th chua c hm lng lu
hunh tng i cao 0,5% tr ln, du
th ngt c hm lng lu hunh
thp hn 0,5% tnh theo trng lng.

Source rock

L lp cha cht hu c t nhin

chuyn ha thnh du m.

Spot market

Th trng
giao ngay

Th trng bn v mua du th theo

hp ng ngn hn. Th trng giao
ngay rt nhy bn vi tnh hnh cung
cu v gi c trn th trng dao
ng thng xuyn.

Storage

Kho d tr
du

Cc kho c sc cha cho vic lu tr

ngn hn, di hn du th hoc cc
sn phm lc du.
Phn phn on du m c ngun
gc t chng ct trc tip m khng
c phn ng ha hc.

Straight run

Sulfur

Lu hunh

Nguyn t ng th ba ph bin nht

trong thnh phn ca du th chim
trung bnh 0,65% theo trng lng.

Tank farm

Ch t b
cha, kho
cha

Ni t cc ng ng dn du v
ng thng hi lu tr du th.

Tanker and
barge

Tu ch
du v s
lan

Tu vn chuyn du th hoc cc sn
phm lc du.

Du Tapis

Du th ngt nh t Malaysia, c
s dng lm tham chiu cho du th
khu vc chu Thi Bnh Dng.

Cng bc
d

L a im chin lc thuc s hu
ca cc nh my lc du cho vic lu
tr v phn phi cc sn phm lc
du.

Thermal
cracking

Cracking
nhit

Qu trnh lc du trong nhit v p

sut c s dng ph v, sp xp
li, hoc kt hp cc phn t
hydrocarbon.

Toluene
(C6H5CH3)

Toluen
(C6H5CH3)

Cht lng khng mu thuc nhm

cht thm ca hn hp hydrocacbon

Tapis crude

Terminals

du m.

Unfinished oils

Du cha
x l

Tt c cc loi du i hi phi tip

tc x l, ngoi tr mt s loi ch cn
pha trn c hc. Du cha x l c
sn xut bng cch lc tng phn
on du th.

USEC (US East

Coast)

USEC

USEC l vit tt ca Th trng ha

du pha ng Hoa K.

Vacuum
distillation

Chng ct
chn
khng

Chng ct di p sut thp (t hn

p sut khng kh) lm gim nhit
si ca cht lng c chng ct.

Visbreaking

gim
nht

Qu trnh cracking nhit y thit b

chng ct kh quyn hoc chn khng
nhit trung bnh tng sn
lng cc sn phm chng ct v lm
gim nht ca cc d lng chng
ct.T lin quan: Thermal cracking,

Wellhead

u ging
khoan

im m ti du th (hoc kh t
nhin) c a ra khi mt t.

West Texas
Intermediate
(WTI)

West Texas
Intermedia
te (WTI)

Dng du th c sn xut Texas

v Nam Oklahoma ng vai tr l
tham chiu nh gi mt s dng
du th khc v c giao dch ti th
trng giao ngay ti Cushing,
Oklahoma.

WTS (West
Texas Sour )

WTS

Du th chua min Ty Texas.

Xylen
(C6H4(CH3
)2)

Cht lng khng mu thuc nhm

hydrocacbon thm c to ra t qu
trnh reformate xc tc cc phn
on du napten nht nh. c s
dng pha trn xng ng c c ch
s octan cao v xng my bay, dung
mi, trung gian ha hc. ng phn
l metaxylen, orthoxylen, paraxylen.

Xylene
(C6H4(CH3)2)