Collection of Blood

Specimen Collection
) (


.
Basal
Condition


.
.


) (




.
: Collection of Blood

....


%8
4 6
1
24 48.

Capillary Puncture

Blood Gases

Syringe :
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.

Nozzle
) 20 1 ( Tuberculin
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20 .

.


)(

.Puncture

%70
2- 1

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Venipuncture




2




10 5

.
Arterial Puncture

.





.
(1 ) ( Serum

20 10

Hemolysis





Vacutainer
Gel


Centrifuge






)

Anticoagulants
Whole Blood
)
(
)
( Glycolysis

.



.
Plasma


%1


.



24
.
8

42
) (
.

 :
- 1


.
- 2



.
- 3






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:




.
) ( Anticoagulants




.




.

 .

Acid Phosphatase
Alkaline Phosphatase LDH


.
1 Heparin





Muccoitin Polysulphouric Acid

Sodium Heparin Potassium
Heparin Lithium Heparin
Antithrombin
Prothrombin Thrombin
Fibrin Fibrinogen

Cofactor .
%20


.
110 /
0.2 / .
2 Potassium Oxalates

20 10
10 2
%30 PH = 7.4

0.1 10
.
- 3 Sodium Fluoride


) (
2 1 /

Glycolysis
4 12
200 1
100 .

Reagent )
( Urease .
4
)Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid (EDTA
Hematology

2 - 1 /

.





Vacutainer Tube
:
- 1 : Red Tube

) Gel (

Serology
10 2
0.7
15
.
- 2 : Lavender Tube
EDTA EDTA 2
2 EDTA 5


C.B.C
Differential EDTA

.
- 3 : Green Tube
Li. Heparin 10
Cytogenetic
PH

-6 G6PDH - 4 : Blue Tube
Sodium Citrate 2.7
2.7 4.5
Coagulation
Fibrogen Factor PT
PTT
- 5 : Yellow Tube
5
0.3
EDTA
- 6 : Gray Tube

.


Skin Puncture

PH
Po2 Pco2

6 7 7
100 / ) 0.39/(

 .
Hemolysis

Invivo Invitro
:
-1 Osmotically

Hypotonic


.
2 :
- Hemolytic Anemia
Jaundice
- Paroxysmal
Hemoglobinuria
- 3 :
Quinine
Phenacetin Nitrites Chlorates
4

Saponin

5


Grinding Stirring
Shaking Thawing



20 100 / Slightly
Hemolysis
Server Hemolysis

)

... LDH(

Aldolase
LDH


) (GOT, GPT %2 10 100 /
LDH
%10 10 100 /
.



4 2
.

) 20-(



.
:
- 1
.
-2

.
- 3
- 4

.
- 5 )(
- 6


Sex Hormones
:
)
(Germ Cells ) .(Sex Hormones

.
) (Estrogens
) (Progesterone
)
(Testosterone
) (Suprarenal Gland
) (Pituitary
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) .(Nuclear Level
.
) (1 :
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) Dihydrotestosterone -
(DHT
)
.(LH

 :
)
(Testosterone
.
" "



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.
) (

) (
.
.
:
38-9 /.
3.8 - 0.35 / ) (.

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:
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:
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.
.
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:
.
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.
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) (LH
) (FSH
) (Estradiol



.
) (Estradiol :

 ) ) (Follicular Phases
440-70 /.
) ) (Luteal Phases 220
620 /. 130.000 - 20.000 /.
330 -70 / ) (.
70 /.
: ) (Estradiol
) (FSH ) .(LH
)( ) :(Progesterone
)
(Corpus Luteum )
(





.
:
) ( 6.4 -0.8 /.
) ( 80-8 /.
3.18 / ) (.
1.2 - 0.95 /.

 1166 - 243 /.
:
) .(LH
)( ) (HCG ) Human Chorionic
:(Gonadotropin
) (Pregnancy Test

) (HCG .


.
3
14
.
:
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)
(.
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(Imminent Abortion ) Incomplete
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 ) (Vesicular Mole
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14
)
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) (HCG :
).(%10
.
) (HCG :
.
.

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(.
)( ) (LH ) (Luteinizing Hormone
) (LH
) (Hypothalamus
) (Glycoprotein
) (Estrogens ) (Progesterone

 .
) (LH )
(Testosterone
.
) (LH 20-2 /
.
80-15 /
) (LH 8.4-1 /
) (LH 0.4 /.
) (LH :
) (Normal Menopause
) .(Premature Menopause
.
) (LH :
.
.
.
) .(Shihan Syndrome
)( ) (FSH ) Follicle Stimulating
(Hormone
) (FSH ) (LH

.
) (FSH

 .
) (FSH ) (LH :
) (Infertility
.

.

.
) (FSH .
) (FSH :
) .(Menopause
.
) .(Seminiferous Tublar Failure
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) .(Panhypopituitarism
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) .(Hypogonadism
) (FSH
) (Follicular & Luteal Phases 12-2 /
.
)

 (Ovulation 22-8 /.
) (FSH 10.5-1 /
) (FSH 2.5 /.
) (2 ) .(Prolactin



.
)
(Follicular Phases ) .(Luteal Phases



.
:
.
) (Amenorrhea )
.(Oligomenorrhea
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 .
.
-4
25 /.
25 600
/.
17-6 /.

.
:
.
.
.
.
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(Phenothiazine )
(Haloperidol .
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.
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.
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 .
.

.
) (GH
0.48 /.
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) (GH
.
) (GH :
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.
) :(GH
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.
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.

 .
.
) (Glucocorticoids
.

Thyroid Hormones
:
) (Thyroid Gland

) (Follicular Cells
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) T4( ) (Tetraiodothyronine-Thyroxine
) T3 ( )(Triiodothyronine



.
) T3 (T4 :
.1 :


.
.2 :


) (Bile Acids
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) Catabolic
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.
.4 )
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T4





T4 T3
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(Secondary
)
(TSH .

) (TSH .
)( ) (Hyperthyroidism
)( -40
%60
) (Hypocholesterolaemia )
(Hyperglycaemia ) .(Glucosuria

T4
T3 T4 )
(Thyrotoxicosis
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------ :
.1 T3 T4
) (T4

) Thyroxine- Binding Globulin and
(Prealbumn
.
T4 12-5100/
) 156-65 /(.
T3 0.17-0.07 100 /
) 2.2 - 0.91/(
T3 T4
:
T3 T4 :
)( .
)( ) Thyroxine -
( Binding Protein TBG
)( .
)( .
)( T3
T3 T4 :
)( .

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)( .
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(.
2.4-0.8/
100 ) 0.03-0.01/(.



.
T3 Resin ( Resin T3 uptake - RT3
)U

) (T3

) ) (Resin (
) (T3 ) (Resin
.
%35-25


.


.
T4 ) ( Free Thyroxine - FT4I
) (T4
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.3 ) Thyroid Stimulating ) (TSH
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) Anterior Pituitary
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(
T3 T4
.
5-0.5 /.
TSH


.
) (TSH :
. - .

 ) (. . Parathyroid Hormone

.
Parathyroid Hormone-
PTH
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(Distal Renal Tubule


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(Osteogenesis
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)( ) (Osteolysis )
. (Osteoblast
)( )
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83-30 /.


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:
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.2 .
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)
(PTH .

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)( )
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/ (Diabetes Mellitus
.


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:
:
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)
( :
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) 0.5 - 0.05 /(.
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.
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.
:
.
.
.

 .

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.
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100 / (
18 - 2
24 /.
) 24 (
.
:
.
.
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:
.
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 .

.
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(Corticotrophic Hormone
.
) (ACTH )
40 - 7 / .

.

.
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.
) .(Feed Back
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.

 110 70
100 12 8
150 120 100
)
(Physiological Hyperglycaemia
.
) 18 12(
70 60 100 "
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)
(Insulin )(Anti-Insulin
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60
100
.
:
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-2 .
-3 .
-4 .

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) 24
( .
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.
:
) (1 ) Insulin
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 ) (Type
40 30
)
(IDDM .
) (2 ) Non-
(Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus )
:(NIDDM
) (Type


.

.


) (
.
)( :
-1 :
:
) (
) (Fehling ) (Benedict
.
) (Strips )

 (Glucose Oxidase .
) (Glucose Analyzer
) (Glucose Oxidase
) (Oxygen Electrode

.
-2 ) :(Random Blood Glucose


.
-3 ) : (Fasting Blood Glucose
12 8
110 70
100 120
130
3
.
-4 ) Post Prandial Blood
:(Glucose
) 75 (


.
140

 .
-5 ) (Glucose Tolerance Test
) :(GTT

.
12 8
75 ) 1
( 3
.
110 70
130 120
2 3
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.
130
180
.
3 2
.
-6 ) Glycosylated Haemoglobin - HbA
(1c
)(
) (Haem ) (

 A1c
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.(HbA1c

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120
%8 - 5

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-2 .
-3
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105 (
.

 -4

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Liver Function Tests

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-1 .
-2

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-3
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.
.


.
8 - 6 100 ) - 60
80 / (.
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.
5.5 - 3.5 100 / ) 35
55 / ( . :

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. . . :
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 :


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3.6 - 2 100 / )
36 - 20 / ( .
:
:
. :
:
)( :

.

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0.6 - 0.2 100 /

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:
:
:
:

:
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=

=

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=


2 1

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) (GOT 41 / .
.
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(GOT
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/
:
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) ( D - BIL
.
) ( T- BIL
19 - 3.5 /
7 /.

 -:
:

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.
:
.
.

Kidney Function Tests

 :
) (1 ) : (Urea


.
) (NH3
.


%50


.
40 - 20 100 / ) - 3.5
7 / (
)Blood Urea Nitrogen ( BUN
25 - 8 100 / ) 8.9 - 0.9 / (
40 - 20 100 /
15 - 5 100 / 20 - 5
100 / .
:
:







:
:




Hepatic Coma


Hemodialysis
.
Cachexia Malnutrition
Starvation
:


.
:



.
) (2 : Creatinine

Anhydrous Creatine
Phosphocreatine

24
.
1.5 - 0.5 100 )
123 - 60 / (
1.5 24 /
1.0 24 /

:
0.5 100 /
.
) (3 :Creatinine Clearance Test

24
24 .

 140 - 90 /
125 - 80 /

Creatinine Clearance :
Uc Tv
=C
Sc 60 24

Uc
Sc
Tv 24
24
60

:
Water Depletion ) (4 ) ( ) ( Uric Acid
Purine
Adinine
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 .
7 - 3 100
) 0.53 - 0.18 / (
6 - 2 ) 0.15
0.45 / ( . % 80
.
700 - 300 /
24 ) 3.6 - 2.1 24 / (
) (
) (
24
.
:
Gout Pre - Eclampsia &Eclampsia Leukaemia Glycogen StorageDisease - Type 1
Alcoholism :

 Allpurinol Probenicid .




: Total Lipids


)
( ) (



: ) (Triglyceride )
(Fatty Acids ) (Waxes ) (Steroid
) (Terpenes

) (Cholesterol
) (Triglyceride ) (Phospholipids
) (Fatty Acids

1000 - 450 100 /
) 10 - 4.5 (



.
)( " :"CHO


"" ) . (Bile Acids
) (Lipoproteins

.


)( .
:
:
:



.
( " : "TG
% 90 ) (Chylomicron
)
( % 10
) Very Low Density Lipoprotein -
(VLDL

.
:

 :
) LDL (
-:

) (Fatty Liver
: Lipoproteins Analysis

:
) (Chylomicrons ) (VLDL ) LDL- Low Density(Lipoproteins
) HDL - High Density(Lipoproteins
-:
)( ) HDL - High Density
(Lipoproteins
HDL
) ( - lipoprotein % 45 - % 25

HDL
HDL

.

 HDL
HDL
HDL
.
HDL
.
HDL 40 100 / ) 0.83 2.5
/(
)( )LDL- Low Density
(Lipoproteins
) -
(Lipoproteins
% 75 - 50 LDL

LDL HDL .
LDL 180 100 / ) - 0.5
3.88 /(
LDL :
LDL Cholesterol (mg/dl) = Total Cholesterol - HDL
Cholesterol - Triglyceride

5
Triglyceride
mg/dl 400 LDL
:
LDL Cholesterol (mmol/L) = Total Cholesterol - HDL
Cholesterol - Triglyceride

22
:
Triglyceride
LDL Cholesterol
HDL Cholesterol
Total Cholesterol

the method of hemoglobin measuerement requires the

conversion of hemoglobin to
--- cyanmethemoglobin --which of the following will result in afalsely decreased
erythrocyte sedimmentation rate
--presence of codocytes
the " rule of three means that theHCT is
three times the HB
After staining aperipheral blood smear with wright'stain
and a buffer with correct pH the RBC's appear pale pink
and the WBC's stian very weakly with little - to- no nuclear
deatail One possible explanation is
. There was excessive washing of the smear
Which of the following conditions would introduce a source
of error into amanual WBC count
Uneven distribution of leukocytes in the counting - -chamber
False positive results may occur in the screening solubility
test for
hemoglobin S due to
adding more blood to the reagent than called for by test . procedure
An increase in ****myelocytes , myelocytes , and
? promyelocytes in the peripheral blood can be referred to as
a shift to the left

While performing a WBC differentia count on a capillary

blood smear ,no platelets were observed . What action
? should be taken
Look at the edge of the smear for platlet clumping --.
A falsely elevated hematocrit is obtained on adefective
centrifuge . Which of the following values will not be
? affected
MCH
What effect would the use of abuffer with a PH of 6.0 have
? on a Wright stained smear
. RBC's would be too pink --Which of the following red - cell inclusions can be detected
with a supravital perparation that uses new methylene -blue
Nas the dye reagent but are not visible with Romanowsky
stain
Heinz bodies --Which of the following contain RNA and are usually
identified by staining with brilliant cresyl blue or new
methylene blue
. Reticulocytes --Astudent cosistently makes peripheral blood smears that are
: too thin . you instruct the student to try
increasing the angle of the spreader slide ---

which characteristic differentiates

the myelocyte from other myelocytic cells
Appearance of specific granules --vigorous mixing of a whole -blood specimen collected with
EDTA results in
---a falsely decreased hematocrit
During the examination of a
cerebrospinal- apecimen from a 45- years old man . the
clinical laboratory techinican noted the presence of rare
choroid plexus cells in a total WBC count . these results are
? indictive of
. normal state ---

Blood collected for anticoagulation testing should be

collected in
sodium citrate with a 9:1 blood to anticoagulant 3.2% --ratio
ALL of the following conditions may cause an increased
?thrombin time except
decreased prothrombin --The APTT is a screening test for all
coagulation factors in the intrinsic pathway except which of
? the following
X111 --the coagulation factor that is decreased in hemophilia A is
factor

V111 --Thawing of platelet - poor plasma that has been stored at -40C for coagulation studies should be
- performed at what temperature
C38- C35 Which two plasma coagulation factors are the least stable in
vitro
V and V111 --A clinical laboratory techncian notes that aspecimen for an
APTT has been stored at room temperature for five hours
: prior to testing . the CLT should
. request anew sample --Plasma is diluted in afibrinogen activity determination to
decrease the
influence of inhibitors --WHich of the following is appropriate
in preparing an EDTA anticoagulated specimen for analysis
when it has been standing in arack and not on a mechanical
? rotator
. Invert gently at least 60 times --A patient has an RBC count of 2.70 *10
L ahemoglobin of 5.5 g/dl , and ahematocrit of 0.19/ 12"
L/L . what erythrocyte morphology would you expect to see
? on the periphal blood smear
microcytic hypochromic cells -

When reviewing a peripheral blood smear. the clinical

labratory scientist notes many macrocytes . the MCV has
been reported as 85 FL . This appearent discrepancy may
? indicate that
The smear was made from the wrong
sample
In the performance of amodified Westergren ESR . what is
the recommened dilution
( volume diluent +4 volumes blood ) 1/5 --many schizocytes are seen on aperiphral blood smear . one
: of the most common causes for these cells is
microangiopathic anemia --Which of the following procedures is not necessary to
confirm the majority of iron realted anemias
Bone marrow evulation
Afalesly elevated G- 6- PD assay using the fluorescent spot
? test may be seen in patieants with
the presence of many reticulocytes
The presence of microorganisms, increased protein and a
: high leukocyte count in CSF will cause the CSF to appear
cloudy or turbid --In selecting material for smears of bone marrow cell
:morphology the clinical labratory scientist should select
gray particles floating in blood and fat droplets ---

Which of the following would be an acceptable specimen for

semen analysis
Collected at the office without a --condom and eximened in 1 hour
The coagulation factor defiency
that can display both an abnormal PT and APTT is factor
X --A patient has an abnormal thrombin time and normal
reptilase time .Which of the following can produce this
: results
Heaparin --The most frequent hereditary condition predisposing to
venous thrombosis is
activeted protein C resistant --anexpectedly small anticoagulant response to heparin
: therapy may be caused by decreased levels of
anti thrombin --Un fractionated heparin must have
which one of the following coagulation inhibitors present in
normal amounts in order for it to properly anticoagulate a
: patient
Anti thrombin 111 ---

The formation of D-dimeris the by- product of the effect of

: plasmin on
across- linked fibrin --In the performance of platelet aggregometry on patient
samples the instrument should be set to 100%
: transmittance using
patieant platelet - poor plasma (PPP) --Which is the following conditions can cause a prolonged
thrombin
clotting time
Pro thrombin deficiency --The most common generalized
: hemostiatic disorder is
liver disease --Red blood cells morphology characteristic of multiple
myeloma
Rouleaux --All of the peripheral blood smears made by a certain clinical
laboratory technician are too thick . Which of the following
corrective actions should be
:taken
Lower the angle of the spreader slide to 45 degrees --Which of the following cells may be found only in ascitic
fluid
Mesothelial cells ---

The first of 3 tubes of CSF appearspink

and cloudy the remaining 2 tubes appear to be clear and
colorless This is indicative of a/an
traumatic tap --secondary granules first appear in which stage of
neutrophilic development
Myelocyte --A supravital stain must be used to demonstrate the
presence of
reticulum
An erroneously high spin hematocrit can be caused by
reading the buffy coat as the part of the packed -cell portion

Which of the following usually -[align=left]

?requires concentration before analysis
Cerbrospinal fluid for protein .electrophoresis
Which of the following situations indicates -2
that an instrument problem is present and
? requires further investigation
A series of anion gabs A trough blood sample for routine -3
therapeutic drug monitoring is usually
? obtained
Just before the next scheduled dose -

The turbid of lipemic serum is due to an -4

: elevated level of
Triglycerides In a coupled enzymatic method for -5
measuring serum cholesterol the color
change observed during the indicator
reaction is dependent upon the generation
of:- Hydrogen peroxides
PH 8.6 is used for serum protein -6
: electrophoresis so that
All serum proteins will have a net negative . charge
When quantitating serum protein using -7
the biuret reaction , the biuret reagent is
: reacting with
Peptide bonds in proteins Which one of the following protein -8
fractions , when separated in serum by
electrophoresis on cellulose acetate ,
? contains a single protein
Albumin : Osmolality measurements determine the -9
Moles of dissolved solutes per kilogram of solvent
When using an automated instrument , -10
the amount of carryover between
: consecutive samples is not affected by
Using a serum plank A serum sample is diluted 1 to 3, 1:3 -11

before analysis and the following results

: obtained
Total protein 4.1 g /dl
Albumin - 1.5 - g/dl
Which total protein concentration should be
? reported
g/dl 12.3 In an adult , a blood glucose level of 35 -12
: mg /dl is
Dangerously low Measurements of urinary human -13
chorionic gondotropin (HCG) in men can be
: used
Detect testicular tumors Xanthochromic cerebrospinal fluid is an -14
:indicator of
Cerebral hemorrhage A creatinine clearance result below the -15
normal reference range most likely indicates
: a decrease in
Renal glomerular filtration A physician suspects that a patient has -16
Cushing syndrome . Based on this
information , which of the following tests
? would assist in this diagnosis
Cortisol level Identify the results that are not in -17
electrolyte balance . ( Results are in mmol/L )

Na : 145 K : 4.0 CL :90 CO2 :15 Which of the following urine specimens is -18
: most useful when screening for glucoseuria
hour postprandial specimens 2 What is the longest time that a urine -19
specimen can remain at room temperature
before it is no longer considered acceptable
? for analysis
hour 2 Which of the following situations requires -20
corrective action before proceeding with
? specimen testing
Reagent strip protein result is trace when using negative control material
Which protein test is not able to detect -21
? immunoglobulin light chains in urine
. Reagent strip protein test Which of the following sets of the -22
urinalysis results , physical appearance and
SG is physiologically possible and indicates a
concentrated urine
SG = 1.030 , Color = yellow Urine sediment that contains red blood -23
cells , red blood cell cast , protein , is
: characteristic of
. Acute glomerulonephritis Hyaline casts are found in increased -24
numbers in the urine sediment
Following strenuous exercise -

Which of the following urinalysis findings -25

include contradictory results that should not
[: be reported
PH 6.0 - bilirubin: Positive - ammonium biurate crystals
The following crystals are observed in a -26
randomly collected urine specimen with a pH
: of 7.0
Triple phosphate When present in the urine . which the -27
following substances could cause false: positive reagent strip blood results
Myoglobin Which of the following analytes can -28
deteriorate if a blood specimen is exposed to
: light
Bilirubin Which of the following collection tubes is -29
the specimen of choice for the determination
: of glycated hemoglobin
EDTA tube Which of the following serum samples is -30
satisfactory for alkaline phosphatase
measurement
Sample maintained at room temperature for . 2 hours
Which of the following changes occurs in -31
a serum specimen that is maintained at 4 C
: for 8 hours
Alkaline phosphatase activity increased -

A centrifuge is loaded with patient -32

samples and turned on . it begins to vibrate
and dance across the table top . which of the
following statements best accounts for this
?observation
. The tubes are not balanced in the carriers Which of the following enzymes catalyzes -33
the conversion of glucose to hydrogen
: peroxide and gluconic acid
Glucose oxidase Which of the following constituents has -34
: the greatest effect on serum osmolality
Sodium When iontophoresis is used to collect -35
sweat for chloride analysis , pilocarpine is
:used to
Induce sweat secretion Which of the following methods is not -36
:used to quantitate serum albumin
Sulfosalicylic acid (SSA) precipitation If moderately hemolyzed serum specimen -37
is used for protein electrophoresis , which of
the following protein fractions will be
: elevated
Beta globulin the normal ratio of bicarbonate ion to 38
: carbonic acid in arterial blood is
1 : 20 Increased serum uric acid is found in -38
: each the following conditions except

Hypothyroidism If LDL receptors are nonfunctional due to -39

disease .the plasma level of which lipid would
?increase the most
Cholesterol Which of the following enzymes provides -40
the best indication of obstructive liver
disease
Alkaline phosphatase Urine preservation by refrigeration can -41
: cause
Increased turbidity due to precipitate of . solutes
Which of the following tests is not used -42
to assess the kidney ability to concentrate
? the urine
PH Which of these sugars cannot be -43
detected in urine using the copper reduction
: test
Sucrose All of the following substances can affect -44
the detection of urine glucose using reagent
:strips except
Galactose The presence of waxy casts in urine -45
sediment and a fixed urine SG of 1.010
: correlates best with
renal failure -

urine sediment that contains free fat -46

:globules and fatty casts is characteristic of
. the nephritic syndrome serum total protein results obtained -47
using the biuret reaction can be falsely
: increased it
. The specimen is hemolyzed An enzyme assay that shows substrate -48
: depletion should be repeated using
Less sample Which of the following urinalysis results -49
is considered " abnormal" clinically
: significant
Bilirubin === small Which of the following terms is -50
considered in appropriate for reporting urine
: color
Bloody [/align] Types of the media and samples

Mac Conkey Agar

Selective medium
" stool , sputum , Eye , Ear , wound , vagina sample"
selective for G -ve bacteria and also Group D in G+ve
bacteria can grows on this media
and differential between lactose fermentation bacteria and
non lactose fermentation bacteria

CLED Agar
Used on Urine samples
for G+Ve and G-Ve bacteria
properties:- Inhibition Proteus Swarming Species on this
media like Mac Conkey media
CLED in the upper part of the media which seen in the
picture below
and the other one is Horse blood agar

XLD medium
Used on stool sample
XLD selective media for G -ve bacteria
and differential for lactose ferment and non lactose ferment

Chocolate Agar
for Haemophilus & Neissria
and also another bacteria which grow in blood agar can
grow in this agar easily
" sputum , Eye , Ear , blood , nasal , csf sample "

Blood Agar

"sputum , Eye , Ear , nasal , blood , wound , vagina"

Most of the bacteria can grow in this media
and we dont use this media in stool sample

Manitol salt Agar

Used in suspected (Nosocomial infection) " MRSA" (Eye ,
nasal , throat samples )

Mueller Hinton agar

Used for sensitivity tests

DNase Agar
Biochemical test
used for differentiate between Staph.aureus and Staph
species

T.C.B.S medium

for Vibrio Species

The high of PH in this media allows growing of vibrio SSP

Thyer Martin Medium

For Neisseria gonorrehea
samples from vagina and penis
and in uncommon area like oral cavity and anal canal
The real picture here is Chochlate agar and there is no
diffreince in the color between Thyer Martin and Chochlate
agar

Types of the media and samples

Mac Conkey Agar

Selective medium
" stool , sputum , Eye , Ear , wound , vagina sample"
selective for G -ve bacteria and also Group D in G+ve
bacteria can grows on this media
and differential between lactose fermentation bacteria and
non lactose fermentation bacteria

CLED Agar
Used on Urine samples
for G+Ve and G-Ve bacteria
properties:- Inhibition Proteus Swarming Species on this
media like Mac Conkey media
CLED in the upper part of the media which seen in the
picture below
and the other one is Horse blood agar

XLD medium
Used on stool sample
XLD selective media for G -ve bacteria
and differential for lactose ferment and non lactose ferment

Chocolate Agar
for Haemophilus & Neissria
and also another bacteria which grow in blood agar can
grow in this agar easily
" sputum , Eye , Ear , blood , nasal , csf sample "

Blood Agar
"sputum , Eye , Ear , nasal , blood , wound , vagina"
Most of the bacteria can grow in this media
and we dont use this media in stool sample

Manitol salt Agar

Used in suspected (Nosocomial infection) " MRSA" (Eye ,
nasal , throat samples )

Mueller Hinton agar

Used for sensitivity tests

DNase Agar
Biochemical test
used for differentiate between Staph.aureus and Staph
species

T.C.B.S medium
for Vibrio Species
The high of PH in this media allows growing of vibrio SSP

Thyer Martin Medium

For Neisseria gonorrehea
samples from vagina and penis
and in uncommon area like oral cavity and anal canal
The real picture here is Chochlate agar and there is no
diffreince in the color between Thyer Martin and Chochlate
agar

Types of the media and samples

Mac Conkey Agar

Selective medium
" stool , sputum , Eye , Ear , wound , vagina sample"
selective for G -ve bacteria and also Group D in G+ve
bacteria can grows on this media
and differential between lactose fermentation bacteria and
non lactose fermentation bacteria

CLED Agar

Used on Urine samples

for G+Ve and G-Ve bacteria
properties:- Inhibition Proteus Swarming Species on this
media like Mac Conkey media
CLED in the upper part of the media which seen in the
picture below
and the other one is Horse blood agar

XLD medium
Used on stool sample
XLD selective media for G -ve bacteria
and differential for lactose ferment and non lactose ferment

Chocolate Agar
for Haemophilus & Neissria
and also another bacteria which grow in blood agar can
grow in this agar easily
" sputum , Eye , Ear , blood , nasal , csf sample "

Blood Agar
"sputum , Eye , Ear , nasal , blood , wound , vagina"
Most of the bacteria can grow in this media
and we dont use this media in stool sample

Manitol salt Agar

Used in suspected (Nosocomial infection) " MRSA" (Eye ,
nasal , throat samples )

Mueller Hinton agar

Used for sensitivity tests

DNase Agar
Biochemical test
used for differentiate between Staph.aureus and Staph
species

T.C.B.S medium
for Vibrio Species
The high of PH in this media allows growing of vibrio SSP

Thyer Martin Medium

For Neisseria gonorrehea
samples from vagina and penis
and in uncommon area like oral cavity and anal canal
The real picture here is Chochlate agar and there is no
diffreince in the color between Thyer Martin and Chochlate
agar

][align=center][align/
: :
:

.
: Bacillus
: Bacillus anthracis
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.
:
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.
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: Clostridiumperfringe
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 ( ... .
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-2 .

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D : Clostridium difficili
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.
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: :
:
.
: Corynebacteria
+G
:
A Corynebacterium
: diphtheriae
+G
V L



.

 <<<
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:
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:
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+G
.

Listria
: Listria monocytogen
+G 37
. 22
:
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.
:
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) ( +La
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.
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.
G -1 : -2 . .
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* 5 6 +La 1 2 3 4 . - La

* 3 4 5 6 1 2
.
: - G
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SS :
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E.coli .

<<< .
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.
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.

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.


.
:


:
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<<< .

-2 )
( <<< E.coli .
-3 )
( <<< .
:
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.

-3
.
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A : Escherichia Coli
) 1
(10) 10 ( G

) (
) ( .
O157
:
95% O157
.
:
-1 .
-2 EMB
+La
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.
-4 :
.
:

 -1 <<<
.
-2 <<<
.
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.
B Klebsiella
: Klebsiella Pneumoniae
+G - La
<<<
.
:
-1 .
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:
.
C : Salmonellae
:
Salmonellae Typhi .1 .
Salmonellae paratyphi A .2
. A

 Salmonellae paratyphi B .3
. B
:
:
-1 -O . 2 ) ( . H
:
:
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:
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-2 :
.
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: :
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:
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.
-2
.
S.Typhi - :

 -G
H2S .
:
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:
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.
:
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.
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) ( . H2S

-5 . +
F : Pseudomonas
-G
) ( .
: P.aeruginosa
:
-1 -2 . .
:
-1 .
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-4 +
Vibrio
)
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:
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.
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NaCl 8% .
:



.
:
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.
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HCL
) (
.
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.
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.
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H2S .
Bacteroides


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:
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. Bacteroides melaninogenicus -2
.
:
-1 -2 . .

 : :

A : Brucellae

.
:
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( .
.
:
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-2 .
-3 .
-4 .

B : Yarsinia
:
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 )
(

.
:

.
:
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( .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 : ) (
.
:
.

-2 Yarsinia
: pseudotuberculosis

. 22
-3 :Yarsinia enterocolitica
.

 C : Francisella
:
: F. tularensis

.
:


.
:
-1 : .
-2 :
5-3
.
-3 :
- ) (
.
- .

Laboratory of medical parasites


.

 -:
.1 direct examination
.2 indirect examination
-:

.
-:direct stool examination


.
-:
macroscopic examination


.
microscopic examination

-:
.1 normal salin
.2 iodine solution
stain
.3 hematoxykin
.
constration
method


.

.
.1)(-:flotation

)(zinc
suiphate flotation )(1.18
.
:
1




.
.2 -:sedimentation

.
-:direct blood examination
) (blood film

.
-:blood film
thine blood film.1


.
thick blood film.2


1 .
-:blood film
.1 .Leishman stain
.2 .Giemsa stain
.3 Field stain
Eosine
indirect blood
-:examination


.1 Immunoserological
test .Antibodies
.Complement fixation test.2
.Haemgglutination test.3
.Immunofluorecnt test.4
.Elisa assay.5
-:Culture


) (NNN
(Novy)Mac NealanNicolle
.
.trypanosoma
)

][align/

RBCs
Packed Cells
: Principle of the test

Antibodies
Reaction


.
Control







.
Cross Matching

 :
: Cross Matching
.1 One Tube )(
Blood Unit .
.2 drops 2
Patient Serum
.3 drops 2 )(
Dilution of Cells (blood) of donor
.4 drops 2 . Bovine Albumin
Patient Control
.1 One Tube Control
Cross Matching
.
.2 drops 2
Patient Serum
.3 drops 2
Patient Cells
.4 drops 2 . Bovine Albumin
:
.1 ) Cross Matching (
) Patient Control (
30 .
Incubator 37
.2 Washing ) Cross Matching Tube
(Patient Control Tube Normal Saline
.
.3 drops 2 Coombs
Serum ). Anti Human globulin (AHG
.4 Centrifuge
15-10 Mix .
.5
NonAgglutination Compatible
Agglutination . Incompatible
Agglutination

 Cross Matching




Cross
Matching ) Warm Technique (
Cross Matching
.
37
: Cross Matching
Compatible



Washing
) AHG (Anti Human globulin


)Non Agglutination (Compatible
Coombs Control
) Cell (CCC AHG
AHG
(+) Agglutination
Incompatible



Washing
AHG


). Agglutination(+
][aldl][align=center

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[/aldl]
Agglutination
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